Ground Water[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
PFAS from a Discrete-Event Terrestrial Source Migrates with Groundwater to Intertidal Seepages.
Briggs MA, White EA, Scordato PT … +6 more , Lind HG, O'Neal ZO, Rey DM, McCobb TD, Green CT, LeBlanc DR
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41910149 · Full text
Groundwater transport of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from terrestrial sources to marine coastal ecosystems is a topic of growing recognition, though with few published field studies. Furthermore, most rese...
Groundwater transport of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from terrestrial sources to marine coastal ecosystems is a topic of growing recognition, though with few published field studies. Furthermore, most research on PFAS fate and transport dynamics has focused on source areas with long histories like fire training and manufacturing facilities; the effect of single PFAS dispersal events to the coastal environment is not well documented. We have assessed PFAS mobility in groundwater to intertidal seepages from two discrete, adjacent tanker-truck rollover events that occurred in 1997 and 2000 where aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) were applied to suppress fuel vapors. Using a combination of groundwater-flow and particle-track modeling, geophysical field characterization, and chemical sampling, we found substantial concentrations of PFAS (up to 530.5 ng/L), mainly perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), in groundwater discharging to a shoreline along an embayment used for swimming and recreational shellfish harvesting. The general groundwater trajectory to the embayment was predicted by numerical particle tracking. The highest concentrations of PFAS were found in discharges near the landward side of the intertidal zone. The discharges had variable salinity at the time of sampling. Our research generated the finding that even in areas of strong, preferential groundwater discharge at low tide, there was tidal "pumping" of ocean water into the aquifer sediments during higher tides. Therefore, there are likely to be continuously variable salinity conditions at similar seepage interfaces that have not been broadly considered in previous conceptual models of PFAS fate and transport.
Explaining High Celerities and Velocities in Vadose Zone Fractures.
Worthington SRH
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41874425 · Publisher ↗
Preferential flow is common in the vadose zone of bedrock aquifers. Rapid film flow down fracture walls and free-fall flow down open vertical fractures produce velocities that are commonly in the range 10 to 10 m/s.
Preferential flow is common in the vadose zone of bedrock aquifers. Rapid film flow down fracture walls and free-fall flow down open vertical fractures produce velocities that are commonly in the range 10 to 10 m/s.
Emerging Architectures: A Performance Benchmark of Apple ARM Silicon for Groundwater Modeling.
Hererra R
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41858083 · Publisher ↗
This benchmark demonstrates that cost-effective consumer ARM desktop clusters can match the parallel modeling throughput of high-end 64-core ×86 workstations. These findings offer groundwater modelers a highly efficient,...
This benchmark demonstrates that cost-effective consumer ARM desktop clusters can match the parallel modeling throughput of high-end 64-core ×86 workstations. These findings offer groundwater modelers a highly efficient, thermally stable alternative for computationally intensive PEST workflows at a fraction of traditional hardware costs.
Multi-Objective Optimization of a Hydro-Economic Model in an Over-Allocated Agricultural Basin.
Markovich KH, Fienen MN, Corson-Dosch N … +3 more , Coulon C, White JT, Gingerich SB
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41857790 · Full text
Groundwater depletion for agricultural irrigation poses significant environmental and economic challenges. This study introduces a proof-of-concept that combines hydro-economic modeling, scenario-based modeling, and mult...
Groundwater depletion for agricultural irrigation poses significant environmental and economic challenges. This study introduces a proof-of-concept that combines hydro-economic modeling, scenario-based modeling, and multi-objective optimization to manage pumping curtailment in an over-allocated basin in the western United States. Three optimization scenarios were evaluated, each offering different degrees of management flexibility. Results reveal that scenarios with finer spatial resolution achieved greater environmental benefits per unit profit loss. Additionally, strategies allowing fractional reductions in curtailed wells-rather than complete shutdowns based on water rights seniority-substantially improved efficiency, highlighting the value of increased decision-making flexibility. Although scenario testing can aid stakeholder engagement and strategy exploration, multi-objective optimization provides a systematic framework to quantify tradeoffs between competing objectives. This combined approach demonstrates promise for building consensus and supporting the design of sustainable water management strategies that balance agricultural livelihoods with ecosystem preservation.
