Veterinary Research[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
An IgM monoclonal antibody targeting diguanylate cyclase DgcE potentiates gentamicin activity against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli through modulation of c-di-GMP signaling.
Fangfang L, Lianhua N, Haiyang W … +7 more , Zhihao W, Liyan L, Jiangang H, Yuanzheng J, Yinli B, Xiangan H, Haidong W
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42226053 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The combination of monoclonal antibodies with aminoglycosides represents a promising strategy to counter the increasing prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance in avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). Although the...
BACKGROUND: The combination of monoclonal antibodies with aminoglycosides represents a promising strategy to counter the increasing prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance in avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). Although the diguanylate cyclase DgcE (UniProt: P38097) is known to regulate virulence through c-di-GMP signaling, its potential as a therapeutic target has not been investigated. RESULTS: In this study, five female BALB/c mice were immunized to generate a monoclonal antibody. We developed an IgM monoclonal antibody (E11G12) targeting a defined region of DgcE and evaluated its ability to potentiate gentamicin activity. Structural prediction and docking analyses suggested specific binding interactions within the targeted DgcE region. In vitro checkerboard assays demonstrated synergistic activity between E11G12 and gentamicin (FICI ≤ 0.5), and time-kill assays showed enhanced bactericidal activity compared to monotherapy. Treatment was associated with reduced intracellular c-di-GMP levels and increased gentamicin accumulation. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the E11G12-aminoglycoside combination exhibits synergistic anti-APEC activity, potentially through blocking virulence via DgcE inhibition and enhancing antibiotic efficacy in association with c-di-GMP suppression. This approach offers a novel therapeutic strategy against drug-resistant APEC infections.
Laparoscopic liver biopsy in buffaloes with tru-cut needle yields superior liver samples.
Borges LPB, da Cunha Rossy K, Dos Santos GMA … +11 more , Silva CRG, Dos Santos Albuquerque R, de Morais HLM, Júnior PSB, Cunha MSE, de Oliveira RA, Araújo LHV, Gurgel HJ, Viana RB, de Oliveira Monteiro FD, Teixeira PPM
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42218513 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Liver biopsy is a valuable diagnostic tool for diagnosing hepatobiliary diseases in ruminants. Although laparoscopic biopsy is established in cattle and small animals, there is no standardised comparison of t...
BACKGROUND: Liver biopsy is a valuable diagnostic tool for diagnosing hepatobiliary diseases in ruminants. Although laparoscopic biopsy is established in cattle and small animals, there is no standardised comparison of the biopsy instruments for buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the quality of liver samples obtained by laparoscopy using three instruments: Babcock forceps (B1), laparoscopic biopsy forceps (B2) and a 14G truss cut needle (B3). We hypothesised that the tru-cut needle would provide superior samples with fewer artefacts. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. METHODS: To understand sedation and epidural anaesthesia, laparoscopic liver biopsies were performed on five healthy female buffaloes. Using a right intercostal approach, three sequential samples were collected from each animal with B1, B2, and B3. The samples were histologically evaluated for quality (presence of portal /central veins), sufficiency, and artefacts (edge squeeze and detachment). The area was measured digitally. Statistical analysis used Cochran's Q and post-hoc McNemar tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The truss truss cut needle (B3) produced adequate quality samples in 100% of cases, compared to 80% for B2 and 60% for B1. Sample sufficiency was higher for B2 and B3 (80% each) than for B1 (0%; P = 0.0408). Edge detachment was significantly lower for B3 (20%) than for B2 (40%) and B1 (100%; P = 0.0388). Crush artifact was absent in B3 samples but present in 60% of B1 and B2 samples. MAIN LIMITATIONS: The small sample size (n = 5) of healthy animals limits statistical power and generalisability to clinical cases. The fixed order of the instrument may have introduced a sequence bias. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic liver biopsy with a truss cut needle yields diagnostically superior samples with significantly fewer artefacts compared to forceps-based techniques in buffaloes, recommending it as the instrument of choice for this species.
Prime editing of Nectin-1 functional domains confers knockout-level resistance to pseudorabies virus.
Xie T, Ouyang H, Wang Y … +5 more , Zhang S, Yang S, Kong J, Huang T, Cao G
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42216169 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The continuous evolution and cross-species transmission risk of pseudorabies virus (PRV) poses a substantial threat to the swine industry and public health. Nectin-1, an essential host receptor for PRV entry,...
