Periodontology 2000[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
The role of acquired host immunity in periodontal diseases.
Kinane DF, Lappin DF, Culshaw S
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Apr · PMID 38641953 · Publisher ↗
The aim of this narrative review is to relate the contribution of European researchers to the complex topic of the host immune system in periodontal disease, focusing on acquired immunity. Other chapters in this volume w...
The aim of this narrative review is to relate the contribution of European researchers to the complex topic of the host immune system in periodontal disease, focusing on acquired immunity. Other chapters in this volume will address the genetics and autoantibody responses and other forms of immunity to periodontal disease. While the contribution of European authors is the focus, global literature is included in this descriptive narrative for contextual clarity, albeit many with European co-authors. The topic is relatively intense and is thus broken down into sections outlined below, tackled as descriptive narratives to enhance understanding. Any attempt at a systematic or scoping review was quickly abandoned given the descriptive nature and marked variation of approach in almost all publications. Even the most uniform area of this acquired periodontal immunology literature, antibody responses to putative pathogens in periodontal diseases, falls short of common structures and common primary outcome variables one would need and expect in clinical studies, where randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) abound. Addressing 'the host's role' in immunity immediately requires a discussion of host susceptibility, which necessitates consideration of genetic studies (covered elsewhere in the volume and superficially covered here).
How to explain the beneficial effects of platelet-rich plasma.
Gruber R
Periodontol 2000 · 2025 Feb · PMID 38600634 · Full text
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is the platelet and leukocyte-containing plasmatic fraction of anticoagulated autologous blood. While evidence supporting the clinical use of PRP in dentistry is low, PRP is widely used in spor...
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is the platelet and leukocyte-containing plasmatic fraction of anticoagulated autologous blood. While evidence supporting the clinical use of PRP in dentistry is low, PRP is widely used in sports medicine, orthopedics, and dermatology. Its beneficial activity is commonly attributed to the growth factors released from platelets accumulating in PRP; however, evidence is indirect and not comprehensive. There is thus a demand to revisit PRP with respect to basic and translational science. This review is to (i) recapitulate protocols and tools to prepare PRP; (ii) to discuss the cellular and molecular composition of PRP with a focus on platelets, leukocytes, and the fibrin-rich extracellular matrix of coagulated plasma; and finally (iii) to discuss potential beneficial effects of PRP on a cellular and molecular level with an outlook on its current use in dentistry and other medical fields.
Understanding exosomes: Part 2-Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine.
Miron RJ, Estrin NE, Sculean A … +1 more , Zhang Y
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Feb · PMID 38591622 · Publisher ↗
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has ga...
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of diseases/conditions. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. Today exosomes have been applied in numerous contexts including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system, depression, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury), damaged organs (heart, kidney, liver, stroke, myocardial infarctions, myocardial infarctions, ovaries), degenerative processes (atherosclerosis, diabetes, hematology disorders, musculoskeletal degeneration, osteoradionecrosis, respiratory disease), infectious diseases (COVID-19, hepatitis), regenerative procedures (antiaging, bone regeneration, cartilage/joint regeneration, osteoarthritis, cutaneous wounds, dental regeneration, dermatology/skin regeneration, erectile dysfunction, hair regrowth, intervertebral disc repair, spinal cord injury, vascular regeneration), and cancer therapy (breast, colorectal, gastric cancer and osteosarcomas), immune function (allergy, autoimmune disorders, immune regulation, inflammatory diseases, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). This scoping review is a first of its kind aimed at summarizing the extensive regenerative potential of exosomes over a broad range of diseases and disorders.
Accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography in imaging the components of the periodontal phenotype.
Schulze R, Couso-Queiruga E, Katsaros C
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Mar · PMID 38546140 · Publisher ↗
The components and dimensions of the periodontal and peri-implant phenotype have a high relevance in contemporary dental research and should be taken into consideration in the decision-making process in the management of...
