Journal Of Infection In Developing Countries[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Subinhibitory concentrations of tedizolid induce upregulation of virulence gene transcription in Staphylococcus aureus.
Yang H, Lin W, He C … +3 more , Shu W, Chen W, Liu Q
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Dec · PMID 41529009 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics can modulate the expression of virulence factors in bacterial pathogens. This study aimed to assess the impacts of sub-MICs of tedizolid on vi...
INTRODUCTION: Sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics can modulate the expression of virulence factors in bacterial pathogens. This study aimed to assess the impacts of sub-MICs of tedizolid on virulence gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and compare them with those of linezolid. METHODOLOGY: Two S. aureus strains (N315 and Newman) possessing the selected virulence genes were analyzed. The MICs of tedizolid and linezolid were determined, and sub-MICs for subsequent experiments were selected based on bacterial growth kinetics. Using qRT-PCR, we assessed the expression of 23 virulence genes, including 7 cell wall-anchored (CWA) protein genes, 4 exoenzyme genes, 6 toxin genes, and 6 regulatory genes, before and after exposure to tedizolid and linezolid. RESULTS: Growth kinetics indicated that 1/8 and 1/4 MICs were optimal for evaluating the influence of drugs on gene expression. The qRT-PCR results revealed that sub-MICs of tedizolid and linezolid primarily enhanced the expression of the studied virulence genes in both strains. In Newman, tedizolid upregulated the expression of more genes encoding CWA proteins, regulators, and toxins than linezolid. In N315, tedizolid stimulated the expression of more toxin-coding genes but fewer regulatory genes compared to linezolid. CONCLUSIONS: Sub-MIC of tedizolid and linezolid could increase the mRNA levels of different types of virulence genes in S. aureus, with strain-dependent variations. These findings provide new insights into the potential role of oxazolidinones in bacterial virulence regulation.
Brucella as the main cause of abortion among livestock in Armenia.
Danelyan H, Tumanyan P, Hovhannisyan A … +2 more , Ampakuni T, Sargsyan H
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Dec · PMID 41529008 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Abortion in livestock can have a significant impact on animal husbandry, as well as raise public health concerns when caused by zoonotic pathogens. Thus, the involvement of bacterial (e.g., Brucella spp. an...
INTRODUCTION: Abortion in livestock can have a significant impact on animal husbandry, as well as raise public health concerns when caused by zoonotic pathogens. Thus, the involvement of bacterial (e.g., Brucella spp. and Enterobacteriaceae) and fungal infections in livestock abortions in Armenia was explored. METHODOLOGY: From 2018 to 2022, 168 aborted foetal tissues from cattle and small ruminants in Armenia were tested for fungal and Enterobacteriaceae infections by culture. The API 20E biochemical test was performed on bacteria-positive samples. Culture-negative samples were further tested by qPCR to detect Brucella DNA. In all qPCR-positive aborted foetuses, maternal blood samples (n = 129) were collected ≥ 30 days post-abortion for serological diagnosis. RESULTS: Overall, 33 foetal samples were positive by culture: 28 for Aspergillus spp. and 5 for Salmonella spp. Brucella DNA was detected in 129 out of 135 culture-negative samples; in addition, anti-Brucella antibodies were found in 124 maternal blood samples. A total of 6 (3.5%) samples were classified as indeterminate by any assay. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that Brucella is the major cause of abortions in cattle and small ruminants in Armenia, while other bacterial and fungal infections were involved in less than 20% of cases. Based on these findings, it is recommended to test all samples first by serology and qPCR to detect Brucella infections. For Brucella-negative samples, additional methods can be used to detect other abortifacient agents. This protocol will be useful for laboratories that operate at Biosafety Level 2 and are unable to isolate this bacterium.
Trends in neonatal sepsis: bacteriological profile, and antibiotic resistance pattern at a tertiary care hospital in Egypt.
Alkhawagah SM, Elattar S, Abdulwehab MM … +2 more , Mansour ENA, Abdel Salam SA
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Dec · PMID 41529007 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Neonatal sepsis is a life-threatening bloodstream infection that occurs within the first 4 weeks of life and represents a significant cause of illness and death, especially in developing countries. Regular...
