Biopolymers[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Structural Optimization of Cn-AMP1 Enhances Antibacterial and Anticancer Potency With Low Hemolysis.
Phuong HBT, Nguyen TN, Thi HH … +6 more , Huang L, Tran PT, Quoc TN, Dao VD, Bui LM, Xuan HL
Biopolymers · 2026 Jan · PMID 41334936 · Publisher ↗
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent promising scaffolds for therapeutic development, but many natural sequences show limited potency or poor selectivity. Among them, Cn-AMP1, a coconut-derived peptide, exhibits excel...
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent promising scaffolds for therapeutic development, but many natural sequences show limited potency or poor selectivity. Among them, Cn-AMP1, a coconut-derived peptide, exhibits excellent biocompatibility but weak antibacterial and anticancer activities owing to low hydrophobicity and minimal cationic charge. Here, we rationally designed a series of Cn-AMP1 derivatives with systematic modulation of charge and hydrophobicity to probe structure-activity relationships. Among them, CAP10, displayed 2-4-fold stronger antibacterial potency than earlier analogs while maintaining hemolysis below 10%. CAP10 also achieved measurable cytotoxicity toward cancer cells, representing a clear improvement over the other Cn-AMP1 derivatives. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that CAP10 penetrates deeply into bacterial and cancer membranes, inducing local bilayer thinning and density depletion, whereas Cn-AMP1 remained surface-bound with limited disruption. These results establish that simultaneous optimization of hydrophobicity and charge enhances membrane-active selectivity and dual functionality. Our findings provide structural principles for the rational design of next-generation AMPs with improved efficacy and safety profiles.
Eco-Friendly Influence of Gamma-Irradiation on (Acrylamide/Carbon Disulfide) as a Potential Anticancer Agent Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Pancreatic Carcinoma Cell Line.
Mahdy SR, Khalil SA, Awadallah-F A … +2 more , Ahmed HY, Badawy MMM
Biopolymers · 2026 Jan · PMID 41324205 · Publisher ↗
Polyacrylamide (PAAm) was made from acrylamide (AAm), polycarbondisulfide (PCS) from carbon disulfide (CS), and their copolymer P(AAm/CS) at a fixed equal ratio using gamma irradiation. The polymers were characterized us...
Polyacrylamide (PAAm) was made from acrylamide (AAm), polycarbondisulfide (PCS) from carbon disulfide (CS), and their copolymer P(AAm/CS) at a fixed equal ratio using gamma irradiation. The polymers were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), CHNS/O elemental microanalysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results demonstrated the effective synthesis of PAAm, PCS, and P(AAm/CS), with the copolymer having an average molecular weight of 187,673 Da. The produced polymers were tested for their cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects on human pancreatic carcinoma (PANC-1) cells in light of the urgent need for efficient treatments against this aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. With half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC) of > 500 μg/mL for PAAm, 156 μg/mL for PCS, and 99.2 μg/mL for P(AAm/CS), the copolymer demonstrated superior cytotoxic potential. Flow cytometric analysis provided additional support for these findings. Treatment with 125 μg/mL of PAAm resulted in 4.8% early and 13.3% late apoptosis, whereas PCS at the same concentration caused 30.8% early and 18.5% late apoptosis. Notably, 125 μg/mL of P(AAm/CS) caused a significant increase in apoptosis, resulting in 39.3% of early apoptotic cell populations and 28.6% of late apoptotic cell populations. According to gene expression analysis, P53, Caspase-3, Caspase-7, and Bax genes were upregulated and Bcl-2 was downregulated after treatment with 125 μg/mL of PCS2 or P(AAm/CS2). However, PAAm had no significant impact on these apoptotic markers. In comparison to untreated PANC-1 cells, P(AAm/CS2) showed the strongest response, resulting in significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in P53 (4.4-fold), Caspase-3 (2.9-fold), Caspase-7 (8.3-fold), and Bax (5.5-fold) expression levels, while Bcl-2 expression was significantly reduced (0.09-fold). In conclusion, the produced copolymer P(AAm/CS) exhibits a strong anticancer effect on pancreatic carcinoma cells by inducing apoptosis, thereby supporting its potential as a promising polymer-based therapeutic agent.
