Folia Medica Cracoviensia[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Is a pedometric assessment necessary for American football players? A cross-sectional study.
Wodka-Natkaniec E, Niedźwiedzki Ł, Nowobilski R
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Dec · PMID 41607166 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: There is insufficient research on the distribution of foot pressure in American football players, categorized by player positions on the field. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of American football training on...
BACKGROUND: There is insufficient research on the distribution of foot pressure in American football players, categorized by player positions on the field. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of American football training on static foot pressure distribution during bipedal standing with eyes open and closed, comparing offensive and defensive players. METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study, 105 men (70 American football players, 35 controls) were examined using the Zebris FDM-S podobarographic platform. Parameters related to foot pressure and postural balance were analyzed. RESULTS: American football players demonstrate good balance and pressure distribution in their feet during bipedal standing with open eyes. The foot pressure patterns worsen during bipedal standing with closed eyes for offensive players compared to visual control (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: When visual input was removed, the offensive players exhibited more forefoot loading, while the defensive group showed higher hindfoot loading. A significant difference in the total load of the left foot between the attack and control groups further emphasizes the variability in the distribution of foot load within the groups, and due to the position on the field when vision is limited. In our opinion, the greater exposure to foot load changes in offensive players provides some basis for the implementation of preventative measures for pronated feet and training aimed at strengthening the short foot muscles, stabilizing the ankle joints, and improving proprioception.
Health behaviors of young adults in the context of preventing cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis.
Kawalec-Kajstura E, Kopeć M, Sułkowska J … +3 more , Durlak U, Reczek A, Kuźmicz IE
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Dec · PMID 41607165 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis are one of the leading causes of death in Poland and worldwide. Atherosclerosis develops from the earliest years of life and is influenced by modifiable ris...
INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis are one of the leading causes of death in Poland and worldwide. Atherosclerosis develops from the earliest years of life and is influenced by modifiable risk factors resulting from health behaviors, which provides opportunities to reduce cardiovascular risk, especially in young people, by addressing these factors. AIM OF THE STUDY: assessment of health behaviors adopted by young adults in the context of preventing cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted among 200 people aged between 18 and 35, with the application of a diagnostic survey method, a questionnaire technique using the Health Behavior Inventory (Inwentarz Zachowań Zdrowotnych - IZZ) and a self-designed questionnaire. RESULTS: The average score obtained by the respondents in the Health Behavior Inventory (IZZ) test was 80.44 ± 13.0 points, with the highest average score obtained in the area of positive mental attitude (3.43 ± 0.69 points) and the lowest in the category of preventive behaviors (3.26 ± 0.68 points). In the knowledge test, the respondents scored an average of 19.68 ± 2.60 points. Among the socio-geographic factors, gender had the most significant impact on the respondents' health behaviors - it significantly influenced the overall result, as well as all its components, except for positive mental attitude. CONCLUSIONS: The largest percentage of respondents presented average or low levels of health behaviors, and the level of knowledge was also average among the largest percentage of respondents. Among the variables analyzed, gender had the most significant impact on health behaviors, while health behaviors did not differ significantly depending on the respondents' level of knowledge.
Occurrence and severity of depressive disorders in people aged 18-25.
Kamińska A, Dziedzic K, Zurzycka P … +1 more , Wojtas K
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Dec · PMID 41607164 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The occurrence of depressive disorders with a varied clinical picture and intensity of symptoms among young people has been confirmed by numerous studies. Their dynamic development during a period of life f...
INTRODUCTION: The occurrence of depressive disorders with a varied clinical picture and intensity of symptoms among young people has been confirmed by numerous studies. Their dynamic development during a period of life full of changes and related activities directs efforts towards their early detection, identification of risk factors, and preventive measures. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of depressive disorders among people aged 18-25. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted using a diagnostic survey among 236 young people using the Beck Depression Inventory and the author's questionnaire. RESULTS: 15.68% of the respondents admitted to having diagnosed depressive disorders, while the results based on the Beck Depression Inventory indicated moderate depression in 54.66% of the respondents and severe depression in 13.98%. The severity of depressive symptoms was associated with the presence of mental and somatic symptoms, female gender, stress related to family and social life, studying or working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and substance abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive disorders of varying severity occur among young people in the study and are associated with many factors. Due to the consequences of depressive disorders, there is a need for preventive measures aimed at promoting knowledge and therapeutic measures to facilitate recovery.
