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Physical Review Letters[JOURNAL]

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Newman-Janis Algorithm from Taub-Newman-Unti-Tamburino Instantons.

Kim JH

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360957 · Publisher ↗

It is shown that the Kerr metric represents the nonlinear superposition of self-dual and anti-self-dual Taub-Newman-Unti-Tamburino (NUT) instantons. This promotes the Newman-Janis algorithm to a rigorous derivation of th... It is shown that the Kerr metric represents the nonlinear superposition of self-dual and anti-self-dual Taub-Newman-Unti-Tamburino (NUT) instantons. This promotes the Newman-Janis algorithm to a rigorous derivation of the Kerr metric with a definite physical origin. In the same way, the Kerr-Newman and charged Kerr-Taub-NUT solutions are systems of Taub-NUT instantons and chiral dyons.

Momentum-Resolved Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy as a Probe of Nonlinear Quantum Field Dynamics.

De Santis D, Gómez-Salvador A, Bazhan N … +6 more , Erne S, Prüfer M, Guarcello C, Valenti D, Schmiedmayer J, Demler E

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360956 · Publisher ↗

Emergent collective excitations constitute a hallmark of interacting quantum many-body systems, yet in solid-state platforms their study has been largely limited by the constraints of linear-response probes and by finite... Emergent collective excitations constitute a hallmark of interacting quantum many-body systems, yet in solid-state platforms their study has been largely limited by the constraints of linear-response probes and by finite momentum resolution. We propose to overcome these limitations by combining the spatial resolution of ultracold atomic systems with the nonlinear probing capabilities of two-dimensional spectroscopy (2DS). As a concrete illustration, we analyze momentum-resolved 2DS of the quantum sine-Gordon model describing the low-energy dynamics of two weakly coupled one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates. This approach reveals distinctive many-body signatures, most notably asymmetric cross-peaks reflecting the interplay between isolated (B_{2} breather) and continuum (B_{1} pair) modes. The protocol further enables direct characterization of anharmonicity and disorder, establishing momentum-resolved 2DS as both a powerful diagnostic for quantum simulators and a versatile probe of correlated quantum matter.

Search for Double Beta Decays of ^{134}Xe with EXO-200 Phase II.

Al Kharusi S, Anton G, Badhrees I … +103 more , Barbeau PS, Belov V, Bhatta T, Breidenbach M, Brunner T, Cao GF, Cen WR, Chambers C, Cleveland B, Coon M, Craycraft A, Daniels T, Darroch L, Daugherty SJ, Davis J, Delaquis S, Der Mesrobian-Kabakian A, DeVoe R, Dolgolenko A, Dolinski MJ, Echevers J, Eckert B, Fairbank W, Fairbank D, Farine J, Feyzbakhsh S, Fierlinger P, Fu YS, Fudenberg D, Gautam P, Gornea R, Gratta G, Hall C, Hansen EV, Hoessl J, Hufschmidt P, Hughes M, Iverson A, Jamil A, Jessiman C, Jewell MJ, Johnson A, Karelin A, Kaufman LJ, Koffas T, Krücken R, Kuchenkov A, Kumar KS, Lan Y, Larson A, Lenardo BG, Leonard DS, Li GS, Li S, Li Z, Licciardi C, Lin YH, MacLellan R, McElroy T, Michel T, Mong B, Moore DC, Murray K, Njoya O, Nusair O, Odian A, Ostrovskiy I, Peltz Smalley H, Perna A, Piepke A, Pocar A, Retière F, Robinson AL, Rowson PC, Schmidt S, Sinclair D, Skarpaas K, Soma AK, Stekhanov V, Tarka M, Thibado S, Todd J, Tolba T, Totev TI, Tsang R, Veenstra B, Veeraraghavan V, Vogel P, Vuilleumier JL, Wagenpfeil M, Watkins J, Weber M, Wen LJ, Wichoski U, Wrede G, Wu SX, Xia Q, Yahne DR, Yang L, Yen YR, Zeldovich OY, Ziegler T, EXO-200 Collaboration

