Journal Of The American Pharmacists Association[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Corrigendum to "Impact of stewardship intervention on antibiotic prescribing prior to dental procedures in a veteran population" JAPhA, Volume 64, March-April, 2024, Issue 2, p 380-385.
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41677488 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Evaluation of the "Follow Your Heart" project: Academic detailing to improve hypertension composite quality measure.
Winterswyk A, Bounthavong M, Spoutz P
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41655890 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: In 2023, the Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 20 of the United States (US) Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) ranked last out of 18 regions in the composite quality health measure goal for veterans...
BACKGROUND: In 2023, the Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 20 of the United States (US) Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) ranked last out of 18 regions in the composite quality health measure goal for veterans with high blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg). OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the impact of academic detailing (AD) on the quality measure assessing the proportion of veterans meeting a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg for 7 VA medical centers in VISN 20. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION: Implementation of a pharmacist-led, hypertension-focused AD intervention to increase the proportion of veterans meeting a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg. PRACTICE INNOVATION: Prioritization of efforts to improve VISN 20 health care quality accountability measures and enhance blood pressure management through AD. EVALUATION METHODS: A retrospective quasi-experimental study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the AD intervention on the quality measure assssing the proportion of veterans meeting a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg at 7 VA medical centers at VISN 20. A single-group interrupted time series analysis was conducted to evaluate the differences in the trends of the proportion of veterans meeting a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg before and after implementation of the hypertension-focused AD intervention. RESULTS: There was a significantly greater increase in the trend (proportion of veterans meeting a blood pressure goal <140/90 mmHg) in the period after compared to before the AD intervention by +0.31-percentage points per month (95% CI: 0.18, 0.43) in the pooled cohort of VA medical centers. Moreover, 4 of the 7 VA medical centers had significant increases in the proportion of veterans meeting a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg. CONCLUSION: A hypertension-focused AD intervention improved the proportion of veterans meeting a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg in VISN 20.
Protecting the vulnerable: Narrative review on RSV vaccines in adults and pregnancy.
Shaeer KM, Bullers K, Zaed M … +1 more , Tabulov CE
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41654225 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Recent years have seen substantial advances in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) among adults and pregnant individuals. Three RSV vaccines have been li...
BACKGROUND: Recent years have seen substantial advances in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) among adults and pregnant individuals. Three RSV vaccines have been licensed for adults, one of which is also authorized during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: To provide the first pharmacist-centered narrative review of the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety data for 3 novel RSV vaccines; to summarize early postmarketing surveillance findings that prompted labeling updates; and to offer practical guidance for pharmacists to support vaccine uptake among adult and pregnant populations. METHODS: A narrative review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR principles. MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for English-language studies published from January 2022 through June 2025 to capture pivotal phase 2 and 3 trial data for licensed RSV vaccines. Additional data were obtained from regulatory documents, clinical trial registries, and Centers for Disease Control and manufacturer websites. Eligible studies evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, or efficacy of RSVPreF3 OA, RSVpreF, or mRNA-1345 in adults or pregnant individuals. Data were extracted by 2 reviewers and synthesized descriptively. Although no formal risk-of-bias tool was applied due to heterogeneous study designs, study quality elements were qualitatively considered during interpretation. RESULTS: Three vaccines demonstrated efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety in preventing RSV-LRTD in adults. One vaccine is FDA-licensed for maternal RSV vaccination during pregnancy and confers protection against RSV respiratory disease in infants. Vaccine selection in adults may be influenced by comparative efficacy, comorbid conditions, and side-effect profiles. CONCLUSION: This review summarizes current evidence supporting licensed RSV vaccines, including early postmarketing safety findings, and underscores the role of pharmacists in addressing gaps in RSV vaccine equity. Recent RSV vaccine licensure provides a novel strategy to mitigate disease severity, with pharmacists well positioned to educate patients and support informed vaccination decisions.
The impact of continuous glucose monitoring in pharmacist-supported diabetes care: Evidence mapping through a scoping review.