INTRODUCTION: Neonatal sepsis is a life-threatening bloodstream infection that occurs within the first 4 weeks of life and represents a significant cause of illness and death, especially in developing countries. Regular assessment of the local causative agents and their resistance patterns is important for effective management. This study aimed to determine the microbiological profile of neonatal sepsis and its antibiotic resistance patterns. METHODOLOGY: Our study was conducted on 237 neonates suspected of sepsis. Blood samples were collected and inoculated into BACT/ALERT blood culture bottles. Bacteria causing positive blood cultures were identified conventionally and confirmed to the species level using MALDI-TOF MS. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns were identified using the disk diffusion method in combination with the VITEK® 2 compact system. Data analysis was performed using version 28 of SPSS software. RESULTS: The overall rate of neonatal sepsis was 33.8% (80/237). Of these, 54 (67.5%) and 26 (32.5%) were caused by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae 38 (47.5%) was the dominant causative pathogen, followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) 24 (30%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) and extensively drug resistance (XDR) were detected in 82.5% and 10% respectively. An alarmingly high incidence of carbapenem-resistance (90.7%) was detected among Gram-negative bacteria. Methicillin resistance was detected in S. aureus and CoNS in 100% and 54.2%, respectively. Tigecycline was the most effective antibiotic for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that neonatal sepsis is mostly caused by MDR pathogens, predominantly Klebsiella pneumoniae, urging revised empirical treatments and stricter infection control measures.
Predictive value of blood gas parameters and hematologic indices on survival in critically ill sepsis patients.
Toprak N, Kaya B, Kiliç J … +6 more , Coşkuner MA, Köker G, Alakuş ÖF, Karabulut U, Solmaz İ, Başgöz BB
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Dec · PMID 41529006 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by an excessive immune response to infection, leading to severe tissue and organ damage. In resource-limited settings, early, low-cost, and readily available la...
INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by an excessive immune response to infection, leading to severe tissue and organ damage. In resource-limited settings, early, low-cost, and readily available laboratory parameters may guide outcome prediction. This study aimed to evaluate the role of hematological indices and laboratory parameters in predicting mortality among intensive care unit (ICU) patients with sepsis. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective study included adult sepsis patients admitted to the ICU between January 2018 and December 2023. Blood samples obtained within the first 6 hours of ICU admission were processed using standardized analyzers. Demographic data, laboratory results at admission, length of hospital stay, and mortality status were retrieved from the hospital database. Associations between hematological indices, laboratory parameters, and mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 180 patients were included; 40 died during hospitalization. No significant association was found between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), or platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and mortality (NLR: p = 0.834, LMR: p = 0.895, PLR: p = 0.192). In contrast, pH levels showed a strong negative correlation with mortality (p < 0.001), while lactate levels were significantly positively correlated (p = 0.006). Carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin levels were not significantly related to mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Low pH and high lactate levels were the strongest predictors of mortality in sepsis patients, highlighting the prognostic value of simple blood gas parameters, especially where advanced diagnostics are limited. Hematological indices showed no significant association with mortality. pH and lactate should be prioritized in clinical decision-making for sepsis patients.
Prediction of mortality by nSOFA Score for late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight infants.
Yaman S, Guney Varal I, Tunç G … +3 more , Ören A, Bagcı O, Güler Kazancı E
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Dec · PMID 41529005 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Rapid diagnosis and initiation of treatment are of great importance. This study aims to evaluate the role of the Neonatal Sequential...
INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Rapid diagnosis and initiation of treatment are of great importance. This study aims to evaluate the role of the Neonatal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (nSOFA) score in predicting the causal agents and outcomes of late-onset sepsis in preterm neonates. METHODOLOGY: In this single-center, retrospectively designed study, nSOFA scores of preterm infants born before 32 gestational weeks and weighing under 1500 g with a diagnosis of culture-proven late-onset sepsis (LOS) were compared at different timepoints in relation to mortality. RESULTS: Thirteen of 117 preterms included in the study died. At all the timepoints examined, the median nSOFA score was found to be higher in the mortality group (all p < 0.001). A 3.5 cutoff value of nSOFA showed the best differentiation, with AUC = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94-1.00), 100% sensitivity, and 91.4% specificity. When nSOFA scores were compared in patients grouped as gram-positive sepsis and gram-negative sepsis, scores at T0, T6, T12, and T24 timepoints were determined to be significantly higher in the exitus group (all p < 0.008). In preterm infants born before 28 gestational weeks, mortality was predicted with the 3.5 cutoff value at T6, T12, T24, and T48 timepoints (AUC = 0.947, 0.943, 0.972, and 0.940, respectively, all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the nSOFA score is useful for predicting sepsis-related mortality in preterm infants and correlates with the severity of gram-negative sepsis.
