Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40329840
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Secukinumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that antagonizes interleukin-17A (IL-17A), has proven efficacious in the management of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Secukinumab has established itself as an effectiv...Secukinumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that antagonizes interleukin-17A (IL-17A), has proven efficacious in the management of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Secukinumab has established itself as an effective treatment for plaque psoriasis, offering rapid and sustained symptom improvement. However, more research is warranted to assess its efficacy and safety in elderly patients, where clinical data is currently lacking. We describe an 84-year-old female presented with stable angina pectoris needed to be hospice cared. She had more than 30 years history of plaque psoriasis. The patient underwent treatment with secukinumab for two weeks. The skin lesions had been decreased rapidly and this greatly improved quality life of this patient. We report the clinical use of secukinumab in the treatment of elderly psoriasis and biologicals may be a new strategy for hospice care of patients with psoriasis.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40302521
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OBJECTIVE: In patients with augmented renal clearance (ARC) receiving vancomycin, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is recommended in accordance with the 2020 guidelines. This study was conducted to delineate the profile...OBJECTIVE: In patients with augmented renal clearance (ARC) receiving vancomycin, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is recommended in accordance with the 2020 guidelines. This study was conducted to delineate the profile of ARC and TDM in non-critically ill, non-trauma, non-stroke neurosurgical patients receiving vancomycin, thereby elucidating the additional risk factors and prognostic implications of ARC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center retrospective review of clinical data was performed from patients who were consecutively admitted to the Neurosurgical Department of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, from November 1, 2017, to October 31, 2022, and received vancomycin. 62 patients with a maximum ICU stay of 72 hours were included. ARC was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of > 130 mL/min/1.73m in the main analysis. A difference analysis based on ARC risk factors, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression was conducted. RESULTS: The eGFR of the total patient cohort was 115.41 ± 13.39 mL/min/1.73m (mean ± SD), whereas 10 patients (16.13%) had eGFRs > 130 mL/min/1.73m. Younger ages and mannitol co-administration were risk factors for ARC, whereas increased eGFR was not associated with prognostic implications for hospital stay, treatment course, fever duration, or duration to normalization of the CSF test or CRP level. CONCLUSION: A minimum of 16.13% of non-critical, non-trauma, non-stroke neurosurgical patients exhibit ARC. ARC was not associated with anti-infection prognosis. This finding suggests that further evaluation of ARC-guided TDM of these populations is warranted.
Wu G, Guan Z, Lv Q
… +5 more, Ye Y, He J, Luo J, Cai Y, Wu Z
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40302520
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between the severity of recent exacerbations and 90-day mortality risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients (COPD) with acute symptoms, focusing on the impact of the trea...OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between the severity of recent exacerbations and 90-day mortality risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients (COPD) with acute symptoms, focusing on the impact of the treatment regimen and involving 17 different drug combinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A longitudinal, retrospective analysis was carried out in 495 hospitalized COPD patients aged 40 - 75 years. Patients' clinical characteristics were recorded and the effects of drug regimens, administered pre and post hospitalization, comprising various combinations of long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), long-acting beta agonists (LABA), inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), and antibiotics, were compared. A statistical analysis of the primary outcome, 90-day mortality was used to identify patient attributes best predicting mortality. RESULTS: At discharge, 65% of patients were receiving a 3-drug combination, 33% a 2-drug regimen, and 9% a single-drug therapy. Patients discharged on a 3-drug combination treatment had the lowest 90-day mortality rate (4%) compared to 22% for those treated with single-drug regimens. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk of death on single-drug therapy was more than 5-fold greater (odds ratio 5.08) than in the case of patients discharged on a multi-drug combination regimen. CONCLUSION: Patients treated and discharged from hospital on a multi-drug regimen following recent COPD exacerbations had significantly better 90-day survival than patients discharged on monotherapy. The severity of exacerbations and nature of the pharmacotherapy were the main predictors of mortality and were indicative for the importance of disease assessment and multi-drug treatment strategies.
In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, have become key therapeutic options for specific cancers, used as first-, second-, or third-line treatments for various metasta...In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, have become key therapeutic options for specific cancers, used as first-, second-, or third-line treatments for various metastatic conditions. Nivolumab, a programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor, is FDA-approved for metastatic renal cell carcinoma among other cancers. As the use of nivolumab becomes more widespread, understanding both its common and rare side effects is essential. Although nivolumab has been associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), there are rare cases where this adverse effect may be compounded by other underlying conditions. Here, we report the first case of AIHA in a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, triggered as a complication of nivolumab treatment.