BACKGROUND: The continuous evolution and cross-species transmission risk of pseudorabies virus (PRV) poses a substantial threat to the swine industry and public health. Nectin-1, an essential host receptor for PRV entry, represents a promising antiviral target; however, direct gene knockout (KO) raises biosafety concerns, and conventional genome-editing approaches remain inefficient for precise multiplex modification of critical functional residues. RESULTS: Here, we employed prime editing (PE) to systematically re-engineer the PRV entry receptor Nectin-1, introducing single and combinatorial point mutations at four structurally defined amino acids within the gD-binding interface. PE enable efficient homozygous multiplex editing of these functionally critical residues in porcine cells. Functional analyses showed that these targeted mutations specifically impaired viral internalization without affecting attachment and exhibited combinatorial effects, resulting in reductions in viral replication and release. Notably, the quadruple-site mutant conferred a level of resistance comparable to that observed in Nectin-1 KO cells. CONCLUSION: Collectively, this study establishes a framework for "functional knockout," in which precise editing of essential microdomains confers resistance to virus infection while preserving protein integrity. These findings, derived from in vitro cellular models, suggest a potentially safer and more controllable strategy for antiviral genome-edited breeding, pending further validation in vivo.
Evidence of respiratory infection by bovine coronavirus in a neonatal calf.
Cho HC, Song J, Kim Y … +2 more , Kim J, Choi KS
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42216150 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a major pneumoenteric pathogen that causes diarrhea in calves and respiratory disease in cattle of all ages. While BCoV-associated diarrhea is well-documented, reports of respirat...
BACKGROUND: Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a major pneumoenteric pathogen that causes diarrhea in calves and respiratory disease in cattle of all ages. While BCoV-associated diarrhea is well-documented, reports of respiratory infection in neonatal calves remain limited, particularly in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Here, we describe a case of BCoV-induced pulmonary infection in a calf that presented without clinical respiratory signs. CASE PRESENTATION: A 7-day-old Holstein calf developed white, watery diarrhea and dehydration that subsequently progressed to astasia, showing no respiratory signs. Following euthanasia due to poor prognosis, necropsy revealed no gross lesions. However, real-time RT-PCR detected BCoV only in the lungs, whereas all other tissue samples, including the intestines, tested negative. Histopathologic examination revealed mild bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonia, and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of viral antigen in bronchiolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: This case represents a naturally occurring BCoV pulmonary infection in a neonatal calf in the ROK. These findings indicate that BCoV can establish primary respiratory infection at a very early age without typical respiratory signs. Overall, this observation underscores the potential role of BCoV as an important contributor to respiratory disease in calves.
Canine mammary tumors: a bibliometric and visualized analysis from 2009 to 2025.
Shi Y, Ding W, He Z … +11 more , Zhang H, Sun P, Fan K, Yin W, Yang H, Zhang Z, Zhong J, Wang J, Sun Y, Li H, Sun N
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42216029 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most common neoplasms in intact female dogs. Although the number of publications on CMTs has increased steadily over recent decades, a comprehensive overview of the knowle...
BACKGROUND: Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most common neoplasms in intact female dogs. Although the number of publications on CMTs has increased steadily over recent decades, a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure, research hotspots, and evolutionary trends in this field is still lacking. METHODS: Publications related to CMTs were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection without restrictions on language or document type. Bibliometric and visualization analyses were conducted using CiteSpace (version 6.3.1) and VOSviewer (version 1.6.20). Co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence networks were constructed to identify influential countries, institutions, authors, core journals, research themes, and emerging trends. RESULTS: The annual number of publications on CMTs showed a long-term increasing trend and has remained relatively stable in recent years, indicating a mature research stage. Brazil, the United States, and Italy were the most productive and influential countries, forming the core of the international collaboration network. A limited number of institutions and author groups dominated the field, with strong intra-group collaboration. Keyword and co-citation analyses revealed that histopathology, molecular expression, prognosis constitute the central research themes. Temporal and burst analyses indicated a shift from descriptive pathology toward molecular characterization, prognostic evaluation, reflecting the increasing depth and complexity of research in this field. CONCLUSIONS: Research on CMTs has evolved from morphology-based studies to increasingly molecular and clinically oriented approaches. This bibliometric analysis clarifies the intellectual structure and developmental trajectory of the field and provides a systematic reference for future research on CMTs.
Molecular prevalence, genomic characterization, and zoonotic potential of novel paramyxovirus and hepacivirus in Alexandromys fortis, Republic of Korea.
Pangestu HS, Yang I, Natasha A … +11 more , Rajoriya S, Hennisa H, Park J, Park K, Kim J, Kim SG, Klein TA, Kim HC, Oh Y, Song JW, Kim WK
Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42210369 · Full text
Rodents are substantial reservoirs of zoonotic viruses with regular human exposure restricted to a limited number of species. Numerous rodent species have been shown to harbor emerging viruses, including paramyxoviruses...
Rodents are substantial reservoirs of zoonotic viruses with regular human exposure restricted to a limited number of species. Numerous rodent species have been shown to harbor emerging viruses, including paramyxoviruses and hepaciviruses. Reed voles (Alexandromys fortis), a rodent species that inhabits grasslands and riparian environments throughout East Asia, remain poorly characterized in terms of their viral diversity. In this study, 258 A. fortis specimens collected from rural areas in Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea (ROK) were screened for paramyxoviruses and subjected to metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Genome characterization, phylogenetic and cophylogenetic assessments, and prediction of signal peptidase cleavage sites were performed to analyze the molecular features of the identified viruses. Zoonotic potential was evaluated using a genome-based machine-learning model. A nearly complete genome of a novel paramyxovirus, designated as Pyeongtaek Alexandromys paramyxovirus (PyAPV), was identified in six A. fortis specimens, with all sequences clustering within the genus Jeilongvirus. A nearly complete genome of a rodent-associated hepacivirus was also obtained from four specimens and classified as a distinct lineage within the species Hepacivirus J. These findings demonstrate the role of A. fortis as a natural reservoir of emerging viruses and expand current knowledge of rodent-associated viral diversity in the ROK.