The components and dimensions of the periodontal and peri-implant phenotype have a high relevance in contemporary dental research and should be taken into consideration in the decision-making process in the management of a variety of clinical scenarios to optimize the outcomes of therapy. Various assessment methods for quantifying and classifying the phenotypical dimensions have emerged and developed in recent decades. Nevertheless, the use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans remains the most commonly used approach worldwide. However, the accuracy to adequately imaging and measuring the dimensions of the hard and soft tissue components around teeth may represent a significant challenge in different clinical scenarios due to factors such as the age of the patient and motion during the scan, presence of metallic artifacts causing streaks and gray-value distortion, overlapping of soft tissue structures, machine performance, file processing, and small voxel size among others. These factors pose a particular challenge when tiny structures are under investigation, for example, the buccal/lingual bony or soft tissue layer of lower/upper incisors. Therefore, this review addresses the underlying technical information of the use of CBCT scans, and suggests some recommendations on the utilization of this method of assessment to optimally use it despite its' system-inherent limitations.
Understanding exosomes: Part 3-therapeutic + diagnostic potential in dentistry.
Miron RJ, Estrin NE, Sculean A … +1 more , Zhang Y
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Feb · PMID 38546137 · Publisher ↗
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has ga...
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of various diseases. Over 5000 publications are currently being published on this topic yearly, many of which in the dental space. This extensive review article is the first scoping review aimed at summarizing all therapeutic uses of exosomes in regenerative dentistry. A total of 944 articles were identified as using exosomes in the dental field for either their regenerative/therapeutic potential or for diagnostic purposes derived from the oral cavity. In total, 113 research articles were selected for their regenerative potential (102 in vitro, 60 in vivo, 50 studies included both). Therapeutic exosomes were most commonly derived from dental pulps, periodontal ligament cells, gingival fibroblasts, stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth, and the apical papilla which have all been shown to facilitate the regenerative potential of a number of tissues including bone, cementum, the periodontal ligament, nerves, aid in orthodontic tooth movement, and relieve temporomandibular joint disorders, among others. Results demonstrate that the use of exosomes led to positive outcomes in 100% of studies. In the bone field, exosomes were found to perform equally as well or better than rhBMP2 while significantly reducing inflammation. Periodontitis animal models were treated with simple gingival injections of exosomes and benefits were even observed when the exosomes were administered intravenously. Exosomes are much more stable than growth factors and were shown to be far more resistant against degradation by periodontal pathogens found routinely in a periodontitis environment. Comparative studies in the field of periodontal regeneration found better outcomes for exosomes even when compared to their native parent stem cells. In total 47 diagnostic studies revealed a role for salivary/crevicular fluid exosomes for the diagnosis of birth defects, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gingival recession detection, gingivitis, irritable bowel syndrome, neurodegenerative disease, oral lichen planus, oral squamous cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal cancer detection, orthodontic root resorption, pancreatic cancer, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, Sjögren syndrome, and various systemic diseases. Hence, we characterize the exosomes as possessing "remarkable" potential, serving as a valuable tool for clinicians with significant advantages.
Natural history of periodontal disease: The original Sri Lanka and Oslo studies.
Lang NP, Schätzle M, Ramseier CA
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Mar · PMID 38520126 · Publisher ↗
Susceptibility to periodontal disease depends on individual factors within the host response to the bacterial challenge. The study of these factors requires longitudinal studies of an undisturbed development of the disea...
