Folia Microbiologica[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Unveiling multifaceted antimicrobial effect of epicatechin: from bacteria to filamentous fungi and beyond.
Víglaš K, Víglaš J, Rošťáková Z … +2 more , Bírošová L, Olejníková P
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893921 · Publisher ↗
This study evaluated the biological properties of epicatechin, a polyphenolic compound widely distributed in green tea, grapes, various berry species, and other dietary matrices, examining its effects on bacteria, filame...
This study evaluated the biological properties of epicatechin, a polyphenolic compound widely distributed in green tea, grapes, various berry species, and other dietary matrices, examining its effects on bacteria, filamentous fungi, and the in vivo model Galleria mellonella. Epicatechin proved inhibitory activity against both model bacterial strains and clinical or environmental isolates. Specifically, it was effective against Staphylococcus strains by inhibiting their growth, and against Gram-negative bacteria by preventing biofilm formation. Furthermore, epicatechin increased the susceptibility of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) to several antibiotics, including cefoxitin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. The in vivo experiments using Galleria mellonella larvae infected with MRSA and treated with high doses of epicatechin displayed an increase in larval survival during the initial 24 h post-infection. Epicatechin exhibited no inhibitory activity against pathogenic yeasts and most of tested filamentous fungi. However, its effect was well pronounced in Neurospora crassa. In this specific case, epicatechin enhanced the efficacy of echinocandins and azoles. The safety profile of epicatechin was confirmed by the Ames test and in vivo toxicity assessments using Galleria mellonella, both indicating that epicatechin is non-mutagenic and non-toxic. These findings highlight the potential of epicatechin, particularly in antimicrobial and antifungal applications.
Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence gene profiles of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolated from raw milk: implications for public health.
Akan A, Yildirim SC, Avsar C … +1 more , Yegin Z
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41886145 · Publisher ↗
Raw milk, while nutritionally valuable, may act as a reservoir for zoonotic and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, creating a potential pathway for foodborne urinary tract infections (FUTIs). Following ingestion, foodb...
Raw milk, while nutritionally valuable, may act as a reservoir for zoonotic and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, creating a potential pathway for foodborne urinary tract infections (FUTIs). Following ingestion, foodborne Escherichia coli may colonize the gastrointestinal tract and subsequently reach the urinary tract via the fecal–perineal–urethral route. Among foodborne pathogens, E. coli stands out as both a commensal and a versatile pathogen responsible for approximately 80% of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). Increasing clinical and epidemiological evidence suggests that food-associated E. coli strains carrying uropathogenic traits can contribute to community-acquired UTIs, yet this link remains insufficiently characterized. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence gene profiles of E. coli isolates obtained from raw milk samples collected in rural areas of Malatya province, Türkiye. A total of 122 raw milk samples were collected, from which 206 bacterial colonies were isolated; 115 isolates were subsequently identified as E. coli by phenotypic and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility analysis revealed complete resistance to cephalothin and notable resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, yielding a Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index of 0.178, indicative of moderate antibiotic selection pressure. Molecular identification via 16 S rRNA sequencing confirmed 51 of 69 isolates (73.91%) as E. coli with ≥ 99% similarity. Screening for ten virulence genes demonstrated that Thirty-four of the 51 E. coli isolates analyzed for virulence genes (66.60%) carried three or more UPEC-associated virulence determinants, classifying them as potential uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). These findings demonstrate that raw milk can serve not only as a route for E. coli contamination but also as a reservoir of multidrug-resistant and uropathogenic strains. The coexistence of antibiotic resistance and UPEC-associated virulence factors in foodborne isolates provides novel evidence linking the food chain to the emergence of FUTIs. Continuous microbiological surveillance, antibiotic stewardship, and strict hygiene protocols throughout the dairy production chain are essential to prevent foodborne urinary tract infections and protect public health, directly supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to good health and well-being (SDG 3) and responsible consumption and production (SDG 12).
Biotechnological potential of Ganoderma species in mycoremediation: a bibliometric analysis.
