Intervirology[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Isolation and Characterization of a Lytic Staphylococcus aureus Phage WV against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm.
Jiang Y, Xu Q, Jiang L … +1 more , Zheng R
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 34229320 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, pathogenic bacterium that causes a wide range of symptoms in humans and can form biofilm, which is a multicellular community of microorganisms that attaches to nonbio...
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, pathogenic bacterium that causes a wide range of symptoms in humans and can form biofilm, which is a multicellular community of microorganisms that attaches to nonbiological and biological surfaces. METHODS: Here, we aimed to isolate and characterize an S. aureus phage and examine the bactericidal activity alone and in conjunction with streptomycin treatment. RESULTS: We isolated a virulent phage, WV, from a slaughterhouse in Jiangsu, China. This strain belonged to the family Myoviridae and presented a genome size of 141,342 bp. The optimal pH of the preservation buffer was 6-7, optimal growth temperature was 37°C, and optimal multiplicity of infection was 0.01. Phage WV can sterilize most clinical strains of S. aureus that had been isolated from clinical patients in the First People's Hospital of the Yunnan Province. Against low-concentration S. aureus culture, streptomycin demonstrated a greater antibiofilm effect than that of phage WV. By contrast, in high-concentration S. aureus culture, phage WV demonstrated greater antibiofilm effect than that of streptomycin. The use of phage WV and streptomycin together had a substantially greater overall antibiofilm effect than that achieved using either component alone. CONCLUSION: This study provides strong evidence for the effectiveness of phage application for the reduction of S. aureus biofilm growth and suggests that phages can be considered as a viable alternative to antibiotics in clinical settings.
Identification of Two Similar Novel HIV-1 Recombinant Forms (CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC) among Intravenous Drug Users in Guangxi, China.
Zhang F, Yang Y, Liang B … +5 more , Yang Y, Wei Q, Pan P, Ye L, Liang H
Intervirology · 2022 · PMID 34186534 · Publisher ↗
New kinds of HIV-1 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms (URFs) earn a great prevalence in China nowadays. In this study, we identified 2 similar URFs (2016GXNNIDU037 and 2019QZLSIDU253) both...
New kinds of HIV-1 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms (URFs) earn a great prevalence in China nowadays. In this study, we identified 2 similar URFs (2016GXNNIDU037 and 2019QZLSIDU253) both isolated from intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Guangxi, China. Phylogenetic analysis of the near full-length genome (NFLG) revealed 2 URFs both clustered with CRF01_AE but setting up a monophyletic branch, supporting a high bootstrap value. Bootscan analysis and subregional recombinant analysis found that the NFLG of 2016GXNNIDU037 and 2019QZLSIDU253 were both composed of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC, with 3 CRF07_BC mosaic segments inserted into CRF01_AE backbones. The CRF01_AE segments of the 2 URFs clustered with a previously reported cluster 2 lineage of CRF01_AE. The 5 recombinant breakpoints of the 2 URFs were quite similar. Distinct from CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC URFs reported before, 2016GXNNIDU037 and 2019QZLSIDU253 are new evidence of a high genetic variety of HIV-1 in Guangxi, which may pose new challenges to HIV-1 prevention and molecular epidemiological surveillance in China.
Investigation of IL-2 and IFN-γ to EBV Peptides in Stimulated Whole Blood among Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Individuals.
Rafiee N, Ravanshad M, Asadi B … +2 more , Kianfar R, Maleki A
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 34175848 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a double-stranded DNA virus, has 2 phases of lytic and latent infection in host cells. After infecting B lymphocytes, EBV becomes persistent in these cells. In healthy individuals,...
