Veterinary Research[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated demographic factors in privately-owned dogs, cats, and community cats in Hong Kong.
Elsohaby I, Zubair M, Baqar Z … +6 more , Ma SY, Woodhouse F, Gray J, Almendros A, Beatty JA, Barrs VR
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42135800 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a zoonotic protozoan parasite of humans and animals, with cats as the definitive host. This study investigated the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies and associated demogr...
BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a zoonotic protozoan parasite of humans and animals, with cats as the definitive host. This study investigated the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies and associated demographic factors in 1,110 dogs and cats in Hong Kong including 425 owned dogs, 425 owned cats, and 260 free-roaming "community" cats. METHODS: Serum samples were tested using an indirect ELISA, and signalment data, including age, breed, sex, neutering status, and health status, were recorded. Fisher's exact test and correspondence analysis were used to evaluate the associations between seropositivity and demographic factors. RESULTS: The overall apparent seroprevalence was 4.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.5-6.1%), and was more than three times higher in community cats (11.2%; 95% CI: 7.6-15.6%) compared with privately-owned dogs (3.1%; 95% CI: 1.6-5.2%) and privately-owned cats (2.4%; 95% CI: 1.1-4.3%). Correspondence analysis revealed that being seronegative among privately-owned dogs was associated with older, male neutered, purebred dogs, while seronegative among privately-owned cats was associated with purebred neutered male cats aged 5-10 years. In community cats, being seronegative was associated with healthy females. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the low overall T. gondii seroprevalence in cats from Hong Kong. In addition, the very low seroprevalence in privately-owned animals compared to free-roaming community cats is likely due to controlled living conditions that preclude or limit outdoor access, and ingestion of prey or raw-meat diets. The results of this study underscore the need for targeted public health interventions, such as trap-neuter-return programs to mitigate T. gondii transmission risks to humans and animals. Further research is essential to identify contributing factors and develop effective control strategies for T. gondii in urban environments.
Comprehensive molecular profiling of the African swine fever virus in Korean wild boars between 2019 and 2024.
Kim G, Ji S, Choi S … +5 more , Lim S, Choi H, Jeong M, Park S, Jheong WH
Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42129920 · Full text
African swine fever (ASF), caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a lethal transboundary disease. Since its first detection in South Korea in 2019, ASFV has continuously infected wild boars, imposing major ec...
African swine fever (ASF), caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a lethal transboundary disease. Since its first detection in South Korea in 2019, ASFV has continuously infected wild boars, imposing major economic and ecological burdens. We investigated ASFV genetic diversity and transmission dynamics by analyzing 4,209 ASFV-positive wild boar samples collected between 2019 and 2024 using a multi-marker approach, including B646L (p72), the intergenic region (IGR) between I73R/I329L, MGF 360-1La, and MGF 505-9R/10R. All isolates were classified as Genotype II by p72 analysis. IGR II was predominant, while one case of IGR I and three of IGR III were detected in 2019-2020. IGR III reappeared in 2023 and increased in 2024. The Korean-specific MGF 360-1La mutation (L106P) emerged in 2020, peaked in 2021, and persisted thereafter at a low frequency. A shift in the MGF 505-9R/10R profile was observed: MGF-1 dominated until 2020, whereas MGF-5 emerged in 2021 and became predominant in 2024. Accordingly, ASFV strains were classified into six clusters with distinct spatial distributions and transmission trajectories. Cluster 1 represented the initial incursion and early spread, and two minor subclusters (1.1 and 1.2) were detected early on; Cluster 2 remained localized, Cluster 3 expanded southeastward and is emerging as dominant, and Cluster 4 was confined to eastern Gyeongsangbuk-do. These findings suggest that although ASFV in Korea originated from a single Genotype II introduction, the detection of multiple lineages reflects viral diversification or additional incursions. Continuous molecular surveillance using genetic markers, complemented by whole-genome analyses, is essential for detecting early variants and developing effective ASF control strategies.
Seasonal environmental variation and its association with virulence and antimicrobial resistance in aquatic Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
El Badawy A, Hamza D, Ahmed Z … +1 more , Sabry MA
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42121000 · Full text
Aquaculture is vital for global food security, but climate change threatens fish health by altering environmental conditions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic bacterium causing significant losses in fish farms. Thi...
