Acta Medico-historica Adriatica[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Purgatory, iconization of suffering, and devotional aspects.
Guarino M
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Oct · PMID 41160445 · Publisher ↗
Purgatory is a relatively recent theological innovation in the geography of the otherworld. It was associated with a different vision of death centred on the fear of bodily corruption and body-soul dialogue, and a distin...
Purgatory is a relatively recent theological innovation in the geography of the otherworld. It was associated with a different vision of death centred on the fear of bodily corruption and body-soul dialogue, and a distinctive attitude towards the macabre. Since its affirmation, Purgatory appeared as an in-between, transitory dimension closely connected with the earth, where purging souls were allowed to dialogue with the living, as if they could prolong their earthly life there. Combining pain with the wait for liberation in Heaven, Purgatory was therefore an intermediate place of both suffering and hope for the coveted bliss. The settlement of Purgatory had the effect of reducing the fear of eternal damnation, and therefore, the terror of Hell was replaced by that of one's own death and the consequent decomposition of one's body. The cult of Purgatory spread in the 17th century, based on the possibility of relieving the suffering of the dead through the suffrages of the living. This article is about the beliefs, themes, and customs related to Purgatory, focusing above all on the numerous pieces of evidence coming from Naples, where the worship of Purgatory was particularly intense and took on peculiar characteristics. An attempt is made to analyse the most popular aspects of the cult and the testimonies concerning it, which today remain represented by persistent traces of the cult of the skulls, the presence of urban votive shrines, and modern funerary practices based on double burial.
HISTORICAL REVIEW OF SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF INGUINAL HERNIA.
Grebić D, Havidić K
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Mar · PMID 40213846 · Publisher ↗
Hernia is characterized as the protrusion of peritoneum with or without an organ or a portion of an organ through the defect of abdominal wall. It's likely that inguinal hernias have been a problem since the beginning of...
Hernia is characterized as the protrusion of peritoneum with or without an organ or a portion of an organ through the defect of abdominal wall. It's likely that inguinal hernias have been a problem since the beginning of a human history. Many doctors have had challenges in the past when treating them. Although they are no longer recognized as a fatal illness, they are nevertheless very common in the general population and they can be clinically complicated. There has been advancement in hernia repair throughout history. The biggest advancement was in the late 1800s when Eduardo Bassini published his method of triple sewing fascia and muscle tissues to reinforce the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. The use of prosthetic materials in the repair of the inguinal canal marked the next major development. Irving Lichtenstein is credited with being a pioneer in the use of prolene mesh for tension-free repair. The last reamrkable development was the introduction of laparoscopic techniques in surgery, which are nowadays very commonly used in laparoscopic procedures.
GIUSEPPE CERVETTO. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF AN ALMOST FORGOTTEN PHYSICIAN.
Patuzzo Manzati S, Franzoni A, Nicoli Aldini N
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Mar · PMID 40213845 · Publisher ↗
Giuseppe Cervetto (1807-1865) was a physician, lecturer, and medical historianfrom a Jewish familyborn in Verona, Italy. In addition to his clinical practice, he delved into historical studies, making notable contributio...
Giuseppe Cervetto (1807-1865) was a physician, lecturer, and medical historianfrom a Jewish familyborn in Verona, Italy. In addition to his clinical practice, he delved into historical studies, making notable contributions to the works of Italian anatomists from the 15th century, as well as to the physicians and their College in Verona, particularly G.B. Da Monte from the 16th century.In 1860, he was called to teach History of Medical Sciences at the University of Bologna. After two years, he became a lecturer in Hygiene and Forensic Medicine at Messina, but he sadly passed away at the relatively young age of 57 due to his delicate health.He strongly believed in the importance of medical knowledge «enriched by history», actively advocating the use of the biographical method in reconstructing the historical development of medicine and its inseparable connection with philosophy.
[NOBEL PRIZES IN CLINICAL RADIOLOGY].
Atalić B, Toth J, Lučin Atalić A … +3 more , Nikšić J, Tagasovski I, Baričević K
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Mar · PMID 40213844 · Publisher ↗
The Nobel Prizes have been awarded since 1901 from the interest rate of the principal, established for this purpose in the form of a foundation by the inventor of dynamite, the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel. The disciplin...
