Folia Microbiologica[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Targeting multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli by two isolated bacteriophages from hospital wastewater.
Rad RK, Ahmadrajabi R, Rastegar S … +2 more , Lotfian Z, Saffari F
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Oct · PMID 41091432 · Publisher ↗
The growing emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted the World Health Organization to include Escherichia coli on its list of global priority pathogens, highlighting the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies....
The growing emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted the World Health Organization to include Escherichia coli on its list of global priority pathogens, highlighting the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. This study was designed to isolate and characterize phage(s) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli and to evaluate their potential for inhibiting biofilms. Phages were isolated from hospital sewage and screened against 18 prophage-free clinical MDR E. coli isolates. Two phages, R8 and R9, were selected for further characterization. Their host range, efficiency of plating, one-step growth curve, and morphology were determined via transmission electron microscopy. The biofilm inhibitory efficacy of each phage, both individually and as a two-phage cocktail, was quantified using a microtiter plate assay. Two isolated bacteriophages, R8 and R9, belonging to the class Caudoviricetes, were identified. Both phages demonstrated a lytic spectrum against 38.8% of the tested MDR isolates. They exhibited short latent periods (20-22 min), with R9 displaying a significantly larger burst size (300 PFU/cell) than R8 (130 PFU/cell). Notably, phage R9, when applied alone, showed significantly superior biofilm inhibition compared to both phage R8 and the phage cocktail across various MOIs. The relatively broad host range, short latent phase, suitable burst size, and biofilm inhibitory effect demonstrate the potential of both phages-especially R9-for further analysis and consideration as candidates for therapeutic applications.
Role of gene PA2798 on biofilm formation and virulence factors production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Li HL, Chen L, Ma ZW … +5 more , Yan J, Lu XL, Nie H, Yin Q, Li YL
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Oct · PMID 41085950 · Publisher ↗
Bacterial biofilm formation plays a critical role in the pathogenicity and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa posing a significant threat to human health. Previously, the uncharacterized P. aeruginosa gene PA2798, was i...
Bacterial biofilm formation plays a critical role in the pathogenicity and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa posing a significant threat to human health. Previously, the uncharacterized P. aeruginosa gene PA2798, was identified as a contributor to its resistance to antibiofilm peptide. However, the functional role of PA2798 and the underlying mechanisms by which it regulates biofilm formation and virulence factor production remain largely unexplored. In this study, a PA2798-deficient mutant (PAO1∆PA2798) was constructed, and aminoglycosides minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured to assess the effect of PA2798 on antibiotic susceptibility. In addition, both in vitro phenotypic assays and in vivo experiments in chronic and acute lung infection mice models were performed to evaluate the role of PA2798 in bacterial biofilm associated infection and its potential as an antimicrobial target. Results demonstrated that deletion of PA2798 led to fourfold decreases in MICs for gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin and netilmicin, and was accompanied by reduced biofilm biomass and virulence factor production in PAO1∆PA2798. Moreover, compromised cellular integrity, reduced bacterial activity, and impaired bacterial motility were observed in PAO1∆PA2798. Simultaneously, mice infected with this mutant strain were observed with the reduction of bacterial colonization and improved survival in both chronic and acute in vivo models. Conclusively, our findings support a role for PA2798 in aminoglycoside resistance, biofilm formation and virulence factor production in P. aeruginosa, highlighting its potential as a target for therapeutic intervention in biofilm-associated infections.
Pantoea piersonii (basionym kalamiella piersonii) as an emerging pathogen: clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and resistance threats.
Baby BM, Subramaniyan Y, Rekha PD
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Feb · PMID 41085949 · Publisher ↗
A bacterium, Kalamiella piersonii, first identified from the ISS, later reclassified as Pantoea piersonii has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen of global clinical relevance. It was initially predicted to be nonpathoge...
A bacterium, Kalamiella piersonii, first identified from the ISS, later reclassified as Pantoea piersonii has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen of global clinical relevance. It was initially predicted to be nonpathogenic; however, subsequent reports have shown it to be associated with human infections, capable causing bacteremia, and sepsis across different patient populations. The genome of P. piersonii encodes several virulence genes involved in adhesion, invasion, and colonization, enabling its successful infection in diverse body sites. Given its environmental resilience, metabolic adaptability, and pathogenic potential, P. piersonii represents an under-recognized but important emerging pathogen. The frequent misidentification of Pantoea species due to limitation in the existing routine clinical diagnostic methods may contribute to rise of AMR due to non-specific antibiotic use. This underscores the need to compile existing knowledge on this pathogen that can support the development of accurate identification tools. This will help in better surveillance to prevent its spread and mitigate the global AMR burden to achieve the sustainable developmental goal.