Aquaculture is vital for global food security, but climate change threatens fish health by altering environmental conditions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic bacterium causing significant losses in fish farms. This study investigated the effects of seasonal water temperature and pH variations on its prevalence, virulence, and antibiotic resistance in Nile Tilapia. A total of 328 Nile tilapia samples from two Egyptian farms were pooled into 82 composite samples. P. aeruginosa was isolated on selective agar, identified through biochemical tests, and confirmed by PCR targeting the gyrB gene. Virulence genes (oprL, exoS, phzM, toxA) and resistance genes (ESBL: bla, bla bla, bla; carbapenemases: bla, bla, bla, bla) were detected, and correlations with water temperature and pH were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of oprL sequences assessed genetic relatedness to human strains. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in the vast majority of samples, with prevalence remaining high throughout the year, peaking numerically in summer. The prevalence of virulence genes in P. aeruginosa varied across seasons. exoS was consistently detected in all seasons, whereas toxA and oprL were most prominent in summer. phzM showed marked seasonal variation, with the highest occurrence in summer. Antibiotic resistance genes were most prominent in the warmer months, with bla consistently present, bla highly prevalent, and bla showing a noticeable increase. Phylogenetic analysis revealed genetic similarity between fish-derived isolates and previously reported human strains, suggesting potential zoonotic relevance. These findings highlight the widespread occurrence of P. aeruginosa and the seasonal distribution of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in aquaculture systems. Continuous monitoring and improved management strategies are recommended to limit the spread of resistant strains.
Abdominal visceral to subcutaneous fat distribution in dogs: computed tomography accuracy and factors associated with distribution.
Turner RBS, Firestone SM, Dunshea FR … +1 more , Mansfield CS
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42116165 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Abdominal fat distribution, particularly visceral fat, is commonly assessed as a marker of obesity-related and metabolic diseases in people. While this relationship may exist, few studies consider the factors...
BACKGROUND: Abdominal fat distribution, particularly visceral fat, is commonly assessed as a marker of obesity-related and metabolic diseases in people. While this relationship may exist, few studies consider the factors related to the relative distribution of visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat in dogs. This cross-sectional study evaluated associations between measures of abdominal adiposity, visceral and subcutaneous fat distribution (V/SQ), body condition score (BCS), age, sex, neuter status, and breed conformation in 205 dogs presenting to a tertiary veterinary hospital between March 2006 and March 2020. The influence of several disease states on abdominal adiposity and fat distribution was also evaluated. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the criterion validity of average computed tomography (CT) Hounsfield units, and linear and cross-sectional area measures of abdominal adiposity and fat distribution relative to CT-derived volumetric analysis and for intra-observer reliability. RESULTS: Greater total abdominal adiposity was seen in older dogs, with values highest around 10 years of age and lower after 10 years of age, and was lower in terrier breeds and dogs with neoplasia. Greater V/SQ was observed in older dogs, hounds, and terriers, but decreased with increasing BCS, total abdominal adiposity, and thoracic height-width ratio. Additionally, V/SQ was higher in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Body condition score was moderately correlated with total abdominal, visceral, and subcutaneous adiposity. Abdominal fat areas measured at L3 overestimated total abdominal and visceral fat percentages but underestimated subcutaneous fat percentages, with increasing bias at higher fat percentages. Linear fat measurements were moderately correlated with total abdominal adiposity, but only weakly correlated with abdominal fat distribution. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the association between abdominal adiposity, age, breed category, and potentially certain diseases like neoplasia. Moreover, it highlights the correlation between V/SQ, age, and total adiposity, while emphasising the preferential distribution of fat to the visceral compartment in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. The study also identified a novel association between V/SQ, specific breed categories, and body conformation (i.e., thoracic height-width ratio). Importantly, CT volumetric measures are more reliable in determining abdominal fat distribution than area and linear measures, supporting the use of CT volumetric measures in the study's methodology and its implications for future research and clinical practice.
Multimodal treatment of canine lower eyelid mast cell tumours: lip-to-lid reconstruction and sentinel lymph node mapping in two cases.
Herman I, Mamrot A, Szytow M … +1 more , Miszczak M
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42116146 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Mast cell tumours are the most common skin neoplasms in dogs, accounting for up to 21% of all cutaneous tumours. They typically appear as firm nodules, most often on the trunk, limbs, or head, and their biolo...
BACKGROUND: Mast cell tumours are the most common skin neoplasms in dogs, accounting for up to 21% of all cutaneous tumours. They typically appear as firm nodules, most often on the trunk, limbs, or head, and their biological behaviour depends on the grade. Diagnosis is based on cytology and histopathology, while surgical excision with adequate margins remains the treatment of choice, often requiring reconstructive techniques in anatomically sensitive areas, such as the eyelid. CASE PRESENTATION: The article describes two cases of lower eyelid mast cell tumours in dogs, surgically treated using the lip-to-lid technique with lymphadenectomy of the sentinel lymph node. This method allowed complete excision while preserving eyelid function and appearance. Histopathology revealed different tumour grades, resulting in distinct prognoses and postoperative strategies regarding adjuvant chemotherapy. In both cases the final outcome was positive, with no local reoccurrence or distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS: The use of lip-to-lid technique can be successfully used for the reconstruction of the lower eyelid defect after mast cell tumour removal. Sentinel lymph node mapping plays an essential role in perioperative staging for these tumours, and provides crucial information about prognosis. Multimodal approach for diagnosis and treatment of mast cell tumours is important to achieve a good long-term outcome. These cases contribute to the limited literature on lower eyelid mast cell tumours and support the integration of advanced staging techniques, including sentinel lymph node mapping, with reconstructive surgery in the management of periocular MCTs.