Q fever in Kazakhstan: seroepidemiology, molecular evidence, and spatial distribution across livestock and ticks.
Perfilyeva YV, Mashzhan AS, Kuatbek MM … +17 more , Ostapchuk YO, Dosmagambet ZM, Zhigailov AV, Kuligin AV, Bissenbay AO, Kuatbekova SA, Kan SA, Lushova AV, Abdolla N, Nizkorodova AS, Shapiyeva ZZ, Sayakova ZZ, Perfilyeva AV, Berdygulova ZA, Maltseva ER, Skiba YA, Dmitrovskiy AM
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42210355 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, remains a neglected zoonosis in Kazakhstan, with limited epidemiological data available. This study assessed the occurrence, spatial distribution, and risk factors of Q f...
BACKGROUND: Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, remains a neglected zoonosis in Kazakhstan, with limited epidemiological data available. This study assessed the occurrence, spatial distribution, and risk factors of Q fever nationwide. RESULTS: Between 2019 and 2024, 1,314 cattle and 1,689 small ruminants were sampled from 115 to 149 villages/cities, respectively, and 3,073 ticks were collected from 39 districts across Kazakhstan. Blood serum samples were screened for anti-C. burnetii antibodies by ELISA, while DNA from sheep milk and ticks was analyzed by qPCR, followed by partial sequencing of the 16 S rRNA and IS1111 genes. Multiple spacer sequence typing was performed on selected C. burnetii - positive samples. Risk factors were evaluated in a GEE model, and spatial risk maps were generated via inverse distance weighting interpolation. The apparent individual seroprevalence was significantly higher in small ruminants (30.6%; 95% CI: 28.4 - 32.9) than in cattle (6.6%; 95% CI: 5.3 - 8.1; p < 0.0001). Herd-level prevalence was 12.9% (95% CI: 8.4 - 17.6) in cattle and 60.2% (95% CI: 52.5 - 67.6; p < 0.0001) in small ruminants. Pavlodar oblast exhibited the highest individual and herd-level seroprevalence in both species, whereas low seroprevalence (≤ 11%) was observed in Atyrau, Mangystau, East Kazakhstan, and North Kazakhstan oblasts. Herd size was identified as a significant risk factor in both cattle and small ruminants. Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected in three of 77 (4%; 95% CI: 0.8 - 10.9) tested sheep milk samples. Overall, 7.6% of ticks (234/3,073; 95% CI: 6.7 - 8.6) tested positive for Coxiella spp., primarily H. scupense and D. niveus, likely including non-pathogenic endosymbionts. Thirteen samples were successfully sequenced and showed 99.7%-100% nucleotide identity in the IS1111 gene with reference C. burnetii isolates. The allele profile identified in the present study for the loci Cox2 - Cox5 - Cox18 was 3-8-15. CONCLUSION: Q fever should be regarded as a potentially underrecognized and underreported infection in Kazakhstan. The exceptionally high prevalence observed in Pavlodar oblast in small ruminants and cattle underscores the urgent need to initiate monitoring of Q fever in the human population.
Expression of bluetongue virus core proteins VP2 and VP7 by bovine herpesvirus-4 confers protection against virulent challenge in a mouse model.
Franceschi V, Nogales-Altozano P, Rojas JM … +4 more , Minesso S, Sevilla N, Donofrio G, Martín V
Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42210331 · Full text
Bluetongue virus (BTV) remains a major threat to livestock health and agricultural economies worldwide due to its multiple serotypes, vector transmission, and wide geographic distribution. Vaccination is essential for co...
Bluetongue virus (BTV) remains a major threat to livestock health and agricultural economies worldwide due to its multiple serotypes, vector transmission, and wide geographic distribution. Vaccination is essential for controlling BTV outbreaks; however, developing vaccines that provide broad protection while complying with the requirements of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) remains challenging. In this study, we evaluated the antigenicity and protective efficacy of two BTV proteins, VP2 and VP7, delivered using a bovine herpesvirus-4 (BoHV-4)-based viral vector. Groups of mice lacking interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) (C57BL/6 background) were immunized using a prime/boost regimen with BoHV-4 vectors expressing VP2, VP7, or both antigens. All vaccinated groups developed antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Following challenge with virulent BTV-8, complete protection was observed in the VP2 and VP7 single-antigen groups, while 80% protection was achieved with the combined VP2 + VP7 vaccination. Total anti-BTV IgG levels increased after booster immunization, with the highest pre-challenge titers detected in the combined vaccination group. After challenge, IgG levels rose further in VP2-immunized mice, whereas VP7-immunized animals showed comparatively lower titers. All vaccinated mice mounted BTV-specific cellular responses, as demonstrated by interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assay (ELISPOT) and intracellular cytokine staining. T cells expressing IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, or CD107a were detected, with evidence of polyfunctional responses across groups. Notably, VP7 immunization induced stronger cellular responses, including increased cytotoxic potential in CD4 and CD8 T cells. These findings demonstrate that BoHV-4 vectors expressing VP2 or VP7 elicit robust humoral and cellular immunity and confer protection against BTV, highlighting their potential as a versatile vaccine platform.