Susceptibility to periodontal disease depends on individual factors within the host response to the bacterial challenge. The study of these factors requires longitudinal studies of an undisturbed development of the disease process. On the basis of the original longitudinal studies on the natural histology of periodontal disease staged in Sri Lanka and Oslo/Norway, several analyses of periodontal parameters and tooth status have been performed. The main findings were that in the first 20 years of complete absence of oral hygiene practices or preventive services attachment was lost at various rates. Three groups of subjects could be identified: rapidly progressing (RP) (8%), moderately progressing (MP) (81%), and subjects with no disease progression (NP) (11%). In the second two decades, the RP subjects have lost most of their teeth and no NP patients were identified anymore. The progression rate in these two decades was much slower, and the tooth mortality decreased. It could be predicted that subjects who had lost more than 2 mm at age 30 would not maintain a functional dentition at age 60. The corresponding control population in Oslo was used to study the influence of gingival inflammation on the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. The pattern and rates of attachment loss were identified in a population that was exposed to optimal and regular preventive services from age 3 onward. In the observation period of 26 years, it could be demonstrated that gingival inflammation varied little throughout adult life and always bleeding sites occurred consistently in 10% to 20%. The role of ongoing gingivitis in the pathogenesis of attachment loss was identified and also reflected stability whenever it was absent. Tooth mortality was only found in subjects with ongoing gingivitis. After 50 years of tooth age, 63% of the teeth were still maintained, while 99.8% were maintained after 50 years when gingival inflammation had been absent. Consequently, continuous gingivitis represented a risk factor for tooth loss.
Systemic racism and racial inequities in periodontal health: The long journey from upstream determinants to downstream treatment.
Fleming E, Taylor GW, Neighbors HW
Periodontol 2000 · 2025 Jun · PMID 38501675 · Publisher ↗
Racial disparities in the prevalence of periodontal disease are consistent and persistent. The epidemiology of periodontal disease demonstrates racial inequities: non-Hispanic Black (14.7%), Mexican American (13.4%), and...
Racial disparities in the prevalence of periodontal disease are consistent and persistent. The epidemiology of periodontal disease demonstrates racial inequities: non-Hispanic Black (14.7%), Mexican American (13.4%), and other Hispanic adults (7.8%) experience a higher prevalence of severe periodontal disease than non-Hispanic White adults (5.9%). Epidemiologic and clinical research on periodontal health suffers from the same problem that has plagued the health equity movement, an over emphasis on describing racial inequities coupled with few interventions that reduce racial health inequity. Over the decades that racial inequities in periodontal disease have been observed, many have argued that systemic racism is the fundamental driver of racial health inequity. This paper interrogates the roles of systemic racism, dental education, clinical treatment, and patient behavior in periodontal disease. We describe how, together, these mechanisms contribute to racial disparities in periodontal outcomes. However, it is insufficient for oral health equity scientists to only describe and discuss the negative effects of systemic racism. The imperative is to create antiracist strategies designed to eliminate systemic racism. Health equity scientists must also specify how dental systems operate in a racist manner and create effective clinical strategies designed to reduce racial disparities in periodontal disease.
Bacteriome and mycobiome dysbiosis in oral mucosal dysplasia and oral cancer.
Belibasakis GN, Seneviratne CJ, Jayasinghe RD … +3 more , Vo PT, Bostanci N, Choi Y
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Oct · PMID 38501658 · Full text
It has long been considered that the oral microbiome is tightly connected to oral health and that dysbiotic changes can be detrimental to the occurrence and progression of dysplastic oral mucosal lesions or oral cancer....
It has long been considered that the oral microbiome is tightly connected to oral health and that dysbiotic changes can be detrimental to the occurrence and progression of dysplastic oral mucosal lesions or oral cancer. Improved understanding of the concepts of microbial dysbiosis together with advances in high-throughput molecular sequencing of these pathologies have charted in greater microbiological detail the nature of their clinical state. This review discusses the bacteriome and mycobiome associated with oral mucosal lesions, oral candidiasis, and oral squamous cell carcinoma, aiming to delineate the information available to date in pursuit of advancing diagnostic and prognostic utilities for oral medicine.
Orthodontic retention: Rationale and periodontal implications.
Fleming PS, Pandis N
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Mar · PMID 38497610 · Publisher ↗
Post-treatment change in the form of true relapse and physiological and maturational effects is common following orthodontics. The unpredictable nature of these manifestations dictates a conservative, near-universal appr...
