After two centuries of official abolition, regulated prostitution came back during the reign of Isabella II and particularly from the Progresist period onwards (1854-1856). After recalling the origins of such regulations...After two centuries of official abolition, regulated prostitution came back during the reign of Isabella II and particularly from the Progresist period onwards (1854-1856). After recalling the origins of such regulations (1845-1847) and the rules applied in Madrid, which are worth noting because of their importance and influence, we are presenting the different decrees enforced in some regions of Spain (and particularly in the province of Cadiz), in a chronological way which enables the reader to understand the formation, administrative and medical, of these regulations. Instead of putting the prostitute in a house of correction or expelling her from the town as done before, these regulations would put her in a brothel, pretending that she would not move freely and that she would regularly be controlled concerning sexually transmitted diseases. The tolerance of prostitution confirmed as well the space and role of brothels in the social life of the main Spanish towns.
This work aims to contribute to the study of the factors which influenced the process of the classification of the diversity of human behaviour. As a result this study will look at the changes in operation at the beginni...This work aims to contribute to the study of the factors which influenced the process of the classification of the diversity of human behaviour. As a result this study will look at the changes in operation at the beginning of the nineteenth century regarding the classification of one type of deviant behaviour: homicide. The creation by French psychiatrists of the diagnostic category "monomanie homicide instintive" meant that certain types of homicide were no longer considered a crime and began to be regarded as forms of madness. The emergence and gradual disappearance of this morbid species of psychiatric classifications in the first half of the XIXth century illustrates how the assignation of aberrant behaviour to one kind or other of deviance depends on the way in which various factors are related: changes in scientific theories, permutations in the professional objectives of those who make the classifications, and the degree of social consensus which is achieved for the new meaning that the deviatory behaviour acquires on changing its position among the various forms of deviation.
This work analyses the methodological proposals of two German doctors in the first half of the XIX century, traditionally linked to the so-called "Naturalistic School". It aims especially to evaluate the importance given...This work analyses the methodological proposals of two German doctors in the first half of the XIX century, traditionally linked to the so-called "Naturalistic School". It aims especially to evaluate the importance given by each to the "Naturalistic method" applied to the classification of these diseases, taking into account the fact that both defended an ontologistic or "parasitic" conception of the same. This study illustrates how this undertaking responds to the challenge, expounded by the followers of Schelling's Naturphilosophie, of converting medicine into a natural science. Likewise, this undertaking was doomed to failure due to the existing contradiction between the utilization to the classificatory method, characteristic of eighteenth century Natural History, and the need for a physiological foundation of nosology, more in accordance with the nascent Biology, which will greatly reduce the epistemological soundness of the concept of morbid species. This very imbalance will be revealed, in the strictly medical aspect, in the doubts when giving epistemological priority to physiology or to the clinical observation.
Study of the medieval epidemic of ergotism through the Bosch's paintings and other iconography, etiology, therapy and social-artistic effects.Study of the medieval epidemic of ergotism through the Bosch's paintings and other iconography, etiology, therapy and social-artistic effects.
The present paper tries to study some of the basic rudiments that contributed to the change of paradigm about mental deficiency produced in the first decades of the XXth century. Taking as main sources the Binet and Simo...The present paper tries to study some of the basic rudiments that contributed to the change of paradigm about mental deficiency produced in the first decades of the XXth century. Taking as main sources the Binet and Simon's contributions from France, and the Sante de Sanctis' from Italy, it's analysed the construction of the category "abnormal childhood", relating it to the new and privileged space of observation that supposed the obligatory School. It concludes with a reflection about the fallacious use of the "intelligence" as "prejudice" in order to establish social taxonomies and meritocracies that they don't make but to justify the human inequality.
My purpose, on this work, is to illustrate the central role that plays the visual representations on the botanical exploration. I used documents (graphics and written) from the school of painting of José Celestinno Mutis...My purpose, on this work, is to illustrate the central role that plays the visual representations on the botanical exploration. I used documents (graphics and written) from the school of painting of José Celestinno Mutis in Santa Fe de Bogotá, that informs us about artists' training and the process of elaboration of sheets; the same as in the newspapers of Ruiz and Pavón during the publication of the Flora Peruviana. The artist's in the process of classification (construction) of new species active function stands out.