Phenotypic detection of ESBL, AmpC, and MBL in Enterobacterales uropathogens: a two-center experience in Karachi, Pakistan.
Bakhat S, Uddin F, Sohail M … +2 more , Ali S, Nadeem S
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Dec · PMID 41529004 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC β-lactamases, and carbapenemases; and their co-existence among Enterobacterales uropathogens present new diagnostic and therapeutic challenges....
INTRODUCTION: The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC β-lactamases, and carbapenemases; and their co-existence among Enterobacterales uropathogens present new diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This study aimed to elucidate the phenotypic detection and co-occurrence of ESBL-, AmpC-, and carbapenemase-producing uropathogens. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 3 January to 26 July 2024, at the Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, in collaboration with the Department of Urology at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center and National Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 260 non-repetitive urine samples were collected from hospitalized and community patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion; ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase producers were identified using the double disc synergy test (DDST), modified three-dimensional method, and lateral flow immunochromatographic (LFI) assay, respectively. RESULTS: Among the 260 cases, 207 (80%) showed positive growth, yielding 240 isolates. Out of 189 Enterobacterales, E. coli (131; 69.3%) was the most prevalent, followed by K. pneumoniae (46; 24.3%), P. mirabilis (3; 1.6%), E. cloacae (3; 1.6%), K. oxytoca (2; 1.1%), C. freundii (2; 1.1%), C. werkmanii (1; 0.5%), and P. rettgeri (1; 0.5%). There were 89 (47.1%) ESBL producers, 10 (5.2%) AmpC producers, and 59 (31.2%) carbapenem-resistant isolates. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM) was the dominant carbapenemase (33; 56%). Co-production of ESBL and NDM was the most common, and detected in 30 (19%) isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ESBLs and carbapenemase producers was high, with frequent co-production of ESBL and NDM. Rapid, cost-effective phenotypic methods are crucial for timely detection and appropriate antimicrobial treatment.
Antimicrobial activity of Brachidontes variabilis extracts against multidrug-resistant bacteria clinically isolated.
Hussain A, Battah B, Soukkarieh C … +3 more , Alkhoshaiban AS, Kassab YW, Al-Ali B
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Dec · PMID 41529003 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Resistance to pathogens against kinds of traditional medicines is a public health problem, which calls for the continuous search for new compounds that are effective in eliminating diseases caused by these...
INTRODUCTION: Resistance to pathogens against kinds of traditional medicines is a public health problem, which calls for the continuous search for new compounds that are effective in eliminating diseases caused by these pathogens. Marine Animals come on top of animals that contain natural treasures of active substances that have not yet been discovered. METHODOLOGY: In this study, two organic extracts (methanol and ethyl acetate) were prepared from the soft tissue of a marine organism (Brachidontes variabilis). Then, the antioxidant activity and phenol content were determined in these two extracts. Finally, their biological activities were studied toward drug-resistant microbes isolated from Syrian hospitals. RESULTS: The results showed that the IC50, the concentration required to reduce DPPH radicals by 50%, for methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were 179.286 and 73.676 mg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic contents of the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were found to be 1.84 mg/g and 1.7 mg/g of the Gallic acid equivalent, respectively. The two extracts had an inhibitory effect on the growth of the following resistant bacterial species isolates: Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, with inhibitory zones ranging from 5 mm to 20 mm. The ethyl acetate extract has an inhibitory effect on the growth of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, which is resistant to fungal antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study are promising in finding new compounds with antimicrobial effects against resistant pathogens.
Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and different pathological types of chronic atrophic gastritis and analysis of serum gastric function.
Zhang Y, Feng Y, You C … +1 more , Zhang L
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Dec · PMID 41529002 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection rate and serum gastric function among patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) of different pathological types and to determine the valu...
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection rate and serum gastric function among patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) of different pathological types and to determine the value of combining these tests in assessing the extent and severity of CAG atrophy. METHODOLOGY: We retrospectively analyzed 60 patients with CAG and 46 patients with chronic non-atrophic gastritis (CNAG) who underwent gastroscopy between July 2023 and June 2024. Endoscopic findings, histopathology, Hp status and serum gastric function indices were compared. RESULTS: Compared with the CNAG group, the CAG group showed a significantly higher Hp positivity rate, lower serum group I pepsinogen (PG I) and group II pepsinogen (PG II) levels and higher gastrin 17 (G-17) levels (p < 0.01). In patients with CAG, open-type cases had a significantly higher Hp positivity rate (p < 0.05), lower PG I and PG II levels and higher G-17 levels (p < 0.01) than closed-type cases. The positive Hp rate was significantly higher in the atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia group than in the glandular reduction atrophic gastritis group (p < 0.05), with the contents of PG I and PG II significantly lower in the former than in the latter and the content of G-17 significantly higher in the former than in the latter (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Helicobacter pylori infection is strongly associated with CAG, with marked differences in Hp rates and serum gastric function across pathological and microscopic types. Combined serum gastric function and Hp testing can help assess the extent and severity of atrophy.