The Nobel Prizes have been awarded since 1901 from the interest rate of the principal, established for this purpose in the form of a foundation by the inventor of dynamite, the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel. The disciplines for which they are assigned are Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Physiology, Literature and Peace, and, starting in 1969, economics. As early as the mentioned 1901, the year of the first awards, the Nobel Prize in Physics was received by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen for his discovery of the X-rays on the 8th of November 1895, which is considered to be the foundation of the modern medical discipline of clinical radiology. Further discoveries followed, such as the ones of computed tomography imaging or magnetic resonance imaging, which have significantly improved clinical radiological diagnostics. Other Nobel Prize winners for discoveries and inventions related to the speciality of clinical radiology will be highlighted on this trail. The areas of their scientific research from which they have received the aforementioned awards will be analysed, and their impact on the development of clinical radiology will be evaluated.
SLOVENIAN INFLUENCE IN EARLY 18TH CENTURY INOCULATIONS.
Černý K
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Mar · PMID 40213843 · Publisher ↗
In 1715, two Slovenian physicians, Johann Baptist Werloschnig de Perenberg and Antonius Loigk, published an extensive volume on the last plague epidemic in Central Europe. Hidden within its pages is a description of smal...
In 1715, two Slovenian physicians, Johann Baptist Werloschnig de Perenberg and Antonius Loigk, published an extensive volume on the last plague epidemic in Central Europe. Hidden within its pages is a description of smallpox inoculation, which predates any record of this procedure in Europe by several years. The procedure was personally witnessed by Loigk in Vienna in or before 1714. Very little is currently known about the context of this event. We do not know how many inoculators there were, how many patients were treated and, crucially, how the procedure was received by the medical establishment in Austria. All these pieces of information would be necessary to understand the impact of this discovery on early 18th-century Austrian (and, by extension, Eastern European) society. In order to sketch out the possible connections, we will focus on a reconstruction of the intellectual network of both Slovenians as it appears in the academic literature of the time. We hope that these links may reveal something about a group of physicians who may have had early knowledge about this important anti-epidemic measure.
THE KNOWABILITY OF BIOMEDICAL LAWS: A KANTIAN APPROACH.
Šustar P
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Mar · PMID 40213842 · Publisher ↗
In this paper, I focus on the knowability of empirical laws in Kant. Specifically, I explore the interpretative thread according to which the knowability of an item is secured through an appropriate classification within...
In this paper, I focus on the knowability of empirical laws in Kant. Specifically, I explore the interpretative thread according to which the knowability of an item is secured through an appropriate classification within a hierarchical ordering.The relationship between the knowability and classification is ultimately based on Kant's characterization of our understanding as being "discursive", i.e., relying on subsuming-procedures. More specifically, the focus is on empirical laws referring to biological phenomena broadly construed, which are interestingly intertwined with the teleology-mechanism specific relationship. "Critique of the Power of Judgment" and related Kant's works, thus, address the class of teleological judgments and/or functional statements that should also have the status of a law of nature. I argue that the knowability of generally biological laws equally relies on subsuming-procedures, which in the life sciences, that is, primarily, biology plus its application to medical practices, consist in an explanatory integration between normative teleological judgments and those causal-mechanical. Finally, I try to clarify how a Kantian take on these issues fits within the current function debate: namely, in what way it acknowledges the explanatory and normative dimensions of function statements as they contribute to the practice of the life sciences.
RENAISSANCE ANATOMIST JACOPO BERENGARIO DA CARPI – AN INSIGHT INTO HIS LIFE AND WORK. AN EMPHASIS ON HIS CONTRIBUTION TO ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY.
Malinovská N, Bujalková M, Mellová Y
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Mar · PMID 40213841 · Publisher ↗
In general, Vesalius (1514-1564) is considered a pioneer in the study of anatomy. However, he had several important predecessors whose contributions are considered fundamental to the history of anatomy. Amongst these pre...