Bioinspired Water Technologies: A Systematic Review of Biopolymers for Clean Water and Sanitation.
Jabbi A, Kuruduparambu Jayaprakash S, Sarangi PK … +2 more , Cheong JY, Padil VVT
Biopolymers · 2026 Jan · PMID 41307233 · Publisher ↗
Water contamination poses a critical threat to global freshwater resources, requiring innovative and sustainable solutions. This systematic review focuses on bioinspired molecules, particularly polysaccharides such as ce...
Water contamination poses a critical threat to global freshwater resources, requiring innovative and sustainable solutions. This systematic review focuses on bioinspired molecules, particularly polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitosan, tree gums, and alginate, as well as biomass-derived materials (biochar and lignin), due to their high potential in water treatment. These materials exhibit high efficacy in adsorbing pollutants like heavy metals, dyes, and emerging contaminants. They offer advantages such as biodegradability, low cost, and eco-friendliness. However, their scalability and industrial application have significant challenges, including mechanical strength, production inefficiencies, and environmental safety concerns. This review critically evaluates the current state of bioinspired technologies, emphasizing the need for targeted research in surface modification, hybrid material development, and sustainable production methods to overcome these barriers. It also highlights the necessity of integrating life cycle and techno-economic assessments to ensure commercial viability. A forward-looking chart is proposed to guide future advancements, prioritizing circular economy principles, advanced manufacturing techniques, and policy frameworks to bridge the gap between laboratory innovation and real-world implementation. By addressing these challenges, bioinspired molecules can revolutionize water purification, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 6 to ensure universal access to clean water.
Performance of Plasma-Modified Peanut Hulls on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Waxy Starch Films.
Caballero-Jaimes MA, Garcia-Hernandez A, Flores-Silva PC … +3 more , Hernandez-Hernandez E, Neira-Velazquez G, Sifuentes-Nieves I
Biopolymers · 2026 Jan · PMID 41273121 · Publisher ↗
In this study, the effect of ethylene (E), styrene (S), and hexamethyldisiloxane (H) plasma-modified peanut hulls (PF) on the structural and functional properties of waxy starch-based films (WS) was investigated. TGA ana...
In this study, the effect of ethylene (E), styrene (S), and hexamethyldisiloxane (H) plasma-modified peanut hulls (PF) on the structural and functional properties of waxy starch-based films (WS) was investigated. TGA analysis confirmed the deposition of the coating on the PF surface after plasma treatment. Nevertheless, using the same operating conditions, the treatments resulted in partially (PFE and PFS) and fully (PFH) coated PF. During the gelatinization process, the fully coated PF interacted more strongly with starch molecules, displacing starch-glycerol interactions and improving the contact angle (from 85° to 93°), water vapor permeance (0.23-0.15 g/daymPa), and the storage modulus (from 192 to 554 MPa). Conversely, the partially coated PF were attracted to each other, limiting interaction with starch, resulting in films with high hydrophilicity and low rigidity. Thus, the plasma-modified PF type interacts to a different extent with starch molecules, which determines the functional properties and potential applications of the films in the packaging field.
The Blue Economy's Biopolymers: Using Marine Biomass to Develop Sustainable Polymers-Overview.
Gadipelli P
Biopolymers · 2026 Jan · PMID 41273094 · Publisher ↗
To solve the global plastic pollution challenge through sustainable polymer innovation, this review article explores the transformational potential of biopolymers generated from marine sources within the blue economy. Th...
To solve the global plastic pollution challenge through sustainable polymer innovation, this review article explores the transformational potential of biopolymers generated from marine sources within the blue economy. These biopolymers provide sustainable, biodegradable substitutes for plastics made from fossil fuels by using marine biomass. Using environmentally benign techniques such as alkaline and enzymatic treatments, researchers extract polysaccharides, chitin, and collagen through a simplified procedure, attaining yields of 20%-30% for alginate and 15%-25% for chitin with 80% efficiency. Nanotechnology is used in polymer processing to enable 95% encapsulation efficiency and improve barrier and tensile strengths by 30% and 50%, respectively. The resultant biopolymers-packaging films, medical bandages made of chitosan, and agricultural mulch made from seaweed-degrade by 90% in 6 weeks, providing a sustainable substitute for traditional plastics. Marine biopolymers, which promise less ocean pollution and economic prosperity for coastal communities, are in line with Sustainable Development Goal 14 because of breakthroughs, such as carbon-negative PHAs and packaging made from seaweed.