Parasitic infections and their potential threat to blood safety: a literature review from Iran.
Mardani A
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Dec · PMID 41529001 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Transmission of parasitic agents through transfusion can endanger the availability of safe blood and blood components for patients in need. The aim of this research was to describe the current status of tra...
INTRODUCTION: Transmission of parasitic agents through transfusion can endanger the availability of safe blood and blood components for patients in need. The aim of this research was to describe the current status of transfusion-transmitted parasitic infections (TTPIs) in Iran and propose strategies to minimize their transmission risk. METHODOLOGY: This narrative review included all studies that estimated the prevalence of TTPIs in Iranian blood donors based on parasitological, serological, and molecular techniques. A literature search was conducted for the period between 1960 and 2023 using medical subject headings (MeSH) terms in 11 English and Persian electronic databases. The extracted data were recorded on a pre-prepared checklist, and analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies were eligible for inclusion. A total of 12,643 blood donors were examined for malaria, visceral leishmaniasis (VL), and toxoplasmosis in endemic and non-endemic areas. The overall serological prevalence of malaria, Leishmania infantum, and Toxoplasma gondii infections among blood donors was 9.60%, 1.96%, and 35.75%, respectively. The results of molecular techniques were positive in 0.71%, 39.22% (only seropositive samples), and 8.73% for malaria, VL, and toxoplasmosis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the detection of parasitic DNA causing malaria, VL, and toxoplasmosis; and the presence of anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies among Iranian blood donors; their transmission through blood and blood components transfusion cannot be ruled out, particularly in endemic areas. Therefore, it is essential to adopt and implement appropriate strategies to minimize the risk of TTPIs and ensure the availability of safe and sufficient blood and blood components for patients in need.
Molecular and serological herd-level prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in bovine dairy herds in Montenegro.
Laušević D, Adžić B, Nikolić M … +3 more , Stojiljković M, Stojiljković M, Obrenović S
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Dec · PMID 41529000 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Shedding of Coxiella burnetii through milk is significant, particularly in dairy cattle, making milk a potential source of infection for humans. The aims of this study were to estimate the individual and he...
INTRODUCTION: Shedding of Coxiella burnetii through milk is significant, particularly in dairy cattle, making milk a potential source of infection for humans. The aims of this study were to estimate the individual and herd-level prevalence of C. burnetii on dairy cattle, and to assess potential public health risk. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted as a screening study in 95 randomly selected dairy herds from Montenegro from March to May 2019. No abortions, reproductive disorders, or human diseases were reported in these farms. In order to identify positive farms, anti-C. burnetii antibodies and C. burnetii DNA were detected in bulk tank milk (BTM) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), respectively. All animals from the positive farms were sampled twice, 2 months apart; the presence of C. burnetii DNA in individual milk samples and the presence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies in milk and blood serum was detected using qPCR and ELISA. RESULTS: The overall herd-level prevalence of C. burnetii was 9.47% (9/95). Analysis of individual milk samples in the positive farms revealed anti-C. burnetii antibodies and C. burnetii DNA in 13.48% and 4.49% of the cows, respectively. Antibodies were also detected in 15.73% of the blood samples. No significant differences were observed between the results obtained through serological and molecular examination on the same farm two months later. CONCLUSIONS: Although a low presence was detected in the farms, public health risk cannot be excluded. Further research is needed for unravelling the current epidemiological situation in the country.
Multivariate regression reveals linear correlation between ICU Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance and antibiotic use.
Xia F, Pan Y, Chen S … +2 more , Tao Z, Pan X
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Dec · PMID 41528999 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the macro-quantitative correlation between Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance rates and concurrent antimicrobial use in the intensive care unit (ICU), to guide treatment for chronic re...
INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the macro-quantitative correlation between Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance rates and concurrent antimicrobial use in the intensive care unit (ICU), to guide treatment for chronic refractory infections caused by this pathogen, by optimizing outcomes for critically ill patients while curbing bacterial resistance spread or transmission. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the resistance rate of K. pneumoniae and the concurrent use of antimicrobial agents in the ICU. A multiple linear regression model was employed to analyze whether there was an independent linear correlation between the two, and to identify the relevant factors. RESULTS: 936 K. pneumoniae isolates were identified in the ICU between 2020 and 2024, representing 20.45% (936/4,577) of all bacterial isolates recovered from the ICU. The resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents, except for tigecycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, exceeded 65%, indicating a severe resistance situation. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the resistance rates of K. pneumoniae to imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ceftazidime were independently linear correlated only with piperacillin-tazobactam defined daily doses (DDDs), with regression coefficients (β) of 0.221, 0.224, and 0.166, respectively. The resistance rates to ceftriaxone, cefoperazone-sulbactam, and ertapenem were positively correlated with piperacillin-tazobactam DDDs. Resistance to cefepime was positively correlated with ceftazidime DDDs. Resistance to tigecycline was positively correlated with meropenem DDDs. Resistance to levofloxacin was negatively correlated with cefoperazone-sulbactam DDDs. CONCLUSIONS: The resistance rate of K. pneumoniae in the ICU is closely related to antimicrobial use. Hospitals should strengthen the regulation of antimicrobial use to delay the emergence of drug-resistant species.
A comprehensive analysis of viability assays for Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites: a systematic review.
Sequeira S, Sousa M, Cruz A
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Dec · PMID 41528998 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis are flagellated protozoan parasites that often cause asymptomatic infections but may lead to gastrointestinal or genitourinary symptoms. Improved treatment options...
INTRODUCTION: Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis are flagellated protozoan parasites that often cause asymptomatic infections but may lead to gastrointestinal or genitourinary symptoms. Improved treatment options are needed due to emerging resistance. However, selecting an appropriate method for assessing the in vitro susceptibility of G. lamblia and T. vaginalis in the presence of potential therapeutic compounds remains challenging due to the variability in these methods. This study aimed to provide an overview of commonly employed methods for determining trophozoite viability in the presence of potential therapeutic compounds and to propose a standardized viability assay for susceptibility testing for G. lamblia and T. vaginalis. METHODOLOGY: A systematic literature review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement, using databases including MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science, with the following search equation: "in vitro" AND "method" AND ("susceptibility" OR "viability" OR "sensitivity") AND ("giardia" OR "trichomonas"). RESULTS: The search identified 32 experimental studies with diverse viability assays. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, adherence inhibition assay, and [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay were prominent for G. lamblia. The trypan blue assay, motility assessment, and resazurin assay were frequently used for T. vaginalis. These findings underscore the diversity in viability assessment methods, highlighting the importance of standardizing viability assays to ensure accurate and reproducible results in drug susceptibility studies. CONCLUSIONS: The fluorometric resazurin assay has emerged as a suitable choice for standardization in both parasites, offering cost-effectiveness, reliability, and ease of use.
Epidemiology, clinical features, antifungal resistance, and prognosis of fungemia in pediatric patients.
Fu C, Zhang H, Mo L … +8 more , Wang S, Liu M, Guo J, Lan C, Yan C, Ma C, Hu X, Li Q
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Nov · PMID 41358778 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, antifungal susceptibility, and prognosis of fungemia among pediatric patients. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective cohort analys...
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, antifungal susceptibility, and prognosis of fungemia among pediatric patients. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted on 195 fungemia cases at Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Maternal and Child Health Hospital over a 7-year period (2016-2023). Comprehensive clinical data were extracted from the electronic medical record system. RESULTS: Microbiological analysis of 195 fungemia cases revealed 22 distinct fungal species. Candida parapsilosis was the predominant pathogen (28.2%, 55/195), followed by Candida albicans (26.7%, 52) and Candida tropicalis (10.8%, 21). The cohort demonstrated distinctive epidemiological features: median patient age of 30 days, neonatal predominance (40.5%), and male preponderance (60%). Alarmingly high antifungal resistance profiles were observed, particularly in C. albicans (66% fluconazole and 62% voriconazole resistance) and C. dubliniensis (82% itraconazole resistance). Non-albicans infections correlated with elevated intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates and neutropenia incidence, while C. albicans cases showed stronger associations with prematurity and low birth weight. The clinical course was marked by prolonged hospitalization (median 37 days), with 56.4% requiring intensive care and 20% developing persistent candidemia. 81.5% achieved clinical resolution, though 15.4% required non-medical transfers and 3.0% succumbed to refractory infections despite maximal therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Neonates represented the highest-risk population for pediatric fungemia, with a median hospitalization duration of 37 days. Over half of the affected children (56.4%) required ICU admission. The high rate of antifungal resistance and poor prognosis underscore the urgent need for enhanced surveillance protocols and optimized antifungal stewardship in pediatric settings.
Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Qingdao, China during 2019-2023.
Gao Y, Wang C, Li Y … +4 more , Li J, Zhang J, Meng Z, Jia J
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Nov · PMID 41358777 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Influenza is a respiratory infectious disease that seriously affects public health. Currently, there is lack of study on spatial-temporal and seasonal analysis of data for nearly five years. This study aime...
INTRODUCTION: Influenza is a respiratory infectious disease that seriously affects public health. Currently, there is lack of study on spatial-temporal and seasonal analysis of data for nearly five years. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Qingdao City, China, from 2019 to 2023, to contribute towards public health and disease control interventions. METHODOLOGY: The annual influenza incidence rate of the city was visualized in streets and towns. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial-temporal analysis were performed to measure the cluster effect on spatial distribution and temporal trends. Seasonal trend analysis was used to describe the seasonal distribution of influenza. Etiology analysis of the influenza virus displayed an altered trend of positive rates and subtypes. RESULTS: Positive spatial autocorrelation was detected on urban and coastal streets, except in 2021. A possible spatial-temporal cluster was discovered in November 2023 that was located in urban and coastal streets. There was a major peak in winter and small fluctuations formed the seasonal epidemic trend of influenza incidence in Qingdao. Etiology analysis revealed that the positive rate of influenza virus usually peaks from January to March. Influenza A virus (H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B virus (Victoria lineage) alternatively or jointly spread in the five years, and influenza A virus was the dominant type. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified the epidemic characteristics of influenza in Qingdao City in the five years. Further research on environmental factors and etiological characteristics is recommended to help explore the epidemic patterns of outbreaks and aggregation of influenza.
Cytomegalovirus reactivation in hepatitis B and C infected population.
Talić Drlje I, Šušak B, Arapović J
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Nov · PMID 41358776 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seroprevalence varies globally. This study aimed to detect CMV seroprevalence and reactivation among patients who had been exposed to hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV)...
INTRODUCTION: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seroprevalence varies globally. This study aimed to detect CMV seroprevalence and reactivation among patients who had been exposed to hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted between 2017 and 2022 and included adult participants who were serologically diagnosed with hepatitis B (63 participants) or hepatitis C (69 participants), as well as 132 control respondents. CMV IgG and IgM levels were measured for all 264 respondents; CMV IgG avidity was further determined for those who tested positive for CMV IgG and IgM. RESULTS: The total CMV IgG seroprevalence observed in the study was 95.4%, with 98.5% in HCV-positive, 96.8% in HBV-positive, and 95.2% in control respondents; and with a slightly higher prevalence in women (97.1%) compared to men (94.9%). The overall CMV reactivation rate among anti-HCV positive respondents was 2.9%. Although no significant difference was found in the reactivation rate of CMV between anti-HCV positive and negative respondents, the reactivation rate of CMV within the subgroup of HCV RNA positive individuals was higher at 4.4%. In contrast, no CMV reactivation was observed in the respondents without detectable HCV RNA. No CMV reactivation was detected in the HBV group. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not confirm a higher reactivation rate of CMV in HBV- or HCV-positive respondents compared to the control cases. Given the high CMV seroprevalence among adults in Bosnia and Herzegovina, future research should include CMV DNA testing for more accurate assessment.
Dengue on the rise in Encarnación, Paraguay (2023-2024): an emerging threat to regional transmission dynamics.
Dressler DP, González MM, Gómez de la Fuente A … +3 more , Cantero CA, Alfonzo TM, Aquino VH
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Nov · PMID 41358775 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Dengue remains a public health concern in Paraguay. Paraguay´s 2023-2024 epidemic was examined, emphasizing on the Itapua department in the southern region bordering Argentina. METHODOLOGY: This retrospecti...