Synergistic effects of zinc ferrite nanoparticles and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in alleviating lead toxicity in Mungbean.
Nafees M, Khan I, Ullah S … +1 more , Ahmed I
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Oct · PMID 41082036 · Publisher ↗
Lead (Pb) contamination is a critical environmental concern that adversely affects plant growth and development. This study investigates the potential of ZnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacter...
Lead (Pb) contamination is a critical environmental concern that adversely affects plant growth and development. This study investigates the potential of ZnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to alleviate Pb-induced phytotoxicity in Vigna radiata (mung bean). Seeds were subjected to 30 µM Pb stress alone or in combination with ZnFe₂O₄ NPs and PGPR. Germination parameters including germination percentage, mean germination time, and germination index were significantly impaired under Pb stress, whereas co-application of ZnFe₂O₄ NPs and PGPR restored these traits, resulting in improved and timely seedling emergence. Vegetative growth parameters such as shoot and root length, fresh and dry biomass, and leaf area were notably reduced under Pb exposure. However, the integrated use of ZnFe₂O₄ NPs and PGPR significantly improved plant height (by 29.4%), root length (33.8%), and leaf area (27.9%) compared to Pb-stressed plants. Similarly, fresh and dry biomass values showed marked recovery, indicating improved water and nutrient uptake efficiency in treated plants. Anatomical analysis revealed severe structural damage in Pb-stressed leaves, including reduced epidermal thickness, disrupted mesophyll tissue, and decreased stomatal dimensions. The application of ZnFe₂O₄ NPs and PGPR markedly ameliorated these anatomical deformities, enhancing epidermal integrity, vascular bundle organization, and stomatal morphology. Notably, stomatal length and guard cell dimensions were restored closer to control levels. Overall, the synergistic effect of ZnFe₂O₄ NPs and PGPR substantially mitigated Pb toxicity and promoted normal germination, vegetative development, and anatomical structure in Vigna radiata, suggesting a viable strategy for cultivating crops in contaminated soils.
Molecular characterization and antibacterial activity of colicin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections.
Askarali R, Vilvest J, Yagoo A … +1 more , Vaishnika AM
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Oct · PMID 41082035 · Publisher ↗
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are predominantly caused by Escherichia coli, and the rise of multidrug-resistant strains poses major clinical challenges. Colicin-producing E. coli have attracted interest for their compe...
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are predominantly caused by Escherichia coli, and the rise of multidrug-resistant strains poses major clinical challenges. Colicin-producing E. coli have attracted interest for their competitive advantage in microbial ecosystems and their potential role as natural antimicrobial agents. Seven E. coli isolates from UTI patients were examined using classical phenotypic assays (Gram staining, biochemical characterization) and molecular tools (16S rRNA sequencing, PCR, and real-time PCR). The colicin N gene (cna) was screened using specific primers. Sequencing results were confirmed through BLAST alignment, and phylogenetic relationships were assessed. Antimicrobial properties of colicin extracts were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, and Bacillus subtilis using disc diffusion assays. Four isolates carried the cna gene, confirming their colicin-producing ability. Sequence analysis revealed 98.7-99% similarity with reference E. coli strains, while phylogenetic mapping showed close clustering with Shigella spp. Colicin extracts displayed dose-dependent inhibition zones (8-24 mm) against the tested pathogens. All isolates were sensitive to commonly used antibiotics, indicating no compromise in drug susceptibility. This study provides molecular and functional confirmation of colicin N production among clinical E. coli strains from UTIs. The demonstrated antibacterial activity, along with preserved antibiotic susceptibility, underscores the therapeutic promise of colicin-producing strains. Further work should focus on colicin purification, expanded antimicrobial testing, and potential synergistic applications with conventional antibiotics.
A comprehensive review on antifungal compounds and biogenic nanoparticles from marine actinobacteria against opportunistic fungal infections.
Babu AS, Rao KVB
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Feb · PMID 41082034 · Publisher ↗
The wide spread of opportunistic fungal infections among several immunocompromised patients has become a major health concern. A surge in the prevalence of multi drug resistant pathogenic fungi mainly Candida and Aspergi...