The new model, economical and political, devised by the enlightened Spanish was going to propagate the execution of an ambitious, utopian and, in certain manner, original, plan of reconnaissance and exploitation of the c...The new model, economical and political, devised by the enlightened Spanish was going to propagate the execution of an ambitious, utopian and, in certain manner, original, plan of reconnaissance and exploitation of the colonial American facilities with evident tints monopolists. The development of this idea demanded the knowledge and the inventory of the natural resources as previous stage to the process of commercialization. The institutional development of this project is today very well-known. Being over from the commencement of the XIXth century, the heavy "bureaucratic" machine still more sluggish because of the entrance of the French troops to Spain, it will allow that the final outcome were delayed until 1831.
The creation of a Botanical Garden in La Habana, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, was due to the efforts of the Real Sociedad Patriótica of La Havana and those of Martín de Sessé in 1795, member of the Botanic...The creation of a Botanical Garden in La Habana, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, was due to the efforts of the Real Sociedad Patriótica of La Havana and those of Martín de Sessé in 1795, member of the Botanical Expedition to Nueva España, who was commissioner for the recognition of natural productions and the organization of botanical studies and gardens at the colonies. The arrival of Sessé awakened the interest of some members of the Real Sociedad Patriótica with respect to the proposition made in 1793. A few years later, the Havana Garden was a reality.
The scientific commission to Central America originated like a continuation of the three big botanical Spanish expeditions being carried out during the reign of Carlos III through the American territories. The presence o...The scientific commission to Central America originated like a continuation of the three big botanical Spanish expeditions being carried out during the reign of Carlos III through the American territories. The presence of the naturalists José Longinos Martínez and José Mociño, and the painter Vicente de la Cerda at the capital of Guatemala was reason of great interest in the "Capitanía General", and it caused great impact on the Enlightened institutions of the time. Friends' of the Country Economical Society and the Consulado of commerce supported the works of the members of the expedition contributing to the institutionalization of the Natural History in Central America.
The most important source of knowledge and diffusion of the great American work from Hernández, was carried out starting from the selection and summary produced by the Napolitan physician Nardo Antonio Recchi. Starting f...The most important source of knowledge and diffusion of the great American work from Hernández, was carried out starting from the selection and summary produced by the Napolitan physician Nardo Antonio Recchi. Starting from his manuscript they published the Rerum Medicarum Novai Hispaniae Thesaurus (Rome 1651), piece prepared by the Accademia dei Lincei, and the four Books of Nature (Mexico, 1615), carried out by Brother Francisco Ximénez with the intention--intention that also had Recchi--of having a practical handbook of medicine utilizing the American products. This paper treats, essentially, of those works.
The discovery of new agricultural and alimentary possibilities was one of the most important motives of the numerous scientific expeditions sent to America during the XVIIIth century. Some french scientists (naturalists,...The discovery of new agricultural and alimentary possibilities was one of the most important motives of the numerous scientific expeditions sent to America during the XVIIIth century. Some french scientists (naturalists, medical, botanical, etc.) undertook, during the second half of the Enlightenment century, an active campaign in favor of the potato consumption. The most well-known was the pharmacist Parmentier that settled his propaganda upon political arguments (the potato gives of eating all the population), economical (it is an easy plant of cultivating and of good efficiency), and scientific (excellent nutritious qualities).
The expedition of Mopox gathers, during their stay in the island of Cuba, a variety of acclimatized wheat that constituted a rarity of the agricultural flora of the Habana. The gathering work carried out by the naturalis...The expedition of Mopox gathers, during their stay in the island of Cuba, a variety of acclimatized wheat that constituted a rarity of the agricultural flora of the Habana. The gathering work carried out by the naturalist and expeditionary Baltasar Boldo, favored the description that Mariano Lagasca fulfill later in the Royal Botanical Garden from Madrid. The effort of the Spanish botanists has served in order to identify the wheat that continued cultivating in the region of Villa Clara in the XIXth century, and in order to recommend to the agricultural Cuban institutions the cultivation of a type of wheat similar to that which Boldo found in the vicinity of the Habana.