INTRODUCTION: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a double-stranded DNA virus, has 2 phases of lytic and latent infection in host cells. After infecting B lymphocytes, EBV becomes persistent in these cells. In healthy individuals, T lymphocytes play a key role in killing EBV-infected B cells. Statistical studies have shown that symptomatic EBV infection increases the risk of MS. METHODS: This study intended to measure the immune system's response against the different components of EBV, focusing particularly on T lymphocytes' reaction. Consequently, the mRNA level of IL-2 and IFN-γ, liable for impressing autoimmune diseases and as indicators of T-cell function, was compared in EBNA1- and BRLF1-treated whole blood (WB) cultures of 10 healthy individuals and 10 MS patients using real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: The analysis of the results demonstrated a significant increased level of IL-2 in MS patients than healthy subjects after exposure to both peptides. Also, the mRNA level of IFN-γ increased in MS patients in EBNA1-treated WB culture. CONCLUSION: According to the study's results, EBV peptides can reactivate immune cells, especially T lymphocytes, and may indirectly induce inflammation and develop MS; however, it seems that long-time exposure to these peptides has reducing effect on T-cell function and faces the control of infected B lymphocytes with difficulties.
Glucose Homeostasis Is Dysregulated in Ducks Infected with Duck Hepatitis B Virus.
Tan Y, Liu J, Qin Y … +6 more , Liang B, Gu Y, Liang L, Liu L, Liu Y, Su H
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 34167117 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the development of diabetes remains controversial. This study examined the effect of HBV infection on glucose homeostasis using a duck HBV (DHBV...
INTRODUCTION: The association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the development of diabetes remains controversial. This study examined the effect of HBV infection on glucose homeostasis using a duck HBV (DHBV) model. METHODS: Plasma DHBV DNA was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Tissue infection of DHBV was determined by detecting DHBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) with a method of rolling circle amplification combined with cross-gap PCR, and verified by fluorescence in situ hybridization assay. An intravenous injection glucose tolerance test (GTT) was used to analyze the effect of DHBV infection on glucose tolerance. RESULTS: Of the finally included 97 domestic ducks, 53 (54.6%) were congenitally infected by DHBV. The positive rate of DHBV cccDNA in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and skeletal muscle of the infected ducks was 100, 75.5, 67.9, and 47.2%, respectively. The DHBV-infected ducks had higher blood glucose levels at 15 and 30 min post-load glucose (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively) in the GTT, much more individuals with greater glucose area under curve (p < 0.01), and a 57% impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) rate, as compared with noninfected controls. In addition, the subgroups of the infected ducks with DHBV cccDNA positive in skeletal muscle maintained the higher blood glucose level up to 2 h post-load glucose during the GTT and had a 76% IGT rate. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that DHBV intrahepatic and extrahepatic infection impairs glucose tolerance, and thus evidence the association of DHBV infection with the dysregulation of glucose metabolism.
Evaluation of Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease.
Khan S, Ali Shah SA, Jamal SM
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 34139693 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals, causing heavy economic losses to the livestock industry. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of...
BACKGROUND: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals, causing heavy economic losses to the livestock industry. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of the disease is essential for the implementation of effective control measures. This study compared sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S-ELISA) and conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the diagnosis of FMD. METHODS: A total of 60 epithelial samples from suspected cases of FMD were tested using both S-ELISA and RT-PCR assays. The level of agreement between the assays was assessed by calculating the Kappa value. RESULTS: S-ELISA detected 38 (63%) samples positive for FMD virus (FMDV). Being predominant, serotype O was detected in 22 (57.9%) of the total samples tested positive, whereas 9 (23.7%) and 7 (18.4%) samples were found positive for serotypes A and Asia-1, respectively. RT-PCR detected viral genome in 51 (85%) of the samples using pan-FMDV primers set, 1F/1R. Thirty-six samples were found positive and 7 negative by both the tests. The level of agreement between the tests was assessed by calculating the Kappa value, which was found to be fair (Kappa value = 0.303 and 95% CI = 0.089; 0.517) and significant (p = 0.009). However, 2 samples, which were found positive on S-ELISA tested negative on RT-PCR. This may be attributed to the presence of nucleotide mismatch(es) in the primer-binding sites that may have resulted in failure of amplification of the viral genome. The serotype-specific RT-PCR assays not only confirmed serotyping results of S-ELISA but were also able to establish serotype in 9 S-ELISA-negative but pan-FMDV RT-PCR-positive samples. CONCLUSIONS: The RT-PCR assay contributes significantly to establishing a quick, sensitive, and definitive diagnosis of FMD in resource-constrained countries. Samples giving negative results in S-ELISA should be tested in RT-PCR for the disease detection and virus typing.