Lee JY, Chan D, Samra M … +2 more , Tan M, Nguyen J
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41644098 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The adoption of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in diabetes care is rapidly expanding, offering opportunities to enhance glycemic management. As accessible health care providers, pharmacists are increasin...
BACKGROUND: The adoption of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in diabetes care is rapidly expanding, offering opportunities to enhance glycemic management. As accessible health care providers, pharmacists are increasingly called upon to support patients in the use of digital health tools like CGM. However, the impact of CGM integration on pharmacist-involved diabetes services has not been systematically examined. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aimed to map the breadth of available evidence on the impact of CGM on pharmacist-managed diabetes services and to identify gaps in the existing literature. METHODS: This scoping review was conducted using the five-stage methodological framework. Publications in English were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL from inception through October 2025. Key search terms included "CGM," "continuous glucose monitor," "pharmacist," "pharmacy practice," and "pharmacist-led". Articles were included if they involved pharmacist participation in CGM-related interventions. Studies that lacked pharmacist involvement were excluded. RESULTS: Of the 87 articles identified, 20 met the inclusion criteria. The studies employed various designs, with hemoglobin A1C (A1C) being the most reported clinical outcome. Significant A1C reductions associated with CGM-integrated pharmacist diabetes services ranged from -0.4% to -2.9%, compared to reductions of -0.5% to -0.8% in CGM-integrated care without pharmacists' involvement. Reporting of CGM-related metrics varied across the studies and included time in range, time above range, time below range, average interstitial glucose levels, and glucose variability. Nonclinical outcomes were generally positive with only 8 studies addressing the humanistic or economic aspects of CGM-integrated pharmacist diabetes services. CONCLUSION: This scoping review highlighted emerging but heterogeneous use of CGM metrics in CGM-integrated pharmacists' services in diabetes care. While reported outcomes were consistently positive, most studies focused on clinical parameters, particularly A1C. Future research should place greater emphasis on evaluating humanistic and economic outcomes of CGM on pharmacist-involved diabetes services.
The impact of an online suicide prevention training program on community pharmacy staff outcomes: A cluster randomized trial.
Carpenter DM, Stover A, Shackley AG … +5 more , Tudor G, Cross W, Marley G, Bellamy S, Lavigne JE
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41644097 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The impact of suicide prevention gatekeeper training on community pharmacy staff outcomes has yet to be tested in randomized controlled trials. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a pharmacy gatekeeper training p...
BACKGROUND: The impact of suicide prevention gatekeeper training on community pharmacy staff outcomes has yet to be tested in randomized controlled trials. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a pharmacy gatekeeper training program with interactive video cases (Pharm-SAVES+) outperforms a training without interactive video cases (Pharm-SAVES). METHODS: A convenience sample of pharmacy staff (N = 162) were randomized to the standard intervention (Pharm-SAVES) or enhanced intervention (Pharm-SAVES+) group with 120 providing usable baseline data. Baseline, immediate post-training, and 1-month follow-up surveys assessed suicide prevention knowledge, gatekeeper self-efficacy, and gatekeeper preparedness. Participants also evaluated hypothetical written patient cases where the patient exhibits suicide warning signs. Blinded coders documented whether participants directly asked about suicide and made 988 Lifeline referrals on the baseline and immediate post-training written cases. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Retention rates were 73% post-training and 58% at 1-month follow-up. The percentage of participants who directly asked about suicide increased from 7% at baseline to 71% post-training, and the percentage making Crisis Line (988) referrals increased from 49% at baseline to 74% post-training. Significant improvements in suicide prevention knowledge, gatekeeper self-efficacy, and gatekeeper preparedness were maintained at 1-month follow-up. There were no significant differences by group (Pharm-SAVES vs. Pharm-SAVES+). CONCLUSION: On the written cases, both groups improved from baseline to post-training in the frequency of asking about suicide and referring to the Crisis Line. Interactive video cases did not yield additional gains in learning outcomes; however, we were unable to assess the amount of time that participants engaged with video case content. Future studies should account for time spent engaging with content when assessing the impact of learning elements on outcomes. Pharm-SAVES training yielded significant improvements in multiple outcomes for pharmacy staff.