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360955 · Publisher ↗

EXO-200 was a leading double beta decay experiment consisting of a single-phase, enriched liquid xenon time projection chamber filled with an admixture of 80.672% ^{136}Xe and 19.098% ^{134}Xe. The detector operated at t... EXO-200 was a leading double beta decay experiment consisting of a single-phase, enriched liquid xenon time projection chamber filled with an admixture of 80.672% ^{136}Xe and 19.098% ^{134}Xe. The detector operated at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant between 2010 and 2018 and was designed to search for double beta decay of ^{136}Xe. Data were acquired in two phases separated by a period of detector upgrades. We report on the search for 0νββ and 2νββ decay of ^{134}Xe with Phase II EXO-200 data, with median 90% CL exclusion sensitivity to half-life T_{1/2}^{0ν}≥3.7×10^{23}  yr and T_{1/2}^{2ν}≥2.6×10^{21}  yr, respectively. No statistically significant signal is observed for either decay mode. We set a world-leading lower limit on the half-life of the neutrinoless decay mode of ^{134}Xe of T_{1/2}^{0ν}≥8.7×10^{23} (90% CL) and the second strongest constraint on the two-neutrino decay of T_{1/2}^{2ν}≥2.9×10^{21} (90% CL), a threefold improvement over the EXO-200 Phase I measurement. New constraints are also set for the 2νββ and 0νββ decays of ^{134}Xe to the lowest excited state of ^{134}Ba.

Magic Barrier before Thermalization.

Ebner L, Müller B, Schäfer A … +3 more , Schmotzer L, Seidl C, Yao X

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360954 · Publisher ↗

We investigate the time dependence of antiflatness in the entanglement spectrum, a measure for nonstabilizerness and lower bound for nonlocal quantum magic resource, on a subsystem of a linear SU(2) plaquette chain durin... We investigate the time dependence of antiflatness in the entanglement spectrum, a measure for nonstabilizerness and lower bound for nonlocal quantum magic resource, on a subsystem of a linear SU(2) plaquette chain during thermalization. Tracing the time evolution of a large number of initial states, we find that the antiflatness exhibits a barrierlike maximum during the time period when the entanglement entropy of the subsystem grows rapidly from the initial value to the microcanonical entropy. The location of the peak is strongly correlated with the time when the entanglement exhibits the strongest growth. This behavior is found for generic highly excited initial computational basis states and persists for coupling constants across the ergodic regime, revealing a universal structure of the entanglement spectrum during thermalization. We conclude that quantitative simulations of thermalization for non-Abelian gauge theories require quantum computing. We speculate that this property generalizes to other quantum chaotic systems, a conjecture supported by analogous behavior observed in real-time simulations of the mixed-field Ising model.

Evidence for Atomic-Scale Vibron-Mediated Electron Bunching.

Maiti A, Amato M, Stolyarov VS … +5 more , Aubin H, Estève J, Pistolesi F, Aprili M, Massee F

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360953 · Publisher ↗

Due to the Coulomb blockade effect, electrons typically tunnel into a localized state one by one, showing antibunching behavior. However, theory predicts that strong vibronic coupling can generate electron bunching local... Due to the Coulomb blockade effect, electrons typically tunnel into a localized state one by one, showing antibunching behavior. However, theory predicts that strong vibronic coupling can generate electron bunching locally, yet direct atomic-scale evidence has remained elusive. In this Letter, we report an atomically resolved shot-noise study probing the transport statistics of single-electron tunneling in an atomic impurity coupled to a vibrational mode. Conventional time-averaged conductance spectroscopy reveals clear signatures of vibron-assisted tunneling in this atomically sized nanoelectromechanical system. Simultaneous shot-noise measurements at the impurity center show super-Poissonian noise, providing direct evidence that vibronic coupling drives electron bunching during tunneling. As a future outlook, if coherence between electrons can be implemented, vibron-mediated electron bunching at single atomic sites may be exploited as a local injection source of N-paired electrons.

Topological Approach to Measuring the Gaussian Curvature Modulus of Lipid Membranes in Simulation.

Gallagher SF, Deserno M

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360952 · Publisher ↗

Fission and fusion of lipid membranes are ubiquitous shape transformations in living cells, necessary for maintaining the shape of organelles and enabling a host of transport processes between them. These topology-changi... Fission and fusion of lipid membranes are ubiquitous shape transformations in living cells, necessary for maintaining the shape of organelles and enabling a host of transport processes between them. These topology-changing events involve curvature-elastic free energy changes proportional to the Gaussian curvature modulus, κ[over ¯]. However, precisely because of its topological nature, the value of this modulus is exceptionally hard to determine. Here we propose a novel method to computationally determine κ[over ¯] that involves simulating triply periodic minimal surfaces. We measure their excess curvature energy E and infer the associated free energy F via a thermodynamic argument that rests on the strong temperature dependence of E and the relatively weak temperature dependence of E/F. Our approach is unique in that it circumvents the complications arising in alternative procedures that require an open membrane edge to break the constraints of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. As an illustration, we determine κ[over ¯] for a coarse-grained lipid model over a range of temperatures and lipid shapes. We show that the observed changes of both the Gaussian curvature modulus as well as its ratio to the ordinary bending modulus follow widely held expectations.