Hafsari AR, Doni F, Prismantoro D … +7 more , Jefferson TA, Ramdhani MA, Ali NIM, Ilham Z, Hanafiah Z, Mohtar WHMW, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41843365 · Publisher ↗
Research on Ganoderma-based mycoremediation is rapidly evolving as a sustainable approach to environmental remediation. This study aims to map the evolution, productivity, collaboration patters, and thematic development...
Research on Ganoderma-based mycoremediation is rapidly evolving as a sustainable approach to environmental remediation. This study aims to map the evolution, productivity, collaboration patters, and thematic development of experimental research on Ganoderma-based mycoremediation using a bibliometric approach. A total of 352 experimental research articles indexed in the Web of Science during the period 2000–2024 were analysed. Bibliometric techniques included publication performance analysis, co-authorship network mapping, and keyword co-occurrence analysis to examine research productivity, citation-based impact, collaboration structures, and thematic clusters. The results reveal a significant increase in publications output after 2015. China emerged as the most productive country, while South Korea and Taiwan showed higher citations-based impact despite lower publication output. Difference between productivity and citation impact at the institutional and author level indicate distinct roles in sustain research continuity a shaping influential direction. Collaboration analysis revealed increasing international cooperation with the existence of intermediary actors who play a role in the diffnodusion of knowledge and thematic mapping identified dominant clusters related to enzymatic degradation, dye decolorization, biosorption, and wastewater treatment, with strong linkages to the Sustainable Development Goals, in particular SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and SDG 3 (Healthy and Prosperous Living). Overall, the findings highlight research productivity trends, collaboration, and citation-based visibility, providing a structured overview to guide future research in Ganoderma-based mycoremediation.
Bacteriophage-based control of Pseudomonas spp.: research trends and biotechnological challenges.
Bolsan AC, Terrabuio AM, Edwiges T … +2 more , De Prá MC, Gabiatti NC
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41838339 · Publisher ↗
The bacterial genus Pseudomonas is highly diverse, exhibiting broad ecological distribution and significant relevance to human health, agriculture, and the food industry. Several species are recognized as opportunistic h...
The bacterial genus Pseudomonas is highly diverse, exhibiting broad ecological distribution and significant relevance to human health, agriculture, and the food industry. Several species are recognized as opportunistic human pathogens or phytopathogens and are increasingly associated with microbial resistance, biofilm formation, and persistent contamination. In this context, bacteriophages are promising biotechnological tools for controlling Pseudomonas spp. Across multiple sectors, offering high specificity, efficacy, and serving as an environmentally safe alternative to conventional antimicrobials. In this review, we conducted a critical narrative analysis of studies published between 2020 and 2024 addressing the application of bacteriophages against Pseudomonas species. Based on bibliometric indicators from the Web of Science database, 250 articles were selected after manual refinement and analyzed to identify publication trends, target species, and application areas. Most studies focused on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, primarily in the context of phage therapy for infections caused by multidrug-resistant strains, followed by applications in agriculture and the food industry to control Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Keywords co-occurrence analysis revealed trends centered on phage therapy, biofilm control, antimicrobial resistance, genomics, and sustainable biocontrol strategies. Despite the growing body of research, the analyzed studies highlight significant challenges in translating laboratory-scale findings into scalable, commercially viable applications, mainly due to regulatory hurdles to production and standardization. Overall, this review underscores the increasing scientific interest in bacteriophages as biocontrol agents against Pseudomonas spp. and discusses prospects for integrating these technologies into healthcare, agriculture, and industrial applications.
The role of gut microbiota in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of gastric cancer.
Hu M, Xiao Y, Zhang X … +5 more , Guo J, Shen T, Wang Y, Deng J, Liu D
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41838338 · Publisher ↗
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a significant global health challenge, and the relationship between the gut microbiota and GC has garnered increasing attention. A growing body of research has demonstrated that the gut microb...
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a significant global health challenge, and the relationship between the gut microbiota and GC has garnered increasing attention. A growing body of research has demonstrated that the gut microbiota plays a key role in the development and progression of GC through a complex network of mechanisms. This review analyzes key factors such as microbial dysbiosis, urease-assisted colonization, and the formation of nitrosamines and other carcinogenic metabolites, highlighting their influence on GC. Additionally, we emphasize the roles of chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, which are driven by microbial activities, in gastric carcinogenesis. The recent advances in microbiota-based biomarkers for GC are summarized. The clinical value of microbial-related therapies, including probiotics, antibiotic therapy, and fecal microbiota transplantation is also explored. This review discusses the complex and close relationship between the gut microbiota and GC, along with its clinical implications. It aims to provide deeper insights into dysbiosis-related GC research, the development of microbiota-based diagnostic biomarkers, and the advancement of treatment strategies.