The impact of multimorbidity and sociodemographic factors on cost-related medication nonadherence.
Asiedu-Danso M, Ylitalo KR, Benavidez GA
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41619852 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Access to prescription medications is a key determinant of chronic disease management and outcomes, yet cost can be a major barrier. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify cost-related medication nonadherenc...
BACKGROUND: Access to prescription medications is a key determinant of chronic disease management and outcomes, yet cost can be a major barrier. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify cost-related medication nonadherence (CRMNA) and determine how CRMNA varied by sociodemographic and health factors. METHODS: The 2021, 2022, and 2023 adult samples of the National Health Interview Survey were used. CRMNA was self-reported and defined at 3 intensity levels: high, some, and low. Sociodemographic and health factors included age, race, education, income, multimorbidity, and geography. Chi-square tests were used to assess CRMNA differences by key sociodemographic and health factors, and a cumulative logit model was used to evaluate associations between sociodemographic and health factors and CRMNA levels. RESULTS: From 2021 to 2023, the prevalence of any CRMNA increased from 9.62% to 10.76%. In multivariable models, each additional chronic disease medication was associated with 36% higher odds of experiencing a greater level of CRMNA (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.36 [95% CI 1.30-1.42], P < 0.0001). Adults of 2 or more races had higher odds of CRMNA than non-Hispanic white adults (aOR 1.59 [95% CI 1.22-2.08], P = 0.0007). Compared with adults aged 18-24 years, adults aged 25-34 years had the highest odds of CRMNA (aOR 1.76 [95% CI 1.37-2.28], P < 0.0001), whereas adults aged 65 years and older had the lowest (aOR 0.53 [95% CI 0.41-0.67], P < 0.0001). Compared with privately insured individuals, those with public insurance had 21% lower odds of CRMNA (aOR 0.79 [95% CI 0.70-0.90], P = 0.0004), whereas uninsured individuals had more than twice the odds (aOR 2.58 [95% CI 2.16-3.09], P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study highlights the disproportionate burden of CRMNA among racial minorities and multimorbid privately insured young adults. These groups are most vulnerable to the cumulative costs of chronic disease medications and may thus require clinical and policy strategies to minimize cost burden and improve adherence.
The environmental price tag of medications: Pharmacists' perspective on the medication life cycle.
Zheng RR, Roy C, Dumont Z
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41611209 · Publisher ↗
Climate change is a critical global health threat, expected to cause an additional 250,000 deaths annually and costing up to $4 billion/y by 2030. Health care contributes 8.5% of the United States' total greenhouse gas (...
Climate change is a critical global health threat, expected to cause an additional 250,000 deaths annually and costing up to $4 billion/y by 2030. Health care contributes 8.5% of the United States' total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, of which 20% are from pharmaceuticals and chemicals, the largest of any category. This article describes the cradle-to-grave pharmaceutical life cycle to bring awareness to the environmental impacts and inform decisions about medication management. A cradle-to-grave medication life cycle assessment evaluates the environmental impact through all stages-sourcing raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, prescribing and use, and disposal-including resource consumption, GHG emission, and ecotoxicity. Each stage of the life cycle has a pronounced impact on the environment. Opportunities for pharmacy professionals to mitigate these effects include the following: (1) educate (learn about the environmental impacts of medications), (2) act (select medications with lower environmental impact and implement sustainable operational practices), and (3) advocate (encourage the pharmaceutical industry to offer greener alternatives and provide more accessible and transparent data on pharmaceutical production). Through these actions, pharmacy professionals can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change and contribute to optimal patient care for their patients and the public.
Bridging the knowledge gap: Med Wise Rx helps older adults navigate comprehensive medication reviews.
Omuya H, Dietsche A, Chewning BA … +3 more , Margolis AR, Wilson DA, Martin BA
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41611208 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Older adults are at particular risk of medication-related problems, and thus, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services reimburses providers to offer comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) for Medicare Pa...