Monitoring Heat Transfer and Recharge Mechanisms in a Karst System Using Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing.
Abi Nader A, Albaric J, Malet JP … +11 more , Steinmann M, Susanto K, Ducasse J, Ferhat G, Celle H, Pohl B, Labbe J, Sue C, Fontaine C, Bertin M, Boetsch A
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41837811 · Publisher ↗
Karst aquifers play a crucial role in global water resources. Characterizing their thermal dynamics is essential for improving our understanding of their functioning. However, monitoring karst systems is challenging due...
Karst aquifers play a crucial role in global water resources. Characterizing their thermal dynamics is essential for improving our understanding of their functioning. However, monitoring karst systems is challenging due to their strong heterogeneity, anisotropy, and limited accessibility. To address these challenges, we deployed an 800-m-long fiber-optic cable within the unsaturated zone of a karst system in the Jura Mountains (eastern France). The objective was to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of cavity air and underground river water temperatures over a 6-month monitoring period. The results highlight a gradual increase in cavity air temperature (CAT) and cavity river temperature (CRT) over the study period, consistent with the diffusion of surface air temperature (SAT). Superimposed on this long-term influence, short-term temperature fluctuations linked to precipitation events reveal the role of advective heat transfer associated with rapid infiltration and mixing in the main conduit. Temperature and electrical conductivity contrasts between the underground river and a lateral tributary indicate that multiple reservoirs contribute to aquifer recharge.
Analytical Solutions for Steady-State Flow in Heterogeneous Leaky Aquifers: Verification against MODFLOW 6.
Hayek M
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41837804 · Publisher ↗
This paper presents exact one-dimensional (1D) analytical solutions for steady-state groundwater flow in a heterogeneous leaky confined aquifer, accounting for spatial variability in both aquifer and aquitard properties....
This paper presents exact one-dimensional (1D) analytical solutions for steady-state groundwater flow in a heterogeneous leaky confined aquifer, accounting for spatial variability in both aquifer and aquitard properties. Unlike traditional models that assume uniform conditions, the proposed approach incorporates natural heterogeneity arising from variable depositional and post-depositional processes. The aquifer system is divided into discrete vertical zones, each characterized by distinct hydraulic properties. The solutions describe steady-state flow in a horizontally extensive confined aquifer recharged by leakage from an overlying unconfined aquifer through a thin, heterogeneous aquitard and discharging to a downgradient fixed-head boundary. The upgradient boundary may represent either a no-flow condition or a fixed head. The analytical solutions provide exact 1D, steady-state reference results for assessing the effects of lateral heterogeneity and for evaluating the spatial discretization required in numerical groundwater flow models to resolve sharp hydraulic head transitions and flow redistribution across zones with contrasting conductivities. Validation against MODFLOW 6 simulations demonstrates excellent agreement, confirming the correctness and robustness of the analytical formulation. A Python implementation of the analytical solutions is openly available in a public GitHub repository, ensuring reproducibility and facilitating further exploration of heterogeneous leaky aquifer systems.
Huntley's LNAPL Transmissivity Baildown Test Method Revisited.
Hamper MJ, SeyedAbbasi M
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41795835 · Publisher ↗
Baildown tests are an important and relatively inexpensive way to estimate transmissivity. Huntley (2000) developed baildown test analytical methods to determine LNAPL transmissivity. One of his baildown test methods was...
Baildown tests are an important and relatively inexpensive way to estimate transmissivity. Huntley (2000) developed baildown test analytical methods to determine LNAPL transmissivity. One of his baildown test methods was based on the Bouwer and Rice (1976) rising head slug test method which for brevity we will call Huntley's Method 1. In Batu's (2012) criticism of Huntley's Method 1, he noted that both Lundy and Zimmerman's Method and Huntley's Method 1 are based on the Bouwer and Rice (1976) rising head slug test method, but he observed that only Huntley's Method 1 included a density correction factor. We took a closer look at the derivation of Huntley's Method 1 and found that a mathematical error led to the density correction factor. The corrected Huntley Method 1 equation is equivalent to the Bouwer and Rice (1976) equation for transmissivity. The density correction factor error in Huntley's Method 1 causes the LNAPL transmissivity value to be approximately 4 to 10 times higher than it should be, potentially resulting in unnecessary remediation costs. In light of the error in Huntley's Method 1, it is recommended that the community use the corrected version of Huntley's Method 1. Because Kirkman's (2013) J-ratio baildown test method is based on the uncorrected Huntley Method 1, its use should also be reconsidered in light of our correction to Huntley's Method 1.