In general, Vesalius (1514-1564) is considered a pioneer in the study of anatomy. However, he had several important predecessors whose contributions are considered fundamental to the history of anatomy. Amongst these pre-Vesalian anatomists, Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (c. 1460-1530) is widely acknowledgedas the most important one, and by some scholars even as the first ever anatomist. Berengario was the first anatomist who recognized the value and importance of anatomical illustrations for text comprehension. Our analysis is based on his works "Carpi Commentaria super anatomiaMundini" (1521) and "Isagogae breves" (1522). In contrast to Vesalius, who attempted to put into practice only Latin nomenclature, Berengario da Carpi had no ambition to reform anatomical terminology or purge it from "barbaric" terms. He just adopted the most widely used terms of his time, no matter their Latin, Greek, or Arabic origin. His work titled Isagogae contains an important list of all relevant terms used in the text, which serves as a historical record of the anatomical nomenclature used in his period. All this establishes the historical legacy of his work, which contributed to the development of anatomical terminology.This is why, from the current perspective of a medical school anatomy teacher, Berengario's conviction about the need not only to read a textbook but also to see anatomical structures with one's own eyes is relevant even in the third millennium.
KANT'S CONCEPT OF HEALTH AS AN INTERACTION OF MIND AND BODY.
Sell A
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Mar · PMID 40213840 · Publisher ↗
This paper examines Kant's concept of the health under four aspects. Part 1: Kant speaks of health primarily in terms of common sense (gesunder Menschenverstand) and healthy reason (gesunde Vernunft). The concept of hea...
This paper examines Kant's concept of the health under four aspects. Part 1: Kant speaks of health primarily in terms of common sense (gesunder Menschenverstand) and healthy reason (gesunde Vernunft). The concept of health is therefore mainly an epistemological concept. Part 2: Health then stands in the context of disease. For Kant, disease is always linked to a lack of cognitive capacity. Kant's thoughts on disease and health can be found above all in his late writings "Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View" (1798) and "The Conflict of the Faculties" (1798). The early work "Essay on the Maladies of the Head" (1764) and a speech on "On Philosophers' Medicine of the Body" (1786) should also be included. Since health is primarily in the context of cognition, mental illnesses are at the centre of Kant's work. Part 3: Kant repeatedly presents his own state of health as an example. When Kant wrote his own "dietetics" in response to Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland's "Macrobiotics or The Art of Prolonging Human Life", it becomes clear that the attainment of physical health is also linked to mental health. After all, we can speak of psychosomatics. Part 4: For Kant, the preservation of health is also the task of the government. This political dimension of health is evident in Kant's writings. This discovery of psychosomatics is part of a medical-historical context that originated with Kant, among others, and which has not yet been sufficiently researched.
HYPOCHONDRIA AS A DISTRACTION OF THE REASON WITHIN KANT'S TRANSCENDENTAL PHILOSOPHY.
Mijatović F
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Mar · PMID 40213839 · Publisher ↗
The primary aim of this paper will be to understand hypochondria as a philosophical problem, rather than a medical-psychological one, since there is a significant difference between the modern (medical-psychological in t...
The primary aim of this paper will be to understand hypochondria as a philosophical problem, rather than a medical-psychological one, since there is a significant difference between the modern (medical-psychological in the true sense of the word) understanding of hypochondria and all earlier anthropological, philosophical, and physiological understandings, including that of Kant. Kant's interpretation of hypochondria, as a mental illness, highlights an interesting dichotomy between actual bodily sensations and distorted perception. The hypochondriac experiences real physical sensations but interprets them in a way that is not grounded in actuality. Kant argues that these sensations result from the (lack of) attention the hypochondriac gives to certain physical signals. On the other hand, if one were to focus their attention on something else or engage in activities that distract their thoughts from pathological feelings, the feelings could diminish, and with enough composure, even disappear entirely. One of the key problems with hypochondria is that rational arguments often cannot change the beliefs of a person who feels symptoms in their body and mind. In order for a person to regain control over themselves, Kant turns to the principles of moral and philosophical dietetics. Therefore, this paper will specifically follow two aspects: Kant's scattered analysis of hypochondria and its transcendental philosophical assumptions. Conclusions from transcendental philosophy should help in overcoming hypochondriac whims.