Gallid Alphaherpesvirus 2 in the Egyptian Turkeys: Molecular Characterization and Establishment of a Universal System for Phylogenetic Classification.
Bayoumi M, El-Saied M, Ahmed B … +2 more , El-Mahdy M, Amer H
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 34023833 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2) is a highly contagious oncogenic virus that causes Marek's disease in chickens and occasionally in turkeys. Among 100 genes identified in GaHV-2 genome, the Meq gene appea...
INTRODUCTION: Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2) is a highly contagious oncogenic virus that causes Marek's disease in chickens and occasionally in turkeys. Among 100 genes identified in GaHV-2 genome, the Meq gene appears to involve viral virulence, oncogenicity, and genetic diversity. Despite the use of Meq gene sequences in phylogenetic classification of GaHV-2 strains circulating in many countries worldwide, no integrated system exists yet. METHODS: Turkeys from 2 commercial Egyptian farms were presented with signs of dullness, dehydration, and emaciation. Samples prepared from the internal organs were examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Pools of the internal organs were analyzed by PCR for identification of GaHV-2, avian leucosis virus, and reticuloendotheliosis virus. The Meq gene of an Egyptian strain was sequenced and analyzed in comparison to 40 reference strains for generation of a universal system for phylogenetic classification of GaHV-2 strains. RESULTS: Gross and histopathological examination revealed grayish-white soft masses in the internal organs characterized by diffuse infiltration of pleomorphic neoplastic cells. All lymphoma cells were identified as T-lymphocytes of CD3+ phenotype. Samples of both farms were only positive for GaHV-2 by PCR. Sequence analysis of the Meq gene has classified the current turkey strain as related to the Egyptian strains identified in chicken in 2012. A universal phylogenetic system for classification of GaHV-2 strains into 4 clusters was proposed. The vaccine strains were all grouped in cluster 2, and most of the classical American strains belonged to cluster 4. Cluster 1 was further divided into 3 subclusters (1.1-1.3). CONCLUSION: GaHV-2 was identified in turkeys for the first time in Africa and the Middle East. Sequence analysis of the Meq gene of the Egyptian strain along with a wide array of the global strains has enabled the construction of a novel phylogenetic classification system.
Comparison of the Amplisure HBV Quantitative Kit with the Qiagen Artus HBV QS-RGQ Assay for Quantifying Viral DNA in Plasma Samples of Monitoring Cases.
Praveenkumar G, Nikam C, Venkata Ramana R … +3 more , Caesar S, Amruta V, Riyaj A
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 34023832 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Monitoring of hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral load has become an essential phase in the treatment of HBV. There are many commercial assays available for HBV viral load quantification. In this study, we have eva...
BACKGROUND: Monitoring of hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral load has become an essential phase in the treatment of HBV. There are many commercial assays available for HBV viral load quantification. In this study, we have evaluated the performance characteristics of Amplisure® HBV Kit in comparison with the Qiagen artus HBV QS-RGQ kit for HBV DNA quantitation. METHODS: Comparison of 2 methods was carried out on 200 clinical samples, 150 HBV DNA positive and 50 HBV DNA negative, by a reference method. Results obtained with Amplisure® HBV Kit (Amplisure HBV) were compared using the Qiagen artus HBV QS-RGQ assay results as the comparator method. RESULT: The overall performance of the Amplisure HBV compared with the comparator method shows positive and negative clinical agreement of 100 and 76%, respectively. Among the 12 qualitative discrepant samples, all positive with Amplisure HBV were sequenced and 10 were below comparator method's LOD. For 5 weak positives (-0.22 to 0.98 log IU/mL), the sequencing failed. The 7 other positives (0.48 to 1.89 log IU/mL) were confirmed positive by sequencing. Quantitative comparison gave an r2 of 0.967 with a mean log difference of 0.09 log10 IU/mL. CONCLUSION: This study shows that Amplisure® HBV Quantitative Kit shows comparable performance with artus HBV QS-RGQ assays and can be useful in management and therapeutic monitoring of HBV in a clinical practice.