Homogenized Bacterial Cellulose Incorporated Polydopamine Sponges for Rapid Hemostasis in Traumatic Wounds.
Kamlesh, Shakya K, Verma V
Biopolymers · 2026 Jan · PMID 41273044 · Publisher ↗
Managing bleeding during surgical or traumatic events is crucial to prevent further complications. Traditional cotton dressings are primarily used for cleaning wounds and do not contribute to bleeding control. In this st...
Managing bleeding during surgical or traumatic events is crucial to prevent further complications. Traditional cotton dressings are primarily used for cleaning wounds and do not contribute to bleeding control. In this study, we demonstrate a hemostatic dressing in the form of sponges using a simple and sustainable approach. These sponges, composed of bacterial cellulose (BC) as the base matrix and coated with polydopamine (PDA) nanospheres via in situ oxidative polymerization. The BC-PDA sponges exhibited rapid fluid absorption, robust stability, excellent hemostatic ability and antioxidant properties, and biocompatibility with mammalian cells. The best in vitro blood clotting efficacy of HBC-PDA samples was 90% clotting efficacy within 90 s, highlighting their potential as effective hemostatic materials. The presence of amine groups in PDA played a critical role in activating intrinsic coagulation pathways, enhancing blood clotting. This work highlights the successful fabrication of BC/PDA hemostatic sponges with outstanding properties and safety, making them a promising material for clinical applications.
Antioxidant, Anti-HCC, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Novel Fabricated Carboxymethyl Xanthan Gum-Graft-Polyglycidyl Methacrylate/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites.
Mohamed NA, Abd El-Ghany NA, Elgamal AM
Biopolymers · 2026 Jan · PMID 41261517 · Publisher ↗
A novel carboxymethyl xanthan gum-based glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (CMXG-g-PGMA) was successfully synthesized using the graft copolymerization technique. During the grafting process, the epoxide ring of GMA was open...
A novel carboxymethyl xanthan gum-based glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (CMXG-g-PGMA) was successfully synthesized using the graft copolymerization technique. During the grafting process, the epoxide ring of GMA was opened by the carboxylic groups of the CMXG, inducing crosslinking of their chains. The percentages of graft, graft efficiency, and homopolymer were 260%, 85%, and 35%, respectively. Two different concentrations of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were impregnated into the copolymer to obtain CMXG-g-PGMA/CNTs-3% and CMXG-g-PGMA/CNTs-5% composites. The topography, chemical, and inner structure of CMXG-g-PGMA and its CNTs composites were investigated employing FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and BET. DPPH scavenging activity of CMXG-g-PGMA/CNTs-5% is higher than that of CMXG-g-PGMA, since their IC values were 57.88 and 201.8 μg/mL, respectively. The CMXG-g-PGMA/CNTs-5% has better inhibition performance against the HepG-2 cancer cells growth than CMXG-g-PGMA, since their IC values were 52.1 and 269.8 μg/mL, respectively. CMXG-g-PGMA/CNTs-5% showed better anti-inflammatory activity than CMXG-g-PGMA with IC values of 10.9 and 217.8 μg/mL, respectively. CMXG-g-PGMA/CNTs-5% exhibited good biocompatibility, showing no cytotoxic effects on normal human lung fibroblast cells at concentrations below 62.5 μg/mL. Thus, the incorporation of both GMA and CNTs into CMXG appreciably reinforced its antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory features. This represents a good way to achieve adequate formulations to contend with the classical medications employed for such implementations.
Tailored Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Interfaced With Corn Husk Lignocellulose for High-Performance Sustainable Packaging.