Cannabis sativa in the fight against drug-resistant bacteria and fungi.
Gałka S
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Dec · PMID 41607163 · Publisher ↗
Drug resistance in bacteria and fungi is a global threat to public health. The purpose of this publication is to review the latest scientific achievements, mainly from 2020-2025, concerning the use of hemp compounds from...
Drug resistance in bacteria and fungi is a global threat to public health. The purpose of this publication is to review the latest scientific achievements, mainly from 2020-2025, concerning the use of hemp compounds from Cannabis sativa in combating drug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections. The literature review confirms that C.sativa, a plant with a documented centuries-old therapeutic history, is a rich source of cannabinoids and terpenes that combat drug-resistant bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and fungi: Cryptococcus neoformans, as well as species from the Candida and Aspergillus. The potential of hemp compounds is based on their activity in interacting directly with pathogens by disrupting cell membrane integrity, eradicating biofilm, having a bactericidal effect on bacterial spores, acting synergistically, affecting host inflammatory pathways, and the human endocannabinoid system.
Computational insights into oxysterols: MD and DFT applications in pharmaceutical research.
Kobierski J, Świątek M, Jawień W
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Dec · PMID 41607162 · Publisher ↗
Oxysterols, the oxidized derivatives of cholesterol, are biologically active molecules involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Small structural changes in the cholesterol backbone (such as a...
Oxysterols, the oxidized derivatives of cholesterol, are biologically active molecules involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Small structural changes in the cholesterol backbone (such as additional hydroxyl or keto groups on the sterol rings or side chain) dramatically alter their biological effects, ranging from beneficial roles in cholesterol homeostasis and antiviral acivity to harmful contributions to diseases like atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have emerged as powerful tools to investigate these molecules at an atomic level. By complementing experimental studies, computational approaches reveal how oxysterols interact with membrane lipids, providing mechanistic insight into their function. This review highlights key findings from MD and DFT studies on various oxysterols - including 7-hydroxycholesterol epimers, 7-ketocholesterol, 22-hydroxycholesterol epimers, 24(S)-, 25- and 27-hydroxycholesterol - in the context of pharmaceutical and medical research. We discuss how these methods uncovered differences in orientation, hydration, and intermolecular interactions of oxysterols in model membranes, lipid rafts, and complexes, explaining phenomena such as membrane domain destabilization or stabilization, rapid transbilayer "flip-flop" translocation, and stereochemistry-dependent biological activity. Understanding these molecular details is crucial for pharmacists and medical researchers, as it connects oxysterol structure-function relationships to their roles as potential biomarkers, therapeutic targets, or bioactive compounds involved in disease pathophysiology. Computational chemistry thus provides a valuable complement to experimental pharmacology, enabling the prediction of oxysterol behavior in biological systems.
Pharmacokinetics of midazolam, 1´-OH-midazolam, 4-OH-midazolam, 1´-OH-midazolam-β-D-glucuronide, and 4-OH-midazolam-β-D-glucuronide in serum and urine from patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
Procak M, Rojek S, Jawień W … +3 more , Walczak M, Hiesmayr M, Cichna-Markl M
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Dec · PMID 41607161 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The benzodiazepine midazolam is widely used pre- and intraoperatively in intensive care units. 1´-OH-midazolam, one of the major metabolites, is pharmacologically active. Accumulation of 1´-OH-midazolam, e.g....
BACKGROUND: The benzodiazepine midazolam is widely used pre- and intraoperatively in intensive care units. 1´-OH-midazolam, one of the major metabolites, is pharmacologically active. Accumulation of 1´-OH-midazolam, e.g. due to hepatic dysfunction or renal insufficiency, may therefore enhance pharmacological activity. Growing evidence suggests that sex, age, drug interactions, and inflammation also have an impact on midazolam disposition and activity. Due to the complex interplay of these factors, finding the optimal midazolam dose for each critically ill patient is challenging. METHODS: We aimed to elucidate the factors that contribute significantly to pharmacokinetics of midazolam and its main metabolites in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We collected serum and urine samples from 15 patients 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours after the beginning of cardiac surgery and determined the concentrations of midazolam, 1´-OH-midazolam, 4-OH-midazolam, 1´-OH-midazolam-β-D-glucuronide, and 4-OH-midazolam-β-D-glucuronide by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS: Oxidation to 4-OH-M and subsequent glucuronidation played a role in metabolism and elimination of midazolam in our patient cohort. Patients showed relatively variable concentrations of midazolam and its metabolites, due to differences in midazolam dose and administration routes, demographic and clinical parameters. Thus, we evaluated pharmacokinetic parameters for individual patients and not for the whole patient cohort. We established a logarithmic multiple regression model linking urinary concentrations of midazolam, 1´-OH-midazolam, and 1´-OH-midazolam-β-D-glucuronide with explanatory variables. CONCLUSION: Our model linked urinary concentrations of midazolam, 1´-OH-M, and 1´-OH-MG to serum concentration, age, surgery infusion volume, creatinine concentration, and/or body temperature.