The Upregulation of a Novel Long Noncoding RNA AK097647 Promotes Enterovirus 71 Replication and Decreases IFN-λ1 Secretion.
Chu M, Zhou B, Tu H … +9 more , Li M, Huang L, He Y, Liu L, Han S, Yin J, Peng B, He X, Liu W
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33951637 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infects millions of children every year in China and has become a challenge to public health. However, there is no effective treatment for EV71 infection. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) h...
BACKGROUND: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infects millions of children every year in China and has become a challenge to public health. However, there is no effective treatment for EV71 infection. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to play various roles in virus replication and infection. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore the role of a novel long noncoding RNA AK097647 (lncRNA-AK097647) during EV71 infection. METHODS: To assess the role of lncRNA-AK097647 during EV71 infection, siRNAs were used to silence lncRNA-K097647 expression. RT-qPCR assay and Western blotting were applied to measure the mRNA and protein levels of EV71 VP1 and the phosphorylation of NF-κB. ELISA was used to detect the level of IFN-λ1 expression. RESULTS: The novel lncRNA-AK097647 was upregulated in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells and the blood of hand, foot, and mouth disease patients infected with EV71, as demonstrated by RT-qPCR. Interestingly, RNAi-mediated knockdown of lncRNA-AK097647 dramatically increased the level of IFN-λ1 expression, resulting in the suppression of EV71 replication. In contrast, overexpression of lncRNA-AK097647 decreased the level of IFN-λ1 expression and resulted in increased EV71 replication. In addition, we found that lncRNA-AK097647 could inhibit the phosphorylation of NF-κB. CONCLUSION: These results suggest a novel mechanism by which EV71 evades the IFN-mediated host antiviral response by increasing lncRNA-AK097647 expression.
Immune Response of Gamma-Irradiated Inactivated Bivalent Polio Vaccine Prepared plus Trehalose as a Protein Stabilizer in a Mouse Model.
Mollaei Alamuti M, Ravanshad M, Motamedi-Sedeh F … +3 more , Nabizadeh A, Ahmadi E, Hossieni SM
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33853059 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Poliovirus causes paralysis by infecting the nervous system. Currently, 2 types of polio vaccine are given in many countries in polio eradication program including inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral p...
INTRODUCTION: Poliovirus causes paralysis by infecting the nervous system. Currently, 2 types of polio vaccine are given in many countries in polio eradication program including inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV). Because of OPV-related paralysis, OPV should be replaced by IPV. METHODS: The aim of this study was to prepare the gamma-irradiated IPV and determine its effectiveness compared with the commercial vaccine (OPV) in the mouse model. The virus titration of OPV was determined and then inactivated by the appropriate dose of gamma radiation into an irradiated vaccine formula. The vaccine was inoculated in BALB/c mice in 2 different formulations of intramuscular injection with 2-week intervals. The level of anti-polio-neutralizing antibody and polio-specific splenocyte proliferation assay were evaluated by collecting the blood samples and spleens of the vaccinated groups with conventional vaccine and irradiated vaccine. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the neutralizing antibody titration between all of the vaccinated groups and negative control group (A) (p < 0.05). And it shows that the IPV by gamma irradiation has the highest antibody titration. Also, the increasing of stimulation index value in the B* group, F group, and G group was the most against other groups. Furthermore, the neutralizing anti-serum titer and splenic lymphocyte proliferation assay show humoral and cellular immunity were significantly increased in the irradiated vaccine group as compared with conventional group. CONCLUSION: According to the results, gamma-irradiated IPV could induce humoral and cellular immunity in vaccinated mouse groups, so the irradiated poliovirus could be recommended as a good candidate vaccine to prevent the transport of poliovirus to the central nervous system and thus protect against paralysis.