Interactions of microbial biofilms with metal nanoparticles in the context of bioremediation.
Kuyukina MS, Bayandina EA, Ivshina IB
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41830989 · Publisher ↗
Microbial biofilms are of growing interest in the field of bioremediation due to their stress resistance and high biodegradation activity. On the other hand, metal nanoparticles (MNPs) are increasingly being used as effe...
Microbial biofilms are of growing interest in the field of bioremediation due to their stress resistance and high biodegradation activity. On the other hand, metal nanoparticles (MNPs) are increasingly being used as effective catalysts for the binding of heavy metals and the dehalogenation of persistent organic pollutants. The present review is aimed at the comprehensive analysis of beneficial biofilm interactions with MNPs in the context of bioremediation applications. Particular emphasis is placed on the concentration-dependent nature of these interactions, where low doses of MNPs stimulate the metabolic activity of biofilms, while high doses exert toxic effects. The proposed mechanisms of low-dose stimulatory effects of MNPs include: (i) enhanced cell adhesion, changes in the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composition and increased biosurfactant activity possibly regulated by a quorum sensing system, (ii) induction of moderate oxidative stress that activates metabolic processes, including antioxidant systems and catabolic pathways, (iii) improving electron transport in the biodegradation system by serving as electron donors or electron shuttles, (iv) direct enzymatic reduction of metal ions within the biofilm matrix, leading to the formation of biogenic MNPs and hydrogen, which are involved in the reductive decomposition of organic pollutants and the immobilization of toxic metals. Practical applications of hybrid nanobiosystems for the removal of various pollutants, as well as environmental risks and future prospects are discussed.
Mechanistic insights and emerging applications of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) treatment: From molecular design to translational immunity.
Abuhassan Q, Aldulaimi A, Waleed OS … +8 more , Ganesan S, Kavitha V, Maharana L, Sharma R, Albadr RJ, Abilkasimov A, Latipova M, Smerat A
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41824232 · Publisher ↗
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a significant cause of acute respiratory tract infections, particularly in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, with no approved vaccines or antivirals available. This...
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a significant cause of acute respiratory tract infections, particularly in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, with no approved vaccines or antivirals available. This review provides mechanistic insights into HMPV virology, immunopathogenesis, and emerging therapeutic and vaccine strategies, bridging molecular design to translational immunity. HMPV, a member of the Pneumoviridae family, encodes nine proteins, including key surface glycoproteins F, G, and SH, which mediate attachment, fusion, and immune evasion. The virus’s life cycle involves receptor binding via integrins and glycosaminoglycans, followed by replication and assembly, with seasonal outbreaks transmitted through respiratory droplets. Immunopathogenesis highlights innate immune activation via TLRs and RIG-I-like receptors, countered by viral proteins like M2-2, leading to cytokine storms and impaired adaptive responses. Current treatments rely on supportive care, including oxygen therapy and fluid management, while investigational antivirals like ribavirin, fusion inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies show promise, especially in severe cases. Vaccine development focuses on live-attenuated, subunit, mRNA, and virus-like particle platforms targeting the prefusion F protein for broad neutralizing immunity. Preclinical studies demonstrate enhanced immunogenicity through epitope optimization and AI-guided stabilization of antigens. Challenges include antigenic variability, waning immunity, and safety in vulnerable populations. Future directions emphasize AI-driven antigen design, pan-respiratory vaccines, and global surveillance to mitigate HMPV’s burden, estimated at millions of cases annually. This synthesis underscores the need for interdisciplinary efforts to advance prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
When probiotics turn deadly: a case of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus sepsis in a burn patient.
Janák D, Bakalář B, Fridrichová M … +4 more , Zwinsova B, Zajíček R, Lipový B, Borilova Linhartova P
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41820736 · Publisher ↗
We report the first comprehensive documented case of sepsis caused by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus infection, likely resulting from high-dose probiotic supplementation. This sepsis occured in a 36-year-old woman with dee...