Investigation of platelet-antibody interactions using ultrasound-induced chemiluminescence.
Lizoń A, Walawska W, Papież M … +2 more , Merak J, Krzyściak W
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Dec · PMID 41607160 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR) presents a significant clinical challenge, often requiring specialized diagnostic and donor-matching strategies. Existing immunoassays detect anti-platelet antibodies...
BACKGROUND: Platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR) presents a significant clinical challenge, often requiring specialized diagnostic and donor-matching strategies. Existing immunoassays detect anti-platelet antibodies but do not assess their functional impact. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using ultrasound-induced chemiluminescence (UICL) as a functional assay to detect interactions between platelet concentrates (PCs) and selected antibodies (anti-HLA and ABO antibodies). METHODS: Native and antibody-exposed PCs were analyzed using luminol-based chemiluminescence following high-frequency ultrasound stimulation. The signal intensity, reflecting reactive oxygen species production, was measured and standardized using an activation index. Microscopic, cytometric, and hematologic assessments were performed to validate platelet activation. RESULTS: Native PCs present low spontaneous chemiluminescence, which increase approximately tenfold upon ultrasound stimulation. The presence of anti-platelet antibodies additionally enhances the chemiluminescence signal following ultrasound activation. Using a quantitative activation index allows for comparison of platelet-antibody interactions and differentiation of compatible versus incompatible PCs. The lower the activation index, the better the antigenic match between the donor platelets and the patient's immune system. The method correlates with conventional HLA matching techniques (e.g., flow cytometry) and may support the selection of compatible PCs for alloimmunized patients. Morphological and volumetric changes confirm platelet activation post-sonication. CONCLUSION: UICL is a rapid, sensitive, and functionally informative method for assessing platelet-antibody interactions. It holds promise as a complementary or alternative approach to traditional immunologic testing in the management of immune-mediated PTR and may enhance transfusion decision-making, especially in settings where immunogenetic data are limited or time-sensitive.
The slowing pulse: a history of research on training-induced resting bradycardia.
Grandys M, Woźniak M, Żołądź JA
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Dec · PMID 41607159 · Publisher ↗
Training-induced resting bradycardia is characteristic of endurance athletes, but it also often occurs in less trained, physically active people. It is commonly believed that slowing of the heart rate is a positive sign...
Training-induced resting bradycardia is characteristic of endurance athletes, but it also often occurs in less trained, physically active people. It is commonly believed that slowing of the heart rate is a positive sign of systemic adaptation to physical training, but severe bradycardia phenomenon (below 40 beats per minute) could be a matter of concern for athletes' health. In this review, we present the fascinating history of research into this one of the most fundamental adaptive responses of the cardiovascular system to exercise training, which teaches us an important scientific truth - that nothing that has not been questioned has truly been proven. In the context of training-induced resting bradycardia, this refers to many aspects of the phenomenon, from its name and meaning to its physiological mechanisms.
Premature ovarian insufficiency: decoding oxidative stress, metabolic pathways, epigenetic regulation, and the therapeutic role of yoga.
Kumar R, Borthakur D, Dada R
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Dec · PMID 41607158 · Publisher ↗
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous multifactorial disorder characterized by amenorrhoea, hypoestrogenism and elevated serum gonadotropins in women below 40 years. Genetic predisposition, infections,...