New Ground State in ^{149}La Removes Two-Neutron-Separation-Energy Anomaly in Lanthanum Isotopes.

Kimura S, Wada M, Haba H … +9 more , Hirayama Y, Ishiyama H, Ito Y, Niwase T, Rosenbusch M, Schury P, Ueno H, Watanabe YX, Yamanouchi Y

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360951 · Publisher ↗

Nuclear mass is a key indicator of how the nuclear shell structure evolves. The recent mass measurement study of neutron-rich lanthanum isotopes [Jaries et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 042501 (2025)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/P... Nuclear mass is a key indicator of how the nuclear shell structure evolves. The recent mass measurement study of neutron-rich lanthanum isotopes [Jaries et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 042501 (2025)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.134.042501] reveals the presence of a distinct prominence in their two-neutron separation energies. However, its presence has been called into question based on the results of another mass determination [Liu, Ph.D. thesis, University of Notre Dame, 2025, 10.7274/28766600.v1.]. In this Letter, we report an effort to clarify these contradictory results through the use of the simultaneous mass-lifetime measurement of the neutron-rich lanthanum isotope ^{149}La using a multireflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph combined with a β-TOF detector. The peak corresponding to a β-decaying state was observed in the time-of-flight spectra at a position of 221(6)  keV/c^{2} lighter than the reported ^{149}La mass in Jaries et al., but our measured result is in excellent agreement with the mass value reported in Liu. We have concluded that this peak is the ground state of ^{149}La. With this, the previously reported distinct prominence in the two-neutron separation energies disappears, while a new kink structure, similar to that in the cerium isotopes, appears. Comparison with theoretical models suggests that a nuclear shape transition from octupole deformation to another type of deformation occurs around N=91 and is likely the cause of this kink structure.

Learning the Action for Long-Time-Step Simulations of Molecular Dynamics.

Bigi F, Spies J, Ceriotti M

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360950 · Publisher ↗

The equations of classical mechanics can be used to model the time evolution of countless physical systems, from the astrophysical to the atomic scale. Accurate numerical integration requires small time steps, which limi... The equations of classical mechanics can be used to model the time evolution of countless physical systems, from the astrophysical to the atomic scale. Accurate numerical integration requires small time steps, which limits the computational efficiency-especially in cases such as molecular dynamics that span wildly different timescales. Using machine-learning (ML) algorithms to predict trajectories allows one to greatly extend the integration time step, at the cost of introducing artifacts such as lack of energy conservation and loss of equipartition between different degrees of freedom of a system. We propose learning data-driven structure-preserving (symplectic and time-reversible) maps to generate long-time-step classical dynamics and show that this method is equivalent to learning the mechanical action of the system of interest. These models can be learned based on short reference trajectories and be transferred across thermodynamic conditions and chemical composition. We show that an action-derived ML integrator eliminates the pathological behavior of non-structure-preserving ML predictors and that the method can be applied iteratively, serving as a correction to computationally cheaper direct predictors.

Real-Time Sign-Problem-Suppressed Quantum Monte Carlo Algorithm for Noisy Quantum Circuit Simulations.

Shen T, Lidar DA

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360949 · Publisher ↗

We present a real-time quantum Monte Carlo algorithm that simulates the dynamics of open quantum systems by stochastically compressing and evolving the density matrix under both Markovian and non-Markovian master equatio... We present a real-time quantum Monte Carlo algorithm that simulates the dynamics of open quantum systems by stochastically compressing and evolving the density matrix under both Markovian and non-Markovian master equations. Our algorithm uses population dynamics to continuously suppress the sign problem, preventing its accumulation throughout the evolution for a broad class of noisy-circuit Liouvillians of practical and experimental interest. We apply it to a variety of quantum circuits and demonstrate significant speedups and scaling improvements over state-of-the-art quantum trajectory methods and convergence to exact solutions even in non-Markovian regimes where trajectory methods fail. Our approach improves the efficiency of classical simulation of gate-based quantum computing, quantum annealing, and general open system dynamics.

Observation of Five Distinct Localization Phases in a 1D Floquet System.

Qin Y, Yang C, Zhu J … +8 more , Wu W, Duan Z, Zhao R, Guo Y, Wu J, Yang SJ, Wang Y, Fan J

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360948 · Publisher ↗

Extended, localized, and critical states form the three elementary classes of eigenstates underlying Anderson localization. While phases involving extended and localized states are widely studied, experimental realizatio... Extended, localized, and critical states form the three elementary classes of eigenstates underlying Anderson localization. While phases involving extended and localized states are widely studied, experimental realization of critical phases, particularly those where critical states coexist with others, remains a challenge. Here, we report to realize five distinct localization phases: extended, localized, critical, extended-localized mixed, and critical-localized mixed, in a one-dimensional Floquet lattice with quasiperiodic hopping amplitudes and on-site potentials. These phases are identified through characteristic spatiotemporal dynamics, supported by mutually consistent experimental observations and theoretical analysis. Our findings establish a unified experimental framework for systematic studies of localization transitions, mobility edges, and criticality in driven quasiperiodic systems.