The wide spread of opportunistic fungal infections among several immunocompromised patients has become a major health concern. A surge in the prevalence of multi drug resistant pathogenic fungi mainly Candida and Aspergillus sp. to current antifungals has lead scientists to search for new lead compounds which can address the issues of emerging fungal infections. Majority of the antifungals used currently are less effective against these pathogens and scenario of developing resistance to azoles is also a major concern. The marine environment has become a greatest treasure house for a large number of bioactive compounds due to its extreme habitat. Several bioactive compounds have been extracted and characterized from marine sources. Nevertheless, identification of antifungal compounds from marine sources especially from marine actinobacteria is less investigated so far. The existing antifungal compounds have several limitations like toxicity, poor biocompatibility and low efficacy. Hence, the development of novel antifungal compounds from marine actinobacteria with greater potency can be an attractive solution to fight this hurdle of fungal infections. From active investigation and studies reported so far, antifungal compounds from marine actinobacteria have been addressed in this review. In addition to that, this review also focuses on actinobacteria mediated nanoparticles in the treatment of opportunistic fungal infections. Nanoparticles can be a promising approach in antifungal therapy due to their nanoscale size and surface properties which enhances treatment efficacy through disruption of fungal cell membranes. Therefore, marine antifungal compounds along with the application of nanotechnology hope to contribute better solutions to opportunistic fungal infections.
Bioactive phytochemicals from Angelica glauca Edgew: a step toward novel therapeutics for respiratory tract infections.
Arya P, Singh R, Kumar P … +1 more , Mehta JP
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Oct · PMID 41082033 · Publisher ↗
Due to their vast chemical diversity, natural products derived from medicinal plants, whether as standardized extracts or isolated compounds, hold significant promise for new drug discovery. This study focused on the app...
Due to their vast chemical diversity, natural products derived from medicinal plants, whether as standardized extracts or isolated compounds, hold significant promise for new drug discovery. This study focused on the application of various analytical techniques, including phytochemical screening, extraction, isolation, and characterization of bioactive constituents from Angelica glauca extracts. The antibacterial properties of these isolated compounds were evaluated using the disk diffusion method against respiratory pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1144), Streptococcus pneumoniae (MTCC 655), Streptococcus pyogenes (MTCC 442), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2474), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 4030). Findings revealed that the methanolic extract of A. glauca contains three primary bioactive compounds: n-hexacosane, stigmasterol, and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin. Additionally, the extract was rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, saponins, and tannins. Among the isolated compounds, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin demonstrated the strongest antibacterial activity against S. aureus (17.0 ± 0.97 mm), outperforming n-hexacosane and stigmasterol. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of these compounds in treating respiratory infections and suggest their suitability as candidates for developing new antimicrobial agents. Future research will aim to formulate novel drugs based on these promising bioactive molecules.
Microbiota-based therapies in oral health and disorders.
Salah AN, Doghish YA, Abbass SO … +11 more , Mansour RM, Sayed GA, Elshami NH, Mageed SSA, Mohammed OA, Abulsoud AI, Zaki MB, Mosalam EM, Elrebehy MA, Alfarsi K, Doghish AS
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Dec · PMID 41076507 · Full text
The human oral microbiome is a complex, dynamic ecosystem critically involved in maintaining oral health and contributing to systemic well-being. Many bacteria and fungi are involved in oral cavities such as Penicillium,...
The human oral microbiome is a complex, dynamic ecosystem critically involved in maintaining oral health and contributing to systemic well-being. Many bacteria and fungi are involved in oral cavities such as Penicillium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomycetales, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Neisseria, Actinomyces, and Schizophyllum. Disruption of microbial homeostasis, or dysbiosis, underpins a wide spectrum of oral diseases, including dental caries, periodontal disease, endodontic infections, and mucosal conditions. Recent advances in microbiome research have elucidated the mechanisms by which pathogenic microbial consortia, such as the red complex (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella. forsythia, and Treponema denticola), synergistically promote disease progression through virulence factors, metabolic interactions, and biofilm formation. Emerging microbiome-based therapies, comprising probiotics, postbiotics, predatory bacteria, and using bacteriophages, offer promising adjuncts or alternatives to traditional antimicrobial approaches by restoring microbial balance, reducing pathogenic load, and modulating host immune responses. For instance, probiotic strains like Streptococcus salivarius and Lactobacillus spp. have demonstrated efficacy in reducing plaque, gingival inflammation, and pathogenic bacteria, as well as having significant immunological modulation, while postbiotics provide similar benefits with enhanced safety and stability. Additionally, predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus show potential for selective bacterial elimination and combating periodontal diseases that are driven by Gram-negative anaerobes. Bacteriophages offer another precision tool for targeting oral pathogens by lysing bacteria upon replication. Finally, oral microbiota transplantation aimed at treating periodontal disease by restoring a balanced microbial community in the oral cavity. These innovative strategies, combined with a nuanced understanding of biofilm dynamics and host-microbe interactions, pave the way for personalized and ecologically sustainable oral health interventions. Continued research is essential to translate these promising approaches into clinical practice, optimize delivery systems, and elucidate long-term safety and efficacy.