BACKGROUND: Older adults are at particular risk of medication-related problems, and thus, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services reimburses providers to offer comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) for Medicare Part D enrollees. Unfortunately, the CMR service is underutilized. The Med Wise Rx educational program was designed to help older adults increase their knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy to communicate with pharmacists and seek CMR services. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effectiveness of the training by assessing older adults' understanding of a CMR and its potential benefits. METHODS: This study is part of a clinical, waitlist control trial where participants received 2 virtual 90-minute sessions addressing why older adults are at increased medication safety risk, skills to communicate their concerns, and how to ask for a CMR. The program and home practice tools presented question about medicines, problem-solving scenarios, and video-modeling communication strategies. Participants' understanding of CMRs with an open-ended survey question at baseline, and postintervention at 8 weeks, and 6 months was analyzed using deductive content analysis. Responses were coded using a modified Donabedian model with 3 components: content, process, and outcomes. RESULTS: Interviews from 67 respondents were analyzed at 3 timepoints. At baseline, only 21% of participants could explain the meaning of a CMR. Eight weeks after the training, 86% were able to explain the components of a CMR, and this understanding increased even further to 93% at 6 months. Participants' descriptions of CMRs included explaining how a CMR is done, what it involves, and the benefits of a CMR service. These understandings and knowledge were sustained at 6 months. CONCLUSION: Med Wise Rx effectively increased older adults' ability to explain CMR and its benefits. Future analyses will identify whether participants received a CMR service and explore associations between their understanding of a CMR and service participation.
Impact of pharmacist collaborative practice agreement on pharmacogenomic implementation for patients referred from geriatric medicine.
Larmer RC, Elder G, Wagner AM … +4 more , Saxena S, Hashmi AZ, Erwin AL, Hockings JK
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41611207 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Previously, patients referred from a geriatric clinic needed a pretest consultation with both the pharmacogenomics (PGx) pharmacist and clinical geneticist prior to testing. Results and recommendations had to...
BACKGROUND: Previously, patients referred from a geriatric clinic needed a pretest consultation with both the pharmacogenomics (PGx) pharmacist and clinical geneticist prior to testing. Results and recommendations had to also be reviewed by both individuals. This workflow led to delays in care and some patients being lost to follow up. A pharmacist collaborative practice agreement (CPA) was established to allow the PGx pharmacist to conduct the initial visit independently. The CPA goal was to decrease time for PGx results, medication changes, and potential symptom improvement. This study aimed to describe the effect of a CPA on PGx services in our geriatrics clinic. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective compared the times between referral placement and initial visit with the PGx pharmacist before (January 5, 2019-October 31, 2021) and after (January 1, 2022-May 31, 2023) CPA implementation. Key secondary objectives included rates of successful test completion and actionable results, baseline medication interventions, barriers for not completing testing, and proportion of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) discontinued within 6 months. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of adults aged 60 years and older referred by the ambulatory geriatric clinic for PGx testing. RESULTS: Time to initial visit decreased by 39%, and over 30% of PIMs were discontinued within 6 months. Rates of successful completion and actionable results from PGx testing remained high. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a positive impact of implementing a CPA in a pharmacist-led PGx testing service.
When pharmacist becomes patient.
Covvey JR
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41577010 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Why do sleep disorders remain undermanaged? Insights from pharmacists and physicians using the COM-B framework.
Aljobowry R, Aloum L, Othman AM … +4 more , Manias E, Ibrahim RM, Alawad SZ, Alzubaidi H
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41571102 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: There is limited understanding of how community pharmacists and physicians support sleep health management in Arabic-speaking countries. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to utilize the Capability, Opportunity, Mot...