Magneto-Optical Trapping of a Metal Hydride Molecule.

Dai J, Riley B, Sun Q … +2 more , Mitra D, Zelevinsky T

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360947 · Publisher ↗

We demonstrate a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap (MOT) of a metal hydride molecule, CaH. We are able to scatter ∼10^{4} photons with vibrational loss covered up to vibrational quantum number ν=2. This allows us to... We demonstrate a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap (MOT) of a metal hydride molecule, CaH. We are able to scatter ∼10^{4} photons with vibrational loss covered up to vibrational quantum number ν=2. This allows us to laser slow the molecular beam near zero velocity with a "white-light" technique and subsequently load it into a radio-frequency MOT. The MOT contains 230(40) molecules, limited by beam source characteristics and predissociative loss of CaH. The temperature of the MOT is below one millikelvin. The predissociative loss mechanism could, in turn, facilitate controlled dissociation of the molecule, offering a possible route to optical trapping of hydrogen atoms for precision spectroscopy.

Primordial-Black-Hole-Based Pathways to Little Red Dots.

De Luca V, Del Grosso L, Franciolini G … +4 more , Kritos K, Berti E, D'Orazio DJ, Silk J

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360946 · Publisher ↗

The James Webb Space Telescope has uncovered a population of compact, high-redshift sources, the Little Red Dots (LRDs), which may host supermassive black holes (BHs) significantly heavier than their stellar content comp... The James Webb Space Telescope has uncovered a population of compact, high-redshift sources, the Little Red Dots (LRDs), which may host supermassive black holes (BHs) significantly heavier than their stellar content compared with local scaling relations. These objects challenge standard models of early galaxy formation and may represent an extreme class of early BH hosts. In this Letter, we investigate whether these BHs could have a primordial origin. We first show that the direct formation of these BH masses in the early Universe is excluded by stringent cosmic microwave background μ-distortion limits. We then investigate the assembly of massive BHs from lighter, observationally allowed primordial black holes (PBHs) via hierarchical mergers, finding that, although this channel can operate depending on the merger history, it faces challenges in explaining the observations due to the rarity of the required high-redshift dark matter halos. Finally, we estimate gas accretion onto intermediate-mass PBHs, while jointly tracking metallicity evolution, and identify regions of parameter space in which such growth could reproduce the observed properties of LRDs. As a special case, we focus on the strongly lensed source QSO1, whose extremely low metallicity and large mass provide a stringent test of these formation channels.

Efimov Effect in Ultracold Microwave-Shielded Polar Molecules.

Singh S, Greene CH

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360945 · Publisher ↗

A quantum-mechanical description is presented for the three-body physics of shielded dipolar molecules, including a prediction of observable Efimov physics. Despite the anisotropic and long-range nature of the interactio... A quantum-mechanical description is presented for the three-body physics of shielded dipolar molecules, including a prediction of observable Efimov physics. Despite the anisotropic and long-range nature of the interaction, shielding enables a regime in which universality emerges already at the two-body level and extends to the three-body sector, where Efimov physics emerges. On the negative side of the scattering-length resonance, computed trimer binding energies display the characteristic scaling expected for Efimov states. Finally, the sudden approximation can be used to create trimer bound states, starting from positive energy trap states as a way to create or detect these molecular trimers. Moreover, the three-body parameter expressed in dipolar units is found to be universal.

First Measurement of Time-Dependent CP Violation in the Flavor-Changing Neutral-Current Decay B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}μ^{+}μ^{-}.