Post-treatment change in the form of true relapse and physiological and maturational effects is common following orthodontics. The unpredictable nature of these manifestations dictates a conservative, near-universal approach to retention. Both fixed and removable forms of retention are popular with the latter constrained by variable levels of adherence particularly in the medium- to long-term. Fixed retention may offer a more predictable means of preservation of orthodontic outcomes; however, this advantage is offset by the requirement for prolonged supervision and the potential for adverse changes including periodontal breakdown. Nevertheless, while examples of severe complications are common, a clear causal relationship between intact, passive retainers and periodontal issues does not appear to exist. Nevertheless, the importance of diligent maintenance and careful supervision during fixed retention, in particular, cannot be disregarded.
Differences between first- and second-generation autologous platelet concentrates.
Calciolari E, Dourou M, Akcali A … +1 more , Donos N
Periodontol 2000 · 2025 Feb · PMID 38487938 · Full text
Autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) applied alone or combined with other biomaterials are popular bioactive factors employed in regenerative medicine. The main biological rationale of using such products is to concen...
Autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) applied alone or combined with other biomaterials are popular bioactive factors employed in regenerative medicine. The main biological rationale of using such products is to concentrate blood-derived growth factors and cells into the wound microenvironment to enhance the body's natural healing capacity. First-generation APC is represented by platelet-rich plasma (PRP). While different protocols have been documented for PRP preparation, they overall consist of two cycles of centrifugation and have important limitations related to the use of an anticoagulant first and an activator afterward, which may interfere with the natural healing process and the release of bioactive molecules. The second generation of platelet concentrates is represented by leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF). L-PRF protocols involve a single centrifugation cycle and do not require the use of anticoagulants and activators, which makes the preparation more straight forward, less expensive, and eliminates potential risks associated with the use of activators. However, since no anticoagulant is employed, blood undergoes rapid clotting within the blood collection tube; hence, a timely management of L-PRF is crucial. This review provides an overview on the most documented protocols for APC preparations and critically discusses the main differences between first- and second-generation APCs in terms of cell content, protein release, and the formation of a 3D fibrin network. It appears evident that the inconsistency in reporting protocol parameters by most studies has contributed to conflicting conclusions regarding the efficacy of different APC formulations and has significantly limited the ability to interpret the results of individual clinical studies. In the future, the use of a standardized classification system, together with a detailed reporting on APC protocol parameters is warranted to make study outcomes comparable. This will also allow to clarify important aspects on the mechanism of action of APCs (like the role of leukocytes and centrifugation parameters) and to optimize the use of APCs in regenerative medicine.
The role of viruses in oral mucosal lesions.
Dommisch H, Schmidt-Westhausen AM
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Oct · PMID 38411337 · Full text
The mucosa of the oral cavity is exposed to a large number of different microorganisms such as archaea, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Among those, viruses cause specific infections, which can easily be transmi...
The mucosa of the oral cavity is exposed to a large number of different microorganisms such as archaea, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Among those, viruses cause specific infections, which can easily be transmitted from one person to another. The infectious route may not only include patients and their relatives but also the dental professional team. Thus, a wide knowledge regarding specific viral infections is crucial for the daily routine. Signs and symptoms of oral viral infections can be completely absent or develop into a pronounced clinical picture, so that early detection and information determine the further course of the infection and its influence on other inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis, as well as the safety of family members and the social environment. As the clinical manifestation of viral infections may be highly variable leading to heterogenous mucosal lesions it is, in most cases, mandatory to differentiate them by specific microbiological tests in addition to clinical examination procedures. This article will give an overview of the role of viruses infecting the oral mucosa, and in addition, describe their clinical manifestation and management.
Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis-Global efforts to untangle two complex diseases.
Lopez-Oliva I, Malcolm J, Culshaw S
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Feb · PMID 38411247 · Publisher ↗
Understanding the impact of oral health on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) will inform how best to manage patients with both periodontitis and RA. This review seeks to provide an update on interventional and mechanistic invest...