Establishment of methods for visual and rapid detection of piscine lactococcosis based on isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification.
Luo H, Wu Z, Fan W … +4 more , Zeng H, Li J, Zhang YA, Zhou Y
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42210273 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Lactococcosis is a bacterial disease in fish caused by several Lactococcus species, including L. garvieae and L. petauri, with clinical signs frequently overlapping with those caused by other streptococcal sp...
BACKGROUND: Lactococcosis is a bacterial disease in fish caused by several Lactococcus species, including L. garvieae and L. petauri, with clinical signs frequently overlapping with those caused by other streptococcal species. This diagnostic overlap necessitates a prompt and precise diagnostic tool for guiding accurate treatment and control. To address this diagnostic challenge, we developed basic recombinase polymerase amplification (basic-RPA) and RPA combined with lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) assays for the detection of lactococcosis-associated Lactococcus species. RESULTS: Both methods exhibited a detection limit of 10 copies/µL for the recombinant plasmid pMD19-adhE-ywdF and 10 pg/µL for L. garvieae genomic DNA. Specificity testing using DNA from L. garvieae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella piscicida, and Streptococcus iniae confirmed that amplification occurred exclusively with L. garvieae, showing specificity against the tested panel. The assay also detected L. petauri, indicating that it recognizes both major lactococcosis-associated Lactococcus species. When tested with the plasmid standard, the RPA assays were 100-fold more sensitive than PCR; with genomic DNA, all three methods showed the same detection limit. When applied to 20 samples from experimentally infected tilapia, the RPA-LFD results were fully consistent with those of conventional PCR. CONCLUSIONS: The established methods are straightforward, sensitive, and specific, offering a promising candidate tool for the rapid on-site diagnosis of piscine lactococcosis.
Some performance characteristics of Caucasian pheasants (Phasianus colchicus colchicus) raised without their natural habitat.
Tok M, Kırbaş G, Şamlı MŞ … +2 more , Arslan E, Kırıkçı K
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42210258 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Caucasian pheasants (Phasianus colchicus colchicus) are an important subspecies within the family Phasianidae and are naturally distributed along the coastal regions of the Marmara and Black Sea in Türkiye, a...
BACKGROUND: Caucasian pheasants (Phasianus colchicus colchicus) are an important subspecies within the family Phasianidae and are naturally distributed along the coastal regions of the Marmara and Black Sea in Türkiye, as well as in the Caucasus and surrounding areas. This subspecies plays a notable role in both the conservation of natural populations and commercial breeding programs. The present study aimed to evaluate egg production, egg quality characteristics and hatchability performance of Caucasian pheasants. METHODS: The study was conducted at the Research and Application Unit of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University. A total of 40 females and 4 males were used as experimental material and housed in four open pens (5.0 × 5.0 × 2.5 m) at a male-to-female ratio of 1:10. Pheasants were provided an 18% CP layer diet and water ad libitum. Eggs were collected twice daily over a 140-day period, and every 15 days, 10 eggs were randomly selected for egg quality analyses. The number of investigated was 90 eggs. RESULTS: The observed fertility rate, hatchability, and hatchability of fertile eggs were 90.00%, 65.75%, and 73.34%, respectively. Embryonic mortality was determined to be 26.00%. The egg production of Caucasian pheasants was monitored for 140 days. On average, 91 eggs per hen were obtained from the pheasants. The rate of egg yield (%) was recorded as 65%. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that Caucasian pheasants exhibit a high production potential in terms of egg. In conclusion, Caucasian pheasants can be raised without natural habitat such as Anatolian region. Moreover, this birds can have economical and ecological potential in similar condition areas.
Echinatin attenuates LPS-induced mastitis by suppressing IL-17RA and MAPK/NF-κB signaling.
Shao D, Zhang H, Zhang H … +6 more , Hao B, Gu Q, Liu Y, Yang Z, Wu D, Wang S
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42210240 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Mastitis severely impairs milk yield and quality, as well as the health and productivity of dairy animals. Although antibiotics are the primary therapeutic option, their associated side effects drive the sear...