We report the first comprehensive documented case of sepsis caused by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus infection, likely resulting from high-dose probiotic supplementation. This sepsis occured in a 36-year-old woman with deep partial- and full-thickness burns covering 25% of total body surface area. The use of probiotics in patients with organ dysfunction and in immunocompromised individuals is on the rise. The immune system and intestinal barriers are often compromised in patients with burns, which may facilitate the translocation of probiotic bacteria into bloodstream and lead to bacteremia; however, isolation of lactobacilli in blood cultures is often disregarded and considered an artefact caused by contamination. This case highlights that probiotic-associated L. rhamnosus sepsis, although rare, can occur in these patients and excessive probiotic use should therefore be avoided in these individuals.
Marine Bacillus safensis DJ1 metabolites disrupt P. aeruginosa virulence: an integrated experimental and network pharmacology and dynamics approach.
Kachhadiya DK, Mishra SK, Siddiquee NH … +2 more , Roy S, Georrge JJ
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41806182 · Publisher ↗
Marine bioactive compounds are natural products known for diverse biological activities, including strong anti-quorum sensing (QS) properties. These compounds offer potential for developing antivirulence agents against p...
Marine bioactive compounds are natural products known for diverse biological activities, including strong anti-quorum sensing (QS) properties. These compounds offer potential for developing antivirulence agents against pathogenic bacteria. Eighty-six bacterial isolates from the coastal region of Gujarat were screened for their ability to inhibit QS and virulence factors in Chromobacterium violaceum MK and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. Isolate DKGJ2E6 (E6) (Bacillus safensis DJ1, identified by 16S rRNA sequencing) showed the strongest QS inhibitory activity and was selected for further analysis. The crude extract of Bacillus safensis DJ1 significantly inhibited key virulence traits in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, drastically reducing pyocyanin production and attenuating pyoverdine and biofilm formation. A similar anti-QS effect was observed in C. violaceum, where violacein production was more than halved (55.06% reduction). The extract also exhibited synergistic anti-virulence activity when combined with ciprofloxacin. Chemical profiling via GC-MS identified bioactive components such as sulfanilamide, indole, phenol, 3-methyl-4-oxo-pentanoic acid, and allantoic acid, which demonstrated potent anti-QS and antibiofilm effects. A network pharmacology approach was employed to predict and assess the molecular mechanisms, identifying core targets and target-pathway modulated by these metabolites. Molecular docking and dynamics demonstrated strong binding affinities of selected compounds towards key targets in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Together, these findings collectively establish the potential of B. safensis DJ1 metabolites as a significant lead for the development of novel, marine-derived antivirulence therapies against drug-resistant pathogens.
Genetic diversity of iron acquisition systems of Staphylococcus aureus associated with bovine mastitis.
Bueno TV, Queiroz SB, Polveiro RC … +3 more , Vidigal PMP, de Oliveira Mendes TA, de Oliveira Barros Ribon A
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41806181 · Publisher ↗
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen in humans and animals that relies on various iron acquisition systems during infection. This study analyzed the genetic diversity and distribution of iron uptake genes in 255 S....
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen in humans and animals that relies on various iron acquisition systems during infection. This study analyzed the genetic diversity and distribution of iron uptake genes in 255 S. aureus isolates from eight clonal complexes (CCs) associated with bovine mastitis, collected from 19 countries. Forty-one genes from seven iron systems (including sirABC, sbnA-I, fhuBCG, fhuD, htsABC, sfaA-D, sstA-D, isdA-I, fepABC, tatAC) and the regulatory gene fur were investigated. A genome with < 95% completeness was excluded. CCs were determined using eBURST, and phylogenetic relationships were assessed using the Maximum Likelihood method (Mega-X). Genetic diversity was analyzed using DNAsp. All CCs harbored most iron acquisition genes, with no system entirely absent, highlighting their essential roles. Phylogenetic patterns aligned with MLST markers, except for distinct clustering in sbnA-I and sirABC (CC8, CC398, CC97), and shared grouping of CC8 and CC97 in htsABC and sstABCD were observed. High diversity was observed in htsB, sirB, isdB, isdH, and sstABCD. Shared haplotypes suggest international clonal transmission. CC398 showed fewer haplotypes, likely because of its broad host range, whereas cattle-adapted CC151 and CC97 showed greater diversity. These findings enhance our understanding of S. aureus epidemiology and support improved veterinary and public health measures.