Understanding the impact of oral health on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) will inform how best to manage patients with both periodontitis and RA. This review seeks to provide an update on interventional and mechanistic investigations, including a brief summary of European Research programs investigating the link between periodontitis and RA. Recent clinical studies are described that evaluate how the treatment of one disease impacts on the other, as are studies in both humans and animal models that have sought to identify the potential mechanisms linking the two diseases.
APCs in sinus floor augmentation.
Valentini P, Calciolari E, Monlezun S … +3 more , Akcalı A, Donos N, Quirynen M
Periodontol 2000 · 2025 Feb · PMID 38363055 · Full text
After tooth loss in the posterior area of the maxilla, sinus floor elevation is often required to compensate the vertical bone loss due to sinus pneumatization. This narrative review reports on the potential benefits of...
After tooth loss in the posterior area of the maxilla, sinus floor elevation is often required to compensate the vertical bone loss due to sinus pneumatization. This narrative review reports on the potential benefits of autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) during this procedure. As for transcrestal approach, APCs have been used as "sole" substitute/graft. However, because of the low number of clinical trials available with PRGF, and even none for PRP, no definitive conclusions can be made regarding their efficacy. The number of studies on the use of L-PRF were outnumbered indicating good feasibility for vertical bone gain, with a high implant survival rate and a low degree of complications. PRP and PRGF have not been studied as a "single/sole" substitute for a one-stage lateral window approach, probably because of the weak physical characteristics of the membranes. L-PRF alone appears to be a predictable grafting material for lateral maxillary sinus grafting and a reduced RBH should not be considered as a risk factor. Compared to a "standard" bone substitute L-PRF shows slightly less vertical bone gain (consider enough membrane application and use of bony window as new sinus floor roof over the implant apices), enhanced early resorption (first 6 months after application), but a similar stable bone gain afterward. For a two-stage lateral window approach, APCs "alone" cannot be recommended, due to their weak withstand to the sinus pneumatization forces. APCs combined with bone substitutes seem to accelerate bone formation, without any additional benefits on the long-term new bone gain. The use of L-PRF membranes for the treatment of perforations appears to be an effective treatment option, but further clinical studies are needed to confirm this. Even though the abovementioned statements are based on large numbers of studies, additional RCTs comparing APCs with different types of grafting procedures for sinus elevation are needed.
The role of programmed death receptor (PD-)1/PD-ligand (L)1 in periodontitis and cancer.
Groeger S, Meyle J
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Oct · PMID 38351432 · Full text
The programmed-death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) is an immune-modulating molecule that is constitutively expressed on various immune cells, different epithelial cells and a multitude of cancer cells. It is a costimulatory molecule...
The programmed-death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) is an immune-modulating molecule that is constitutively expressed on various immune cells, different epithelial cells and a multitude of cancer cells. It is a costimulatory molecule that may impair T-cell mediated immune response. Ligation to the programmed-death-receptor (PD)-1, on activated T-cells and further triggering of the related signaling pathways can induce T-cells apoptosis or anergy. The upregulation of PD-L1 in various cancer types, including oral squamous cell carcinomas, was demonstrated and has been linked to immune escape of tumors and poor prognosis. A bidirectional relationship exists between the increased PD-L1 expression and periodontitis as well as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process of interconversion of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells that may induce immune escape of tumors. Interaction between exosomal PD-L1 and PD-1 on T-cells may cause immunosuppression by blocking the activation and proliferation of T-cells. The efficacy and importance of treatment with PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors and their prognostic influence on human cancers was demonstrated. Regarding PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors, resistances exist or may develop, basing on various factors. Further investigations of the underlying mechanisms will help to overcome the therapeutic limitations that result from resistances and to develop new strategies for the treatment of cancer.
The development of non-resorbable bone allografts: Biological background and clinical perspectives.