A comparative assessment of subchronic inhalation health risks between peracetic acid and chlorine dioxide in SPF pigs maintained in barrier environments.
Zhang H, Wang J, Zhou Y … +8 more , Cao H, Zhong H, Ding C, Yang G, Zhang J, Ma J, Ge L, Sun J
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42116111 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Barrier environments are essential for maintaining specific pathogen-free (SPF) animals, yet the potential health risks associated with routine aerosol disinfection remain unclear. This study aimed to systema...
BACKGROUND: Barrier environments are essential for maintaining specific pathogen-free (SPF) animals, yet the potential health risks associated with routine aerosol disinfection remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the subchronic effects of peracetic acid (PAA) and chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) in SPF pigs maintained under barrier conditions. RESULTS: Both disinfectants achieved > 99.9% elimination of indicator microorganisms under optimized aerosolization protocols. However, distinct biological effects were observed. ClO₂ predominantly affected systemic homeostasis, as reflected by alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters, whereas PAA exerted stronger localized effects on the respiratory system, including functional changes, tissue remodeling, and enhanced inflammatory responses. Additionally, both disinfectants induced structural remodeling of the respiratory microbiota, marked by a decline in Actinobacteriota and an enrichment of opportunistic taxa such as Burkholderiales in the ClO₂ group and Subdoligranulum in the PAA group. Notably, these effects remained subclinical and did not impair growth performance or overt health status. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the distinct subchronic health risk profiles associated with aerosolized disinfectant exposure and provide a scientific basis for optimizing disinfection protocols in SPF pig barrier facilities.
Ultrasound measurement of the optic nerve and its sheath using the CLOSED protocol: comparison with MRI in a porcine in-vivo model.
Gąsior L, Prządka P, Hebel M … +2 more , Suliga K, Antończyk A
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42116086 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Finding a reliable, non-invasive method for assessing intracranial pressure in humans and other species remains a subject of ongoing scientific and clinical interest. Ultrasonographic measurement of the optic...
BACKGROUND: Finding a reliable, non-invasive method for assessing intracranial pressure in humans and other species remains a subject of ongoing scientific and clinical interest. Ultrasonographic measurement of the optic nerve and its sheath shows considerable promise and is widely used in human medicine. However, methodological challenges must be addressed when applying this approach in animal models. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a previously developed ultrasonographic protocol is feasible under in vivo conditions in pigs and whether the obtained measurements accurately reflect anatomical dimensions. To this end, transbulbar ultrasonographic examinations were performed in sixteen pigs under general anesthesia, and optic nerve and optic nerve sheath diameters were measured in the left eye and compared with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging measurements. All measurements were performed twice and averaged. RESULTS: Ultrasonographic visualization of the optic nerve and its sheath was feasible in all animals, and accurate measurement points corresponding to the borders of these structures were established. Measurements obtained using ultrasonography showed good agreement with magnetic resonance imaging, with no significant differences between modalities (p > 0.05) and all measurements within the 95% limits of agreement. The mean optic nerve diameter was 3.26 mm for sonographic measurement and 3.18 mm for magnetic resonance measurement, while the mean optic nerve sheath diameter was 5.12 mm and 5.36 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the standardized ultrasonographic protocol can be successfully applied in a porcine in vivo model and provides anatomically reliable measurements. This methodological validation represents an important step toward future experimental studies investigating intracranial pressure-related changes, for example during laparoscopic procedures.
Influence of saponin extracts on enteric methane emission and rumen fermentation: a meta-analysis of in vitro experiments.
Yanza YR, Setiawan MA, Fitri A … +13 more , Tanuwiria UH, Hidayat C, Ramadhani F, Hidayat R, Fidriyanto R, Harahap RP, Niderkorn V, Respati AN, Jayanegara A, Olorunlowu SA, Lagoda J, Cieslak A, Irawan A
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42116036 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Saponin extracts have been extensively studied as natural modifiers for the rumen. This meta-analysis aims to quantify the dose-response effects of saponin extract supplementation on rumen fermentation profil...