Sathianathan RV, Joseph J, Kannan JR … +1 more , Krishnamoorthy A
Biopolymers · 2025 Nov · PMID 41215696 · Publisher ↗
To cope with the increased plastic production rate and the upsurge in hazards to the Earth, natural, eco-friendly packaging is urged as an alternative. Nanotechnology impresses a prime contribution to improving foods' sh...
To cope with the increased plastic production rate and the upsurge in hazards to the Earth, natural, eco-friendly packaging is urged as an alternative. Nanotechnology impresses a prime contribution to improving foods' shelf life and biodegradability of packaging film. ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with three different molar concentrations (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 M) were synthesised using the sol-gel process. A fibrous, degradable, bio-active corn husks (CH) biocomposite was used in the packaging film. Four films, CZ0-0 M (CZ-Corn Zinc), CZ1-0.3, CZ2-0.6, and CZ3-0.9 M, were prepared with a biodegradable plasticiser and CH. The particle sizes of NPs synthesised with different molar concentrations were investigated to be 24, 31, and 29 nm using the XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis, and their effective stability was estimated using zeta potential analysis. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometer) analysis confirmed the presence of ZnO with a peak observed at 510-490 cm. An upsurge in the molar concentration of NPs in the prepared film increases its hydrophobicity to 103.44°, UV (Ultra Violet) blocking > 50%, Young's Modulus between 11.23 and 24.11 MPa, and dielectric constant with a range between 14.94 and 25.57 was observed. Homogeneity, biodegradability, antibacterial activity, and insulation properties of the films enhance their suitability for storing foodstuffs, industrial applications, and for electrical and electronic packaging.
Recent Progress in Preparation, Improvement and Applications of Green Polymer Composites.
Mojapelo KS, Kupolati WK, Burger EA … +3 more , Ndambuki JM, Snyman J, Sadiku ER
Biopolymers · 2025 Nov · PMID 41204884 · Full text
Green polymer composites (GPCs) are increasingly recognised as sustainable alternatives to traditional petroleum-based materials, effectively addressing critical environmental challenges, such as plastic pollution and ca...
Green polymer composites (GPCs) are increasingly recognised as sustainable alternatives to traditional petroleum-based materials, effectively addressing critical environmental challenges, such as plastic pollution and carbon emissions. These composites include biodegradable polymers, natural fibres, and nanomaterials, which enhance their mechanical properties, durability, and eco-friendly disposal options. However, their widespread industrial adoption faces challenges related to cost, scalability, fibre-matrix compatibility, and regulatory compliance. This study provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in GPCs, focusing on the preparation methods, reinforcement strategies, and significant performance improvements. Techniques such as melt blending, compression moulding, and additive manufacturing have notably enhanced interfacial bonding and thermal stability. Comparative analyses indicate that GPCs can achieve up to a 30% increase in tensile strength and a 40% reduction in carbon footprint compared with conventional composites. Despite these advantages, ongoing concerns regarding manufacturing costs, processing limitations, and recyclability highlight the necessity for further optimisation. GPCs have diverse applications in various industries, including the automotive sector, biomedicine and scaffolds, packaging and coatings, and constructing reinforced polymer composites for structural applications. Practical implementation must overcome cost barriers and ensure compliance with the global sustainability regulations. Future research should prioritise enhancing the economic viability of GPCs and conducting life cycle assessments (LCA).
Review of Polysaccharides/Proteins Combine With Metals: A New Strategy for Wound Healing Therapy.
Mahdi L, Martien R, Murwanti R … +1 more , Nugroho AK
Biopolymers · 2025 Nov · PMID 41190769 · Publisher ↗
Wound dressing is crucial for managing wound healing, protecting wounds from the environment, and accelerating the healing process. Recently, wound dressing is evolving from traditional to modern-interactive design. The...
Wound dressing is crucial for managing wound healing, protecting wounds from the environment, and accelerating the healing process. Recently, wound dressing is evolving from traditional to modern-interactive design. The main problem with traditional wound dressings is their limited effectiveness, which hinders optimal wound therapy. Wound dressings can be developed into modern wound dressings (film, sponge, injectable hydrogel, and nanofiber). They can be fabricated using natural polymers, such as chitosan, alginate, cellulose, gelatin, and collagen, combined with metals. Natural polymers, known as biopolymers, offer beneficial properties for wound healing, including bioactivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Additionally, metals like silver, copper, cerium, and zinc also exhibit potential pharmacological activity in the medical field. The fabrication of these materials holds significant potential for addressing wound healing challenges. This article discusses the development of natural polymer/metal-based scaffolds and their potential for wound healing management therapy. This innovative approach stands to offer an alternative to the existing strategies and enhance the effectiveness of wound healing management.