Miron RJ, Fujioka-Kobayashi M, Pikos MA … +6 more , Nakamura T, Imafuji T, Zhang Y, Shinohara Y, Sculean A, Shirakata Y
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Feb · PMID 38323368 · Publisher ↗
Bone grafts are typically categorized into four categories: autografts, allografts, xenografts, and synthetic alloplasts. While it was originally thought that all bone grafts should be slowly resorbed and replaced with n...
Bone grafts are typically categorized into four categories: autografts, allografts, xenografts, and synthetic alloplasts. While it was originally thought that all bone grafts should be slowly resorbed and replaced with native bone over time, accumulating evidence has in fact suggested that the use of nonresorbable xenografts is favored for certain clinical indications. Thus, many clinicians take advantage of the nonresorbable properties/features of xenografts for various clinical indications, such as contour augmentation, sinus grafting, and guided bone regeneration, which are often combined with allografts (e.g., human freeze-dried bone allografts [FDBAs] and human demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts [DFDBAs]). Thus, many clinicians have advocated different 50/50 or 70/30 ratios of allograft/xenograft combination approaches for various grafting procedures. Interestingly, many clinicians believe that one of the main reasons for the nonresorbability or low substitution rates of xenografts has to do with their foreign animal origin. Recent research has indicated that the sintering technique and heating conducted during their processing changes the dissolution rate of hydroxyapatite, leading to a state in which osteoclasts are no longer able to resorb (dissolve) the sintered bone. While many clinicians often combine nonresorbable xenografts with the bone-inducing properties of allografts for a variety of bone augmentation procedures, clinicians are forced to use two separate products owing to their origins (the FDA/CE does not allow the mixture of allografts with xenografts within the same dish/bottle). This has led to significant progress in understanding the dissolution rates of xenografts at various sintering temperature changes, which has since led to the breakthrough development of nonresorbable bone allografts sintered at similar temperatures to nonresorbable xenografts. The advantage of the nonresorbable bone allograft is that they can now be combined with standard allografts to create a single mixture combining the advantages of both allografts and xenografts while allowing the purchase and use of a single product. This review article presents the concept with evidence derived from a 52-week monkey study that demonstrated little to no resorption along with in vitro data supporting this novel technology as a "next-generation" biomaterial with optimized bone grafting material properties.
Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of peri-implantitis: A European perspective.
Berglundh T, Mombelli A, Schwarz F … +1 more , Derks J
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Feb · PMID 38305506 · Publisher ↗
Peri-implantitis is a plaque-associated pathological condition occurring in tissues around dental implants. It is characterized by inflammation in the peri-implant mucosa and progressive loss of supporting bone. Over the...
Peri-implantitis is a plaque-associated pathological condition occurring in tissues around dental implants. It is characterized by inflammation in the peri-implant mucosa and progressive loss of supporting bone. Over the last 30 years, peri-implantitis has become a major disease burden in dentistry. An understanding of the diagnosis, etiology and pathogenesis, epidemiology, and treatment of peri-implantitis must be a central component in undergraduate and postgraduate training programs in dentistry. In view of the strong role of European research in periodontology and implant dentistry, the focus of this review was to address peri-implantitis from a European perspective. One component of the work was to summarize new and reliable data on patients with dental implants to underpin the relevance of peri-implantitis from a population perspective. The nature of the peri-implantitis lesion was evaluated through results presented in preclinical models and evaluations of human biopsy material together with an appraisal of the microbiological characteristics. An overview of strategies and outcomes presented in clinical studies on nonsurgical and surgical treatment of peri-implantitis is discussed with a particular focus on end points of therapy and recommendations presented in the S3 level Clinical Practice Guideline for the prevention and treatment of peri-implant diseases.
The role of the epithelial sentinels, Langerhans cells and γδT cells, in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Hovav AH, Wilensky A
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Oct · PMID 38273461 · Full text
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) arises in the oral epithelium, a tissue in which immune surveillance is mediated by its primary resident leukocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), and γδT cells. Under steady-state condition...