BACKGROUND: Mastitis severely impairs milk yield and quality, as well as the health and productivity of dairy animals. Although antibiotics are the primary therapeutic option, their associated side effects drive the search for safer alternatives from botanical sources. Echinatin (Ech), a natural chalcone with known anti-inflammatory properties, has not been evaluated for its efficacy against mastitis. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms of Ech using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and a mouse mastitis model. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that Ech exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the levels of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-17A) and decreasing protein levels of inflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, RNA-seq analysis identified an association with the IL-17 A receptor (IL-17RA) signaling following Ech intervention, which was subsequently validated by western blot showing that Ech suppressed the activation of both IL-17RA and the downstream MAPK/NF-κB pathways. Furthermore, in a recombine IL-17A (rIL-17A)-induced inflammatory model in BMECs, Ech attenuated the exacerbated inflammatory response by restraining IL-17RA and the downstream MAPK/NF-κB activation. Importantly, blocking IL-17RA signaling abolished the anti-inflammatory and pathway-inhibitory effects of Ech. Collectively, these results demonstrate a vital role of IL-17RA and MAPK/NF-κB pathway for Ech-mediated protection against mammary gland inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal that Ech attenuates LPS‑induced inflammation in BMECs and a mouse model of mastitis by suppressing IL-17RA signaling and thereby inactivating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway, offering new insights for optimizing preventive strategies against mastitis in dairy cows.
Combination of essential oils from Ocimum americanum L., Ocimum gratissimum L., and Lippia multiflora Mold.: a potential solution for controlling the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).
Coulibaly A, Delma BJ, Biguezoton AS … +4 more , Dah FF, Kaboré A, Kiendrebeogo M, Nébié RCH
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42210239 · Full text
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most significant ectoparasites affecting livestock in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This tick causes substantial economic losses in cattle production by...
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most significant ectoparasites affecting livestock in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This tick causes substantial economic losses in cattle production by reducing weight gain and milk yield and by transmitting pathogens responsible for diseases such as babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Conventional control strategies rely largely on synthetic acaricides; however, their use poses risks to human health and the environment and has contributed to the rapid emergence of resistant tick populations. Under these circumstances, the search for natural acaricidal alternatives has become essential, with essential oils emerging as a promising solution. The present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of a combination of Ocimum americanum (1:6), Ocimum gratissimum (2:3), and Lippia multiflora (1:6) essential oils against adult R. microplus using the adult immersion test (AIT). Combination indices and dose reduction indices were calculated to assess the interaction effects between the essential oils. The combination completely inhibited oviposition and larval hatching of R. microplus at concentrations of 100 and 80 mg/mL, respectively. Synergistic effects were observed at all tested concentrations, with achieving 93% efficiency starting at 80 mg/mL. These findings highlight the potential of this essential oil combination for developing natural acaricidal formulations to effectively control R. microplus.
Can black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) be utilized by ruminants? a meta-analysis of performance, digestibility, and rumen fermentation responses.
Yanza YR, Nahrowi, Alifian MD … +1 more , Irawan A
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42204735 · Full text
BACKGROUND: This meta-analysis examined the effects of dietary black soldier fly (BSF) on ruminant production, digestibility, and rumen fermentation parameters, and key moderating variables that influenced the animal res...
BACKGROUND: This meta-analysis examined the effects of dietary black soldier fly (BSF) on ruminant production, digestibility, and rumen fermentation parameters, and key moderating variables that influenced the animal responses. In ruminants, a total of 12 studies were identified through Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed and were analyzed using mixed model meta-analysis using the metafor package in R software. RESULTS: The results indicated that BSF inclusion did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FCR), and digestibility outcomes. However, crude protein intake decreased (RMD = - 3.54%; P = 0.006) with BSF inclusion. While milk yield and dairy efficiency were unaffected, BSF inclusion exhibited a positive effect on milk fat percentage (+ 3.16%; P = 0.001). Rumen fermentation was enhanced by BSF inclusion, as indicated by higher total VFA production (+ 7.69%; P = 0.024). Animal species and inclusion levels were significant moderators of DMI and DMD, in which BSF inclusion in goats resulted in improved ADG (P = 0.019) and DMI (P < 0.01), while no effect was found on sheep. Beef and dairy cattle displayed improved DM digestibility (P = 0.04). No major effects were detected for BSF type or country of study, and publication bias was not evident for the main production outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis suggests that BSF-derived ingredients can be incorporated into ruminant diets as a partial replacement for soybean meal without compromising overall animal performance while providing specific benefits for milk quality and rumen fermentation. However, additional studies on growing ruminants, particularly steers and lambs, are warranted, as current evidence on these classes is limited.
Buffer stabilized sodium butyrate enhances early growth and gut barrier function in broilers by modulating SCFA, antioxidant, and microbiota composition.
Melaku M, Zhao H, Zhong R … +8 more , Wen X, Luo C, Li J, Ali A, Ayalew H, Yi B, Chen L, Zhang H
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42204529 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Early intestinal development plays a significant role in determining long-term broiler health and performance; however, information on the effects of new buffer salt-protected sodium butyrate (NBSB) during th...