BACKGROUND: Saponin extracts have been extensively studied as natural modifiers for the rumen. This meta-analysis aims to quantify the dose-response effects of saponin extract supplementation on rumen fermentation profiles, digestibility, microbial populations, and methane production under in vitro conditions. RESULTS: A review of peer-reviewed in vitro studies from Scopus, PubMed, and Semantic Scholar identified 36 articles with 379 datapoints and 24 saponin sources. Meta-regression analysis found quadratic responses of the levels of saponin extract with dry matter degradability (DMD), gas production, reduced methane production, protozoa abundance, and. NH-N concentration. Subgroup meta-analysis revealed that the effects of saponin crude extract on in vitro rumen fermentation were source-dependent, with significant differences across most parameters. Subgroup meta-analysis demonstrated that DMD reduced by 8.0-19.1% (P < 0.001), except Kometa lucerne which increased DMD by + 14.3% (P < 0.001), Total VFA increased with Calendula officinalis (+ 20.5%), Knautia arvensis (+ 9.2%), and tea saponin (+ 28.8%) with increased on propionate by selected saponin sources (+ 7.7% to + 46.9%). Methane production was consistently reduced by 11-40.6%, with the greatest reduction observed for Sapindus mukorossi (P < 0.001). Protozoa were largely unaffected except for a modest reduction (- 10.5%; P = 0.028) with ivy. CONCLUSIONS: Modulating effects of saponin extracts on rumen fermentation and methane production are dependent on the origins and dose-dependent manner, suggesting diverse phytochemical characteristics of saponin from different sources. Certain sources of saponin extracts with potential methane-reducing properties were identified such as Sapindus mukorossi, Albizia lebbeck, Calendula officinalis, Chenopodium quinoa, Sapindus saporia, Saponaria officinalis, Saponaria vaccaria, and Sesbania grandiflora. However, optimized levels remain to be determined for specific saponin sources along with their specific phytochemical characteristics and specific mechanism how they modulates rumen fermentation.
Mechanistic role of lipid metabolism in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) replication.
Zhang Y, Meng F, Li L … +13 more , Liu G, Tian Q, Liu Y, Li T, Gu L, Gong J, Liu C, Wen X, Wan F, Xiao H, Liu Y, Wang S, Cao J
Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42106845 · Full text
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious animal disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), primarily affecting cloven-hoofed animals such as swine, cattle, and sheep. As a core metabolic pathway fo...
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious animal disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), primarily affecting cloven-hoofed animals such as swine, cattle, and sheep. As a core metabolic pathway for maintaining cellular homeostasis, lipid metabolism is frequently hijacked by viruses via metabolic reprogramming mechanisms to support their infection cycle. Studies have demonstrated that positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses can reshape the host cell membrane system and modulate the lipid metabolic network, thereby constructing a favorable microenvironment for their invasion and replication. However, the molecular mechanisms by which FMDV-also a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus-promotes viral replication through the regulation of lipid metabolism remain incompletely elucidated. In this study, we found that inhibiting the key enzymes involved in the lipid metabolic pathway could significantly suppress FMDV proliferation. Exogenous supplementation of the downstream products catalyzed by these key enzymes notably restored FMDV replication, indicating that FMDV replication is dependent on lipids. Furthermore, we observed a significant upregulation in the protein expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) in host cells following FMDV infection. Inhibition of this enzyme led to a marked reduction in FMDV replication, suggesting that FMDV may enhance the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway to supply energy for its replication. In conclusion, this study comprehensively verified the critical role of lipid metabolism in FMDV replication through multidimensional assays involving the administration of inhibitors targeting key enzymes in the lipid metabolic pathway. These findings provide novel theoretical insights for the development of antiviral drugs and the prevention and control of FMD.
Breaking the culture habit: Complementing culture-based veterinary diagnostics with metagenomic data -A case study of feline and canine skin infections.
Ottesen A, Kocurek B, Mammel MK … +6 more , Charles SJ, Dietrich J, Pauley S, Cole SD, Rankin S, Ceric O
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42106812 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Skin infections have been described as the primary cause for veterinary small animal practice visits, frequently requiring topical and systemic antibiotics. These infections often represent secondary complica...
BACKGROUND: Skin infections have been described as the primary cause for veterinary small animal practice visits, frequently requiring topical and systemic antibiotics. These infections often represent secondary complications of underlying pathologies, that can lead to recurrent infections and multiple antibiotic exposures. This creates selection pressure toward antibiotic resistance at the intersection of skin, bloodstream, and shared human-animal environments. This case study integrates Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL) aerobic culture results with metagenomic (MGX) data to evaluate the combined utility of these approaches in advancing One Health veterinary diagnostics. Simultaneous reporting of culture-recovered pathogens alongside infection microbiomes and resistomes could strengthen pathogen epidemiology, illuminate polymicrobial etiologies, and inform antimicrobial stewardship. RESULTS: One feline and eight canine skin swabs were analyzed with aerobic culture and traditional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and compared with MGX profiles. VDL aerobic culture and AST identified Staphylococcus aureus, S. pseudintermedius, S. schleiferi, methicillin resistant (MR) S. schleiferi (MRSS), MR S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MGX data detected the identical bacterial pathogens and identified methicillin resistance genes (mecA, mecI, mecR1) in samples where AST had confirmed MRSP and MRSS. MGX data also detected mec genes in samples without culture confirmed MR phenotypes as well as describing multi-domain microbiota (bacteria, fungi, protists, viruses, phages), antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), plasmids, and metabolic features associated with the skin infection samples. CONCLUSIONS: MGX data detected the identical VDL recovered pathogens and genes that confer the AMR phenotypes recovered by VDL AST. MGX data also detected additional uncultured pathogens, ARGs, multi-domain microbiota, mobile AMR elements, and metabolic features. Future applications for these methods used simultaneously could support monitoring programs, advance pathogen epidemiology, inform treatment strategy, advance judicious antimicrobial administration, and provide data for machine learning (ML) models to improve precision veterinary diagnosis and treatment.