Microbial degradation of acetaminophen, a pharmaceutical compound, using the ascomycete fungus Trichoderma asperellum.
Jayasekara UG, Hadibarata T, Jusoh MNH … +4 more , Gani P, Tan IS, Yuniarto A, Abdullah NH
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41801550 · Publisher ↗
The tropical fungus Trichoderma asperellum was identified as a novel acetaminophen degrader, achieving 88.8% removal of 1 g/L acetaminophen in liquid culture under optimal conditions (pH 4.7, 0.55% w/v salinity, 9.7 g/L...
The tropical fungus Trichoderma asperellum was identified as a novel acetaminophen degrader, achieving 88.8% removal of 1 g/L acetaminophen in liquid culture under optimal conditions (pH 4.7, 0.55% w/v salinity, 9.7 g/L glucose, and 4.5 g/L peptone). A unique enzyme pattern, predominantly dioxygenase (146 U/mL on day 7), exhibited a degradation mechanism distinct from the ligninolytic enzyme system traditionally associated with fungal biodegradation. The GC-MS analysis has identified some intermediates, including p-aminophenol, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, phenol, and butenoic acid. At the same time, some of the metabolites have not been reported previously in fungal degradation of acetaminophen. The distinct pattern of enzyme response and the identification of novel intermediates indicate that T. asperellum follows a distinct oxidative hydrolytic route, highlighting its potential as a new fungal candidate for the bioremediation of pharmaceuticals.
Phenotypic and genotypic investigation of carbapenemases in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.
Genç S, Uzun AN, Tanriverdi̇ H
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41793579 · Publisher ↗
Carbapenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae is primarily mediated by carbapenemase production. This study aimed to identify carbapenemase genes in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates using multiplex polymerase...
Carbapenem resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae is primarily mediated by carbapenemase production. This study aimed to identify carbapenemase genes in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and to evaluate the performance of the combination disk assay (CDA) as a phenotypic detection method. A total of 123 carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates were analyzed. Colistin and meropenem susceptibility were determined by broth microdilution, while ceftazidime-avibactam susceptibility was assessed using disk diffusion. Five common carbapenemase genes (blaOXA-48, blaNDM, blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM) were detected by multiplex PCR. CDA was performed using meropenem and temocillin disks in combination with specific inhibitors (EDTA, boronic acid, cloxacillin). Colistin (59.3%) and ceftazidime-avibactam (58.5%) showed the highest susceptibility rates. PCR identified blaOXA-48 in 53.6%, blaKPC in 45.5%, and blaNDM in 32.5% of isolates. CDA detected MBL, KPC, and OXA-48 enzymes in 44.7%, 44.7%, and 10.6% of isolates, respectively, and failed to detect OXA-48 in the presence of NDM. Compared with PCR, CDA showed excellent agreement for KPC detection (sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%; κ = 0.984), moderate agreement for MBL (sensitivity 95%, specificity 76.1%; κ = 0.679), and poor agreement for OXA-48 (sensitivity 19.7%, specificity 100%; κ = 0.185). CDA may be used as an initial phenotypic screening tool for the detection of KPC-producing isolates; however, its limited ability to detect OXA-48 and carbapenemase co-production restricts its reliability for broader clinical interpretation. Therefore, PCR-based methods remain essential for accurate confirmation and surveillance.
Combined application of Vancomycin and Levofloxacin potentiates the antimicrobial activity against MRSA: a response surface methodology-based study.