BACKGROUND: H1 antihistamines have not been systematically evaluated for adverse events (AEs) in real-world settings despite their widespread use in Japan. We investigated the characteristics of AEs caused by H1 antihist...BACKGROUND: H1 antihistamines have not been systematically evaluated for adverse events (AEs) in real-world settings despite their widespread use in Japan. We investigated the characteristics of AEs caused by H1 antihistamines using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We extracted 14 common AEs (including similar AEs) with a high frequency from the JADER database (April 2004 ‒ September 2023) for patients taking H1 antihistamines as "suspected drugs". Adjusted reporting odds ratios (aRORs) for sex and age were calculated to identify possible H1 antihistamines. A time-event analysis was performed using a Weibull distribution. RESULTS: Among the 32,592 case reports where H1 antihistamines were identified as "suspected drugs", a total of 9,549 case reports involving 2,881 patients were extracted for the common 14 AEs associated with 6 first-generation and 16 second-generation drugs. Among these patients, 53.6% were female, and patients aged 50 - 79 years had a high incidence (45.7%). The highest aROR was for alopecia (56.6), followed by angioedema (3.2), hepatotoxicity (2.6), loss of consciousness (2.4), and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (2.1). Anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, drug/toxic eruption, angioedema, and convulsions/epilepsy occurred within 1 week of H1 antihistamine use. Hepatotoxicity, loss of consciousness, convulsion/epilepsy, pneumonia and aplastic anemia occurred over time throughout H1 antihistamine treatment. The shape parameter β values of most AEs were < 1.0. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that most severe AEs, such as anaphylaxis and toxic cutaneous diseases, caused by H1 antihistamines occurred within 1 week of treatment. Hepatotoxicity, alopecia, interstitial pneumonia, and aplastic anemia occurred throughout the treatment period.
AIMS: The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetic profiles and establish bioequivalence of test and reference teriflunomide tablets (Aubagio) in healthy Chinese male subjects under fasting and...AIMS: The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetic profiles and establish bioequivalence of test and reference teriflunomide tablets (Aubagio) in healthy Chinese male subjects under fasting and fed conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were randomly assigned to either the fasting or the fed group and also to one of the two treatment sequences (test-reference or reference-test), according to which they received a single 14-mg dose of the test or reference teriflunomide tablet in the study periods. During each period, blood samples were collected at pre-dose and at intervals up to 72 hours after dosing. After 72 hours post dose, an accelerated elimination procedure using cholestyramine 4 g t.i.d. PO was done. Plasma concentrations of teriflunomide were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The safety of both tablets was monitored throughout the study. RESULTS: 48 subjects were enrolled, and all completed the study, with 24 participants each in the fasting and fed groups. In both groups, the 90% confidence intervals for AUC and C were within the acceptable bioequivalence range (80 - 125%). There were no significant differences in adverse event (AE) reporting between the subjects receiving test or reference tablet. No serious AEs occurred during the study period. CONCLUSION: The test teriflunomide tablet was pharmacokinetic bioequivalent to the reference teriflunomide tablet (Aubagio) in healthy Chinese male subjects under both fasting and fed conditions. Both formulations were well tolerated by all study participants.