Animal listeriosis in Germany: An update for the current situation over 2 years (2024-2025) and the need for a surveillance system in the animal health sector.
Wareth G, Halbedel S, Neubauer H
Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42106754 · Full text
Animal listeriosis is a sporadic bacterial infection caused by Listeria (L.) monocytogenes and L. ivanovii. In Germany, only listeriosis caused by L. monocytogenes is considered a notifiable disease. The objective of thi...
Animal listeriosis is a sporadic bacterial infection caused by Listeria (L.) monocytogenes and L. ivanovii. In Germany, only listeriosis caused by L. monocytogenes is considered a notifiable disease. The objective of this report is to analyze official surveillance data on animal listeriosis in Germany from 2024 to 2025 to assess the epidemiological situation and the spatiotemporal distribution of this One Health relevant disease. A total of 341 notifications involving 652 affected animals were reported. The highest number of cases occurred in food-producing animals, particularly cattle, followed by sheep and goats. Listeriosis has also been reported in pet animals, wildlife, and poultry. The epidemiological situation and geographical distribution of the disease have remained consistent over the past decade, with the highest incidences in Berlin, Bavaria, and Baden-Wuerttemberg. Listeriae cause disease in a broad range of hosts nationwide. Monitoring listeriosis in animals is crucial for public health and the safety of the food supply. Systematic collection of animal isolates is essential to understand transmission from environmental reservoirs to humans-a currently puzzling link. This knowledge is vital for protecting human health.
Beyond labels: current sequencing data do not support standardized porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) genotypes.
Franzo G, Segalés J
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42106679 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) has been detected worldwide in both healthy and diseased pigs, raising questions about its molecular diversity and potential genotype structure. Since its discovery, several genoty...
BACKGROUND: Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) has been detected worldwide in both healthy and diseased pigs, raising questions about its molecular diversity and potential genotype structure. Since its discovery, several genotyping schemes have been proposed; however, most of them rely on arbitrary criteria and often produce inconsistent or conflicting classifications. RESULTS: In this study, all high-quality PCV3 ORF2 sequences available at the GenBank to date were analyzed to evaluate whether consistent and reproducible genotyping criteria can be defined. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed using multiple algorithms and statistical comparisons of topological similarity revealed moderate-to-high incongruence among methods, limited phylogenetic signal, and a general decline in bootstrap support toward deeper nodes. Genetic distance distributions showed complete overlap between and within proposed genotypes, further questioning the biological meaning of such partitions. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings indicate that the current genetic landscape of PCV3 does not support a robust or standardized genotyping framework. Given the low genetic variability of PCV3 and the absence of experimental evidence for genotype-specific differences in antigenicity, epidemiology, or virulence, the definition of formal genotypes appears challenging and premature, and likely unnecessary at this stage.
Recombinant proteins expressed in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis enhance antibody-based detection of bovine tuberculosis.
Jang E, Kwak K, Isoda N … +4 more , Matsuo K, Thapa J, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y
Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42104393 · Full text
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a zoonosis that threatens public health and causes substantial economic losses in livestock. The suboptimal Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant proteins lim...
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a zoonosis that threatens public health and causes substantial economic losses in livestock. The suboptimal Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant proteins limit the diagnostic performance of current bTB serological tests. To overcome this limitation, we evaluated Mycolicibacterium smegmatis as an expression host capable of producing recombinant antigens with post-translational modifications comparable to those of M. bovis. Ten antigen candidates were individually expressed in E. coli using the pET-26b( +) vector and in M. smegmatis using the pSOΔBam vector. Their diagnostic performance was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with plasma samples from interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)-negative (n = 30) and -positive (n = 46) cattle in South Korea, followed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Among the single antigens, LprA expressed in M. smegmatis demonstrated diagnostic performance comparable to that of the well-established antigen MPB70 (sensitivity: 50.0%, specificity: 96.6%, AUC: 0.791). In addition, several M. smegmatis-derived antigens showed higher concordance with the IGRA results, as assessed by Cohen's kappa and Fisher's exact tests, and a stronger association between age and antigen-specific antibody responses was observed among IGRA-positive cattle. Moreover, a multiple logistic regression model incorporating eight antigens, including those derived from both hosts, achieved high predictive accuracy for IGRA results (sensitivity: 87.0%, specificity: 100%, AUC: 0.991). These findings suggest that M. smegmatis is a promising host for identifying novel antigens and that a multi-host strategy may improve bTB serodiagnosis.