Pink powerhouses: insights into the multifaceted role of Methylobacterium in climate-resilient farming.
Ayyamuthu Rajarathinam Uma P, Rathinasamy PD, Thanakkan R … +2 more , Dhashnamurthi V, Murugaiyan S
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Dec · PMID 41076506 · Publisher ↗
The plant microbiomes consist of a myriad of microorganisms that inhabit and interact with plant tissues and play pivotal roles in improving crop productivity and sustainability. These microbiomes constitute bacteria, fu...
The plant microbiomes consist of a myriad of microorganisms that inhabit and interact with plant tissues and play pivotal roles in improving crop productivity and sustainability. These microbiomes constitute bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses that have coevolved and supported plants inhabiting the Earth for millions of years. Among these, bacterial members play major functional roles in fostering plant growth and are regarded as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). One of the major bacterial genera of the plant microbiome that colonizes the entire plant system is the genus Methylobacterium. The genus Methylobacterium is categorized as a member of the class Alphaproteobacteria and is distinguished by its pink pigmentation, which is a result of the synthesis of carotenoids, mainly xanthophiles. Members of the Methylobacterium genus are commonly known as pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs, which are ubiquitous in nature and have gained significant importance in crop production in various agricultural ecosystems because of their versatile ability to promote plant growth and enhance stress tolerance. They have the unique ability to utilize single-carbon compounds that are released during plant cell metabolism, improve plant growth, siderophore and phytohormone (auxin and cytokinin) production, and nitrogen fixation; phosphorous and zinc solubilization and induced systemic resistance against phytopathogens; protective biofilm formation; and the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase to increase stress tolerance and carotenoid production for UV stress tolerance. Owing to its use as a biostimulant, biofertilizer and biocontrol agent, Methylobacterium has potential applications in agriculture for increasing soil health, crop productivity and environmental sustainability. This review provides broad perspectives on the multifaceted role and sustainable application of Methylobacterium in climate-smart agriculture.
Evaluation of the interaction and synergy potential of bedaquiline and clarithromycin in combination with efflux pump inhibitors in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium abscessus complex.
Tursun EG, Bozok T, Biçmen C … +1 more , Aslan G
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Oct · PMID 41075152 · Publisher ↗
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) cause difficult-to-treat pulmonary infections due to their high antimicrobial resistance. Among them, the Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) is a major pathogen characterized by prol...
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) cause difficult-to-treat pulmonary infections due to their high antimicrobial resistance. Among them, the Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) is a major pathogen characterized by prolonged treatment courses and low success rates. This study investigated the combination effects of the antimicrobials bedaquiline (BDQ) and clarithromycin (CLA) with the efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) verapamil (VP) and berberine (BER) in clinical MABC isolates. Nineteen MABC strains isolated from respiratory samples were analyzed using the checkerboard method, and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values were calculated to determine synergistic, indifferent, or antagonistic interactions. Subspecies identification and genotypic resistance profiles were assessed using the GenoType NTM-DR assay. Of the isolates, 84.2% were identified as M. abscessus subsp. abscessus, 10.5% as M. abscessus subsp. massiliense, and 5.26% as M. abscessus subsp. bolletii. While no rrl (acquired macrolide resistance) or rrs (aminoglycoside resistance) mutations were detected, a functional erm41 (inducible macrolide resistance) gene was found in 73.6% of isolates. Synergistic effects were observed at rates of 84.2% for BDQ/VP, 57.9% for CLA/VP, 5.26% for BDQ/BER, and 31.5% for CLA/BER, with no antagonism identified. The BDQ/VP combination showed significantly greater synergy than BDQ/BER (p < 0.0005) and was superior to CLA/VP (p < 0.0005). Combinations with VP demonstrated significantly lower FICI values (p < 0.0005). Median fold increases in antimicrobial activity were four-fold with VP and two-fold with BER. In conclusion, the BDQ/VP combination emerged as the most effective regimen. These results highlight the synergistic potential of EPI-antimicrobial combinations and may inform the development of new therapeutic strategies for NTM infections.