BACKGROUND: There is limited understanding of how community pharmacists and physicians support sleep health management in Arabic-speaking countries. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to utilize the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) model to explore the perspectives and practices of pharmacists and physicians in addressing sleep health issues and identify the drivers and barriers influencing these practices. METHODS: Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of pharmacists and physicians in the United Arab Emirates. Interview guides were developed based on the COM-B framework. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were coded using NVivo software Version 14 (formerly QSR International) and analyzed deductively based on the theoretical framework. RESULTS: A total of 45 health care providers (29 pharmacists and 16 physicians) were interviewed. Participants perceived sleep-related concerns in the general population to be insufficiently addressed. Shared barriers to addressing sleep concerns included limited time, lack of knowledge, and formal training, and stigma surrounding sleep. Pharmacists referred chronic cases to physicians and dispensed sedating antihistamines or herbal products to acute cases and were hindered by the lack of private counseling areas and limited therapeutic options. Physicians were reluctant to prescribe medications due to possible dependency and insurance concerns. Both provider groups recognized the importance of sleep to overall health and expressed motivation to help their patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides shared and profession-specific barriers and enablers that shape sleep health care provision practices of pharmacists and physicians in the region. It provides avenues for targeted interventions to improve sleep health care delivery in primary care and community settings.
Exploring the role of community pharmacist-administered injectable naltrexone for drug treatment court participants: Results from a pilot study.
Chladek JS, Gilson AM, Gassman M … +1 more , Ford JH
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41571101 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Drug treatment courts (DTCs) are designed to reduce relapse and recidivism among individuals with substance use issues, including opioid use disorder (OUD). Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are part...
BACKGROUND: Drug treatment courts (DTCs) are designed to reduce relapse and recidivism among individuals with substance use issues, including opioid use disorder (OUD). Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are part of the gold standard for OUD treatment. Most drug courts, including adult courts, authorize the use of MOUD for program participants. However, the overall percentage of individuals receiving MOUD remains low. OBJECTIVES: Explore if Wisconsin DTCs collaborate with community pharmacists to administer injectable naltrexone, as well as perceptions, barriers, and advantages of these collaborations. METHODS: A 21-item survey was administered to Wisconsin Treatment Court coordinators to understand the use of injectable naltrexone for OUD among program participants. Respondents were invited to participate in an unstructured focus group following survey completion. Subsequently, community pharmacists were recruited for an interview panel. The focus group and interview panel purpose was to understand perspectives related to a bi-directional collaboration to provide injectable naltrexone for program participants. Descriptive statistics and an inductive thematic analysis summarized study findings. RESULTS: Overall, 20 respondents completed the survey. Three of the 4 DTCs providing MOUD report administering injectable naltrexone to participants and awareness that pharmacists can administer injectable naltrexone. However, only one had directly worked with a pharmacist. Two treatment court coordinators participated in the focus group, and 4 community pharmacists participated in the interview panel. Emergent themes included lack of awareness and concerns regarding community pharmacy services and potential advantages of and barriers to community pharmacist-administered injectable naltrexone. CONCLUSION: Community pharmacist-administered injectable naltrexone is not widely used within Wisconsin DTCs. However, treatment court coordinators and community pharmacists acknowledged the potential benefits of community pharmacy involvement to administer injectable naltrexone. Future research should expand on these findings and explore ways to increase knowledge and awareness of injectable naltrexone and community pharmacist-provided services and address barriers.
Promoting knowledge transfer: A RE-AIM evaluation of a VA Healthcare System's success strategies in improving patient safety through deprescribing.
Omuya H, Battar S, Garcia-Carmona LM … +2 more , Malta JS, Manning J
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41571100 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Polypharmacy is a global concern. Evidence-based medication deprescribing algorithms and scholarly works suggest targeted interventions. The Veterans Affairs (VA) launched the VIONE (Vital, Important, Optiona...