The herbaria compounded by the botanical Spanish expeditions to the New world during the XVIIIth century constitutes one of the most important treasures of the Royal Botanical Garden from Madrid. These collections of dry...The herbaria compounded by the botanical Spanish expeditions to the New world during the XVIIIth century constitutes one of the most important treasures of the Royal Botanical Garden from Madrid. These collections of dry plants document the existence of the species in time and in space, and they are essential resources for the botanical investigation. The specimens type and of reference of these collections are fundamental for the correct identification of each species and their varieties. They are used to give validity to the botanical investigation securing that one could repeat or compare with future investigations.
By this work we pretend to analyze the reasons for the failure of the scientific enlightened politics, utilizing as example the study, from the beginning until the final of its existence, of a scientific institution, the...By this work we pretend to analyze the reasons for the failure of the scientific enlightened politics, utilizing as example the study, from the beginning until the final of its existence, of a scientific institution, the Botanical Office. Created in full process of decadence of the political and economical enlightened model, it was capable of carrying out a great economical and organizational effort and on the botanical expeditions to the Spanish America, but it didn't undertake, in an effective way, a following step, to show to the world the natural wealth of the American possessions.
Concluding the XVIIIth century, the monarchy of Carlos III patronizes the expedition Malaspina with the goal of exploring the continents of America, Asia and Oceania. On their political aspect the journey persecuted the...Concluding the XVIIIth century, the monarchy of Carlos III patronizes the expedition Malaspina with the goal of exploring the continents of America, Asia and Oceania. On their political aspect the journey persecuted the reformation of the obsolescent colonial Spanish model, and in their scientific facet the development of a project of investigation in agreement with the European interests. Our goal is to define the botanical studies accomplished by the naturalists of the expedition Malaspina in relationship with the scientific policy that from the Royal Botanical Garden from Madrid the Spanish crown projected for their overseas territories.
Our goal is to study the work carried out by the Cuban naturalist Antonio Parra between 1790-1792, that didn't limit to the making of herbariums and to the shipment of plants and seeds to Spain with the purpose of acclim...Our goal is to study the work carried out by the Cuban naturalist Antonio Parra between 1790-1792, that didn't limit to the making of herbariums and to the shipment of plants and seeds to Spain with the purpose of acclimatizing them to the Peninsula, but rather he fathomed in the composition of a catalog and a discourse on the means to naturalize in Spain the trees of the Habana.
During the kingdoms of the New Granada, the first plan of teaching which was presented by the botanical department was made during the Viceroy Caballero y Góngora (1787). Later, beginning in the 19th century, during the...During the kingdoms of the New Granada, the first plan of teaching which was presented by the botanical department was made during the Viceroy Caballero y Góngora (1787). Later, beginning in the 19th century, during the political and ideological repression in the universities, the plans of the Baron Carondelet (1800) were presented with the idea of the creation of the Botanical Department in the University of Quito, and the creole Eloy Valenzuela presented the teaching of botanical studies in the course of study of philosophy in the College-University of Mompox in 1806. He carried out a model of botanical expedition to realize in the villa of Mompox. This was included in the general laws in the College-University of Mompox. These plans were not approved by controversy and administrative procedures. Only, the Plan of Valenzuela had partial application.
One of the most important contributions of the Spanish Enlightenment was the knowledge of the American flora. From the Royal Botanical Garden, the Cabinet of Natural History and the Marine, a plan of expeditions was expo...One of the most important contributions of the Spanish Enlightenment was the knowledge of the American flora. From the Royal Botanical Garden, the Cabinet of Natural History and the Marine, a plan of expeditions was expounded that would cover important floristic colonial areas. They wanted to know the wealth of those lands in the intent of getting species useful to different industries: alimentary, textile and sanitarian. There were highly varied kinds of expeditions, some of them were maritime journeys and some others colonial settlements; some times the initiative came from the Peninsula and other times from the American lands.