BACKGROUND: Early intestinal development plays a significant role in determining long-term broiler health and performance; however, information on the effects of new buffer salt-protected sodium butyrate (NBSB) during this stage remains limited. The present study evaluated the early stage effects of NBSB on growth performance, intestinal health, and cecal microbiota, building on our previous 42-day study using ELISA, RT-qPCR, gas chromatography, and 16S rRNA sequencing. In total, 192 day-old male broiler chicks were allocated to three groups using a completely randomized design with eight replicate cages per treatment (eight chicks per cage): (1) a corn soybean basal diet (CTRL), (2) CTRL + 0.01% aureomycin antibiotic (ANBX), and (3) CTRL + 0.08% NBSB. RESULTS: Compared with the CTRL, NBSB increased the final body weight by 6.1%, ADG by 8.0%, and reduced FCR by 5.0% (P < 0.05), with no significant difference from the ANBX group. NBSB also significantly increased IL-10, IgA, IgG, and decreased TNF-α levels (P < 0.05) compared to ANBX. Additionally, NBSB increased villus height (VH) in the ileum and the VH: CD ratio in both the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). It further upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins, SOD, and T-AOC/MDA ratio in both intestinal segments, along with T-AOC levels in the jejunum (P < 0.05). NBSB also elevated acetic (AA) and butyric (BA) acid contents in the small and large intestines (P < 0.05). 16S rRNA analysis revealed that NBSB was associated with changes in microbial composition, including significant enrichment of SCFA-producing taxa, such as Ruminococcaceae, Eubacterium_hallii_group, and Ruminococcus (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These associations suggest that NBSB may have potential as a supportive alternative to antibiotics in healthy broilers, although further studies under disease challenge conditions are needed.
Differential expression of cell death-associated markers may reflect distinct renal lesion patterns in effusive and non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis.
Usta M, Karaman M, İlhan F … +1 more , Özen H
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42192500 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, immune-mediated disease caused by the mutagenic variants of feline coronavirus and manifests as effusive (wet) and non-effusive (dry) clinical forms with distin...
BACKGROUND: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, immune-mediated disease caused by the mutagenic variants of feline coronavirus and manifests as effusive (wet) and non-effusive (dry) clinical forms with distinct pathological features. Although necrosis is a common histopathological finding in FIP, the contribution of specific regulated cell death (RCD) pathway-associated protein expression patterns to tissue injury across different clinical forms remains poorly understood. This study aimed to concurrently and comparatively evaluate apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy-associated cell death, and ferroptosis in the renal tissues of cats with effusive and non-effusive FIP. METHODS: Archival kidney samples from cats diagnosed with effusive (n = 18) and non-effusive (n = 18) FIP were included in the study. Immunohistochemistry on tissue sections was performed to assess markers associated with apoptosis by Caspase-3 and Caspase-8, necroptosis-associated signaling by RIP3, autophagy-associated activity by LC3-II, and ferroptosis-associated lipid metabolic susceptibility by ACSL-4. Necrosis was evaluated histomorphologically using a semi-quantitative scoring system, and immunohistochemical expression levels were digitally quantified and statistically compared between the groups. RESULTS: Histopathological evaluation revealed widespread tubular degeneration and necrosis in both clinical forms, with no significant difference in necrosis scores between the effusive and the non-effusive FIP. In contrast, quantitative differences in RCD-associated marker expression were identified. The non-effusive form exhibited significantly higher Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and LC3-II immunoreactivity, suggesting a higher prevalence of markers associated with caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy-associated activity. Conversely, RIP3 and ACSL-4 immunoreactivity were significantly increased in the effusive form, indicating increased expression of markers associated with necroptosis-related and ferroptosis-related processes. All evaluated markers were detected in both disease forms, indicating overlapping expression profiles rather than mutually exclusive pathway involvement. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings indicate that RCD-associated proteins are differentially expressed in the effusive and the non-effusive FIP, reflecting quantitative differences in marker expression rather than definitive evidence of pathway-specific activation. While the non-effusive form showed higher expression of markers associated with caspase-dependent apoptosis and autophagy-associated activity, the effusive form exhibited increased expression of proteins related to proinflammatory and oxidative cell death-associated pathways. These findings provide a descriptive immunohistochemical profile of cell death-associated markers in renal lesions of FIP and highlight the need for future studies using complementary molecular and protein-based approaches to further clarify their functional significance.
Odocoileus virginianus PRNP sequencing reveals AF (QG/HG) advantage over AC (QG/QS) against chronic wasting disease.
London EW, Roca AL, Ishida Y … +3 more , Latif T, Novakofski JE, Mateus-Pinilla NE
Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42192487 · Full text
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly transmissible spongiform encephalopathy impacting cervids. Variations in the prion protein gene (PRNP), encoding the prion protein (PrP), influence disease progression and suscep...