Aaij R, Abdelmotteleb ASW, Abellan Beteta C … +1185 more , Abudinén F, Ackernley T, Adefisoye AA, Adeva B, Adinolfi M, Adlarson P, Agapopoulou C, Aidala CA, Ajaltouni Z, Akar S, Akiba K, Albicocco P, Albrecht J, Aleksiejunas R, Alessio F, Alvarez Cartelle P, Amalric R, Amato S, Amey JL, Amhis Y, An L, Anderlini L, Andersson M, Andreola P, Andreotti M, Andres Estrada S, Anelli A, Ao D, Arata C, Archilli F, Areg Z, Argenton M, Arguedas Cuendis S, Arnone L, Artamonov A, Artuso M, Aslanides E, Ataíde Da Silva R, Atzeni M, Audurier B, Authier JA, Bacher D, Bachiller Perea I, Bachmann S, Bachmayer M, Back JJ, Bai ZB, Baladron Rodriguez P, Balagura V, Balboni A, Baldini W, Baldwin Z, Balzani L, Bao H, Baptista de Souza Leite J, Barbero Pretel C, Barbetti M, Barbosa IR, Barlow RJ, Barnyakov M, Barsuk S, Barter W, Bartz J, Bashir S, Batsukh B, Battista PB, Bavarchee A, Bay A, Beck A, Becker M, Bedeschi F, Bediaga IB, Behling NA, Belin S, Bellavista A, Belous K, Belov I, Belyaev I, Benane G, Bencivenni G, Ben-Haim E, Berezhnoy A, Bernet R, Bertolin A, Betti F, Bex J, Bezshyyko O, Bhattacharya S, Bieker MS, Biesuz NV, Biolchini A, Birch M, Bishop FCR, Bitadze A, Bizzeti A, Blake T, Blanc F, Blank JE, Blusk S, Bocharnikov V, Boelhauve JA, Boente Garcia O, Boettcher T, Bohare A, Boldyrev A, Bolognani C, Bolzonella R, Bonacci RB, Bondar N, Bordelius A, Borgato F, Borghi S, Borsato M, Borsuk JT, Bottalico E, Bouchiba SA, Bovill M, Bowcock TJV, Boyer A, Bozzi C, Brandenburg JD, Brea Rodriguez A, Breer N, Brodzicka J, Brown J, Brundu D, Buchanan E, Burgos Marcos M, Burr C, Buti C, Butter JS, Buytaert J, Byczynski W, Cadeddu S, Cai H, Cai Y, Caillet A, Calabrese R, Calefice L, Calvi M, Calvo Gomez M, Camargo Magalhaes P, Cambon Bouzas JI, Campana P, Campos AC, Campoverde Quezada AF, Cao Y, Capelli S, Caporale M, Capriotti L, Caravaca-Mora R, Carbone A, Carcedo Salgado L, Cardinale R, Cardini A, Carniti P, Carus L, Casais Vidal A, Caspary R, Casse G, Cattaneo M, Cavallero G, Cavallini V, Celani S, Celestino I, Cesare S, Chadwick AJ, Chahrour I, Chang H, Charles M, Charpentier P, Chatzianagnostou E, Cheaib R, Chefdeville M, Chen C, Chen J, Chen S, Chen Z, Chen Hu A, Cherif M, Chernov A, Chernyshenko S, Chiotopoulos X, Chizhik G, Chobanova V, Chrzaszcz M, Chubykin A, Chulikov V, Ciambrone P, Cid Vidal X, Ciezarek G, Cifra P, Clarke PEL, Clemencic M, Cliff HV, Closier J, Cocha Toapaxi C, Coco V, Cogan J, Cogneras E, Cojocariu L, Collaviti S, Collins P, Colombo T, Colonna M, Comerma-Montells A, Congedo L, Connaughton J, Contu A, Cooke N, Cordova G, Coronel C, Corredoira I, Correia A, Corti G, Cottee Meldrum J, Couturier B, Craik DC, Cruz Torres M, Cubero Campos M, Curras Rivera E, Currie R, Da Silva CL, Dai X, Dall'Occo E, Dalseno J, D'Ambrosio C, Daniel J, Darze G, Davidson A, Davies JE, De Aguiar Francisco O, De Angelis C, De Benedetti F, de Boer J, De Bruyn K, De Capua S, De Cian M, De Freitas Carneiro Da Graca U, De Lucia E, De Miranda JM, De Paula L, De Serio M, De Simone P, De Vellis F, de Vries JA, Debernardis F, Decamp D, Dekkers S, Del Buono L, Delaney B, Deng J, Denysenko V, Deschamps O, Dettori F, Dey B, Di Nezza P, Diachkov I, Ding S, Ding Y, Dittmann L, Docheva AD, Doheny A, Dong C, Dordei F, Dos Reis AC, Dowling AD, Dreyfus L, Duan W, Duda P, Dufour L, Duk V, Durante P, Duras MM, Durham JM, Durmus OD, Dziurda A, Dzyuba A, Easo S, Eckstein E, Egede U, Egorychev A, Egorychev V, Eisenhardt S, Ejopu E, Eklund L, Elashri M, Elizondo Blanco D, Ellbracht J, Ely S, Ene A, Eschle J, Evans T, Fabiano F, Faghih S, Falcao LN, Fang B, Fantechi R, Fantini L, Faria M, Farmer K, Fassin F, Fazzini D, Felkowski L, Feng C, Feng M, Fernandez Casani A, Fernandez Gomez M, Fernez AD, Ferrari F, Ferreira Rodrigues F, Ferrillo M, Ferro-Luzzi M, Filippov S, Fini RA, Fiorini M, Firlej M, Fischer KL, Fitzgerald DS, Fitzpatrick C, Fiutowski T, Fleuret F, Fomin A, Fontana M, Foreman LA, Forty R, Foulds-Holt D, Franco Lima