A Multi-Conceptual Model Approach to Untangling the MADE Experiment.
Herweijer JC, Young SC, Hayes P … +1 more , Batelaan O
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41793246 · Full text
The Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) at Columbus Air Force Base (MS, USA) was initiated in the mid-1980s and aimed to study solute transport in highly heterogeneous porous media by conducting large-scale natural-gradien...
The Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) at Columbus Air Force Base (MS, USA) was initiated in the mid-1980s and aimed to study solute transport in highly heterogeneous porous media by conducting large-scale natural-gradient tracer experiments. A review of the original field tracer experiments reveals several issues that were not addressed in most modeling efforts. These issues include: non-stationary flow; significant questions regarding the reliability of reported hydraulic conductivity values; a significant mass imbalance (23-50%) between the injected and observed tracer; a three-dimensional architecture based on sedimentological information; and vertical hydraulic head gradients. This paper demonstrates how these issues can be integrated into a knowledge framework that systematically assesses the knowns, unknowns, and confidence levels. Using the knowledge framework, we generate a set of multi-conceptual models as a way forward for a holistic approach for an improved understanding of the processes that affect the interpretation of measured tracer concentrations at the MADE site. Our purpose for applying the workflow at the MADE site is twofold. First, to provide a constructive dialogue towards untangling several unresolved issues associated with modeling the MADE tracer experiments. Second, to illustrate how the application of a knowledge framework coupled with multi-conceptual models can support a holistic approach for understanding flow and transport at highly heterogeneous sites.
The Potential of Horizontal Wells for Aquifer Storage and Recovery in Saline Aquifers.
Kreipl S, Bakker M, van Breukelen BM
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41757450 · Full text
Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) is a managed aquifer recharge method where water is injected and later extracted using wells. In saline aquifers, ASR performance is often limited by dispersive mixing, which creates a...
Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) is a managed aquifer recharge method where water is injected and later extracted using wells. In saline aquifers, ASR performance is often limited by dispersive mixing, which creates a transition zone at the edge of the injected freshwater and buoyancy-driven flow, which causes the freshwater to rise and deform during storage-both reducing recovery efficiency. This study investigates whether horizontal wells can improve ASR performance in saline, low-transmissivity aquifers by achieving acceptable recovery efficiencies and outperforming conventional vertical wells. Three configurations were evaluated numerically with MODFLOW 6: a horizontal well, a fully penetrating vertical well, and a dual well system with a fully penetrating injection well and a partially penetrating extraction well. Models were tested on a large set of parameter combinations from Latin Hypercube Sampling, targeting conditions where vertical wells perform poorly. The horizontal well generally achieved higher recovery efficiencies, with a median of 45% after five ASR cycles, compared to 6% and 16% for the fully and partially penetrating vertical wells. Its advantage was greatest under strong buoyancy conditions, where vertical wells failed to recover any freshwater. While dispersive mixing reduced horizontal well performance by causing earlier saltwater breakthrough, it improved vertical well recovery by stabilizing the injected freshwater. In conclusion, horizontal wells are promising for ASR when hydraulic conditions require multiple vertical wells and when buoyancy-driven flow significantly limits vertical well performance.
A Hydrogeological Genealogy: The Origins of the Surnames Groundwater, Wells, Spring, and Fountain.
Jiao JJ
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41718669 · Publisher ↗
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Bradbury KR
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41670343 · Publisher ↗
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Modeling Mechanical Dispersion by Using the Method of Advective Transport Phenomena, a First Step.
de Lange WJ
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41649041 · Full text
Mechanical dispersion is driven by a variance in velocity rather than by the concentration gradient in the classical Fickian model. The groundwater community needs a theoretical development for this that offers a practic...