Xia XF, Chen ZB, Fang CC
… +3 more, Xie YJ, Yan FF, Yang SL
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
· 2025 Oct · PMID 40116201
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OBJECTIVE: Our aim in this study is to investigate the advantages of a mobile personal digital assistant (PDA)-based anticoagulant abdominal injection positioning card in the subcutaneous injection process of low molecul...OBJECTIVE: Our aim in this study is to investigate the advantages of a mobile personal digital assistant (PDA)-based anticoagulant abdominal injection positioning card in the subcutaneous injection process of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a historical control study. Convenience sampling was used to include 210 patients diagnosed with venous thromboembolism who received dalteparin sodium (Fragmin) injections in our department between January 2021 and December 2022. Patients were categorized into the control group and the experimental group based on the time period before and after the implementation of the PDA-based anticoagulant abdominal injection positioning card that was developed by the information research and development department of our hospital. The control group consisted of 105 patients treated before the introduction of the PDA-based card (January to December 2021), while the experimental group comprised 105 patients treated after its introduction (January to December 2022). Patients in the control group used subcutaneous injection positioning cards made of paper to determine injection sites, while those in the experimental group used the PDA-based cards to determine injection sites. Outcome measures, including the incidence of subcutaneous bleeding, time spent on the subcutaneous injection procedure, and patient satisfaction, were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The incidence of subcutaneous bleeding was 5.59% in the experimental group vs. 5.61% in the control group, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). The time required for the subcutaneous injection was significantly shorter in the experimental group (63.11 ± 3.59 seconds) than in the control group (83.38 ± 6.96 seconds) (p < 0.05). The patient satisfaction rate was higher in the experimental group (94.3%) than in the control group (80.0%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Use of the PDA-based anticoagulant abdominal injection positioning card to determine the abdominal subcutaneous injection site for LMWH does not increase the occurrence of adverse reactions of subcutaneous bleeding, and can ensure the accuracy of medication use and the safety of medication for patients, reduce the time of nursing operations, optimize the nursing process, and improve patient satisfaction.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40116200
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OBJECTIVES: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are primarily used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; however, they have also been reported to be effective in weight loss. We conducted a meta-analysis to...OBJECTIVES: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are primarily used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; however, they have also been reported to be effective in weight loss. We conducted a meta-analysis to consolidate evidence from randomized clinical trials assessing the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, as potential anti-obesity agents, on cardiovascular risk in overweight and obese participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials involving SGLT2 inhibitors that reported cardiovascular outcomes in overweight and obese individuals. Random-effects models and inverse variance weighting were used to calculate relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: We extracted and analyzed the data from 7 studies, representing 17,810 participants treated with SGLT2 inhibitors and 14,876 participants treated with placebo. The risk of cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and hospitalization for heart failure, significantly decreased by ~ 27.8% in participants treated with SGLT2 inhibitors, compared to the placebo group (relative risk = 0.722; 95% CI 0.639 - 0.821). CONCLUSION: Significant improvements in cardiovascular outcomes can be expected when SGLT2 inhibitors are used to treat diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or heart failure in overweight and obese individuals.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40116199
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PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the adverse drug event (ADE) signals associated with potassium ion binding agent sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC)using the United States Food and Drug Administration's adverse...PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the adverse drug event (ADE) signals associated with potassium ion binding agent sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC)using the United States Food and Drug Administration's adverse event reporting system (FAERS), providing insights for its safe clinical application. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adverse reactions related to SZC were retrieved from the FAERS database, covering the period from May 2018 to September 2023. The analysis utilized several statistical methods, including the reporting odds ratio (ROR), medicines and healthcare regulatory agency (MHRA), Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN), and the Multi-item Gamma Poisson Shrinker (MGPS) method under the proportioanl imbalance approach. RESULTS: A total of 35 positive ADE signals were identified from 1,069 ADE reports where SZC was the primary suspect. These signals encompassed 10 different system organ classes (SOCs). CONCLUSION: This study successfully identified and analyzed ADE signals from the FAERS database, contributing valuable insights for evaluating the rationality and safety of clinical medication practices involving SZC.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40116198
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BACKGROUND: (PM), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, is well known for relieving depression. STUDY DESIGN: To elucidate its potential therapeutic benefits for major depressive disorder (MDD), further research is requ...BACKGROUND: (PM), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, is well known for relieving depression. STUDY DESIGN: To elucidate its potential therapeutic benefits for major depressive disorder (MDD), further research is required to investigate its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using UPLC-QE-MS and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP), we analyzed PM's ingredients and targets. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database identified MDD-related targets. Enrichment analysis identified key components for MDD treatment, refined via protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and machine learning. Molecular docking with AutoDock software assessed binding affinity. RESULTS: We identified 35 PM components and 691 targets. Bioinformatics revealed 1,105 differentially expressed genes in MDD. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed significant enrichment in protease binding, protein tyrosine kinase activity, and pathways like mTOR, Ras, and VEGF. PPI networks and machine learning identified five hub genes - SELP, MMP8, HK2, ATP1A1, and DAO - as therapeutic targets. Molecular docking analysis showed that PM ingredients - Quercetin, Luteolin, Tamarixetin, Isorhamnetin, 8-Hydroxykaempferol, Morin - bind effectively to key targets. CONCLUSION: This study elucidates active components and potential mechanisms for treating MDD with PM, providing insights for future therapeutic targets and drug development.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40116197