BACKGROUND: Polypharmacy is a global concern. Evidence-based medication deprescribing algorithms and scholarly works suggest targeted interventions. The Veterans Affairs (VA) launched the VIONE (Vital, Important, Optional, Not indicated, Every medication should have an indication) polypharmacy reduction methodology for older adults in 2016. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify the experiences, facilitators, barriers, and lessons learned from the VA Healthcare System (VAHS) adoption of VIONE to provide information for knowledge translation to other implementation teams. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION: The VAHS is a tertiary VA care facility in the Caribbean, providing care at 11 locations. PRACTICE INNOVATION: Although VIONE has been adopted in about 138 medical centers, most of these sites have struggled to sustain the intervention. The VAHS in the Caribbean adopted the methodology in 2020 and has successfully implemented it with both sustainability and clinical effectiveness. This study offers insights into what facilitated their success and how barriers were mitigated. EVALUATION METHODS: This study employs the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework to examine the resulting deprescribing outcomes of a tertiary VA care facility. Data were collected through qualitative interviews and from the VIONE implementation dashboards. Qualitative data were analyzed using deductive content analysis, while the VIONE dashboard was used to synthesize the quantitative data. RESULTS: The VAHS implementation team achieved significant deprescribing success from 2020 to 2024, eliminating over 105,000 medications, positively impacting over 21,000 Veterans, and avoiding approximately $5.7 million in costs. Themes from interviews include provider elements (building rapport and ongoing education and training) and patient-centered components (customizing holistic interventions, providing education, shared decision-making, and ensuring a gradual deprescribing process). Proper follow-up and targeted monitoring further enhanced their effective strategies. The reduction in medications, the cost avoided, and the number of Veterans impacted by the deprescribing interventions were outcomes of the robust deprescribing approach used by the interdisciplinary team. CONCLUSION: VAHS demonstrated its commitment to patient-centered care by successfully implementing and maintaining the VIONE model. This study provides valuable insights into effective implementation strategies crucial for successful maintenance, facilitating knowledge transfer. When applying this knowledge to other settings, it is important to consider the unique facilitators and barriers and use a tailored approach.
Corrigendum to "Perceptions of pharmacist-furnished nicotine replacement therapy among participants who smoke in California": [JAPhA, Volume 65 (2025), Issue September-October, 5102450].
Schneider S, Durazo A, Rodriguez S … +6 more , Chan-Golston AM, Wakefield T, Halliday DM, Tracy D, Song AV, Apollonio DE
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41565106 · Full text
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Are chain pharmacy work system characteristics associated with work-life outcomes? A national study.
Nadi S, Arya V, Bakken BK … +6 more , Doucette WR, Gaither C, Kreling DH, Schommer JC, Witry M, Mott DA
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 Jan · PMID 41539388 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Pharmacists in chain and mass merchandiser pharmacies practice in standardized, corporate-driven environments where performance metrics and workload expectations often dictate daily activities. Few studies ha...
BACKGROUND: Pharmacists in chain and mass merchandiser pharmacies practice in standardized, corporate-driven environments where performance metrics and workload expectations often dictate daily activities. Few studies have systematically examined how specific work system characteristics such as autonomy, staffing, and feeling heard relate to pharmacists' perceptions of work-life outcomes in these pharmacies. Understanding relationships is critical as pharmacy organizations and pharmacists seek to address workplace issues magnified by COVID-19, and improve pharmacist retention and recruitment. OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence of work system characteristics across chain and mass merchandiser pharmacies, test associations between work system characteristics and pharmacists' perceptions of burnout and job turnover intention, and explore organizational strategies to improve pharmacist work-life. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 2022 National Pharmacist Workforce Study, a cross-sectional online survey of United States (US) pharmacists. The SEIPS 2.0 model guided the survey's domain content. Respondents practicing in large chain and mass merchandiser pharmacies (n = 662) responded to survey items about six work system characteristics, professional fulfillment, burnout and turnover intention. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression models were used to assess associations. RESULTS: Nearly 88% of pharmacists reported engaging in more work activities than when hired, 85% reported that workload metrics compromised safety, and 73% felt their organization did not to pharmacists' patient medication safety concerns. Regression models showed that autonomy and feeling heard about safety issues were the strongest predictors of professional fulfilment and burnout. CONCLUSION: Pharmacists' perceptions of not having control of how work is done in large chain and mass merchandiser pharmacies likely stems from how hierarchical organizations make decisions. Organizational strategies that increase local decision-making, reduce reliance on workload metrics, and provide autonomy to pharmacists are needed for workforce sustainability.