Mechanical dispersion is driven by a variance in velocity rather than by the concentration gradient in the classical Fickian model. The groundwater community needs a theoretical development for this that offers a practical way to implement it (Konikow 2025). The method of Advective Transport Phenomena (De Lange 2020) describes mechanical dispersion based on the spread of water particles generated at sub-model scale by advective flow through zones with conductivity different from that of the overall aquifer, leading to a new parameter in the dispersive mass flux which is added to the advective mass flux computed at model scale similar to the existing approach in numerical modeling. The new parameter, called dispersive volume shift, is determined only by the traveled distance and the aquifer heterogeneity described by the horizontal and the vertical characteristic length and the log conductivity variance. The dispersive mass flux combines the dispersive volume shift and the concentration difference which is proportional to the traveled distance per time step. Using a spreadsheet model, the longitudinal concentration distribution in a traveling plume is simulated in a homogeneous aquifer and in a heterogeneous aquifer. The latter case shows asymmetry in the plume growth which is not produced by a classical Fickian model. Developments are still needed for application in general numerical modeling.
Improvements on Scalable and Reproducible Cloud Implementation of Numerical Groundwater Modeling.
Roth M, Grove J, Davis A … +1 more , Cornell J
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41626743 · Publisher ↗
In the past decade the groundwater modeling industry has trended toward more computationally intensive methods that necessarily require more parallel computing power due to the number of model runs required for these met...
In the past decade the groundwater modeling industry has trended toward more computationally intensive methods that necessarily require more parallel computing power due to the number of model runs required for these methods. Groundwater modeling that requires many parallel model runs is often limited by numerical burden or by the modeler's access to computational resources. Over the last 15 years the evolution of the cloud in accelerating groundwater model solutions has progressed; however, there are no apparent literature reviews of MODFLOW and PEST cloud implementation, specifically with regards to open-source and efficient scalable solutions. Here we describe infrastructure as code used to develop the architecture for running PEST++ in parallel on the cloud using Docker containers and open-source software to allow simple and repeatable cloud execution. The architecture utilizes Amazon Web Services and Terraform to facilitate cloud deployment and monitoring. A publicly available MODFLOW-6 model was used to evaluate parallel performance locally and in the cloud. Local model runs were found to have a linear 12 s increase in model run time per agent on a typical office computer compared to the cloud implementation's 0.02 s per model, indicating near perfect scaling even at up to 200 concurrent model runs. A consulting groundwater model was calibrated with the cloud infrastructure, which enabled acceleration of project completion at minimal cost.
Comparing Groundwater Sampling Devices for Denitrification Assessment Using the N/Ar Method.
Fahrenbach F, Rüde TR
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41609109 · Full text
The N/Ar method is valuable for studying legacy nitrate and denitrification progress in groundwater systems. It uses dissolved N and Ar concentrations to calculate the amount of N originating from denitrification (excess...
The N/Ar method is valuable for studying legacy nitrate and denitrification progress in groundwater systems. It uses dissolved N and Ar concentrations to calculate the amount of N originating from denitrification (excess-N). Successfully applying the method requires accurate values of N and Ar concentrations. Therefore, avoiding degassing and atmospheric contamination during groundwater sampling is crucial for reliable results. In this study, we focus on the effect of sampling devices on N, Ar, and the resulting excess-N concentrations. To evaluate this effect over a wide concentration range, we sampled 14 observation wells. One sample was collected using a submersible pump and another using a bladder pump. Furthermore, we collected multiple samples with both pumps at a fifteenth site to assess reproducibility. Additionally, we used a point-source bailer for sampling at this site. The major ion concentrations show that the sampling device does not significantly influence the sample chemistry. In contrast, the measured N, Ar, and calculated excess-N concentrations significantly differ between the sampling devices. Overall, the samples collected with the submersible pump show the highest N and Ar concentrations, resulting in the highest excess-N concentrations. N and Ar concentrations of the bladder pump samples are lower, resulting in lower excess-N concentrations. The bailer samples show lower N but similar Ar concentrations to the submersible pump samples, leading to the lowest excess-N concentrations. We conclude that a submersible pump is practical and suitable for collecting groundwater samples to assess denitrification by the N/Ar method.
The Geology of Aquitards in Alluvial Aquifers: A Predictive Approach Based on Facies Models.