MOMENTS FROM THE LIFE OF IULIU BARASCH (1815–1863): DOCTOR, PROFESSOR AND PROTECTOR OF HIS PEOPLE.
Trausan-Matu L
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Mar · PMID 40213838 · Publisher ↗
In 1842, at a time when Romanian society was taking its first steps towards modernization, a Jewish man from Galicia chose to settle in Wallachia. This man was a physician with a medical degree in "medicine and surgery"...
In 1842, at a time when Romanian society was taking its first steps towards modernization, a Jewish man from Galicia chose to settle in Wallachia. This man was a physician with a medical degree in "medicine and surgery" obtained at the University of Berlin, spoke two widely spoken European languages (French and German), and was concerned with diverse areas of knowledge, such as philosophy, natural sciences, law, and more. As an ethnic Jew, he made a remarkable career in Wallachia. He was a physician in the country's medical service, professor, hospital director, journalist, and philanthropist. He founded the first children's hospital in the country and two influential newspapers. He campaigned for the political rights of Wallachian Jews and the modernization of the synagogue cult. He gave public conferences in the country and abroad and translated and wrote several books. The physician's name was Iuliu Barasch, and this study tries to reconstruct his life and medical activity between 1842 and 1863 in Wallachia, a period marked by social unrest, revolution, war, and cholera epidemics, but also unionist actions, political and social reforms. For this reconstruction, I researched documentary material in archives, the press of the time, journals, memoirs, and specialized literature.
ŞEREFFEDDIN SABUNCUOĞLU (1386–147?): AN OVERLOOKED YET BRILLIANT OTTOMAN PHYSICIAN.
Verit A, Toprak T, Verit FF
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Mar · PMID 40213837 · Publisher ↗
Şereffeddin Sabuncuoğlu was a skilled surgeon from the early Ottoman period (15th century) in the Anatolian city of Amasya. He was a physician, surgeon, trainer, scientist, miniature artist, calligrapher, and the author...
Şereffeddin Sabuncuoğlu was a skilled surgeon from the early Ottoman period (15th century) in the Anatolian city of Amasya. He was a physician, surgeon, trainer, scientist, miniature artist, calligrapher, and the author of three significant books in addition to four other known manuscripts. In this study, unlike the previous historical clinical articles about him focused only on certain chapters he had written in his book 'Imperial Surgery', we have tried to focus on his whole life, including his personal experiences and things happening in his immediate environment.
ON KANT'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE COOPERATION OF PHILOSOPHY AND MEDICINE THROUGH EXAMPLES OF REASON AND BODY.
Mijatović F
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Mar · PMID 40213836
Guest Editorial
Guest Editorial
2nd International Conference on the History of Health.
Ramšak M
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2025 Mar · PMID 40213835
Scientific meeting review.
Scientific meeting review.
[ANATOMY TEACHING AT THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE IN RIJEKA – THEN AND NOW].
Nikolić M, Delak L, Arbanas J … +1 more , Ćelić Črnac T
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2024 Jul · PMID 39580655 · Publisher ↗
Anatomy is a dynamic and translational discipline that integrates research and education. Throughout the centuries, anatomical knowledge has become increasingly important for the medical sciences, especially surgery. Cad...
Anatomy is a dynamic and translational discipline that integrates research and education. Throughout the centuries, anatomical knowledge has become increasingly important for the medical sciences, especially surgery. Cadaver dissection remains an irreplaceable met-hod for acquiring a comprehensive and detailed understanding of human anatomy, as it is the only method that enables safe and effective clinical practice. The teaching of anatomy has evolved from traditional teachings to modern approaches. Scientific progress and societal changes have introduced digital tools into anatomy education. While new methods and digital technologies enhance the education of future doctors, the practice of dissection should never be abandoned as a foundational teaching and learning method in anatomy. This is because cadavers provide the closest approximation to the real patients that future doctors will treat. This paper discusses the evolution of anatomy teaching at the Department of Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine in Rijeka from its inception to the present day.
PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL CARE CONDITIONS DURING THE GREEK INDEPENDENCE WAR (1821).