Sahoo A, Maity A, Das B … +7 more , Paul RC, Paul P, Chakraborty P, Chaudhuri BN, Ghosh MM, Das S, Tribedi P
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41790321 · Publisher ↗
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) ranks among the top 10 global health threats, severely limiting the effectiveness of available therapeutics. methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a major concern due to...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) ranks among the top 10 global health threats, severely limiting the effectiveness of available therapeutics. methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a major concern due to its multidrug resistance and restricted treatment options. The decline in the discovery of new antibiotics has necessitated alternative strategies such as combinatorial applications. The present study described the combined potential of vancomycin and levofloxacin against 10 MRSA strains. Checkerboard assays demonstrated 2 to sixfold and 3 to fivefold reductions in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin and levofloxacin, respectively, when used in combination, confirming enhanced antimicrobial potential. Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) also suggested prominent interactions between the selected antibiotics against MRSA when applied together. To further optimize the doses of the combination of the selected antibiotics against MRSA, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was explored. The RSM models exhibited strong reliability (R2 = 0.9381–0.9903) and non-significant lack of fit (p > 0.05), validating models’ robustness. The optimized combinations were further validated in-vitro through microbial growth profile, suggesting that the actual observations closely aligned with the predicted microbial growth inhibition. Collectively, RSM-optimized doses of vancomycin-levofloxacin could demonstrate enhanced antibacterial potential in combination, offering a rational framework for precision-based therapy against MRSA-borne infections.
Two-component systems in Vibrio species: Regulation of virulence and implications for therapeutic development.
Zha F, Xue CX, Zhang Z
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41790320 · Publisher ↗
The precise regulation and timely expression of bacterial genes during infection are of paramount importance for the pathogenicity of pathogens. Bacteria employ diverse mechanisms to govern gene expression in response to...
The precise regulation and timely expression of bacterial genes during infection are of paramount importance for the pathogenicity of pathogens. Bacteria employ diverse mechanisms to govern gene expression in response to the environment, among which two-component systems (TCSs) play a significant role. TCSs encompass two key components, including a sensory histidine kinase that undergoes autophosphorylation upon activation by a specific signal. Following activation, the sensory histidine kinase transfers the phosphoryl group to the second component, referred to as the response regulator, which subsequently triggers the transcription of target genes. Bioinformatic analysis of sequenced Vibrio isolates predicts that a considerable number of strains possess a minimum of 50 TCSs. However, the majority of these TCSs remain poorly characterized concerning the signals that activate the virulence genes associated with type III secretion system (T3SS), type VI secretion system (T6SS), quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and lipopolysaccharide. This review aims to elucidate TCSs that have been identified to be influential in the modulation of virulence factors in Vibrio species. Given the involvement of numerous TCSs in the regulation of virulence factors, these systems present promising prospects as novel therapeutic targets. Therefore, deciphering their precise functionality holds the utmost significance in comprehending the pathogenesis of Vibrio species.
Prevalence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria carrying mcr genes in freshwater aquaculture systems of Southern Odisha, India.
Nayak P, Panigrahy N, Rathore SK … +2 more , Pattanayak B, Dwibedy SK
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41784906 · Publisher ↗
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, with freshwater fish increasingly recognised as critical reservoirs of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). This study investigated the...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, with freshwater fish increasingly recognised as critical reservoirs of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). This study investigated the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of GNB isolated from eight edible freshwater fish species collected from ten sites in the Ganjam district of Odisha, India. From 56 initial isolates, eight MDR GNB (14.2%) were identified through biochemical testing followed by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Aeromonas veronii was the most prevalent species (62.5%), followed by Proteus faecis and Pseudomonas spp. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination revealed widespread resistance to ampicillin, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin, and colistin. All A. veronii isolates demonstrated an MDR phenotype, with 100% PCR positivity for the mcr-1 gene. This study represents the first report of mcr-1-harbouring A. veronii from freshwater fish in Odisha and the second documented case of A. veronii carrying mcr-1 in India. These findings identify edible freshwater fish as potential reservoirs of clinically significant MDR pathogens and underscore the urgent need for One Health–based surveillance and strengthened antimicrobial stewardship in aquaculture systems.
Comparative in vitro activity of furazidin and nitrofurantoin and assessment of resistance mechanisms in Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infections.
Kosiba K, Hojda S, Mrowiec P … +2 more , Białecka J, Klesiewicz K
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41784905 · Publisher ↗
To bridge the clinical and methodological gap created by Poland's widespread OTC use of furazidin in empirical urinary tract infections (UTIs) management versus EUCAST's reliance on nitrofurantoin for susceptibility test...