Emerging contaminants in healthcare effluents: antibiotic resistance and virulence factor dissemination.
Malik J, Naushad Z, Singh S … +5 more , Shrivastav D, Verma VV, Mishra MK, Pal RK, Sharma VK
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Dec · PMID 41066003 · Publisher ↗
Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are a major concern for researchers, medical experts, and public healthcare workers. Healthcare organizations, particularly wastewater from hospitals, can pose a significant global hea...
Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are a major concern for researchers, medical experts, and public healthcare workers. Healthcare organizations, particularly wastewater from hospitals, can pose a significant global health risk if wastewater treatment (WWT) strategies are inadequate or suboptimal. This review article focuses on antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and virulence factors found in microbial contaminants of hospital wastewater. In this review, we synthesize findings from a wide range of studies examining antibiotic resistance and virulence factors of microorganisms in hospital wastewater, highlighting the critical public health challenge posed by microbial contamination in healthcare environments. The rise of drug-resistant bacteria represents a severe threat to global health since ailments arising from these organisms are becoming more challenging to cure. Understanding the virulence mechanisms of the aforementioned diseases is essential for developing potent disease-effective prevention and counter-measure strategies. Analysis of hospital effluents reveals a variety of virulence factors, emphasizing the prospective health risks linked with wastewater pollution. The surrounding and societal influence on the well-being of hospital waste underscores the urgent need to develop and implement robust medical waste management and wastewater treatment protocols. This study reviews various treatment technologies aimed at mitigating antibiotic resistance in hospital wastewater, underscoring the importance of comprehensive approaches to curb the spread of drug-resistant bacteria. The insights provided are crucial for improving wastewater management practices to protect public health and prevent the widespread distribution of resistance to antibiotics.
Rta1 lipid transporter involved in aluminum and acid tolerance in Cryptococcus humicola.
Li Y, Mao Y, Wu Y … +3 more , Chen S, Li K, Nian H
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Oct · PMID 41060562 · Publisher ↗
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major limiting factor for crop growth in acidic soils worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to study Al-tolerance mechanisms. Cryptococcus humicola is a good candidate for Al-tolerance researc...
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major limiting factor for crop growth in acidic soils worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to study Al-tolerance mechanisms. Cryptococcus humicola is a good candidate for Al-tolerance research due to its high ability for Al tolerance. qRT-CR analysis revealed that the expression of the RTA1 gene was upregulated approximately 18-fold in C. humicola under 50 mM Al stress. In this study, we investigated the role of the Rta1 lipid transport protein of C. humicola in acid and Al resistance. The Rta1 lipid transport protein was predicted to be a membrane protein with seven transmembrane structural domains, with low homology to other fungi but highly similar secondary structures. RTA1 mutant and transgenic yeast strains were constructed. Under normal conditions, the RTA1 mutant tended to aggregate into clusters compared with the wild type, but the clustering of the RTA1 mutant disappeared under Al stress. The growth of the RTA1 mutant and transgenic yeast on plates and in liquid culture medium revealed that the Rta1 lipid transporter protein could help C. humicola resist acidic and Al stress. After 50 mM Al treatment, the malondialdehyde content of the RTA1 mutant was greater than that of the wild type, suggesting that membrane lipid damage was more severe in the RTA1 mutant than in the wild type. The above results suggest that the Rta1 lipid transporter protein may affect cellular membrane function and thus lead to increased acid and Al tolerance in cells.
Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts from rare saprobic fungi, Melanographium smilacis, Helminthosporium chiangraiense, Pleopunctum thailandicum, and Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense.
Khruengsai S, Sripahco T, Kittakoop P … +1 more , Pripdeevech P
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Oct · PMID 41057623 · Publisher ↗
Saprobic fungi remain underexplored sources of bioactive secondary metabolites with pharmaceutical potential. This study presents the first biological evaluation of four rarely studied species, Melanographium smilacis, H...