Complaints filed with the Veterinary Disciplinary Board in Sweden - a thematic analysis.
Svanberg I, Egenvall A, Enlund KB
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42104386 · Full text
BACKGROUND: This study examined complaints submitted to the Veterinary Disciplinary Board for Animal Health Staff in Sweden to identify reporting reasons, case outcomes, and recurring themes. A quantitative compilation a...
BACKGROUND: This study examined complaints submitted to the Veterinary Disciplinary Board for Animal Health Staff in Sweden to identify reporting reasons, case outcomes, and recurring themes. A quantitative compilation and qualitative thematic analysis were conducted on 500 disciplinary cases processed 2021, 2022 and 2023 (n = 86, n = 227, n = 187). RESULTS: Of 500 cases, 87% did not lead to sanctions, of which 21% (n = 106) were fully dismissed. The sanctions were admonitions (n = 48; less severe), warnings (n = 7; more severe), probations (n = 3) and revoked licence (n = 1). Veterinarians accounted for the majority of reported animal health staff (522/608). Thematic analysis identified three overarching reasons for reporting: clinical errors and quality of care (such as perceived mistakes in diagnostics, treatment, or examination), professionalism and ethics (including e.g. perceived lack of empathy towards owners or animals), and communication and information (including e.g. perceived loss of autonomy). These themes illustrate that while clinical competence is central, non-medical aspects play a critical role in owners' perceptions of care. A limitation of thematic analysis is its subjectivity; different researchers may identify different themes in the same data due to interpretative differences. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, prominent sub-themes were linked to non-medical issues, underscoring the need for effective communication and professionalism to prevent conflicts and build trust between veterinary staff and animal owners.
Molecular detection and characterization of Anaplasma phagocytophilum-related strains and Hepatozoon spp. in domestic cats in eastern Türkiye.
Akgul O, Oguz B
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42104383 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Tick-borne pathogens are increasingly recognized as important threats to veterinary and public health. However, the epidemiological role of cats in the transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum-related strain...
BACKGROUND: Tick-borne pathogens are increasingly recognized as important threats to veterinary and public health. However, the epidemiological role of cats in the transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum-related strains and Hepatozoon spp. remains unclear. In Türkiye, A. phagocytophilum-like 1 (AP-like 1) has been reported in ruminants and ticks; however, molecular evidence in feline hosts has not been documented. This study aimed to investigate the molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of A. phagocytophilum-related strains and Hepatozoon spp. in domestic cats from eastern Turkey. METHODS: Blood samples from 93 domestic cats from animal shelters in Van and Batman provinces were screened using PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Anaplasma spp. and the 18S rRNA gene of Hepatozoon spp. Positive samples were characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood method. RESULTS: Anaplasma DNA was detected in 78.5% (73/93) of cats, and RFLP analysis indicated that all positive samples were consistent with AP-like 1, representing the first molecular evidence of this variant in domestic cats in Türkiye. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the feline isolates clustered with ruminant-derived strains, suggesting shared transmission cycles and low host specificity. Hepatozoon spp. DNA was detected in 8.6% (8/93) of the samples. Based on sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of a subset of positive samples, the isolates were identified as Hepatozoon felis genotype I. The absence of other variants in the sequenced subset may suggest regional differences; however, this finding should be interpreted cautiously due to the limited number of sequences analyzed. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate a high prevalence of AP-like 1 and support the circulation of Hepatozoon felis genotype I in domestic cats from eastern Türkiye, highlighting the potential role of feline hosts in regional transmission dynamics. This study expands current knowledge of the host range and epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum-related strains and Hepatozoon spp. and underscores the importance of integrated molecular surveillance and vector control strategies within the One Health framework.
Synergistic protection of chilled canine spermatozoa by apigenin and N-acetylcysteine amide through enhanced antioxidant defense and mitochondrial function.
Heidari S, Soleimanzadeh A, Mirzaie R
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42104342 · Full text
OBJECTIVES: Semen preservation is a critical aspect of assisted reproductive technologies in canine breeding programs; however, oxidative stress during chilled storage negatively affects sperm quality by impairing motili...