V, Franco Sevilla M, Frank M, Franzoso E, Frau G, Frei C, Friday DA, Fu J, Führing Q, Fulghesu T, Galati G, Galati MD, Gallas Torreira A, Galli D, Gambetta S, Gandelman M, Gandini P, Ganie B, Gao H, Gao R, Gao TQ, Gao Y, Gao Y, Gao Y, Garcia Martin LM, Garcia Moreno P, García Pardiñas J, Gardner P, Garrido L, Gaspar C, Gavrikov A, Gerken LL, Gersabeck E, Gersabeck M, Gershon T, Ghizzo S, Ghorbanimoghaddam Z, Giasemis FI, Gibson V, Giemza HK, Gilman AL, Giovannetti M, Gioventù A, Girardey L, Giza MA, Glaser FC, Gligorov VV, Göbel C, Golinka-Bezshyyko L, Golobardes E, Golubkov D, Golutvin A, Gomez Fernandez S, Gomulka W, Goncalves Abrantes F, Gonçales Vaz I, Goncerz M, Gong G, Gooding JA, Gorelov IV, Gotti C, Govorkova E, Grabowski JP, Granado Cardoso LA, Graugés E, Graverini E, Grazette L, Graziani G, Grecu AT, Grieser NA, Grillo L, Gu C, Guarise M, Guerry L, Guseinov AK, Gushchin E, Guz Y, Gys T, Habermann K, Hadavizadeh T, Hadjivasiliou C, Haefeli G, Haen C, Haken S, Hallett G, Hamilton PM, Hammerich J, Han Q, Han X, Hansmann-Menzemer S, Hao L, Harnew N, Harris TJ, Hartmann M, Hashmi S, He J, Heatley N, Hedes A, Hemmer F, Henderson C, Henderson R, Henderson RDL, Hennequin AM, Hennessy K, Herd J, Herrero Gascon P, Heuel J, Heyn A, Hicheur A, Hijano Mendizabal G, Horswill J, Hou R, Hou Y, Houston DC, Howarth N, Hu W, Hu X, Hulsbergen W, Hunter RJ, Hushchyn M, Hutchcroft D, Idzik M, Ilin D, Ilten P, Iohner A, Ishteev A, Jage H, Jaimes Elles SJ, Jakobsen S, Jakoubek T, Jans E, Jashal BK, Jawahery A, Jayaweera C, Jelavic A, Jevtic V, Jia Z, Jiang E, Jiang X, Jiang Y, Jiang YJ, Jimenez Moya E, Jindal N, John M, John Rubesh Rajan A, Johnson D, Jones CR, Joshi S, Jost B, Juan Castella J, Jurik N, Juszczak I, Kalecinska K, Kaminaris D, Kandybei S, Kane M, Kang Y, Kar C, Karacson M, Kauniskangas A, Kautz JW, Kazanecki MK, Keizer F, Kenzie M, Ketel T, Khanji B, Kholodenko S, Khreich G, Kiraz F, Kirn T, Kirsebom VS, Klaver S, Kleijne N, Kleimenova A, Klekots DK, Klimaszewski K, Kmiec MR, Knospe T, Kolb R, Koliiev S, Kolk L, Konoplyannikov A, Kopciewicz P, Koppenburg P, Korchin A, Kostiuk I, Kot O, Kotriakhova S, Kowalczyk E, Kozachuk A, Kravchenko P, Kravchuk L, Kravcov O, Kreps M, Krokovny P, Krupa W, Krzemien W, Kshyvanskyi O, Kubis S, Kucharczyk M, Kudryavtsev V, Kulikova E, Kupsc A, Kushnir V, Kutsenko B, Kvapil J, Kyryllin I, Lacarrere D, Laguarta Gonzalez P, Lai A, Lampis A, Lancierini D, Landesa Gomez C, Lane JJ, Lanfranchi G, Langenbruch C, Langer J, Latham T, Lazzari F, Lazzeroni C, Le Gac R, Lee H, Lefèvre R, Leflat A, Lehuraux M, Lemos Cid E, Leroy O, Lesiak T, Lesser ED, Leverington B, Li A, Li C, Li C, Li H, Li J, Li K, Li L, Li P, Li PR, Li Q, Li T, Li T, Li Y, Li Y, Li Y, Lian Z, Liang Q, Liang X, Liang Z, Libralon S, Lightbody A, Lin C, Lin T, Lindner R, Linton H, Litvinov R, Liu D, Liu FL, Liu G, Liu K, Liu S, Liu W, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu YL, Loachamin Ordonez G, Lobo I, Lobo Salvia A, Loi A, Long T, Lopes FCL, Lopes JH, Lopez Huertas A, Lopez Iribarnegaray C, López Soliño S, Lu Q, Lucarelli C, Lucchesi D, Lucio Martinez M, Luo Y, Lupato A, Luppi E, Lynch K, Lyu S, Lyu XR, Ma GM, Ma H, Maccolini S, Machefert F, Maciuc F, Mack B, Mackay I, Mackey LM, Madhan Mohan LR, Madurai MJ, Magdalinski D, Maisuzenko D, Malczewski JJ, Malde S, Malentacca L, Malinin A, Maltsev T, Manca G, Mancinelli G, Mancuso C, Manera Escalero R, Manganella FM, Manuzzi D, Marangotto D, Marchand JF, Marchevski R, Marconi U, Mariani E, Mariani S, Marin Benito C, Marks J, Marshall AM, Martel L, Martelli G, Martellotti G, Martinazzoli L, Martinelli M, Martinez Gomez D, Martinez Santos D, Martinez Vidal F, Martorell I Granollers A, Massafferri A, Matev R, Mathad A, Matiunin V, Matteuzzi C, Mattioli KR, Mauri A, Maurice E, Mauricio J, Mayencourt P, Mazorra de Cos J, Mazurek M, Mazzanti Tarancon D, McCann M, McHugh NT, McNab A, McNulty R, Meadows B, Melnychuk D, Mendoza Granada D, Menendez