Saprobic fungi remain underexplored sources of bioactive secondary metabolites with pharmaceutical potential. This study presents the first biological evaluation of four rarely studied species, Melanographium smilacis, Helminthosporium chiangraiense, Pleopunctum thailandicum, and Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense, isolated from submerged plant material in northern Thailand. Crude ethyl acetate extracts were examined for antioxidant capacity, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis-related effects. All extracts exhibited dose-dependent DPPH scavenging ranging from 47 to 89%. The strongest activity was recorded for M. smilacis and P. thailandicum, both approaching the inhibition level of ascorbic acid. Cytotoxicity assays revealed selective viability reduction in A549 lung carcinoma cells, with up to 40% inhibition at higher concentrations, while NIH3T3 fibroblasts were largely unaffected, indicating limited toxicity toward non-malignant cells. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and ROS assays demonstrated oxidative stress and apoptotic features in A549 cells, particularly after treatment with M. smilacis and H. chiangraiense. Nevertheless, apoptosis induction remained quantitatively weak compared with the positive control, suggesting only preliminary pro-apoptotic potential. These findings suggest that the studied fungi harbor metabolites associated with antioxidant activity and selective cytotoxic effects. This work establishes a biological baseline for these taxa and highlights the need for bioactivity-guided fractionation, and mechanistic validation to determine their pharmacological relevance.
Isolation, identification, and bioactivity evaluation of endophytic fungi from Ruta graveolens: insights into antimicrobial and antioxidant potential.
Hao Q, Wang W, He Y … +3 more , Cui C, Du J, Yang R
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Oct · PMID 41051653 · Publisher ↗
This study presents a comprehensive investigation of endophytic fungi isolated from Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae), evaluating the bioactivity of their extracts in terms of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, along wit...
This study presents a comprehensive investigation of endophytic fungi isolated from Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae), evaluating the bioactivity of their extracts in terms of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, along with preliminary mycochemical profiles. Twenty-seven isolates were identified using morphological and molecular identification (ITS-rDNA sequencing). Phylogenetic analysis classified them into Alternaria (66.7%, dominant in stems), Chaetomium (25.9%, prevalent in leaves), Achaetomium (3.7%), and Stagonosporopsis (3.7%) genera, demonstrating strong tissue specificity. Antibacterial screening (disk diffusion) of the fungal extracts revealed that 52% (14/27) were active; extracts of S4, S9, S20-2, and L11 showed inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition zones, 14.5-15.8 mm at 100 mg/mL), while L5, L10, and L11 extracts exhibited dual activity against both S. aureus and Escherichia coli. Antifungal assays of the extracts identified strains S22, L5, and L12 as effective against phytopathogens Alternaria alternata, Pyricularia grisea, and Curvularia lunata (inhibition rates, 54.2-67.5% at 1 mg/mL). Meanwhile, antioxidant evaluation of the extracts highlighted strain L11 for remarkable DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging (IC, 8 μg/mL and 5 μg/mL, respectively). Qualitative mycochemical analysis linked ubiquitous coumarins/phenols to broad antibacterial activity. Alkaloids uniquely correlated with E. coli inhibition (L5, L10, L11), while terpenoids/steroids (S9, S20-2) specifically enhanced anti-S. aureus activity. These findings underscore R. graveolens-associated endophytes as potential sources of antimicrobial and antioxidant metabolites, suggesting possible applications for pharmaceutical development and sustainable agricultural applications.
Pseudomonas spp. and antimicrobial resistance: unlocking new horizons with 1-hydroxyphenazine.
Abuelhaded K, Mohamed HH, Faraag AHI … +4 more , Basiouny MS, El-Mongy MA, Mohammed OA, Doghish AS
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Dec · PMID 41045408 · Publisher ↗
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a mounting global health challenge projected to cause up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050. Despite advances in antibiotic discovery, the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR)...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a mounting global health challenge projected to cause up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050. Despite advances in antibiotic discovery, the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) pathogens undermines modern medicine, threatening procedures such as surgery, chemotherapy, and organ transplantation. Conventional antibiotics face increasing limitations due to target-site mutations, efflux mechanisms, enzymatic degradation, and biofilm-associated tolerance, underscoring the urgent need for novel antimicrobial strategies. Phenazines, particularly 1-hydroxyphenazine (1-HP), represent promising alternatives owing to their redox activity, broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, and ecological roles in microbial competition. Recent advances highlight the potential of 1-HP as both a virulence factor and a therapeutic scaffold, with applications spanning agriculture, biotechnology, and medicine. Synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and nanocarrier-based delivery systems have enabled scalable production and reduced toxicity, while structural modifications such as halogenation have expanded therapeutic potential. This review consolidates historical, mechanistic, and translational insights into 1-HP, emphasizing its dual role as a pathogenic metabolite and a lead compound for future antimicrobial and anticancer development.
Anticancer compounds from Streptomyces: insights from metagenomics and mechanistic perspective.