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous multifactorial disorder characterized by amenorrhoea, hypoestrogenism and elevated serum gonadotropins in women below 40 years. Genetic predisposition, infections, iatrogenic, autoimmune conditions and endocrinopathies are few of the known causes of POI, but majority cases of POI are idiopathic which is attributed to be due to environmental factors, epigenetic changes, oxidative DNA damage or faulty DNA repair mechanisms. These epigenetic changes and cumulative oxidative DNA damage can pass transgenerationally to subsequent generations. Management of POI involves hormone replacement to alleviate the symptoms of hypoestrogenism and in some cases treatment for infertility, comorbid stress and depression. The broad spectrum of decreased quality of life and psychosocial impact of the medical condition is less often addressed. Lifestyle modification and yoga can act as adjunct therapy in conjunction with the standard treatment protocol to alleviate the stress, anxiety and depression. YBLI exerts immunomodulatory effects and provides a natural way to decrease oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, restoring hormonal normality and in turn protect accelerated oocyte atresia.
Therapeutic strategies in irritable bowel syndrome: current standards, emerging options and future challenges.
Janowski WM, Kaczmarczyk GM, Tarasiuk-Zawadzka A … +1 more , Fichna J
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Dec · PMID 41607157 · Publisher ↗
The development of safe and efficient therapeutic interventions in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is challenged by the complexity of its pathophysiology and a wide range of symptoms. On the other hand, with the progress...
The development of safe and efficient therapeutic interventions in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is challenged by the complexity of its pathophysiology and a wide range of symptoms. On the other hand, with the progress in design of diagnostic and analytical tools (including software and artificial intelligence), we understand more about the disease what brings us closer to its successful treatment. In this review we discuss currently available and potential future pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, focusing mainly on clinical proof of their efficiency. Moreover, we aim at identifying risk and challenges that need to be overcome to obtain a marketed drug.
Morphologic study on the patterns of communication between median and musculocutaneous nerves in humans.
Borthakur D, Dada R, Ganapathy A … +2 more , Sehgal R, Biswas J
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Sep · PMID 41404693 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Several patterns of communication between the median nerve (MN) and the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) have been described along with a number of classification systems. However, some atypical patterns of commun...
OBJECTIVE: Several patterns of communication between the median nerve (MN) and the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) have been described along with a number of classification systems. However, some atypical patterns of communication find no place in the existing classification systems. Knowledge about these variable communications is crucial for the accurate clinical management of peripheral nerve lesions of the upper limb. METHODS: 48 formalin-fixed dissected specimens of upper limb (36 right and 12 left) were examined for presence of communications between MN and MCN. The observed gross anatomical features were recorded and photographed using a digital camera. Measurement of length and thickness of communications was done using a non-stretchable measuring tape and digital Vernier callipers. RESULTS: A total of 8 communications were observed, all unilateral, extending from MCN to MN and located either in the axilla or in the arm. Five communications were on the right side and 3 on the left. Five communications adhered to typical previously reported patterns, while three were novel and atypical. Most communications arose from the MCN after it traversed the coracobrachialis (CRB) muscle, only one arising proximal to the CRB. CONCLUSION: Eight cases of unilateral MN-MCN communication were found among the 48 upper limbs examined, including three atypical cases that cannot be categorized in any existing classification system and may therefore be easily missed during surgery. Their identification is crucial to avoid inadvertent damage during surgical procedures.
A case of an ALS patient with an SQSTM1 mutation - implications for the p62/NF-κB/Nrf2/autophagy pathways in the selection of individualised therapeutic strategies: a preliminary report.
Żur-Wyrozumska K
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Sep · PMID 41404692 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) represents a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders sharing a common ALS phenotype but arising from diverse genetic and molecular mechanisms. Among the genes...
INTRODUCTION: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) represents a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders sharing a common ALS phenotype but arising from diverse genetic and molecular mechanisms. Among the genes implicated in ALS, SQSTM1, encoding the multifunctional protein p62, plays a pivotal role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis through the regulation of autophagy and the crosstalk between NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways. Disruption of these mechanisms contributes to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein aggregation in motor neurons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A comprehensive genetic analysis, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), whole-exome sequencing (WES), and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), was performed in a patient clinically diagnosed with ALS. Literature data regarding the role of SQSTM1, NF-κB/Nrf2 signaling, and autophagy modulation in ALS pathogenesis were reviewed to contextualize the findings. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a 49-year-old woman with a 12-month history of progressive - bulbar-onset ALS. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous SQSTM1 c.1175C>T (p.Pro392Leu) variant inherited from her father, classified as likely pathogenic. The patient received dimethyl fumarate (Nrf2 activator), celecoxib (NF-κB inhibitor), and rapamycin (mTOR pathway modulator) as part of an individualized treatment strategy. DISCUSSION: Mutations in SQSTM1 contribute to ALS pathogenesis through dysregulation of autophagy, impaired protein clearance, and excessive neuroinflammation mediated by NF-κB activation. The interplay between NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways suggests that targeted therapeutic modulation may attenuate neurodegeneration. The patient's case illustrates the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of ALS and supports the concept of pathway-specific, precision medicine approaches. CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the relevance of SQSTM1-related pathogenic mechanisms within the heterogeneous ALS spectrum and underscores the importance of advanced genetic testing for identifying candidates for personalized therapy.