Kotsiou A
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2024 Jul · PMID 39580654 · Publisher ↗
Τhe 1821 Greek War of Independence, following 400 years under Turkish occupation, resulted, after long-term sacrifices, in the establishment of Greece as a sovereign nation-state, marking the first in the autocratic Euro...
Τhe 1821 Greek War of Independence, following 400 years under Turkish occupation, resulted, after long-term sacrifices, in the establishment of Greece as a sovereign nation-state, marking the first in the autocratic Europe of the time. The poor public health and the lack of doctors, medical supplies, safe water, food, and sewage favored the outbreak of epidemics. The Greek cause attracted worldwide support, and a great number of philhellenes, physicians, and aristocrats offered services and even their lives on the battlefields. Greek and foreign historians stress the international importance of the Greek Revolution for the activation of the term nation into a social force for democracy and the right to public and individual health and welfare all around the world.
ALTERNATIVE THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR PARALYTIC ILEUS IN PERSIAN MEDICINE.
Shahrestani S, Soleymani S, Khadem E … +3 more , Shahrestani S, Niktabe Z, Ghorat F
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2024 Jul · PMID 39580653 · Publisher ↗
Paralytic ileus is a prevalent medical condition following surgery, exerting a significant financial impact on the healthcare system. Despite its considerable implications, there has been limited progress in advancing bo...
Paralytic ileus is a prevalent medical condition following surgery, exerting a significant financial impact on the healthcare system. Despite its considerable implications, there has been limited progress in advancing both diagnostic and curative approaches to address ileus. This study seeks to introduce alternative diagnostic methodologies rooted in Persian medicine (PM) for paralytic ileus. Our investigation involved a thorough review of literature, including The Canon of Medicine, and an exploration of various PM texts for relevant references. The findings were systematically compared with contemporary medical documentation. According to Persian medicine, paralytic ileus is classified as a type of 'Gholanj' disease. Persian medicine physicians extensively documented this disease, presenting detailed insights. While some aspects of PM viewpoints and the etiology of intestinal obstruction were humoral-theory-based, a majority of his definitions align with current medical concepts. Additionally, Persian medicine physicians proposed numerous therapeutic approaches for managing ileus, such as the Hoghne method, rectal suppositories, topical application of medicines, sitz baths, and the use of laxatives. Gaining a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology and exploring alternative treatment options outlined in Persian medicine can prove valuable for future studies aimed at enhancing the management of paralytic ileus.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF BEER: FROM ANCIENT TO EARLY MODERN TIMES.
Kuropatnicki AK
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2024 Jul · PMID 39580652 · Publisher ↗
Ale and beer brewing and drinking have apparently been part of the human experience since the dawn of civilization. Beer is one of the most consumed alcoholic beverages around the world. It is rich in nutrients such as c...
Ale and beer brewing and drinking have apparently been part of the human experience since the dawn of civilization. Beer is one of the most consumed alcoholic beverages around the world. It is rich in nutrients such as carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and other compounds. Historically, ale and beer have served as sources of potent nutrient food and have also been used for their medicinal properties. It was believed that the process of fermentation changes simple ingredients such as grain and water into sacred produce, and the introduction of medicinal plants enhances its properties. The earliest records show that in Sumer, beer was used for medicinal purposes as early as 2000 BCE. In the early Middle Ages, ales became popular among the Celts, Germans, and Scandinavians, who were great ale drinkers. Ales were brewed without hops; instead, a specific herb or a combination of herbs called gruit was used for flavouring. Ale and beer were thought to have both magical and medicinal powers, and were often prescribed for medicinal purposes. The introduction of hops revolutionized the brewing and beer trade. Hops improved the quality of beer and gave beer greater durability and protection against bacteria. The aim of the paper is to present the history of ale and beer used for their medicinal properties.
[EDUCATION AND STRUCTURE OF AUXILIARY HEALTH PERSONNEL IN GENERAL HOSPITAL KARLOVAC FROM THE END OF WORLD WAR II TO THE 1960s].
Mirilović S, Franković S
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2024 Jul · PMID 39580651 · Publisher ↗
Organized and formal education of nurses in Croatia began in 1921 with the establishment of the School for Nursing Assistants in Zagreb. From the establishment of the first health institutions in Karlovac until the end o...