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly transmissible spongiform encephalopathy impacting cervids. Variations in the prion protein gene (PRNP), encoding the prion protein (PrP), influence disease progression and susceptibility. Protein sequence is a key determinant of PrP strains and their capacity for interspecies transmission. Sequencing PRNP in white-tailed deer has revealed non-synonymous polymorphisms impacting disease-c.285A > C (Q95H) and c.286G > A (G96S). Previous PRNP amplification protocols misclassified homozygous and heterozygous deer due to allelic dropout by a widely used forward primer. We resequenced 586 deer previously classified as homozygous using a redesigned primer (designated Ov-PRNP-F2) and found 128 heterozygotes. Subsequently, we sequenced additional CWD-positive and CWD-negative deer using Ov-PRNP-F2 to correct for dropout and then estimated PrP variant susceptibility and CWD risk using 778 CWD-positive and 3,070 CWD-negative deer from 22 Illinois counties, the largest PRNP sequence dataset to date. Animals encoding PrP variant combination C (96S) and F (95H) were the least susceptible to CWD (OR = 0.03, p < 0.001) compared to deer encoding two copies of PrP variant A 95Q;96G. A novel finding is that deer encoding a single copy of PrP 95H were less susceptible to CWD compared to those with a single copy of PrP 96S (OR = 0.40, p < 0.001). The results support using genotyping methods to map susceptibility to CWD across the landscape, focusing on PrP variant frequencies to improve CWD epidemiological risk models.
Localized adaptive evolution in VP1 drives antigenic divergence of feline calicivirus despite high sequence conservation.
Jiang Y, Qi Y, Ma B … +9 more , Miao F, Yue H, Hou T, Chen T, Wang S, Li N, Zhang Y, Hu R, Zhang S
Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42192460 · Full text
Feline calicivirus (FCV) evolves rapidly under immune pressure, yet the genetic basis of antigenic escape remains poorly understood, particularly when sequence divergence is limited. We isolated 13 FCV strains from cats...
Feline calicivirus (FCV) evolves rapidly under immune pressure, yet the genetic basis of antigenic escape remains poorly understood, particularly when sequence divergence is limited. We isolated 13 FCV strains from cats in Jilin Province, China, between 2018 and 2024, and characterized their genetic and antigenic properties. Phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein VP1 revealed the co-circulation of multiple lineages, including isolates clustering within clades associated with virulent systemic disease (VSD) and grouping with strains previously identified in dogs. Cross-neutralization assays demonstrated that the vaccine-induced antiserum neutralized most isolates but exhibited markedly reduced neutralizing activity against JL1907 and JL2103, both of which were isolated from vaccinated cats. Notably, despite sharing 91.9% amino acid identity in VP1, JL2103 and JL2104 exhibited highly asymmetric cross-neutralization: Antiserum raised against JL2103 failed to neutralize JL2104, whereas antiserum raised against JL2104 potently neutralized JL2103. Comparative sequence analysis identified nonsynonymous substitutions concentrated in E region (the hypervariable region of VP1), particularly within predicted B cell epitopes and residues proximal to the feline junctional adhesion molecule A (fJAM-A) binding interface. Our findings indicate that minor amino acid substitutions at critical antigenic sites are sufficient to disrupt cross-neutralization, even among closely related FCV strains, thereby providing a mechanistic basis for antigenic escape under constrained genetic divergence.
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci from bone lesions in broiler chickens.
Szafraniec GM, Chrobak-Chmiel D, Adamczyk K … +2 more , Sułecki K, Dolka B
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42192425 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Lameness in broiler chickens, frequently caused by bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), poses a major challenge to intensive poultry production due to its adverse impact on animal welfare and f...
BACKGROUND: Lameness in broiler chickens, frequently caused by bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), poses a major challenge to intensive poultry production due to its adverse impact on animal welfare and farm economics. While Staphylococcus aureus has traditionally been considered the principal staphylococcal pathogen in poultry, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are increasingly implicated in skeletal infections. This study aimed to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of 93 CoNS isolates representing 12 Staphylococcus species. Isolates were recovered from bone and joint lesions of lame broiler chickens from 25 commercial flocks in Poland and were characterized using disk diffusion testing, PCR-based detection of selected resistance genes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and exploratory whole-genome sequencing (WGS). RESULTS: Disk diffusion testing and PCR screening revealed a high prevalence of resistance to penicillin, doxycycline, and erythromycin, with bla (37.6%; 35/93), lnu(A) (37.6%; 35/93), tet(L) (25.8%; 24/93), tet(M) (22.6%; 21/93), and erm(C) (12.9%; 12/93) being the most commonly detected determinants. The mecA gene, conferring resistance to β-lactams, was detected in a subset of isolates (16.1%; 15/93) although phenotypic resistance did not always correlate with mecA presence. Femoral-head lesions (FHN/FHT/FHS; n = 50) yielded isolates with resistance profiles broadly similar to those observed in the overall collection. PFGE of S. cohnii demonstrated genetic heterogeneity within the analyzed subset. Whole-genome analysis of S. cohnii strain SC27 identified multiple AMR-associated determinants and mobile genetic elements. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that CoNS associated with broiler skeletal lesions can harbor diverse AMR determinants linked to several widely used antimicrobial classes. Our findings are primarily relevant from an epidemiological and surveillance perspective. The study also adds new genomic and epidemiological context to current knowledge of AMR in broiler-associated CoNS and supports their inclusion in ongoing veterinary and One Health-oriented surveillance efforts.