Shultz MR, Plank C
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41587205 · Full text
A sophisticated understanding of the three-dimensional distribution of silt- and clay-rich bodies of strata (elements) in aquifers is critical given that they not only have the potential to act as aquitards or semi-confi...
A sophisticated understanding of the three-dimensional distribution of silt- and clay-rich bodies of strata (elements) in aquifers is critical given that they not only have the potential to act as aquitards or semi-confining units and vertically partition groundwater flow into separate aquifer zones, but also provide lateral barriers to groundwater flow, impacting contaminant distribution and groundwater flow dynamics. Additionally, when in prolonged contact with dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) or contaminated groundwater, fine-grained elements may become storage zones for contaminant mass via matrix diffusion and thus serve as long-term secondary sources of contamination to groundwater that can confound remediation strategies and render remedy performance projections unreliable. The stratigraphic architecture of aquifer systems, including fine-grained facies architecture, is complex but is not random and can be effectively predicted through application of facies models. This paper reviews depositional models ("facies models") for common depositional environments with a focus on alluvial end-members of braided fluvial, meandering fluvial, and alluvial fan facies models. We examine the facies models from the perspective of aquitards and present case studies to provide an overview of the expected aquitard dimensions and characteristics. The critical yet underappreciated role of the paleosol as a potential aquitard is also examined, and basic criteria for differentiating ancient floodplain clay units with high lateral continuity from other laterally discontinuous clay units are provided.
Teach Me How to PyCap: A High-Capacity Well Decision Support Tool Using Analytical Solutions in Python.
Fienen MN, Pruitt AH, Reeves HW
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41582637 · Full text
Regulatory agencies in humid temperate environments rely on timely evaluations of streamflow depletion and drawdown to protect aquatic ecosystems and existing water users. Numerical models offer detailed insights, but th...
Regulatory agencies in humid temperate environments rely on timely evaluations of streamflow depletion and drawdown to protect aquatic ecosystems and existing water users. Numerical models offer detailed insights, but their complexity and time demands often preclude their practical use in rapid decision-making. We present pycap-dss, an open-source Python package that implements a suite of analytical solutions for estimating streamflow depletion and drawdown. The tool supports superposition of multiple wells and time-varying pumping, enabling cumulative impact assessments in situations with multiple wells and streams. The software is modular and extensible, allowing users to interchange solutions or add new analytical methods. A YAML-based configuration supports batch processing of multiple wells, and an optional AnalysisProject class facilitates integration with regulatory workflows. Rigorous unit and regression testing ensures computational reliability, and continuous integration supports ongoing development. We demonstrate deterministic examples of drawdown where multiple solutions are readily compared and streamflow depletion with multiple wells in the Central Sands region of Wisconsin. We also show the value of Monte Carlo analyses of streamflow depletion in the same Central Sands example, leveraging computational efficiency to evaluate the uncertainty of individual and cumulative streamflow depletion calculations from over 200 high-capacity wells.
Groundwater Transport in a Glaciomarine Aquitard: Paleosalinity and Landslide Implications.
Hinton MJ, Alpay S, Crow HL
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41528203 · Full text
Leaching of marine salinity in the porewater of glaciomarine muds is one precursor to landslide hazard. In this study, groundwater modeling is used to quantify vertical groundwater flow, constrain paleosalinity, and char...
Leaching of marine salinity in the porewater of glaciomarine muds is one precursor to landslide hazard. In this study, groundwater modeling is used to quantify vertical groundwater flow, constrain paleosalinity, and characterize past and future progression of leaching with depth in Champlain Sea sediments. The Breckenridge Creek site, ~15 km northwest of Ottawa, Canada, was cored within a thick sequence (up to 98 m) of Champlain Sea muds that form a regional aquitard in the St. Lawrence Lowlands and Ottawa Valley. Porewater chloride concentrations ([Cl]), up to 12,250 mg/kg, and δO as high as -7.18‰, indicate remnant seawater. One-dimensional groundwater transport modeling simulates porewater [Cl] and δO with depth simultaneously and constrains specific discharge, q, from 2.40 to 2.51 mm/a. Groundwater transport modeling and three-component mixing of seawater, glacial meltwater and meteoric water constrain the range of initial [Cl] between 14,000 and 15,700 mg/kg (72-80% seawater) and initial δO between -5.99 and -5.61‰. The glacial meltwater component of Champlain Sea bottom waters at the Breckenridge site has a maximum δO value of -22.4‰. Downward leaching to the salinity threshold of <2 g/L for geotechnical sensitivity development reached a depth of 20.6 m. Modeling indicates the leaching front currently progresses at a rate of 2.5 m/1000 years, slower than advection of freshwater infiltration because of upward diffusion and dispersion of marine solutes. Notably for landslide hazard, the highest measurements of geotechnical sensitivity coincide with the leached zone.