Single versus double chest tube after anatomical pulmonary resections - randomized trial.
Gil T, Kużdżał J, Szadurski J … +4 more , Hajder P, Janczura M, Żanowska K, Kocoń P
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Sep · PMID 41404691 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Pleural drainage is the standard procedure after different thoracic procedures. The drainage rules used in various centers vary considerably. Although many centers use now single chest tube instead of the cla...
BACKGROUND: Pleural drainage is the standard procedure after different thoracic procedures. The drainage rules used in various centers vary considerably. Although many centers use now single chest tube instead of the classical double-tube system, high-level evidence supporting this approach is scant. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this trial was to compare effectiveness of single chest tube versus the double-tube system and factors influencing this effectiveness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective randomized trial including patients treated between 2016 and 2017. The primary endpoint was drainage time and the secondary endpoints were drainage volume and air leak time. RESULTS: There were 312 patients: 153 finally analyzed in the single-tube group (ST) and 145 patients in the double-tube group (DT). Both groups were comparable regarding patients' characteristics (p = 0.11-0.60). There was no significant difference in drainage time (p = 0.084). Single chest tube was associated with significantly lower drainage volume (1515 ml vs 1998 mL, p = 0.001), mean air leak intensity (26.5 vs 64.2 mL/min, p = 0.005) and mean air leak time (59.9 vs 89.0 hours, p = 0.002). On the multivariate analysis only fused fissure (p = 0.027) was associated with total drainage time. Drainage volume was associated with double-tube (p = 0.039) and VC (p = 0.049), air leak intensity with double-tube (p = 0.032) and BMI (p = 0.048) and air leak time with double-tube (p = 0.008) and BMI (p = 0.043). Complications occurred more often in the DT group (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: in patients who underwent anatomical pulmonary resections single chest tube is associated with lower chest tube output, air leak intensity and air leak time.
Selected factors burdening the caregiver of a chronically ill person on the example of multiple sclerosis.
Szydło E, Wojtas K, Szczypta A … +2 more , Jagielski P, Gniadek A
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Sep · PMID 41404690 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The burden on caregivers of chronically ill patients is a subject of concern for many specialists. The course of multiple sclerosis and the associated change in the patient's functional ability, as well as...
INTRODUCTION: The burden on caregivers of chronically ill patients is a subject of concern for many specialists. The course of multiple sclerosis and the associated change in the patient's functional ability, as well as the resources available to the caregiver, are related to the burden felt by the caregiver. It is extremely important in relation to the care provided to assess the factors that may determine the burden on caregivers. The aim of this study was to identify selected determinants of burden on caregivers of multiple sclerosis patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A diagnostic survey was conducted among 107 caregivers of multiple sclerosis patients using the CBS Caregiver Burden Scale, Guy's Neurological Disability Scale (GNDS), Berlin Social Support Scale (BSSS), Antonovsky's SOC-29 Life Orientation Questionnaire, and the author's own questionnaire. The collected survey data were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and then analyzed using Statistica 13 software. The level of statistical significance was adopted as α = 0.05. RESULTS: The burden on caregivers was high in all subscales. Life orientation and social support were associated with the burden on caregivers. Low life orientation, decreasing perceived available support and currently provided support, as well as a shortage of currently received support and increased search for support resulted in a higher overall burden among caregivers. In addition, deteriorating functioning of patients exacerbated the caregivers' feelings of social isolation, disappointment, and emotional involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Caregivers experienced burdens in various dimensions related to the functional ability of patients and their own resources, such as social support and life orientation.
Can xenobiotics contribute to the increase in the incidence of endocrine diseases by inducing autoimmune processes?
Budziszewska B, Starek-Świechowicz B, Zieliński S … +1 more , Pomierny-Chamioło L
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Sep · PMID 41404689 · Publisher ↗
In recent decades, there has been an increase in the incidence of both autoimmune and endocrine diseases, mainly in industrialized countries and may be partly due to human exposure to increasing levels of environmental p...