Evaluating the APhA Foundation Incentive Grants Program: Perceptions from residency program.
Albers E, O'Connor SK, Rodriquez C
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41539387 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The American Pharmacists Association (APhA) Foundation Incentive Grants Program provides financial support for practice-based research projects designed to enhance the health outcomes of patients. Incentive g...
BACKGROUND: The American Pharmacists Association (APhA) Foundation Incentive Grants Program provides financial support for practice-based research projects designed to enhance the health outcomes of patients. Incentive grants have been a staiting point for many pharmacists, residents, and students to develop a passion for innovative patient care. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate residency program directors' (RPDs) perception of the Incentive Grants Program, the perceived value of program facilitation, and impact of the program on practice sites. METHODS: RPDs from Incentive Grant-funded programs participated in a 16-item survey and follow-up focus groups where they responded to questions related to their programs, their residents, program-related publications, impact of the program, and perceptions of the program and experience. RESULTS: Twenty-five RPDs completed the survey and 9 participated in focus groups. Findings included that 95.7% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the Incentive Grants program is valuable to community-based practice, and agreement that residents benefit from Incentive Grants. Some areas of improvement for the Incentive Grants program were identified, including a need to refine the scoring rubric for applications to more heavily weigh feasibility, communication from APhA foundation coordinators to RPDs and residents, and expectations related to publications. CONCLUSION: The Incentive Grants program is positively perceived by RPDs and can be improved by streamlining communication and administration of the program. The program-funded projects are valuable to community-based practice and the grants themselves may benefit trainees more than broadly impacting practice.
ChatGPT-5 for drug-drug interaction detection in the intensive care unit: A real-world cohort study on large language model advances and implications for clinical pharmacists.
Azmakan H, Hashemian F
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 Jan · PMID 41506371 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT are increasingly applied in healthcare, but their performance in detecting clinically relevant drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) in intensive care units (ICUs) remain...
BACKGROUND: Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT are increasingly applied in healthcare, but their performance in detecting clinically relevant drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) in intensive care units (ICUs) remains underexplored. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the performance of ChatGPT-4.1 and ChatGPT-5 in identifying pDDIs among ICU patients compared with standard interaction checkers, benchmarking its outputs against ICU mortality. METHODS: This retrospective cohort included 311 ICU patients. Medications were entered into ChatGPT-4.1 and ChatGPT-5 using a uniform prompt. The pDDIs identified by ChatGPT were compared with outputs from three reference databases. Agreement metrics were calculated. Regression models (LASSO with refitted logistic regression) adjusted for confounders and compared mortality associations between ChatGPT- and reference-derived pDDIs. Reproducibility was assessed by repeating ChatGPT queries on a random sample of 50 patients. RESULTS: ChatGPT-4.1 and -5 identified fewer interactions than standard databases (8 and 10 vs. 22 total; 1 and 2 vs. 4 significant per patient). Agreement with references was moderate for total pDDIs and lower for significant ones. ChatGPT-5 identified pDDIs were independently associated with ICU mortality (OR 2.372, 95% CI: 1.236-4.696, p: 0.011), whereas ChatGPT-4.1 pDDIs were not. None of the versions outperformed standard tools in discrimination or clinical utility. Reproducibility was also limited, with ChatGPT-5 achieving only 68% consistency across repeated runs. CONCLUSION: ChatGPT-4.1 and -5 showed limited sensitivity, inconsistent reproducibility, and no added clinical benefit. Therefore, pharmacist oversight remains essential for safe integration of LLMs in ICU practice. However, ChatGPT-5 demonstrated higher agreement with references and an independent association with ICU mortality.
Perception of diabetes care provided to patients with vision impairment: Insights from nationwide surveys.
Nguyen CB
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41506370 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: According to the National Diabetes Statistics report, 29.7 million people in the United States have been diagnosed as having diabetes, which is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in adults aged 18-64...