To bridge the clinical and methodological gap created by Poland's widespread OTC use of furazidin in empirical urinary tract infections (UTIs) management versus EUCAST's reliance on nitrofurantoin for susceptibility testing, by comparing their activity against E. coli isolates and identifying nfsA mutations associated with reduced nitrofuran susceptibility.Thirty-three E. coli isolates were obtained from outpatient urine samples. MICs for furazidin and nitrofurantoin were determined using broth microdilution, and MIC₅₀/MIC₉₀ values were calculated. Isolates with MIC ≥ 8 µg/ml underwent nfsA detection and Sanger sequencing of the examined nfsA gene. This analysis was performed as a targeted, exploratory assessment of genotype-phenotype associations, with results interpreted according to current EUCAST methodological standards.Furazidin showed higher in vitro activity than nitrofurantoin (mean MIC: 6.05 µg/ml vs. 10.46 µg/ml; MIC₅₀: 2 µg/ml vs. 4 µg/ml; MIC₉₀: 16 µg/ml vs. 32 µg/ml). The nfsA gene was detected in 75% of isolates with elevated MICs. Gene sequencing revealed nonsense and frameshift mutations leading to truncated nitroreductase, consistent with reduced susceptibility, although none of the isolates met EUCAST clinical resistance breakpoints.Nitrofurantoin MICs do not fully reflect the activity of furazidin, which is widely used in Poland and East European countries. These results underscore the need for region-specific evaluation of nitrofuran susceptibility and caution against extrapolating nitrofurantoin MICs to furazidin efficacy in clinical practice. Moreover, the findings highlight the need for improved standardization of nitrofuran susceptibility testing and further investigation of resistance mechanisms to guide optimal UTI therapy, particularly in outpatient populations where nitrofurans remain first-line empirical agents.
Molecular mechanisms of cadmium uptake in Amanita muscaria: the role of AmNRAMP1.
Podlaha J, Šnábl J, Kaňa A … +4 more , Leonhardt T, Borovička J, Kotrba P, Sácký J
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41776135 · Publisher ↗
Amanita muscaria is known to accumulate high levels of Cd, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, a putative NRAMP transporter, AmNRAMP1, from A. muscaria was identified and char...
Amanita muscaria is known to accumulate high levels of Cd, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, a putative NRAMP transporter, AmNRAMP1, from A. muscaria was identified and characterized. This gene encodes a protein comprising 573 amino acids, with 11 predicted transmembrane domains and conserved NRAMP motifs. Functional complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants revealed that AmNRAMP1 specifically mediates Mn2+ transport, exhibiting no detectable Fe2+ and Zn2+ transport activity. Interestingly, AmNRAMP1 also facilitated Cd2+ uptake, resulting in increased Cd accumulation and reduced IC50Cd values in Cd-sensitive yeast cells. Uptake assays confirmed enhanced Mn and Cd accumulation in yeast cells heterologously expressing AmNRAMP1, while mycelial experiments revealed that Cd accumulation is attenuated by Mn availability, suggesting a metal substitution effect. This study provides the first functional characterization of an NRAMP transporter in A. muscaria and establishes AmNRAMP1 as a possible contributor to fungal Cd accumulation.
Structural, functional, and evolutionary perspectives of bacterial iron repertoire: bacterioferritin and bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin as emerging targets against antibiotic resistance.
Kar R, Saha S, Sikder K … +3 more , Manna D, Chakraborti S, Basu A
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41774322 · Publisher ↗
Bacterioferritin (Bfr), traditionally recognized as a bacterial iron storage protein, functions synergistically with its partner, bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin (Bfd), which mediates iron release. Recent research...