Emerging Roles of Biopolymers in Seed Science and Technology.
Anu, Velusamy M, Rathinavelu S … +3 more , Shanmugam V, Gnanadhas P, Karre S
Biopolymers · 2025 Nov · PMID 41189448 · Publisher ↗
Biopolymers are naturally occurring macromolecules derived from renewable biological sources such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. Their intrinsic biodegradability, biocompatibility, and reduced reliance on fossil...
Biopolymers are naturally occurring macromolecules derived from renewable biological sources such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. Their intrinsic biodegradability, biocompatibility, and reduced reliance on fossil resources render them environmentally sustainable alternatives to conventional synthetic polymers. Owing to their diverse physicochemical properties, biopolymers have found extensive applications in sectors like pharmaceuticals, food packaging, and biomedicine. In recent years, their relevance in agriculture, particularly in seed science and technology, has gained momentum. Biopolymer-based interventions such as seed coatings, priming agents, and encapsulation systems are being increasingly employed to enhance seed germination, vigor, and resilience under a variety of abiotic and biotic stress conditions. These treatments offer multiple benefits, including protection from pathogens, moisture retention, and the controlled release of nutrients and bioactive compounds to optimize early seedling development. The emergence of novel techniques such as nano-priming and the valorization of agricultural waste for biopolymer extraction further reinforces their role in sustainable agriculture. Additionally, the integration of traceability tools such as molecular markers and embedded digital identifiers into biopolymer seed coatings supports robust quality assurance, supply chain transparency, and regulatory compliance. To advance these aims, future research should focus on seed-responsive, climate-resilient biopolymers with scalable, eco-friendly formulations, field validation, and built-in traceability. This review critically examines current advancements in biopolymer-assisted seed enhancement technologies, identifies prevailing challenges, and explores their expanding potential in promoting climate-resilient and sustainable crop production systems.
Dual-Targeted Pt@Ce-MOF Nanoplatform Enhances Radiotherapy Efficacy via Tumor-Specific Delivery and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Breast Cancer.
Wang Y, Han X, Zhang S … +4 more , Wang L, Sun S, Xue C, Yao T
Biopolymers · 2025 Nov · PMID 41175070 · Publisher ↗
The development of multifunctional nanoplatforms capable of enhancing the efficacy and precision of cancer radiochemotherapy remains a significant clinical need. Here, we report a dual-targeted cerium-based metal-organic...
The development of multifunctional nanoplatforms capable of enhancing the efficacy and precision of cancer radiochemotherapy remains a significant clinical need. Here, we report a dual-targeted cerium-based metal-organic framework nanoplatform (Pt@Ce-MOF-RGD/FA) designed for synergistic radiosensitization and chemotherapeutic delivery in breast cancer. The Ce-MOF core acts as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplifier under radiotherapy, while encapsulated cisplatin (Pt) serves as a chemotherapeutic agent. Surface modification with RGD and folic acid (FA) enables active targeting of tumor cells via αvβ3 integrin and folate receptor pathways. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization confirmed successful construction of the nanocomposite. In vitro, Pt@Ce-MOF-RGD/FA exhibited potent cytotoxicity, enhanced cellular uptake, inhibition of tumor cell migration, and robust ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. In vivo fluorescence imaging demonstrated superior tumor accumulation of the dual-ligand-modified formulation. Under radiotherapy, Pt@Ce-MOF-RGD/FA achieved significant tumor growth suppression in a 4T1 murine breast cancer model without inducing systemic toxicity, as confirmed by blood biochemistry, hematological analysis, and histopathology. Collectively, this work presents a rationally engineered nanoplatform with precise tumor targeting, efficient drug delivery, and enhanced radiosensitization, offering a promising strategy for safe and effective cancer treatment.