In recent decades, there has been an increase in the incidence of both autoimmune and endocrine diseases, mainly in industrialized countries and may be partly due to human exposure to increasing levels of environmental pollutants. Research shows that environmental pollutants, specifically endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), adversely affect gonadal and thyroid function and are linked to type 1 diabetes development. Current data illustrates that the immune system is also a target of EDCs, including the possible exacerbation of autoimmune processes, which are the causes of many endocrine diseases. In this paper, we have presented evidence that environmental pollutants, in addition to directly affecting endocrine glands, can also damage them by intensifying autoimmune processes. We collected experimental and epidemiological data on the effects of EDCs on testicular, ovarian and thyroid function, as well as on the impact of these compounds on the development of type 1 diabetes. The available data demonstrating the potential for particular EDCs to exacerbate autoimmune processes in selected autoimmune endocrine diseases, such as autoimmune orchitis, premature ovarian failure, autoimmune thyroid diseases, and type 1 diabetes were also shown. Because research demonstrating the effects of EDCs on the immune system and the involvement of these compounds in the pathogenesis of autoimmune endocrine diseases is in its early stages, we also presented scientific doubts about this problem and directions for further research. Confirmation of this mechanism of action of EDCs in further studies would help to clarify the current controversies regarding the assessment of their effects in humans.
The role of early respiratory rehabilitation in the management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Żurowicz B, Papież K, Ratusznik J … +1 more , Sładek K
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Sep · PMID 41404688 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. Acute exacerbations significantly impair lung function and increase the risk of hospita...
BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. Acute exacerbations significantly impair lung function and increase the risk of hospitalization and mortality. METHODS: This case report describes a 66-year-old female patient with GOLD 2023 Group E COPD, admitted to the University Hospital in Cracow due to an acute exacerbation triggered by human metapneumovirus infection. Standard pharmacological therapy was initiated, followed by a 10-day program of individualized respiratory rehabilitation. The rehabilitation interventions included bronchodilator and hypertonic saline nebulization, oscillating positive expiratory pressure (OPEP), gravity-assisted drainage, vibratory massage, and the Active Cycle of Breathing Techniques (ACBT). In addition, limb muscle training using a bedside ergometer was implemented. The rehabilitation began on the second day of hospitalization and was conducted twice daily. RESULTS: Significant clinical improvements were observed: the patient reported reduced dyspnea (Borg scale decreased from 5 to 2), increased FEV₁ (from 30% to improved post-rehabilitation values), and an extended distance in the six-minute walk test (+80 meters), with no exertional desaturation. Inflammatory markers returned to normal. The patient was discharged with recommendations for continued home-based rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates that early implementation of comprehensive respiratory physiotherapy during COPD exacerbation can result in functional improvement and symptom relief. These findings align with current evidence supporting the benefits of early pulmonary rehabilitation in reducing the impact of exacerbations and improving quality of life in patients with COPD.
SGLT2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: a comprehensive review of their effects on the autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular health.
Zając D, Jucha J, Lastovestkyi I … +2 more , Bujak-Giżycka B, Lorkowska-Zawicka B
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Sep · PMID 41404687 · Publisher ↗
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are antidiabetic drugs that help lower high blood sugar levels by blocking the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys. Although their primary function is to control bloo...
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are antidiabetic drugs that help lower high blood sugar levels by blocking the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys. Although their primary function is to control blood sugar in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), growing evidence suggests they may also have additional benefits, particularly in reducing neurological and cardiovascular complications related to T2DM. This study explores the neuroprotective effects of SGLT2i, which appear to improve symptoms of peripheral neuropathy by enhancing nerve conduction for both sensory and motor functions and reducing neuropathic pain. These effects are believed to occur through mechanisms such as the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and the reduction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, both of which protect nerve function. In terms of cardiovascular health, SGLT2i show cardioprotective effects by lowering sympathetic nervous system activity, reducing blood pressure, and minimizing the risk of heart failure-related hospitalizations and arrhythmias. Furthermore, these inhibitors may play a role in preventing diabetic retinopathy by reducing oxidative stress and blocking inflammatory pathways in retinal tissue. Although some research has hinted at a potential link between SGLT2i use and increased risk of diabetic foot complications, the results are not definitive and require further study. Overall, SGLT2 inhibitors represent a multifaceted approach in managing T2DM, offering additional neurological and cardiovascular benefits. Ongoing research is critical to fully understand their mechanisms, enhance therapeutic outcomes, and confirm their safety for a wide range of patients.