Al-Shaibani MM, Zin NM, Remali J … +4 more , Sidik NM, Al-Mekhlafi NA, Mariappan V, Sukri A
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Dec · PMID 41039183 · Full text
Cancer continues to be a leading cause of death globally, driving the ongoing search for novel bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. Metagenomic sequencing has revolutionized this pursuit by enabling the direct...
Cancer continues to be a leading cause of death globally, driving the ongoing search for novel bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. Metagenomic sequencing has revolutionized this pursuit by enabling the direct detection and genomic assembly of previously uncultured Streptomyces species from environmental DNA, circumventing traditional cultivation limitations. This review explores recent advances in metagenomics-driven discovery of anticancer compounds derived from Streptomyces, with a focus on identifying biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) responsible for producing bioactive secondary metabolites. Over the past decade, metagenomic approaches have been adopted to uncover new species of Streptomyces and anticancer compounds. Although metagenomics has been adopted in research and discovery of new Streptomyces, its application in the discovery of Streptomyces-related pathways pertaining to anticancer compounds remains limited. Furthermore, clinical translation remains limited, highlighting the need for further research. By examining metagenomic methodologies and the mechanisms of action of these compounds, this review provides an updated and focused perspective on Streptomyces-derived anticancer agents and their potential for future drug development.
Metabarcoding reveals unique rhizospheric microbiomes of Rhizophora in Indian Mangroves.
Sidharthan VK, Patel R, Thiyaharajan M … +3 more , Krishnappa C, Pattanaik S, Kumar A
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Sep · PMID 41028416 · Publisher ↗
Rhizophora species are ecologically significant true mangroves with a broad tropical distribution. We examined the rhizospheric microbiomes of dominant Rhizophora species from two contrasting Indian mangrove ecosystems-C...
Rhizophora species are ecologically significant true mangroves with a broad tropical distribution. We examined the rhizospheric microbiomes of dominant Rhizophora species from two contrasting Indian mangrove ecosystems-Coringa and Pichavaram-using high-throughput metabarcoding. Soil properties differed significantly between sites: Pichavaram exhibited higher electrical conductivity (24.53 dS/m), organic carbon (1.70%), sodium (8811.86 ppm), sodium adsorption ratio (220.15), and exchangeable sodium percentage (64.27%), while Coringa soils showed higher pH (8.01). Sequencing generated 1.31, 1.24, and 1.22 million high-quality reads for archaea, bacteria, and fungi, respectively. Taxonomic profiling revealed Nitrososphaeria (62.3-91.9%), Gammaproteobacteria (16.8-25.1%), and Sordariomycetes (18.6-27.8%) as dominant classes. Core taxa across both sites included Candidatus Nitrosopumilus, Woeseia, and Aspergillus. Alpha diversity indices (Chao1, Shannon, Simpson) indicated significantly higher bacterial richness and evenness in R. apiculata at Coringa (P < 0.001), while archaeal and fungal diversity showed no marked differences. Beta diversity analysis (PCoA, PERMANOVA) revealed distinct community compositions between Coringa and Pichavaram, with stronger segregation in archaeal and bacterial assemblages than in fungi. Differential abundance analysis identified nine archaeal, fifty-nine bacterial, and three fungal genera enriched between sites, with methanogens (Methanosarcina, Methanocella) predominant in Coringa and halophiles (Halococcus, Haloferax) in Pichavaram. Redundancy analysis showed sodium adsorption ratio as the key determinant of microbial assemblages, while electrical conductivity significantly shaped archaeal and fungal communities. These findings provide the first baseline dataset of the Coringa rhizospheric microbiome and new insights into the microbial ecology of Indian mangroves, with implications for ecosystem functioning, methane emissions, and conservation strategies.
β-Glucan in antiviral defense: mechanisms, immune modulation, and therapeutic prospects.
Atoom AM, Abdulsahib WK, Jyothi SR … +6 more , Nayak PP, Chauhan AS, Singla S, Polatova D, Sead FF, Yazdi F
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Dec · PMID 41016951 · Publisher ↗
β-Glucans, naturally occurring β-D-glucose polysaccharides from fungi, yeast, bacteria, algae, and cereals, have emerged as promising immunomodulatory agents in antiviral defense. Their structural diversity-encompassing...