OBJECTIVES: Semen preservation is a critical aspect of assisted reproductive technologies in canine breeding programs; however, oxidative stress during chilled storage negatively affects sperm quality by impairing motility, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial function. This study investigated the protective effects of apigenin and N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), individually and in combination, on the quality, antioxidant defense system, and mitochondrial activity of canine spermatozoa stored at 5 °C for 72 h. METHODS: Semen samples collected from five healthy mixed-breed dogs with proven fertility were pooled and diluted in a Tris-egg yolk extender supplemented with apigenin (0.2 or 0.4 mM), NACA (0.5 or 1 mM), or a combination of both (0.4 mM apigenin + 1 mM NACA). Sperm motility, membrane functionality, viability, DNA integrity, oxidative/antioxidant biomarkers, and mitochondrial parameters were evaluated at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. RESULTS: Both antioxidants significantly improved all parameters compared with the control, with the combined treatment exhibiting the most pronounced and synergistic effects: motility and kinematic parameters approximately twofold higher, antioxidant enzyme activities markedly enhanced, lipid/protein oxidation reduced, and mitochondrial integrity and ATP production preserved after 72 h. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the synergistic combination of apigenin and N-acetylcysteine amide significantly improves the quality and longevity of chilled canine spermatozoa, offering a promising strategy for optimizing semen extenders in canine breeding programs.
Serologic and molecular evidence of avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B in unvaccinated broiler breeder flocks in Egypt (2024-2025).
Saeed OS, Labib MA, Gamal M … +3 more , Ahmed BM, El-Deeb AH, Amer HM
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42104332 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is an economically significant respiratory pathogen of poultry that affects performance, egg production, and fertility of breeder flocks. Despite its impact, aMPV continues to be...
BACKGROUND: Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is an economically significant respiratory pathogen of poultry that affects performance, egg production, and fertility of breeder flocks. Despite its impact, aMPV continues to be ill-defined in Egypt with no integrated surveillance studies conducted in breeder flocks. Therefore, the current study was designed to provide the first integrated molecular and serological evaluation of aMPV circulation in broiler breeders in Egypt. METHODS: Between 2024 and 2025, a total of 6,000 serum samples and 800 tracheal swabs were collected from 60 unvaccinated broiler breeder flocks across twelve Egyptian governorates. Sera were obtained at 16 weeks (rearing phase) and 35 weeks (production phase) of age and screened for aMPV subtypes A and B by ELISA. Tracheal swabs collected during the production phase were pooled into 80 composite samples and tested for the viral RNA by reverse transcription quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: Serological analysis revealed widespread aMPV exposure, with governorate-level seroprevalence ranging between 64.4% (Luxor) and 89% (Giza). Antibody titers increased between 16 and 35 weeks of age, reflecting cumulative viral exposure. Molecular testing detected aMPV RNA in 67 (83.75%) of pooled swab samples. Subtype B was the predominant genotype detected solely in 65 (81.25%) sample pools and in co-detection with subtype A in 2 pools (2.5%). Serological and molecular findings were generally aligned, with flocks positive for aMPV RNA often exhibiting higher antibody titers. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that aMPV, particularly subtype B, is likely endemic across the Egyptian broiler breeder flocks. The study highlights critical knowledge gaps and emphasizes the need for viral isolation, sequencing, and controlled evaluation of biosecurity and vaccination strategies.
Genetic and biological characterization of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from swine in China.
Zhao Y, Liu C, Li Y … +11 more , Wang Y, Hou B, Gao H, Liu Z, Wu X, Lu M, Shen Y, Yang P, Yuan H, Hou Y, Xiao Y
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42104325 · Full text
BACKGROUND: H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been circulating in poultry in China for decades and are undergoing adaptation to mammals, posing potential pandemic risks. To investigate the prevalence of H9N2 AIVs in s...
BACKGROUND: H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been circulating in poultry in China for decades and are undergoing adaptation to mammals, posing potential pandemic risks. To investigate the prevalence of H9N2 AIVs in swine, we conducted surveillance in Shandong Province from 2021 to 2023. RESULTS: Two H9N2 influenza virus strains, A/swine/Shandong/417/2021(Sw/SD/417/21) and A/swine/Shandong/662/2022 (Sw/SD/662/22), were successfully isolated from swine and genetically characterized. Phylogenetic analyses showed that both isolates were reassortants containing gene segments from multiple H9N2 AIV lineages and closely related to currently circulating H9N2 AIV. Key molecular marker analysis revealed that both isolates carried mammalian-adaptive residues in the HA receptor-binding sites (183 N, 190 V, 226 L), a novel HA cleavage site variant (PSKSSRGL), PB2 mutations (A588V, E627V), and the M2 S31N substitution, suggesting potential adaptation to mammalian hosts and resistance to adamantane antivirals. Mice infection experiments demonstrated efficient viral replication in the respiratory tract, particularly in the lungs, but only mild histopathological changes were observed, with no significant weight loss or mortality, indicating low pathogenicity in mice. Serological surveillance of 3,172 swine serum samples showed a low prevalence of H9N2 influenza virus infection (0.44%), with positive samples sporadically distributed across regions and years. CONCLUSION: In summary, although H9N2 AIV infection in swine is rare and generally mild, the presence of mammalian-adaptive markers and reassortant genomes highlights the potential risk of cross-species transmission and subclinical adaptation. Continuous avian-swine-human influenza surveillance is therefore essential to mitigate the potential threat posed by H9N2 AIV.