Epidemiology and predilection-site distribution of tick infestation in communal cattle systems of Limpopo Province, South Africa.
Sedina MP, Njoga EO, Jaja IF … +1 more , Oguttu JW
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42192406 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Ticks and tick-borne diseases are major constraints to cattle productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed the epidemiology and host-level determinants of tick infestation in communal cattle system...
BACKGROUND: Ticks and tick-borne diseases are major constraints to cattle productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed the epidemiology and host-level determinants of tick infestation in communal cattle systems in South Africa. METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined 787 cattle across 17 villages. Animal-level data included sex, breed (Nguni, Drakensberg, Bonsmara, Brahman, Hereford, Simmentaler, and crossbreeds), age, and body condition score. Tick burden was quantified on six anatomical sites, and whole-body burden was estimated from one-sided counts. RESULTS: Tick burden was heterogeneously distributed across anatomical predilection sites, with the ears (mean = 50.7 ticks), lower perineum (mean = 44.4 ticks), and upper perineum (mean = 34.2 ticks) exhibiting the highest infestation intensities. Older cattle (> 8 years; IRR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.39-1.79) and adult cattle (> 2-8 years; IRR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.26-1.63) harboured significantly more ticks than young cattle (≤ 2 years). Indigenous and crossbred cattle exhibited lower tick burdens than exotic breeds, although breed was not a significant predictor of tick burden after adjustment. Multilevel negative binomial modelling confirmed age and body condition score as independent predictors of total tick burden, while accounting for farm-level clustering. Sex was not a significant predictor, and farm-level clustering accounted for 47% of variance in tick burden. Indigenous and crossbred cattle exhibited lower tick loads than exotic breeds. CONCLUSION: Tick infestation is prevalent in communal cattle systems in South Africa, particularly in the ears and perianal regions of exotic cattle breeds. These findings provide evidence-based epidemiological data on aggregate tick burden and host-level predictors to inform communal livestock health planning and guide future species-resolved investigations.
Effects of a synthetic feline facial pheromone analogue (F3, Feliway) on stress and cardiovascular parameters during clinical examination in cats: a prospective crossover study.
de Sousa FG, Ferreira NS, de Oliveira CF … +7 more , Dos Reis SA, Canta GN, Queiroz FSF, do Carmo Teixeira R, de Oliveira CSF, Mattoso CRS, Beier SL
BMC Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42186056 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Veterinary examinations in cats are essential for clinical assessment; however, stress often interferes with handling and data reliability. This study evaluated the cardiovascular and behavioral effects of a...
BACKGROUND: Veterinary examinations in cats are essential for clinical assessment; however, stress often interferes with handling and data reliability. This study evaluated the cardiovascular and behavioral effects of a synthetic feline facial pheromone (F3) during cardiovascular examinations. A prospective repeated-measurements study was performed with 21 healthy mixed-breed cats over one year of age, non-aggressive and free of comorbidities. Each cat was assessed without pheromone exposure (T0) and after exposure (T1) using diffuser and spray formulations. Cats were transported in carriers and allowed a 20-minute acclimation period under controlled environmental conditions. Stress was assessed by two observers, followed by blood pressure measurement and cardiovascular evaluation. The second assessment occurred within 20 days, with the room prepared 48 h in advance with the pheromone analogue to minimize potential sequence or carry-over effects. Procedures were standardized and conducted by the same team. Statistical analyses compared time points and sexes and correlations between stress and cardiovascular variables with significance at p < 0.05. RESULTS: All animals were clinically healthy, mean age of 5.73 ± 1.98 years, body weight of 5.41 ± 1.44 kg, and a majority being female. No significant differences were observed between temperature, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, or arterial pressures (p > 0.05). The mean stress score decreased by 0.24 units at T1 (p < 0.05). Among electrocardiographic parameters, only maximum HR differed significantly between T0 and T1 (p < 0.05); all other parameters showed no significant differences. Significant differences were observed for ejection fraction (EF%), fractional shortening (FS%), A-wave velocity, and mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) (p < 0.05). The number of animals with fused waves decreased and females showed a trend toward stress reduction, but without significance (p > 0.05). The S-wave amplitude, left ventricular internal diameter in systole (LVIDs), and EF% decreased only in males (p < 0.05). Both sexes showed differences in SF% and MAPSE (p < 0.05). No significant associations were found between stress and cardiovascular variables (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The synthetic analogue pheromone shows potential stress-related effects, may provide short-term cardiovascular benefits, no adverse effects, and may support cardiovascular assessments in healthy cats.
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