Valdes Perez P, Meng FM, Merk M, Merli A, Meyer Garcia L, Miao D, Miao H, Mikhasenko M, Milanes DA, Minotti A, Minucci E, Miralles T, Mitreska B, Mitzel DS, Mocanu R, Modak A, Moeser L, Moise RD, Molina Cardenas EF, Mombächer T, Monk M, Monnard T, Monteil S, Morcillo Gomez A, Morello G, Morello MJ, Morgenthaler MP, Moro A, Moron J, Morren W, Morris AB, Morris AG, Mountain R, Mu Z, Muhammad E, Muheim F, Mulder M, Müller K, Muñoz-Rojas F, Mytrochenko V, Naik P, Nakada T, Nandakumar R, Napoletano G, Nasteva I, Needham M, Nekrasova E, Neri N, Neubert S, Neufeld N, Neustroev P, Nicolini J, Nicotra D, Niel EM, Nikitin N, Nisi L, Niu Q, Njoki BK, Nogarolli P, Nogga P, Normand C, Novoa Fernandez J, Nowak G, Nunez C, Nur HN, Oblakowska-Mucha A, Obraztsov V, Oeser T, Okhotnikov A, Okhrimenko O, Oldeman R, Oliva F, Olivart Pino E, Olocco M, O'Neil RH, Ordonez Soto JS, Osthues D, Otalora Goicochea JM, Owen P, Oyanguren A, Ozcelik O, Paciolla F, Padee A, Padeken KO, Pagare B, Pajero T, Palano A, Palini L, Palutan M, Pan C, Pan X, Panebianco S, Paniskaki S, Paolucci L, Papanestis A, Pappagallo M, 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B, Shang Y, Shangase DM, Shapkin M, Sharma RS, Shchutska L, Shears T, Shen J, Shen Z, Sheng S, Shevchenko V, Shi B, Shi J, Shi Q, Shi WS, Shmanin E, Shorkin R, Silva Coutinho R, Simi G, Simone S, Singha M, Siral I, Skidmore N, Skwarnicki T, Slater MW, Smith E, Smith M, Soares Lavra L, Sokoloff MD, Soler FJP, Solomin A, Solovev A, Solovieva K, Sommerfeld NS, Song R, Song Y, Song Y, Song YS, Souza De Almeida FL, Souza De Paula B, Sowa KM, Spadaro Norella E, Spedicato E, Speer JG, Spradlin P, Stagni F, Stahl M, Stahl S, Stanislaus S, Stefaniak M, Steinkamp O, Strekalina D, Su Y, Suljik F, Sun J, Sun J, Sun L, Sundfeld D, Sutcliffe W, Svihra P, Svintozelskyi V, Swientek K, Swystun F, Szabelski A, Szumlak T, Tan Y, Tang Y, Tang YT, Tat MD, Teijeiro Jimenez JA, Terentev A, Terzuoli F, Teubert F, Thomas E, Thompson DJD, Thomson-Strong AR, Tilquin H, Tisserand V, T'Jampens S, Tobin M, Todorov TT, Tomassetti L, Tonani G, Tong X, Tork T, Toscano L, Tou DY, Trippl C, Tuci G, Tuning N, Uecker LH, Ukleja A, Unverzagt DJ, Upadhyay A, Urbach B, Usachov A, Ustyuzhanin A, Uwer U, Vagnoni V, Vaitkevicius A, Valcarce Cadenas V, Valenti G, Valls Canudas N, van Eldik J, Van Hecke H, van Herwijnen E, Van Hulse CB, Van Laak R, van Veghel M, Vasquez G, Vazquez Gomez R, Vazquez Regueiro P, Vázquez Sierra C, Vecchi S, Velilla Serna J, Velthuis JJ, Veltri M, Venkateswaran A, Verdoglia M, Vesterinen M, Vetens W, Vico Benet D, Vidrier Villalba P, Vieites Diaz M, Vilasis-Cardona X, Vilella Figueras E, Villa A, Vincent P, Vivacqua B, Volle FC, Vom Bruch D, Voropaev N, Vos K, Vrahas C, Wagner J, Walsh J, Walton EJ, Wan G, Wang A, Wang B, Wang C, Wang G, Wang H, Wang J, Wang J, Wang J, Wang J, Wang M, Wang NW, Wang R, Wang X, Wang X, Wang XW, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang YH, Wang Z, Wang Z, Ward JA, Waterlaat M, Watson NK, Websdale D, Wei Y, Weida Z, Wendel J, Westhenry BDC, White C, Whitehead M, Whiter E, Wiederhold AR, Wiedner D, Wiegertjes MA, Wild C, Wilkinson G, Wilkinson MK, Williams M, Williams MJ, Williams MRJ, Williams R, Williams S, Williams Z, Wilson FF, Winn M, Wislicki W, Witek M, Witola L, Wolf T, Wood E, Wormser G, Wotton SA, Wu H, Wu J, Wu X, Wu Y, Wu Z, Wyllie K, Xian S, Xiang Z, Xie Y, Xing TX, Xu A, Xu L, Xu M, Xu R, Xu Z, Xu Z, Xu Z, Yadav S, Yang K, Yang X, Yang Y, Yang Y, Yang Z, Yang Z, Yeung H, Yin H, Yin X, Yu CY, Yu J, Yuan X, Yuan Y, Zamora Saa JA, Zavertyaev M, Zdybal M, Zenesini F, Zeng C, Zeng M, Zeng SH, Zhang C, Zhang D, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhang R, Zhang S, Zhang SL, Zhang Y, Zhang YZ, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Zhelezov A, Zheng SZ, Zheng XZ, Zheng Y, Zhou T, Zhou X, Zhovkovska V, Zhu LZ, Zhu X, Zhu X, Zhu Y, Zhukov V, Zhuo J, Zuliani D, Zunica G, LHCb Collaboration