β-Glucans, naturally occurring β-D-glucose polysaccharides from fungi, yeast, bacteria, algae, and cereals, have emerged as promising immunomodulatory agents in antiviral defense. Their structural diversity-encompassing β-1,3, β-1,6, and β-1,4 linkages-underpins varied solubility, bioavailability, and biological activity, driving their therapeutic potential. Unlike conventional antivirals that target viral replication, β-glucans enhance host immunity by activating innate and adaptive responses through receptors such as dectin-1, toll-like receptors, and complement receptor 3, thereby stimulating macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells to produce antiviral cytokines (e.g., interferons, interleukins) and induce trained immunity for long-term protection. This review explores β-glucans's mechanisms in combating viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, HPV, HBV, influenza, and HIV, highlighting direct antiviral effects (e.g., inhibiting viral entry via sulfated derivatives), immune modulation (e.g., enhancing T-cell responses and antibody production), and inflammation control (e.g., mitigating cytokine storms). Preclinical and clinical evidence underscores their ability to reduce viral load, enhance vaccine efficacy, and support tissue repair, as seen in HPV-related lesions. β-Glucans also modulate the gut microbiota, bolstering mucosal immunity. Despite promising outcomes, challenges like structural heterogeneity and limited large-scale trials persist. This article outlines the therapeutic prospects of β-glucans, emphasizing their potential as safe and versatile adjuncts to address emerging viral threats and enhance global health resilience.
hMPV co-infections: Distinct immunopathogenic mechanisms and clinical implications of viral and bacterial pathogenesis.
Shah SSTH, Naeem I, Bhutta NK … +2 more , Han G, Noor F
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Dec · PMID 41015614 · Publisher ↗
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) co-infections with viral and bacterial pathogens are increasingly recognized as major contributors to severe respiratory disease, especially in children, older adults, and immunocompromised i...
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) co-infections with viral and bacterial pathogens are increasingly recognized as major contributors to severe respiratory disease, especially in children, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals. This review summarizes current knowledge of hMPV co-infections with respiratory viruses (e.g., hRSV, influenza, SARS-CoV-2) and bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae), highlighting both shared and distinct pathogenic pathways. Viral co-infections often intensify inflammation through prolonged replication and type I interferon (IFN) suppression, whereas bacterial co-infections exploit epithelial injury and mucin overproduction to enhance adhesion, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance. Converging mechanisms include epithelial disruption and IL-6/TNF-α-driven cytokine dysregulation, both of which contribute to worsened outcomes. A structured literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified studies on hMPV co-infections, immune responses, and clinical outcomes. The novelty of this review lies in its comparative perspective, distinguishing viral from bacterial interactions to clarify overlapping versus pathogen-specific mechanisms. Clinically, this distinction informs diagnostics, highlights gaps in therapeutic strategies, and emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to reduce the burden of severe hMPV-associated respiratory disease.
Effect of continuous cropping on bacterial and fungal communities in Glehnia littoralis soil.
Rong Z, Zhao J, Shi W … +4 more , Zheng Y, Sun H, Shang X, Han X
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2025 Sep · PMID 40993336 · Publisher ↗
Rhizosphere soil microorganisms are critical in the plant's growth and soil health. Continuous cropping had significant effects on rhizosphere soil microbial community. This study used Glehnia littoralis of 1-year (prima...
Rhizosphere soil microorganisms are critical in the plant's growth and soil health. Continuous cropping had significant effects on rhizosphere soil microbial community. This study used Glehnia littoralis of 1-year (primary soil, FS), 2-year (continuous cropping soil, CS), and 0-year (Fallow, control soil, CK) soils as test materials, and used high-throughput sequencing technology to study the effects of continuous cropping on the composition, structure, and diversity of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of Glehnia littoralis. The results indicate that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacteria, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria in the bacterial community decreased with the increase of the planting years, which may significantly reduce the microbial diversity and cause the negative effects of continuous cropping of G. littoralis; Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota were dominant phylum fungi. The α-diversity of fungi in CS was significantly lower than that in other treatments. This study also focuses on soil chemistry and enzymatic activity. pH value, urease activity, and total nitrogen content were higher in the continuous cropping soil. Redundancy analysis showed that soil nutrients, pH value, and urease activity had significant effects on soil fungal and bacterial communities. Significant correlations were detected between soil total nitrogen and urease, and between soil total phosphorus and total potassium. In conclusion, continuous cropping increases soil pH, total nitrogen, and urease activity; decreases fungal diversity; and decreases relative abundance of bacterial dominant bacteria. The interaction and mutual influence of these factors may be the main cause of continuous cropping obstacle of G. littoralis.
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