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of atomizing inhalation of antibiotics on germ clearance rate and adverse reactions in respiratory infectious diseases. BACKGROUND: Atomizing inhalation of antibiotics is an innovative lo...OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of atomizing inhalation of antibiotics on germ clearance rate and adverse reactions in respiratory infectious diseases. BACKGROUND: Atomizing inhalation of antibiotics is an innovative local drug delivery strategy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science were searched systematically for appropriate clinical studies on atomizing inhalation of antibiotics for respiratory infectious diseases (patients diagnosed with respiratory infectious diseases; intervention: atomizing inhalation of antibiotics; comparison: oral or intravenous administration). Basic data recorded: sample size, follow-up time, germ clearance rate, adverse reactions and other outcome indicators. A meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: Six independent studies involving 245 patients with respiratory infectious diseases were included. There were 131 patients in the experimental group using atomizing inhalation of antibiotics and 114 patients in the control group utilizing oral or intravenous administration. Atomizing inhalation of antibiotics significantly increased the germ clearance rate (defined by no organism growth in culture and no visible organisms), and reduced number, frequency, and severity of adverse reactions compared with the controls. DISCUSSION: The advantages of atomizing inhalation of antibiotics may be attributed to the direct working of drugs on the infection site, increasing local drug concentrations, and thus killing germs more effectively. However, there are differences in the types and doses of antibiotics, atomizing units, and underlying diseases of patients across studies. CONCLUSION: Atomizing inhalation of antibiotics exerts significantly better germ clearance effects while decreasing the incidence of adverse reactions than does oral or intravenous administration in the treatment of respiratory infectious diseases.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
· 2025 May · PMID 40116196
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The high incidence of malignant tumors continues to pose a significant threat to public health. In recent years, there have been notable advancements in tumor treatment methods, leading to substantial changes in the conc...The high incidence of malignant tumors continues to pose a significant threat to public health. In recent years, there have been notable advancements in tumor treatment methods, leading to substantial changes in the concepts and clinical approaches to treatment. The primary clinical methods for treating malignant tumors currently include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Among these, chemotherapy is one of the most crucial and comprehensive treatment strategies. The rapid progress in nanoscience has fostered the development of nanocarrier compounds and their clinical applications in disease treatment. Notably, nanomedicines, including goserelin sustained-release implants, doxorubicin liposomes, albumin-bound paclitaxel, and paclitaxel liposomes, have been effectively utilized in tumor treatment in China [<xref-ref>1</xref-ref>]. The article presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in utilizing various nanocarriers for combination therapy in tumors. It also examines the clinical application and efficacy of drug delivery carriers. The development of efficient and safe co-delivery systems that facilitate the effective transport and precise release of drugs within the cancerous tissues while also elucidating the internalization of nanoparticles into tumor cells and their functional mechanisms represents critical areas for future research. Concurrently, advancements in nanocarriers and tumor treatment are anticipated to yield superior therapeutic outcomes and improved quality of life for cancer patients.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) in the treatment of ovarian cancer (OC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a network pharmacology approach to identify ove...OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) in the treatment of ovarian cancer (OC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a network pharmacology approach to identify overlapping targets of OC- and Rg3-related genes. The overlapping targets were used for enrichment analysis to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and identify hub genes. Significantly enriched pathways were validated using in vitro experiments. RESULTS: After identifying the relevant targets of OC and Rg3, 53 overlapping targets were identified. Enrichment analysis revealed that the PI3K-Akt, Ras, Rap1 pathways were significantly enriched. Ten hub genes (, and ) were identified in the PPI network. In vitro experiments revealed that Rg3 exerted therapeutic effects by promoting the apoptosis of OC cells and inhibiting the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: The combination of network pharmacology and in vitro experimental validation revealed that Rg3 may play a therapeutic role in the treatment of OC by promoting the apoptosis of OC cells via the inhibition of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. This provides a new idea for the clinical application of Rg3 in the treatment of OC.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40116194
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Toripalimab, a humanized anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, is widely employed in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and various other malignancies. However, there have been no reported cases linking prolong...Toripalimab, a humanized anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, is widely employed in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and various other malignancies. However, there have been no reported cases linking prolonged administration of toripalimab to immune-mediated hepatitis (IMH). Typically, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related IMH manifests within the first few weeks or months following the initiation of therapy. In this report, we presented a case of IMH in a patient with NSCLC following ~ 17 months of toripalimab treatment. IMH induced by toripalimab may occur at any time during treatment, underscoring the need for clinicians to remain vigilant in monitoring for adverse reactions. Throughout toripalimab treatment, careful attention must be paid to the symptoms, diagnosis, and pathological features of IMH. Glucocorticoids, such as methylprednisolone, can effectively reduce liver enzyme markers like aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in patients experiencing toripalimab-induced IMH.