Frequency of Cytomegalovirus Viral Load in Iranian Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected Patients with CD4+ Counts <100 Cells/mm3.
Jabbari MR, Soleimanjahi H, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S … +3 more , Gholami M, Sadeghi L, Mohraz M
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33789308 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: The aim of present work was to assess cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients with a CD4+ count <100 cells/mm3 and to explore whether CMV DNA loads corr...
OBJECTIVES: The aim of present work was to assess cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients with a CD4+ count <100 cells/mm3 and to explore whether CMV DNA loads correlate with CD4+ cell counts or associated retinitis. METHODS: This study was conducted at the AIDS research center in Iran on HIV-1-infected patients with CD4+ count <100 cells/mm3, antiretroviral therapy-naive, aged ≥18 years with no previous history of CMV end-organ disease (CMV-EOD). RESULTS: Thirty-nine of 82 patients (47.56%) had detectable CMV viral load ranging from 66 to 485,500 IU/mL. CMV viral load in patients with retinitis ranges from 352 to 2,720 IU/mL, and it was undetectable in 2 patients. No significant associations between CMV viremia and CD4+ cell count was found (p value = 0.31), whereas significant association of CMV viremia in HIV-infected patients with retinitis was found (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: We estimated the frequency of CMV viral load infection in Iranian HIV-1-infected patients with a CD4+ cell count <100 mm3/mL in the largest national referral center for HIV-1 infection in Iran. Further research is required on the relevance of CMV viral load in diagnostic and prognostic value of CMV-EOD.
Bufavirus, Cosavirus, and Salivirus in Diarrheal Italian Infants.
Daprà V, Galliano I, Montanari P … +4 more , Zaniol E, Calvi C, Alliaudi C, Bergallo M
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33784689 · Publisher ↗
Three newly discovered viruses have been recently described in diarrheal patients: Cosavirus (CosV) and Salivirus (SalV), 2 picornaviruses, and bufavirus (BuV), a parvovirus. The detection rate and the role of these viru...
Three newly discovered viruses have been recently described in diarrheal patients: Cosavirus (CosV) and Salivirus (SalV), 2 picornaviruses, and bufavirus (BuV), a parvovirus. The detection rate and the role of these viruses remain to be established in acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in diarrheal Italian infants. From November 2016 to November 2017, stool samples were collected from 160 children <5 years old suffering from AGE and attending the Children's Hospital in Turin, Italy. During the study period, 1 (0.5%) sample was positive for 1 of the 3 investigated viruses: 0 (0%) CosV, 1 (0.5%) SalV, and 0 (0%) BuV, whereas 42 (26.0%) children were infected with rotavirus and 2 (1%) with adenovirus. No mixed infections involving the 3 viruses were found. Although these viruses are suspected to be responsible for AGE in children, our data showed that this association was uncertain. Therefore, further studies with large cohorts of healthy and diarrheal children will be needed to evaluate their clinical role in AGE.
Truncated Precursor of Feline calicivirus Major Capsid Protein: A Product Relevant for Replication, or an Aberrant Translation Artifact?
Álvarez ÁL, Parra F
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33735880 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Infection with Hepatitis B Virus May Increase the Serum Concentrations of Osteopontin.
Liu HB, Chen QY, Wang XY … +5 more , Zhang LJ, Hu LP, Harrison TJ, Wang C, Fang ZL
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33735879 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Serum osteopontin (OPN) concentrations were found to be significantly increased in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this s...