Polyacrylamide-Sodium Alginate Hydrogel Scaffolds With Calcium Aminopolycarboxylate Coordination Polymers for Enhanced Calcium Mineralisation in Osteoblast-Like Cells.
R SMM, Pavithran R
Biopolymers · 2025 Nov · PMID 41123254 · Publisher ↗
In this study, calcium aminopolycarboxylate-based coordination polymers, calcium acetamidoiminodiacetate (CaADA) and tetraaqua(ethylenediaminetetraacetato)-calcium (II) strontium (II) monohydrate (SrCaEDTA) were incorpor...
In this study, calcium aminopolycarboxylate-based coordination polymers, calcium acetamidoiminodiacetate (CaADA) and tetraaqua(ethylenediaminetetraacetato)-calcium (II) strontium (II) monohydrate (SrCaEDTA) were incorporated into polyacrylamide-sodium alginate hydrogel scaffolds, aiming to improve calcium absorption in MG-63 cells. Cytotoxicity of the coordination polymers in MG-63 osteoblast-like cells was studied by MTT assay. The mechanical performance and degradation behaviour of the scaffolds were systematically investigated. Porosity measurements were done via SEM analysis, and calcium ion release profile was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements. The calcium deposition studies revealed that the integration of the coordination polymers enhanced the calcium absorption in MG-63 cells. The coordination polymer-incorporated hydrogel scaffolds can be developed as future materials for bone tissue engineering and bone repair applications.
Edible Bird's Nest Peptide- an Active Peptide With Potential in Promoting Skin Repair.
Bai W, Zheng F, Liu X … +5 more , Guo B, Yin X, Lian J, Fan Q, Deng F
Biopolymers · 2025 Nov · PMID 41035218 · Publisher ↗
Skin damage and aging are caused by various factors, including UV radiation and air pollution. Edible bird's nest peptide (EBNP) was a type of safe short molecule peptide that could protect the skin by providing anti-oxi...
Skin damage and aging are caused by various factors, including UV radiation and air pollution. Edible bird's nest peptide (EBNP) was a type of safe short molecule peptide that could protect the skin by providing anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the effect of EBNP on pro-tissue regeneration was examined. The findings revealed that EBNP contained epidermal growth factor (EGF) and could stimulate wound healing in cells and zebrafish larvae. The mechanism of skin repairing was further investigated. On the one hand, EBNP increased the synthesis of structural proteins and remodelled the extracellular matrix (ECM) by up-regulating the expression of COL1A1 gene in cells as well as col1a1b, eln1, and eln2 genes in zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, EBNP had an anti-inflammatory effect, as evidenced by its capacity to reduce the production of NO and ROS, as well as the levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α and the count of neutrophils. Therefore, it was suggested that EBNP accelerated wound healing by reducing inflammation, as well as enhancing ECM remodeling through EGF-like activity, including promoting the synthesis of collagen and elastin to quickly mend wounds. It could be concluded that the EBNP had the potential to promote tissue regeneration and skin repair in the fields of food, medicine and cosmetics.
A Comprehensive Review on Edible Packaging and Its Formation Methods With Recent Eco-Friendly Advancements.
Negi R, Yadav S
Biopolymers · 2025 Nov · PMID 41024614 · Publisher ↗
With the increase in human population and rising food demand, the need for an efficient and sustainable food packaging solution has intensified. This review discusses the edible and biodegradable packaging systems, empha...
With the increase in human population and rising food demand, the need for an efficient and sustainable food packaging solution has intensified. This review discusses the edible and biodegradable packaging systems, emphasizing their potential as an environmentally safe and sustainable alternative to synthetic packaging. It also highlights various biopolymers, fabrication methods, and bioactive agents such as antimicrobials, antioxidants, and nanoparticles to improve the biopolymer's functionality, food preservation, and shelf-life extension. While edible and biodegradable packaging shows promising potential as sustainable packaging, further research is essential to optimize their formulations, cost-effectiveness, and improve scalability. The long-term safety of these packaging materials on human health, their industrial applicability, and interaction with food products still require thorough investigations.
Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate): Real-Time Monitoring of Microbial Degradation via Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Electrochemical Measurement.