Identification of Ctenocephalides felis felis and the detection and characterization of associated Wolbachia endosymbiont in Pakistan.
Nadia N, Numan M, Khan AH … +7 more , Rahman S, Batoool S, Sun Z, Alotaibi AF, Almutairi MM, Ali A, Aljasham AT
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42098841 · Full text
Fleas are holometabolous, blood-feeding ectoparasites capable of transmitting diverse pathogens of significant veterinary and public health concerns. Their occurrence and abundance within a given habitat depend on enviro...
Fleas are holometabolous, blood-feeding ectoparasites capable of transmitting diverse pathogens of significant veterinary and public health concerns. Their occurrence and abundance within a given habitat depend on environmental factors and the availability of suitable hosts. In Pakistan, research on flea fauna and their associated pathogens has been neglected. To date, no reports have documented the molecular characterization of Ctenocephalides felis felis and their associated bacteria in Pakistan. In the present study, three hundred and eighty morphologically identified C. felis felis specimens-comprising 184 collected from free roaming (stray) dogs (n = 69) and 196 from cats (n = 86), were subjected to DNA extraction followed by amplification of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) and citrate synthase gene (gltA) for flea identity confirmation and screening for the presence of associated bacteria, respectively. Amplicons of appropriate base pair sizes were sequenced and submitted to BLASTn and subsequently subjected to phylogenetic analyses. The obtained cox1 sequence from the morphologically identified C. felis felis in this study showed 100% identity and phylogenetically clustered with C. felis felis sequences from India, Australia, Thailand, China, and Laos in GenBank. Similarly, gltA sequences showed 100% identity with the Wolbachia endosymbiont of C. felis reported from the United Kingdom. This study provides the first genetic characterization of C. felis felis infesting dogs and cats, and their associated Wolbachia endosymbiont in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. These findings provide baseline molecular data and highlight the need for systematic surveillance and management measures to mitigate any potential veterinary and public health threats.
The effects of citrulline on horse milk components and fecal metabolism were analyzed based on LC-MS and 16s amplicon.
Ma Y, Liu P, Li X … +4 more , Hu Q, Lin J, Yang F, Yang K
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42098815 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The lactation period in mares is critical, as it significantly influences foal health and subsequent reproductive outcomes. Developing a precise nutritional strategy for lactating mares is a primary research...
BACKGROUND: The lactation period in mares is critical, as it significantly influences foal health and subsequent reproductive outcomes. Developing a precise nutritional strategy for lactating mares is a primary research focus. L-citrulline, a bioactivenon-protein amino acid and precursor to arginine, has been shown to enhance mammary blood flow and reduce oxidative stress, yielding promising results in livestock lactation studies. However, research on its effects in Equus species remains limited. There is a notable gap in data regarding its impact on lactation performance blood biochemistry, and its role in the fecal microbiota and metabolism of mares. This study, therefore, seeks to explore the effects of L-citrulline supplementation on lactation performance, foal growth, fecal microbiota, and metabolomic profiles in grazing lactating mares, aiming to establish a foundation for dietary optimization and he advancement of the horse industry. RESULTS: In this study, 32 lactating mares were selected and assigned to a control group (no amino acid supplementation) and experimental groups I, II, and III (15 g/d, 30 g/d, and 45 g/d of L-citrulline respectively) under identical grazing conditions, with 8 mares per group. The results demonstrated a significant increase in milk production for mares in group II (30 g/d) (P < 0.01). Additionally, milk fat percentage, foal weight and body size were higher in all experimental groups compared to the control group. Blood levels of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase were extremely significantly lower in the experimental groups than in the control group. To further explore the effects of L-citrulline on fecal microbiota and metabolites,16 S rDNA sequencing and LC-MS/MS analysis were performed on the control group and the experimental group receiving 30 g/d (which showed the most pronounced lactation response). The microbiota level, analysis revealed Firmicutes as the dominant phylum, with significant differences in the species F082 and the genus Ruminococcaceae_bacterium_AE2021. Tax4Fun functional annotation showed the highest gene function abundance in digestive metabolism, genetic information processing and environmental information processing pathways. LC-MS/MS analysis identified differential metabolites primarily associated with biological systems and metabolism. In conclusion, L-citrulline supplementation in grazing lactating mares increased milk production, improved milk fat quality, and enhanced foal weight and body size. CONCLUSION: L-citrulline supplementation enhances milk production in mares, improves milk fat, quality, reduces lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase levels in the blood, and promote the growth and development of lactating foals.
About
- Frequency
- Sun
- Papers found
- 200
- RSS feed
- Subscribe