BACKGROUND: Serum osteopontin (OPN) concentrations were found to be significantly increased in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the association among HCC, OPN, and HBV. METHODS: Two hundred and forty-one subjects were recruited and divided into 6 groups: healthy controls, asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, HBsAg (-) patients with other tumors, HBsAg (+) chronic liver disease patients, HBsAg (+) patients with HCC, and HBsAg (-) patients with HCC or liver cirrhosis (LC). Serum concentrations of OPN and HBsAg were measured and analyzed. RESULTS: OPN concentrations in the HBsAg (+) HCC group were significantly higher than the healthy control group and the HBsAg (-) patients with other cancers (both p = 0.0001). The OPN concentrations of the HBsAg (-) patients with HCC or LC also did not differ significantly from those of the healthy control group (p = 0.075). There is a correlation between the titer of HBsAg and concentrations of OPN in all 3 HBsAg (+) groups (all p values <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Infection with HBV may increase the serum concentrations of OPN. The association of OPN and HCC may be not attributable to tumor development per se but, rather, to HBV infection.
Sequence Variations of Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Small Noncoding RNA and Latent Membrane Protein 1 in Hematologic Tumors in Northern China.
Wang HY, Sun L, Li P … +3 more , Liu W, Zhang ZG, Luo B
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33709967 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between hematologic tumors and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small noncoding RNA (EBER) variations as well as latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) variations. METHODS: Patients w...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between hematologic tumors and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small noncoding RNA (EBER) variations as well as latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) variations. METHODS: Patients with leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) were selected as subjects. Genotypes 1/2 and genotypes F/f were analyzed using the nested PCR technology, while EBER and LMP1 subtypes were analyzed by the nested PCR and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Type 1 was more dominant than type 2, found in 59 out of 82 (72%) leukemia and in 31 out of 35 (88.6%) MDS, while type F was more prevalent than type f in leukemia (83/85, 97.6%) and MDS (29/31, 93.5%) samples. The distribution of EBV genotypes 1/2 was not significantly different among leukemia, MDS, and healthy donor groups, neither was that of EBV genotypes F/f. EB-6m prototype was the dominant subtype of EBER in leukemia and MDS (73.2% [30/41] and 83.3% [10/12], respectively). The frequency of EB-6m was lower than that of healthy people (96.7%, 89/92), and the difference was significant (p < 0.05). China 1 subtype was the dominant subtype of LMP1 in leukemia and MDS (70% [28/40] and 90% [9/10], respectively), and there was no significant difference in the distribution of LMP1 subtypes among the 3 groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The distribution of EBV 1/2, F/f, EBER, and LMP1 subtypes in leukemia and MDS was similar to that in the background population in Northern China, which means that these subtypes may be rather region-restricted but not associated with leukemia and MDS pathogenesis.
Molecular Phylogenetics of Hepatitis D Virus in New Zealand and the Implications for Pacific Island Countries.
Jackson K, Littlejohn M, Gane E … +1 more , Locarnini S
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33647912 · Publisher ↗
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is considered a satellite virus that requires hepatitis B virus surface antigen for infectivity. HDV is endemic in some Pacific Island (PI) countries, including Kiribati and Nauru, with a uniq...
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is considered a satellite virus that requires hepatitis B virus surface antigen for infectivity. HDV is endemic in some Pacific Island (PI) countries, including Kiribati and Nauru, with a unique genotype 1, "Pacific clade." The aims of this study were to determine the HDV genotypes in New Zealand and investigate the link of strains to other PI countries and the rest of the world through phylogenetics. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed on 16 HDV-positive serum samples from 14 individuals collected between 2009 and 2014 at Auckland Hospital. Thirteen of 14 strains were confirmed as genotype 1 and 1 was genotype 5. Eleven of the 13 genotype 1 strains clustered with the Pacific clade. These were isolated from subjects born in Samoa, Kiribati, Tuvalu, and Niue. Another genotype 1 strain isolated from a Maori health-care worker clustered most closely with a European strain. There was an African genotype 1 and genotype 5 from African-born subjects with HIV coinfection. This study supports the probable transmission of HDV Pacific clade around the PI from Micronesia to Polynesia. The data also confirm the need to screen hepatitis B surface antigen-positive individuals for HDV.
Cellular miR-101-1 Reduces Efficiently the Replication of HSV-1 in HeLa Cells.
Sadegh Ehdaei B, Pirouzmand A, Shabani M … +2 more , Mirzaei A, Moghim S
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33626544 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are widely distributed in the human population. HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is responsible for a spectrum of diseases, ranging from gingivostomatitis to keratoconjunctivitis, and enceph...