INTRODUCTION: Dengue remains a public health concern in Paraguay. Paraguay´s 2023-2024 epidemic was examined, emphasizing on the Itapua department in the southern region bordering Argentina. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective, cross-sectional observational study analyzed confirmed dengue cases from 17 September 2023, to 4 May 2024. Demographic and clinical data of the participants were gathered from Paraguay's national surveillance system. RESULTS: Among the 307,058 suspected dengue cases reported, 77,675 were confirmed through laboratory testing. The Itapua department contributed 8,310 (2.7%) and 1,910 (2.5%) of the suspected and confirmed cases; pediatric cases comprised 33% nationwide and 35% in Itapua. Intensive care needs were higher in Itapua (n = 18, 11.2%) than in other Paraguayan regions (n = 152, 2.0%). Mortality rates were also elevated in Itapua (n = 11, 0.6%) compared to the national average (n = 95, 0.13%). DENV-1 and DENV-2 were responsible for this epidemic. Encarnacion, the capital of Itapua State and a neighboring city to Posadas, Argentina, was the most severely affected (1,262 reported cases). CONCLUSIONS: The elevated rates of pediatric cases, intensive care admissions, and mortality in Itapua highlight the need for multicomponent health strategies, including enhanced vector control through community-led Aedes aegypti elimination programs and insecticide residual spraying in high-incidence zones, vaccination campaigns targeting high-risk pediatric populations with World Health Organization (WHO)-approved dengue vaccines (e.g., TAK-003), and cross-border collaboration with Argentina (e.g., Posadas-Encarnacion) to synchronize outbreak surveillance, share real-time epidemiological data, and coordinate vaccine deployment in binational hotspots.
Community-acquired pneumonia-causing bacteria and antibiotic resistance rate among Syrian patients.
Habeeb R, Jawich K, Charaf L … +4 more , Hammamieh Alshaar K, Hassoun H, Abboud H, Figueras A
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Nov · PMID 41358774 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance poses a critical global health concern, particularly in developing countries like Syria, and is responsible for the increased rates of infection and mortality associated with commun...
INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance poses a critical global health concern, particularly in developing countries like Syria, and is responsible for the increased rates of infection and mortality associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of bacteria that cause CAP and the rate of antibiotic resistance in a sample of patients who attended the Chest Department of Ibn Al-Nafis Hospital in Damascus, Syria from September 2022 to March 2023. RESULTS: Almost three-quarters of the 100 CAP cases were caused by 3 agents: Streptococcus pneumonia (41%), Staphylococcus aureus (16%), and Klebsiella sp. (14%). The study showed high resistance of bacteria to the usually recommended antibiotics, which presents a significant challenge in treating these infections. Specifically, in this sample, Gram-negative bacteria had a higher antibiotic resistance rate than Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria showed the highest resistance against nitrofurantoin, cefazolin, and cefoxitin (100%, 91.7%, and 91.3%, respectively). Gram-positive bacteria exhibited the highest resistance against erythromycin, cefoxitin, and oxacillin (91.37%, 91.22%, and 87.71%, respectively). Resistance to the commonly recommended amoxicillin, and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, was higher than 80%, while the tested Gram-positive bacteria showed high sensitivity to other recommended options such as cefotaxime (71%) and ceftriaxone (81%). CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the importance of being able to adapt the general World Health Organization recommendations according to local evidence. It is crucial to emphasize the need for continuous local monitoring, functioning and well-equipped laboratories, and well-trained specialists in infectious diseases in hospitals to be able to make these decisions.
Rising trend of Enterococcus species as pathogen, and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in western Gujarat.
Chotaliya G, Mehta K, Shingala H … +2 more , Kateshiya P, Teraiya AV
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Nov · PMID 41358773 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Infections by enterococci pose a unique challenge as their ability to grow in extreme environments and intrinsic resistance to cephalosporin, clindamycin, and multidrug resistance. Enterococcus faecalis and...
INTRODUCTION: Infections by enterococci pose a unique challenge as their ability to grow in extreme environments and intrinsic resistance to cephalosporin, clindamycin, and multidrug resistance. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium cause infections ranging from urinary tract infections (UTI) to bacteremia. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study on urine and blood specimens was conducted over 11 months (February-December 2024) to assess the prevalence, age-gender distribution, species isolation, and vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) profile to aid treatment. A total of 4,549 urine and 4,070 blood samples were processed and identified by conventional bacteriological methods. The drug susceptibility was assessed based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines using the disc diffusion method. E. faecalis (94.05%) outnumbered E. faecium (5.94%). RESULTS: Enterococci prevalence rose to 7.08% among positive samples compared to 4.1% in 2023 and 2.70% in 2022. Females had more prevalence (69.30%) than males (30.69%); and the 21-40 years age group was the most common. Both species were most resistant to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. High level aminoglycosides (HLA) and vancomycin resistance were 54.55% and 15.15% in E. faecalis, and 66.67% and 33.33% in E. faecium, respectively. Nitrofurantoin (69.69% sensitive) and fosfomycin (78.79% sensitive) can be good options for E. faecalis while formulating broad spectrum therapy for UTI. VRE isolation was 7.92%. CONCLUSIONS: The rising trend of enterococci and the alarming rates of resistance highlight the need for rational and restricted drug use, with early detection and use of the susceptibility report to prevent treatment failures and spread of resistance.