BACKGROUND: According to the National Diabetes Statistics report, 29.7 million people in the United States have been diagnosed as having diabetes, which is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in adults aged 18-64 years. Adults with vision disabilities frequently encounter barriers that prevent access to health care and other services in the pharmacy setting. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to obtain the perception of diabetes care provided by pharmacists to patients with vision impairment or disabilities. METHODS: Patients and pharmacists were recruited by Dynata to complete an anonymous, nationwide, online survey from April 22 to May 16, 2025, and provide their perception of care provided by pharmacists, barriers faced in self-management of diabetes, and suggestions to improve care delivered. Survey responses were reported using descriptive statistics for demographics and the Likert portion. RESULTS: A total of 610 respondents, with a median age of 54 years and 57% female, accessed the patient survey, and 102 respondents, with a median age of 37 years and 59.8% female, accessed the pharmacist survey. Most patients with vision impairment or disabilities were satisfied with the overall diabetes care delivered by their pharmacist. More than 50% of pharmacists stated that they were confident in providing culturally responsive care to these patients. Barriers identified by both patients and pharmacists were a lack of accessible medical devices and educational materials for diabetes. CONCLUSION: Pharmacists requested more resources and guidance on delivering diabetes care to patients with vision impairment along with learning about the difficulties these patients may face with self-management of their diabetes.
Dosing impact of cefepime and meropenem on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronic cellulitis: A case report.
Botner X
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41506369 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: To describe a case of treatment failure and emergent resistance due to suboptimal antibiotic dosing and demonstrate a practical strategy for optimizing dosing to achieve treatment efficacy. CASE SUMMARY: We r...
BACKGROUND: To describe a case of treatment failure and emergent resistance due to suboptimal antibiotic dosing and demonstrate a practical strategy for optimizing dosing to achieve treatment efficacy. CASE SUMMARY: We report a woman in her 90s with no history of renal disease but with low weight and height. She was treated with a renally adjusted dose of cefepime for cellulitis caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a minimum inhibitory concentration at the susceptibility borderline. One month later, she was re-admitted for cefepime-resistant P. aeruginosa cellulitis and therapy was switched to meropenem. The meropenem dose was optimized by evaluating both the creatinine clearance (CrCl) calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation and the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). This approach led to a successful treatment. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This case highlights the challenge of dosing antibiotics in the elderly population for MDR bacteria, where high doses are often required. To prevent treatment failure and the emergence of resistance from suboptimal dosing, we recommend evaluating renal function using MDRD eGFR in addition to CrCl, when a significant discrepancy exists between the 2 values.
Pharmacist's role in addressing barriers to continuous glucose monitoring within underserved communities.
Cellino CAK, Chen EL, Pawelek J … +3 more , Daly CJ, Jacobs DM, Prescott GM
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) · 2026 · PMID 41500326 · Publisher ↗
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed diabetes care by enabling real-time tracking of glucose levels, improving glycemic control, reducing hypoglycemia, and enhancing quality of life. Despite their clinical...
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed diabetes care by enabling real-time tracking of glucose levels, improving glycemic control, reducing hypoglycemia, and enhancing quality of life. Despite their clinical benefits, CGM adoption remains inequitable, with underserved populations facing barriers such as low digital and health literacy, financial hardship, limited provider engagement, and fragmented healthcare system infrastructure. Pharmacists, trusted and accessible providers embedded within communities, have emerged as key collaborators for CGM use through patient education, data interpretation, and treatment optimization. Evidence from community-based settings demonstrates that pharmacist-led CGM interventions are associated with significant reductions in HbA1c, improvements in time-in-range, and enhanced patient engagement, although studies focusing specifically on underserved populations remain limited. Persistent barriers at patient, provider, and system levels must be addressed to achieve equitable CGM system access, including challenges related to cost, digital access or literacy, language barriers, health care professional training and patient education. By advancing pharmacist-led CGM initiatives tailored to the social and cultural needs of underserved populations, there is an opportunity to reduce disparities in CGM utilization and improve diabetes outcomes. This commentary highlights current evidence, identifies gaps, and issues a call to action for expanding pharmacist-led CGM programs in high need populations as a critical step toward promoting health equity in diabetes management.
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