INTRODUCTION: Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are widely distributed in the human population. HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is responsible for a spectrum of diseases, ranging from gingivostomatitis to keratoconjunctivitis, and encephalitis. The HSVs establish latent infections in nerve cells, and recurrences are common. Their frequent reactivation in elderly and immunosuppressed patients causes serious health complications. OBJECTIVES: Due to the growing resistance to its main drug, acyclovir, alternative treatments with different mechanisms of action are required. MicroRNAs regulate host and viral gene expression posttranscriptionally. Previous studies reported that mir-101-2 expression has widely participated in the regulation of HSV-1 replication. In this study, we investigate the effect of hsa-miR-101-1 in the replication of HSV-1. METHODS: We found that transfection of miR-101-1 into HeLa cells could reduce effectively HSV-1 replication using plaque assay and real-time PCR methods. RESULTS: We showed that overexpression of miR-10-1 produced less viral progeny and manifested a weaker cytopathic effect, without affecting cell viability. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: This result can give us new insights into the control of HSV-1 infections.
Viruria of Human BK Virus and John Cunningham Virus among Renal Transplant Recipients and Healthy Control in Southeast of Caspian Sea.
Safaei F, Mohebbi A, Hassanpour M … +2 more , Razavi Nikoo H, Tabarraei A
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33596566 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Members of the Polyomaviridae family, BK virus (BKV), and John Cunningham virus (JCV) are linked to polyomavirus-associated nephropathy-associated transplant rejection in immunodeficient patients. OBJECTIVE:...
BACKGROUND: Members of the Polyomaviridae family, BK virus (BKV), and John Cunningham virus (JCV) are linked to polyomavirus-associated nephropathy-associated transplant rejection in immunodeficient patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of BKV and JCV in immunocompetent individuals in the north of Iran. METHODS: Ninety-one urine samples were obtained from renal transplant recipients with a mean age of 39.78 ± 11.19 years. A healthy control group of 65 volunteers with an average age of 40.32 ± 10.7 years also contributed. After DNA extraction, positive cases were detected through PCR. Genotyping was done by alignment and phylogenetic tree construction of the VP1 region against all known JCV and BKV genotypes. RESULTS: The prevalence of BKV and JCV was 15.38 and 19.78%, respectively. JCV was detected in 7.69% of the control group. The prevalence of the BKV between the case and control groups was significant (p < 0.0001). There was no significant association between BKV and JCV and duration of dialysis (p > 0.05). Overall, 62.16% of JCV cases were genotype I. Besides, genotype II was dominant within patients with BKV-positive patients. DISCUSSION: The results obtained here show a relatively lower prevalence of BKV and JCV in immunocompromised renal transplant receivers and healthy control than those reported from other areas in Iran. JCV genotyping was evaluated for the first time in Iran. Genotype I for JCV and genotype II for BKV were dominant genotypes in the north of Iran.
Identification of Polyomaviruses in Skin Cancers.
Costa PVA, Ishiy PS, Urbano PRP … +4 more , Romano CM, Tyring SK, Oliveira WRP, Festa-Neto C
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33592613 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Polyomaviruses (PyVs) were initially described in animals. They have also been detected in humans with some evidence that could play a role in skin carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to verify the p...
BACKGROUND: Polyomaviruses (PyVs) were initially described in animals. They have also been detected in humans with some evidence that could play a role in skin carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to verify the presence of PyVs in different skin tumour samples and to make clinical correlations with patients' epidemiological data from Clinics Hospital of Medical School of University of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. A random selection was performed of 120 patients with histopathological exams of different cutaneous neoplasms equally divided into 6 groups and 20 patients with normal skin. The available skin specimens were analysed with 2 different techniques of PCR (conventional and real time) for detection of PyV DNA. Concomitantly, retrospective analysis of the respective medical records for the collection of epidemiological data was done. Analyses suitable for categorical data were used to compare the proportion of patients in each group. RESULTS: PyV DNA was found in 25.69% of the samples: 15% in basal cell carcinoma group, 15% in squamous cell carcinoma, 28.57% in melanoma, 15% in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, 13.33% in Kaposi sarcoma, 65% in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), and none in normal skin. Merkel cell PyV detection was statistically significant in MCC patients (p value <0.01), but no correlations were found between PyVs and others skin tumours. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the presence of PyVs in different skin tumours; however, no association of any PyVs found in any skin tumour with epidemiological data could be shown. Further studies are still needed to elucidate the mechanisms of PyVs in skin carcinogenesis.