Asakura N, Otsuki T, Kitamura M … +2 more , Hiraishi T, Abe H
Biopolymers · 2025 Nov · PMID 40996354 · Full text
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH), produced by some bacteria, including Aeromonas strains, exhibits excellent environmental biodegradability, even in marine environments where biodegradation is typical...
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH), produced by some bacteria, including Aeromonas strains, exhibits excellent environmental biodegradability, even in marine environments where biodegradation is typically poor. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this biodegradability remain to be elucidated. To evaluate the mechanisms of microbial degradation of PHBH, focusing on the initial stages, PHBH degradation by Comamonas testosteroni is analyzed, using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance, and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Real-time monitoring of bacterial adsorption followed by PHBH degradation is quantitatively achieved at the cellular level using a highly sensitive QCM. CV and impedance measurements suggest that microbial degradation of PHBH proceeds in a heterogeneous manner. The SECM observations reveal the heterogeneous microbial degradation of PHBH, which is highly consistent with the QCM, CV, and impedance measurements. These findings indicate that this analytical system, combined with highly sensitive QCM analysis and electrochemical measurement, is an effective tool for studying the microbial degradation of biodegradable plastics.
Nisin-Incorporated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles-Based In Situ Ocular Gel Using Box-Behnken Design for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity: In Vitro-Ex Vivo-In Vivo Analysis.
Shete MB, Fatangare V, Nangare S … +2 more , Jain P, Chalikwar SS
Biopolymers · 2025 Nov · PMID 40990359 · Publisher ↗
Microbial ocular infections, namely bacterial conjunctivitis (BC), are a major concern in the biomedical field. Nisin (NIS) is an amphiphilic natural antimicrobial peptide. It showed antibacterial potential against Pseud...
Microbial ocular infections, namely bacterial conjunctivitis (BC), are a major concern in the biomedical field. Nisin (NIS) is an amphiphilic natural antimicrobial peptide. It showed antibacterial potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is responsible for BC. Despite this, the application of NIS in pharmaceuticals for the treatment of ocular infections is hindered by several limitations that include poor aqueous solubility and stability. The preference for solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) shows the aptitude to enhance solubility, bioavailability, etc., of therapeutically active molecules. Therefore, the present research work intends to prepare a thermoresponsive poloxamer 407 (P-407)-based in situ ocular gel of NIS-incorporated SLN using Box Behnken Design (BBD) for improved antibacterial application. Herein, NIS-SLN was formulated with glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and Tween 80 using a HSH-probe sonication method. It resulted in the spherical shape NIS-SLN with the particle size (PS) of 158.8 ± 13.56 nm, zeta potential (ZP) of -22.48 ± 1.86 mV, and drug loading (DL) of 12.8% ± 2.84%. The formulated thermo-responsive in situ gel (ISG) pH, gelling temperature, and viscosity were found to be 7.45 ± 0.02, 36.5°C ± 0.5°C, and 465.5 ± 6.5 cps, respectively, with drug release of 68.65% ± 5.1% over 24 h. Moreover, it shows improved permeation of 66.43% ± 2.6%, which might be because of the nanoscale dimensions of SLN and Tween 80. The formulation demonstrates good stability for 3 months and improved antimicrobial potential against P. aeruginosa compared to pure NIS, possibly owing to sustained release and improved penetration of NIS. Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrated no irritation of the gel formulation, confirming biocompatibility with the ocular region. In conclusion, the SLN incorporated thermo-responsive P-407-based in situ ocular gel provides the improved potential of NIS. In the future, it will reveal a new horizon for the delivery of NIS and other molecules for ocular disease treatment.
On the Rheological Properties and Printability of Sodium Alginate-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Composite Solutions for Tissue Scaffold Printing.
Tabil XL, Cao TN, Chen X
Biopolymers · 2025 Nov · PMID 40988635 · Full text
Composites of sodium alginate (Alg) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) are used to 3D print tissue scaffolds, but the rheological properties and printability of these composites remain underreported, resulting in time-con...