Application of PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) concept in hospitalized elderly patients in the context of independence improvement.
Matla M, Czupryna A
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Sep · PMID 41404686 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Population aging is associated with increased problems of physical and functional fitness in geriatric patients. Fitness constitutes a key element of independence and quality of life in elderly individuals....
INTRODUCTION: Population aging is associated with increased problems of physical and functional fitness in geriatric patients. Fitness constitutes a key element of independence and quality of life in elderly individuals. The proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) method is widely used in orthopedic and neurological rehabilitation; however, there is a lack of research on its comprehensive application in elderly patients in hospital settings. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the PNF concept on independence in elderly individuals and to compare the effectiveness of the PNF method with general rehabilitation (GR) during a maximum 10-day hospital treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 80 randomly selected patients over 64 years of age hospitalized in the Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics. Patients were randomly divided into two 40-person groups: GR and PNF. Functional fitness assessment was conducted at the beginning of rehabilitation and after a maximum of 10 days of therapy or on the day of discharge. The following were used: ADL assessment, IADL, Up & Go test, SPPB test, balance assessment, gait speed measurement, 5-times sit-to-stand test, and NRS scale. RESULTS: Patients rehabilitated according to the PNF concept achieved statistically significantly greater improvement in functional and physical fitness compared to the GR group. CONCLUSIONS: The PNF method in elderly individuals allows for more effective achievement of the main goal of rehabilitation, which is reaching maximum patient independence.
Assessment of core stability in equestrian riders.
Skwierawska Z, Trybulec B, Jagielski P … +1 more , Wodka-Natkaniec E
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Sep · PMID 41404685 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Core stability allows to control and properly perform movements of all body. Optimal core stability level depends on deep muscles capacity and neuromuscular control. Poor core stability is a risk factor for i...
BACKGROUND: Core stability allows to control and properly perform movements of all body. Optimal core stability level depends on deep muscles capacity and neuromuscular control. Poor core stability is a risk factor for injury, especially during physical activity. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in core stability between sport and recreational horse riders and people, who don't do any sports. We hypothesized that horse riders demonstrate better core stability performance. METHODS: 75 people aged 15-30 (20 recreational horse riders, 20 sport horse riders and 35 non-horse riders) was examined in 4 core stability tests. Individuals were assigned to each group based on authors questionnaire. Differences between groups were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: The study showed that sport horse riders have the best core stability. Recreational riders, who trained for shorter periods of time obtained much lower results in each test. The non-horse rider group demonstrated the worst results. There was no statistically significant relationship between the frequency of equestrian training and tests results. CONCLUSIONS: Horse riding increases core stability and has a positive effect on all its parameters. The longer the equestrian training, the better core stability.
Older oncological patients' demand for coordinated care services after discharge from the hospital.
Rudzińska A, Kupis R, Pajor D … +5 more , Herbut J, Gryglewska B, Gąsowski J, Piotrowicz K, Streb J
Folia Med Cracov · 2025 Sep · PMID 41404684 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults, particularly those with cancer, highlights the need for coordinated post-hospital care. This study aimed to assess the demand for multidisciplin...
BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults, particularly those with cancer, highlights the need for coordinated post-hospital care. This study aimed to assess the demand for multidisciplinary post-discharge services among older patients, with a focus on oncological individuals. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records from 200 patients aged ≥65 years hospitalized at the Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Hospital in Krakow, Poland. Patients were divided into two age groups: 65-79 and ≥80 years. Data on medical history, cancer diagnosis, nutrition, rehabilitation needs, pharmacotherapy, and psychosocial aspects were extracted to determine post-discharge care needs. RESULTS: The most frequently identified needs included dietary counseling (54 patients), pharmacological review (27), psychological support (21), nursing care (13), and social work services (6). Cancer patients had significantly higher needs for psychological (100% vs. 40.1%, p <0.001) and nutritional support (85.7% vs. 64.2%, p = 0.002) compared to non-cancer patients. Older patients (≥80 years) showed significantly greater demand for social support (p = 0.045), with all requiring at least one type of post-hospital intervention. CONCLUSION: Older adults, especially those with cancer, have high and complex post-discharge care needs that are inadequately addressed by existing services. The findings support the development of integrated geriatric care models to enhance continuity of care and patient outcomes following hospitalization.
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