First Detection of a Cluster Novel HIV-1 Second-Generation Recombinant (CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC) among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Nanjing, Eastern China.
Yin Y, Zhou Y, Lu J … +8 more , Guo H, Chen J, Xuan Y, Yuan D, Hu H, Xu X, Fu G, Wang B
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33571988 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: A large number of unique recombinant forms have been found in China in recent years. This study aimed to report on a cluster of novel HIV-1 recombinants. METHODS: We constructed phylogenetic trees using the...
INTRODUCTION: A large number of unique recombinant forms have been found in China in recent years. This study aimed to report on a cluster of novel HIV-1 recombinants. METHODS: We constructed phylogenetic trees using the maximum likelihood (ML) method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates in IQ-TREE 1.6.8 software and determined recombination break points using SimPlot 3.5.1. RESULTS: Overall, 9 near-full-length genome (NFLG) sequences were reported in this study, including 1 circulation recombinant form (CRF)01_AE NFLG sequence and 8 highly similar novel HIV-1 second-generation recombinants composed of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC (CRF105_0107) isolated from a cluster HIV-positive male subjects infected among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Nanjing, eastern China. The phylogenetic analysis of NFLG showed 1 sequence named "nj16" to have at least 11 breakpoints inner virus and 7 other sequences to have at least 10 breakpoints inner virus. Our findings further showed as follows: first, this is the first time that a cluster of novel CRF105_0107 HIV-1 strains were identified among MSM in Nanjing, Jiangsu. Second, the Chinese "4a" cluster of CRF01_AE which mainly circulating in northern China has spread in Jiangsu for more than 15 years. Third, HIV-1 recombination events were active in Nanjing city, and novel recombinants could spread rapidly through some small-scale transmission networks. CONCLUSION: The continued emergence of novel recombinant HIV-1 strains in Nanjing suggests dynamics and complexity in the HIV epidemic among MSM in Jiangsu province. Further investigations and molecular epidemiological research should be taken to monitor and understand transmission networks among MSM.
Structures of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Binding Proteins and Therapeutic Targets.
Khan MT, Irfan M, Ahsan H … +6 more , Ahmed A, Kaushik AC, Khan AS, Chinnasamy S, Ali A, Wei DQ
Intervirology · 2021 · PMID 33454715 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic has resulted in thousands of infections and deaths worldwide. Several therapies are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treat...
BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic has resulted in thousands of infections and deaths worldwide. Several therapies are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the development of new drugs and the repositioning of existing drugs can only be achieved after the identification of potential therapeutic targets within structures, as this strategy provides the most precise solution for developing treatments for sudden epidemic infectious diseases. SUMMARY: In the current investigation, crystal and cryo-electron microscopy structures encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome were systematically examined for the identification of potential drug targets. These structures include nonstructural proteins (Nsp-9; Nsp-12; and Nsp-15), nucleocapsid (N) proteins, and the main protease (Mpro). Key Message: The structural information reveals the presence of many potential alternative therapeutic targets, primarily involved in interaction between N protein and Nsp3, forming replication-transcription complexes (RTCs) which might be a potential drug target for effective control of current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. RTCs consist of 16 nonstructural proteins (Nsp1-16) that play the most essential role in the synthesis of viral RNA. Targeting the physical linkage between the envelope and single-stranded positive RNA, a process facilitated by matrix proteins may provide a good alternative strategy. Our current study provides useful information for the development of new lead compounds against SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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