Composites of sodium alginate (Alg) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) are used to 3D print tissue scaffolds, but the rheological properties and printability of these composites remain underreported, resulting in time-consuming trial-and-error printing. This study investigates these properties to rigorously design the 3D printing process. Dynamic shear tests characterize viscoelastic and frequency-dependent properties, while steady shear tests assess the apparent viscosity and temperature-dependent viscosity. A novel approach based on mass flow rate models guides the printing of two-layer scaffolds for printability analysis. Brightfield microscopy and printability indexes quantify the deviations between printed and designed scaffolds, defined as printability. Results show that Alg predominantly directs the rheological properties. At 4% w/v Alg, the addition of < 3% w/v CMCS reduces elasticity, contrary to the trend where increasing CMCS increases elasticity. CMCS improves the thermal resistance of the composites, while Alg reduces it. Of the composites printed, a 4% w/v Alg + 1% w/v CMCS formulation most accurately replicates the designed scaffold, and adding CMCS improves scaffold printing repeatability by at least threefold compared to Alg-only solutions. These findings provide a framework that informs the preparation and performance of Alg-CMCS composites with tunable properties, advancing scaffold bioprinting for tissue engineering.
A Comparison of Ester- and Ether-Based Bio-TPUs With Regard to Their Resistance to Environmental Influences in Terms of Their Mechanical and Adhesive Properties.
Klute M, Heim HP
Biopolymers · 2025 Nov · PMID 40974319 · Full text
The demand for bio-based alternatives to fossil-based plastics is growing rapidly due to the increasing environmental awareness of consumers and manufacturers, as well as the goal of carbon-neutral production. There are...
The demand for bio-based alternatives to fossil-based plastics is growing rapidly due to the increasing environmental awareness of consumers and manufacturers, as well as the goal of carbon-neutral production. There are many promising alternatives that can be obtained from various renewable resources, but their use in series production, especially of technical components, is often hampered by doubts about their usability and, above all, their resistance to environmental influences. The present study is intended to help overcome these obstacles and demonstrate the applicability of bio-based TPUs in multi-component technical parts with high bonding requirements. Different polyester and polyether TPUs were used, and their resistance to elevated temperatures and humidity was compared. Both the mechanical properties and the bond strength in bio-based hard-soft composites were investigated. It was shown that good to very good bond strengths of approximately 2.5-8 N/mm could be achieved depending on the Shore hardness. The formation of adhesive forces depends on both the type of polyol and its proportion in the TPU. While ether-based TPU exhibited higher adhesive bond strengths, the strength increases with a higher proportion of soft segments. After storage tests, a decrease in bond strength was observed, mainly due to thermal aging effects and absorption of water molecules, correlating with the change in mechanical properties.
Advanced Biomaterial for Dual-Drug Release: A Hydrogel-Microparticle Approach.
Garrido JGF, Andreo Filho N, Perrechil F … +1 more , de Moraes MA
Biopolymers · 2025 Sep · PMID 40944608 · Full text
Advanced biomaterials with dual drug delivery represent a promising strategy to enhance therapeutic outcomes in wound treatment. This work aimed to combine antimicrobial and analgesic actions in a single platform, enabli...
Advanced biomaterials with dual drug delivery represent a promising strategy to enhance therapeutic outcomes in wound treatment. This work aimed to combine antimicrobial and analgesic actions in a single platform, enabling the simultaneous release of both drugs from an advanced dual-drug delivery system based on a combined hydrogel and microparticle approach. The system was composed of alginate microparticles containing the antibiotic gentamicin incorporated into a gellan gum/collagen hydrogel matrix, in which the local anesthetic bupivacaine was directly loaded. The resulting composite was thoroughly characterized in terms of its morphological, physicochemical, mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties, as well as drug release profiles. The incorporation of microparticles significantly influenced the structural and functional behavior of the hydrogel, particularly at higher microparticle concentrations (50% w/v). Notably, the microparticles played a crucial role in maintaining the hydrogel's integrity in the presence of both drugs and enabled their controlled and simultaneous release, with each exhibiting distinct release kinetics. These findings highlight the potential of this hydrogel and microparticle composite as an advanced material for wound dressings, capable of promoting healing while simultaneously providing localized pain relief.
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