Watanabe F, Hirai T, Shiraishi C
… +3 more, Tasaka K, Iwamoto T, Hanada K
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
· 2025 May · PMID 40063981
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OBJECTIVE: Predicting the occurrence of hyperkalemia in patients undergoing co-trimoxazole treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia is critical. However, other factors besides drug exposure affect serum potassium levels, and...OBJECTIVE: Predicting the occurrence of hyperkalemia in patients undergoing co-trimoxazole treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia is critical. However, other factors besides drug exposure affect serum potassium levels, and various interventions are often used to treat hyperkalemia in clinical practice. Therefore, we aimed to develop a Markov model to predict the risk of hyperkalemia under various intervention conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational study. Information on daily dose of co-trimoxazole and hyperkalemia events was obtained from adult patients administered oral co-trimoxazole between 2015 and 2020 at Mie University Hospital (Mie, Japan). A Markov model with an intermediate layer was applied using NONMEM. The drug-effect model was assumed to have a maximum effective model. Bootstrapping and visual predictive checks were used to assess model validity. RESULTS: A total of 271 patients with 4039 observations of potassium levels were included. Baseline serum potassium level was a significant covariate of drug response. The successful bootstrap completion rate was 99.5%, and each parameter estimate was consistent with the bootstrap median; therefore, the model was sufficiently robust. CONCLUSION: The Markov model, including an intermediate layer, provides a robust framework for predicting the risk of hyperkalemia, even in datasets where post-onset interventions vary from patient to patient. Thus, it is postulated that higher baseline potassium levels increase hyperkalemia.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther
· 2025 May · PMID 40063980
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BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumor with the third highest incidence worldwide. The comprehensive economic evaluation of programmed cell death protein-1 inhibitors in China, however, has not yet been...BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumor with the third highest incidence worldwide. The comprehensive economic evaluation of programmed cell death protein-1 inhibitors in China, however, has not yet been carried out. The aim of this study is to assess the cost-utility of pembrolizumab and nivolumab in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Markov model microsimulation of efficacy and cost-utility analysis (CUA) was carried out, and efficacy and safety data were compared using network meta-analysis. Literature screening and data extraction were performed according to established criteria where the main outcome indicators, complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD) were compared between two treatments. The lifetime cost and outcomes of mCRC treatment were estimated, and quality-adjusted life years (-QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were used to evaluate the economy of each program. RESULTS: A total of 442 studies were evaluated of which 15, with a total of 798 patients, were included in the analysis. Of these, 13 evaluated PD, and total patients for CR, PR, SD, and PD were 82, 283, 160, and 180 respectively. The corresponding heterogeneity values were (p = 0.13, heterogeneity index as percentage (I) = 29.53%), (p < 0.01, I = 72.55%), (p = 0.03, I = 46.54%), (p < 0.01, I = 80.31%), and (p = 0.13 > 0.05). The proportion of patients classified as CR in the pembrolizumab group was greater than in the nivolumab group (0.105 vs. 0.085). However, the number of patients classified as PR and SD in the nivolumab group exceeded those in the pembrolizumab group. The number of patients classified as PD were similar in the two groups. Combination therapy nivolumab + ipilimumab yielded an incremental gain of 0.04 QALYs at an additional cost of 356,723 ¥. The ICER reached 8,918,075 ¥/QALYs, surpassing three times the per capita gross domestic product (GDP). CONCLUSION: Both pembrolizumab and nivolumab showed beneficial effects in patients with mCRC. Nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab led to improved progression-free survival, but the values for ICER reached 8,918,075 ¥/QALYs. Treatment of non-resectable or metastatic microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H)/deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) advanced solid tumors CRC with pembrolizumab alone, in the Chinese population examined, was the most cost-effective, where the willingness-to-pay threshold was 242,928 ¥/QALY (100 ¥ = 13.75 US$ and 12.63 €).