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) arises in the oral epithelium, a tissue in which immune surveillance is mediated by its primary resident leukocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), and γδT cells. Under steady-state conditions, LCs and γδT cells play a critical role in maintaining oral mucosal homeostasis. As antigen-presenting cells of stratified epithelia, LCs respond to various challenges faced by the epithelium, orchestrating innate, and adaptive immune responses in order to resolve them. γδT cells also sense diverse epithelial insults and react rapidly through cytokine production and cytolytic activity. These epithelial sentinels are also considered to be the first leukocytes in the oral epithelium to encounter early carcinogenic events that have the potential of becoming OSCC. As evident in many malignancies, leukocyte populations help prevent cancer development although they also promote tumor progression. OSCC is no exception, as studies have reported both anti- and pro-tumor roles of LCs and γδT cells. In this review, we summarize the ontogeny of LCs and γδT cells in the oral epithelium and discuss their role in OSCC.
Role of innate host defense proteins in oral cancerogenesis.
Winter J, Jepsen S
Periodontol 2000 · 2024 Oct · PMID 38265172 · Full text
It is nowadays well accepted that chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation and progression. Under this aspect, the oral cavity is predestined to examine this connection because periodontitis is a hig...
It is nowadays well accepted that chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation and progression. Under this aspect, the oral cavity is predestined to examine this connection because periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease and oral squamous cell carcinomas are the most common oral malignant lesions. In this review, we describe how particular molecules of the human innate host defense system may participate as molecular links between these two important chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Specific focus is directed toward antimicrobial polypeptides, such as the cathelicidin LL-37 and human defensins, as well as S100 proteins and alarmins. We report in which way these peptides and proteins are able to initiate and support oral tumorigenesis, showing direct mechanisms by binding to growth-stimulating cell surface receptors and/or indirect effects, for example, inducing tumor-promoting genes. Finally, bacterial challenges with impact on oral cancerogenesis are briefly addressed.
Biological processes and factors involved in soft and hard tissue healing.
Bartold M, Ivanovski S
Periodontol 2000 · 2025 Feb · PMID 38243683 · Full text
Wound healing is a complex and iterative process involving myriad cellular and biologic processes that are highly regulated to allow satisfactory repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. This review is intended to be...
Wound healing is a complex and iterative process involving myriad cellular and biologic processes that are highly regulated to allow satisfactory repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. This review is intended to be an introductory chapter in a volume focusing on the use of platelet concentrates for tissue regeneration. In order to fully appreciate the clinical utility of these preparations, a sound understanding of the processes and factors involved in soft and hard tissue healing. This encompasses an appreciation of the cellular and biological mediators of both soft and hard tissues in general as well as specific consideration of the periodontal tissues. In light of good advances in this basic knowledge, there have been improvements in clinical strategies and therapeutic management of wound repair and regeneration. The use of platelet concentrates for tissue regeneration offers one such strategy and is based on the principles of cellular and biologic principles of wound repair discussed in this review.
Disparities and social determinants of periodontal diseases.
Albandar JM
Periodontol 2000 · 2025 Jun · PMID 38217495 · Publisher ↗
Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent in populations worldwide and are a major global public health problem, with major negative impacts on individuals and communities. This study investigates evidence of disparities...
Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent in populations worldwide and are a major global public health problem, with major negative impacts on individuals and communities. This study investigates evidence of disparities in periodontal diseases by age groups, gender, and socioeconomic factors. There is ample evidence that these diseases disproportionally affect poorer and marginalized groups and are closely associated with certain demographics and socioeconomic status. Disparities in periodontal health are associated with social inequalities, which in turn are caused by old age, gender inequality, income and education gaps, access to health care, social class, and other factors. In health care, these factors may result in some individuals receiving better and more professional care compared to others. This study also reviews the potential causes of these disparities and the means to bridge the gap in disease prevalence. Identifying and implementing effective strategies to eliminate inequities among minorities and marginalized groups in oral health status and dental care should be prioritized in populations globally.
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