Bacterioferritin (Bfr), traditionally recognized as a bacterial iron storage protein, functions synergistically with its partner, bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin (Bfd), which mediates iron release. Recent research has highlighted these proteins for their remarkable structural characteristics and their indispensable role in maintaining cellular iron homeostasis. Their evolutionary conservation across diverse bacterial lineages indicates broader physiological functions, such as supporting cellular maintenance, enhancing virulence, and facilitating stress adaptation. Bfr forms a 24-meric macromolecular assembly that stores iron in its ferric state, thereby protecting the cell from iron-induced oxidative stress. In contrast, twelve Bfd molecules associated with Bfr facilitate iron mobilization by electron donation, reducing ferric to ferrous iron, thus enabling its release from the Bfr cage. This regulated system of iron sequestration and mobilisation is widespread among bacteria, but is notably absent in Lactobacilli. This review explores the structural dynamics and evolutionary conservation of Bfr and Bfd, emphasising their molecular interactions. Considering the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), disrupting this essential protein–protein interface presents a promising therapeutic strategy. By providing detailed insights into their structure, function, and evolutionary relevance, this review identifies the Bfr-Bfd complex as a potential target for developing novel antimicrobial interventions.
Comparative transcriptomics uncover differential regulatory mechanisms in MRSA and MSSA biofilms through RNA-sequencing.
Jones SU, Kee BP, Chew CH … +3 more , Yeo CC, Chua KH, Puah SM
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41770494 · Publisher ↗
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that can form biofilms and is known for its persistence in causing infections. This study aims to characterise the transcriptional mechanisms underlying biofilm formatio...
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that can form biofilms and is known for its persistence in causing infections. This study aims to characterise the transcriptional mechanisms underlying biofilm formation in both methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) strains. Total RNA was extracted from cells grown under biofilm and planktonic conditions and subjected to RNA sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 2500. Differential expression analysis was performed using DESeq2 and functional enrichment was assessed through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment pathway analyses. Transcriptome analysis identified 2,809 genes in MRSA (612 DEGs: 552 upregulated, 60 downregulated) and 2,744 genes in MSSA (66 DEGs: 29 upregulated, 37 downregulated) expressed genes in MRSA and MSSA biofilm cells, respectively. The genes that are significantly differentially expressed in biofilms (log2 fold change > 1, p-value < 0.05) include 221 genes in MRSA and 12 in MSSA. MRSA biofilms showed a significant upregulation of known genes associated with biofilm formation, including polysaccharide adhesin synthesis (icaADBC), fibronectin-binding (fnbA), extracellular matrix-binding protein (Embp) and surface protein C (sasC). In contrast, the upregulated genes in MSSA biofilms highlight aspects of metabolism (ferredoxin, formate dehydrogenase), transport (aquaporin, ABC transporter) and virulence staphylococcal secretory antigen A (ssaA). MRSA and MSSA exhibit distinct gene expression profiles in their biofilm cells, suggesting that biofilm formation in MRSA and MSSA is strain-specific.
Applicability of Trichoderma spp. in sustainable agriculture against fungal and nematode phytopathogens: a review.
Meena AR
Folia Microbiol (Praha) · 2026 Mar · PMID 41770493 · Publisher ↗
In ecologically sound agriculture, Trichoderma species have become powerful biological control agents (BCAs) exhibiting a variety of functions. Their methods of action, ecological flexibility, and synergistic interaction...
In ecologically sound agriculture, Trichoderma species have become powerful biological control agents (BCAs) exhibiting a variety of functions. Their methods of action, ecological flexibility, and synergistic interactions within the rhizosphere are highlighted in this review, which thoroughly examines their suitability for regulating fungal and nematode phytopathogens. Using mycoparasitism, antibiosis, competition, and the development of systemic resistance in plants, Trichoderma spp. demonstrates antagonistic action. Additionally, they generate a variety of secondary bioactive metabolites and enzymes that interfere with nematode life cycles and prevent the formation of pathogens. T. virens, T. harzianum, T. koningii, T. pseudokoningii, T. longibrachiatum, T. asperellum, T. polysporum, and T. viride are primarily responsible for having the most operational biocontrol characteristics. In both greenhouse and field settings, these species significantly influence the emergence of plant illnesses triggered by R. solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Pythium aphanidermatium, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium culmorum. Cereal cyst nematode eggs and second-instar larvae are highly susceptible to the deadly effects of Trichoderma with nematicidal activity, which primarily consists of T. longibrachiatum, T. viride, T. harzianum, T. Hamatum, T. atroviride, and T. koningii. As a result, the Trichoderma species exhibits a significant developmental trajectory in its function in the sustainability advancement of agribusiness.
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