Organized and formal education of nurses in Croatia began in 1921 with the establishment of the School for Nursing Assistants in Zagreb. From the establishment of the first health institutions in Karlovac until the end of the Second World War, there were extremely few educated personnel for patient care. Patient care was performed by apprentices and nuns who attended nursing schools organized as part of the hospitals they managed or who had a diploma from the School for Assistant Nurses in Zagreb. In the period after the Second World War, many nuns were forced to leave the service, which contributed to a large extent to the attrition of trained personnel, who were already scarce. The General Hospital in Karlovac solved this problem by opening schools for childcare workers, paramedics, hygienists, and dental assistants, who, until the opening of the School for Nurses in Karlovac in 1960, will make up the majority of the staff providing direct care to patients. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the education of auxiliary staff and the structure of employees who were direct care providers, with a review of the working conditions in General Hospital Karlovac from the end of the Second World War to the 1960s. The educational programs found for childcare workers and paramedics and the listed persons who implemented these programs are shown.
PRECURSIVE ACTIVITIES OF LVIV DOCTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC GYMNASTICS, ORTHOPEDICS, AND REHABILITATION IN GALICIA FROM 1847 TO 1918.
Jandziś S, Migała M
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2024 Jul · PMID 39580650 · Publisher ↗
The article presents the little-known pioneering activity of doctors working in Lviv, the capital of the Galicia province in the Austrian Monarchy, for the development of therapeutic gymnastics and orthopedics from 1847...
The article presents the little-known pioneering activity of doctors working in Lviv, the capital of the Galicia province in the Austrian Monarchy, for the development of therapeutic gymnastics and orthopedics from 1847 to 1918. Analysis of source materials from archives, medical magazines, and daily newspapers shows that therapeutic gymnastics was introduced for the treatment of locomotor diseases in Lviv at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Initially, it was based on the German method and then replaced by the Swedish method. At the same time, orthopedics emerged from surgery, with its origins related to the habilitation of Dr Antoni Gabryszewski at the University of Lviv. The main role in this process belonged to Lviv doctors, graduates of universities in Krakow, Lviv, Prague, and Vienna. They conducted scientific research at the Medical Faculty of the University of Lviv and made numerous trips to renowned centers in other provinces of Austria, as well as in Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland. Due to their scientific work, as well as the knowledge and experience gained from foreign scientific visits, they founded and managed facilities where they applied orthopedics, healing gymnastics, mechanotherapy, physical therapy, massage, and orthopedic equipment. Most facilities were comparable in functionality to renowned foreign centers. The pioneering activities of Lviv doctors contributed to the development of orthopedics and healing gymnastics in other Galician cities and influenced the establishment of spas throughout the province. In later years, this activity furthered the establishment of orthopedics, comprehensive rehabilitation, and spa therapy in Poland and Ukraine.
[TRACING THE PHARMACY OF KARLOVAC: CHRONOLOGY OF THE FIRST PHARMACY “TO THE BLACK EAGLE”].
Bosiljevac D, Inić S
Acta Med Hist Adriat · 2024 Jul · PMID 39580649 · Publisher ↗
“The Black Eagle” pharmacy in Karlovac was founded in 1726 as the sixth military pharmacy in Croatia, and it has been continuously operating until today. In this work, relying on available literature, archival sources, a...
“The Black Eagle” pharmacy in Karlovac was founded in 1726 as the sixth military pharmacy in Croatia, and it has been continuously operating until today. In this work, relying on available literature, archival sources, and information from contemporary publications, the complete reconstruction of the historical continuity and ownership sequence of the oldest pharmacy in Karlovac is presented for the first time. All pharmacists who have made their mark in the operation of the pharmacy are listed, and biographies of those pharmacists who had a special significance in Karlovac’s pharmacy and social life of that time are highlighted. New and original insights are presented, and incorrect data that have been circulating in the literature are corrected. Historical research on “The Black Eagle” pharmacy is valuable not only in the context of preserving Croatian pharmaceutical heritage but also as a space of exceptional historical and cultural significance.
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