Simulation Method for Variable Permeability of Delay Interbed Based on Stress Variation Principle.
Han S, Lu C, Lu W … +2 more , Sun Q, Wu C
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41489214 · Publisher ↗
The compaction simulation of compressible delay interbed is an important part of land subsidence simulation. Currently, the most widely used MODFLOW software has two modules, SUB and CSUB, both of which can simulate comp...
The compaction simulation of compressible delay interbed is an important part of land subsidence simulation. Currently, the most widely used MODFLOW software has two modules, SUB and CSUB, both of which can simulate compressible delay interbed. The difference lies in that the head diffusion equation of the SUB module is based on the principle of head change, while CSUB can use either head change or geological stress variation principles. When based on the principle of geostress variation, the CSUB method is more physically reasonable. However, its limitation lies in the fact that, when solving the diffusion equation for compressible delay interbeds, it does not account for the effects of variations in the discrete nodal cell thickness and hydraulic conductivity of the interbed. This study improves the solution method for the head diffusion equation of compressible delay interbeds based on the principle of geostress variation. The Kozeny-Carman equation was introduced to establish a relationship between the hydraulic conductivity and porosity of the interbeds, while variations in the thickness of discrete nodal cells were also incorporated into the solution process. Collectively, these improvements lead to a more rigorous approach. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed simulation method, three representative test cases were developed and comprehensively compared with the CSUB results. The results indicate that notable discrepancies emerge between the two approaches when the interbed undergoes substantial compression, whereas the method proposed in this study effectively prevents the occurrence of "overcompaction" within the interbed.
Mapping High-TDS Groundwater Near Impoundments Using Ground and Waterborne Towed Electromagnetics.
Jaysaval P, Thomle JN, Bowles-Martinez EJ … +2 more , Kreuzer RL, Day-Lewis FD
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41467768 · Full text
Long-term monitoring at landfills and impoundments containing coal combustion products (CCPs) or other industrial wastes is essential for detecting possible leachate releases to groundwater and mapping contamination plum...
Long-term monitoring at landfills and impoundments containing coal combustion products (CCPs) or other industrial wastes is essential for detecting possible leachate releases to groundwater and mapping contamination plumes. This study evaluates a novel, non-invasive geophysical approach-towed time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) surveys-for non-invasive and rapid assessment of groundwater quality near landfills and impoundments that have the potential to release plumes with higher total dissolved solids (TDS) than groundwater. CCPs are one such example where releases can have relatively high sulfate, sodium, and/or calcium concentrations resulting in high TDS and, therefore, high electrical conductivity. This makes electromagnetic (EM) methods suitable for their detection and monitoring. Recent advancements in TEM technology enable efficient subsurface imaging over extensive areas using antennas towed by vehicles on land or boats on water bodies. TEM surveys provide valuable information about overburden thickness, geological structures, lithology, and pore-fluid TDS. We conducted integrated ground-based and waterborne TEM surveys at a CCP complex adjacent to a river in the eastern United States. Despite challenging site conditions, including railroad tracks, high-voltage power lines, and power-generation infrastructure, high-quality TEM data were collected. Over 20 line-km of data were acquired and inverted using laterally constrained two-dimensional (2D) and spatially constrained three-dimensional (3D) inversions. Results successfully delineated geological boundaries and identified conductive anomalies consistent with elevated TDS indicative of potential leachate plumes. Geophysical interpretations agreed well with water-quality data from nearby monitoring wells. This work highlights the effectiveness of integrated ground-based and floating TEM surveys for high-resolution characterization around CCP impoundments.
Aquitards in Groundwater Systems: Groundwater Special Issue.
Gotkowitz M, Hart D
Ground Water · 2026 · PMID 41452122 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
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