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of monophasic Salmonella typhimurium in Hanzhong, China.
Chen Y, Zou N, Bai Y … +7 more , Li P, Li S, Han Y, Zhang Z, Ding Q, Wei J, Liu D
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Nov · PMID 41358772 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Salmonella enterica, particularly the monophasic variant of Salmonella typhimurium, is a significant foodborne pathogen with an increasing prevalence and alarming multidrug resistance profile. This study an...
INTRODUCTION: Salmonella enterica, particularly the monophasic variant of Salmonella typhimurium, is a significant foodborne pathogen with an increasing prevalence and alarming multidrug resistance profile. This study analyzed the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genomic characteristics of Salmonella typhimurium monophasic variants in Hanzhong, China. METHODOLOGY: Genomic analysis was conducted on 94 Salmonella enterica strains derived from diarrheal patients in Hanzhong, China, from 2021 to 2023. Serotyping was performed using microbial mass spectrometry and whole-genome sequencing. Drug susceptibility testing was conducted. Drug resistance genes were screened. Genomic characterization included core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) and core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analysis. RESULTS: Out of 94 strains, 34 were confirmed as monophasic Salmonella typhimurium. Notably, 85.29% of cases were in children under five years. Multi-drug resistance was alarmingly high at 88.24%, particularly against streptomycin (85.29%), tetracycline (70.59%), ampicillin (61.76%), and sulfamethoxazole (61.76%). Additionally, only one strain was fully susceptible to all tested antibiotics. Genomic analysis identified 30 distinct drug-resistance genes across the strains. All 34 strains belonged to the ST34 type. The cgMLST generated six clusters. The largest cluster contained 14 strains, predominantly from the Hantai District. The cgSNP analysis identified eight distinct evolutionary branches, each containing isolates from different periods and regions. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the alarming prevalence and high resistance rates of monophasic Salmonella typhimurium in Hanzhong, particularly among vulnerable populations such as young children. The findings underline the urgent need for public health interventions, including enhanced monitoring and antibiotic stewardship, to mitigate the risks associated with this pathogen.
Factors affecting mortality in patients with healthcare-associated bloodstream infection due to Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Arslan E, Çaydaşı Ö, Şabablı Çetin A … +5 more , Yılmaz Karadağ F, Büber AA, Adıyeke E, Ankaralı H, Öztürk Engin D
J Infect Dev Ctries · 2025 Nov · PMID 41358771 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common causative agent of hospital-acquired (HA) bloodstream infections (BSI) in intensive care units (ICU). This study aimed to investigate mortality rates and the factors affect...
INTRODUCTION: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common causative agent of hospital-acquired (HA) bloodstream infections (BSI) in intensive care units (ICU). This study aimed to investigate mortality rates and the factors affecting mortality in BSI due to K. pneumoniae acquired in the ICU. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective study included adult patients hospitalized in the ICU between January 2021 and December 2022 who developed HA BSI due to K. pneumoniae. The association between clinical characteristics, invasive and medical treatment practices before bacteremia, and 15-day and 30-day mortality was investigated. RESULTS: A total of 232 patients (median age 68.0 years) were included. All-cause mortality rates on days 15 and 30 were 56.0% and 72.8%, respectively. The proportion of patients infected with carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae was 77.6%. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations between systemic corticosteroid use (OR: 2.38; p = 0.014), high qPitt score (OR: 1.32; p = 0.046), and presence of immunosuppression (OR: 2.70; p = 0.020); and 15-day mortality. Significant associations were found between systemic corticosteroid use (OR: 3.69; p = 0.002), high qPitt score (OR: 1.44; p = 0.043) and presence of immunosuppression (OR: 6.61; p = 0.004); and 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Corticosteroid treatment before the development of bacteremia in ICU patients may contribute to mortality in BSI due to K. pneumoniae. Therefore, corticosteroids should be used with caution despite their benefit in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome. High qPitt scores and the presence of immunosuppression may be used as predictors of mortality in HA BSI due to K. pneumoniae.
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