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360944 · Publisher ↗

A flavor-tagged time-dependent analysis of B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}μ^{+}μ^{-} decays is performed across the full dimuon mass range excluding the J/ψ and ψ(2S) resonance regions. The analysis uses proton-proton collision data col... A flavor-tagged time-dependent analysis of B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}μ^{+}μ^{-} decays is performed across the full dimuon mass range excluding the J/ψ and ψ(2S) resonance regions. The analysis uses proton-proton collision data collected by the LHCb experiment in 2011-2018 at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9  fb^{-1}. The CP violation parameters are determined to be C=-0.13±0.32±0.04, S=+0.82±0.29±0.05, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic. The results are consistent with the standard model prediction. This is the first experimental study of time-dependent CP violation in b→sℓ^{+}ℓ^{-} processes.

Quantifying Lattice Strains in Elastically Deformed Covalent Crystals.

Li J, Wang H, Chen J … +9 more , Zhang Q, Meng F, Lian Y, Cheng MK, Yip PS, Guo K, Liang W, Deng Y, Lu Y

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360943 · Publisher ↗

Covalent semiconductor crystals such as silicon and diamond have demonstrated ultralarge elastic strains at micro and nanoscales, enabling desired figures of merit for strain engineered electronic and optoelectronic devi... Covalent semiconductor crystals such as silicon and diamond have demonstrated ultralarge elastic strains at micro and nanoscales, enabling desired figures of merit for strain engineered electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, the underlying origin of their elasticity-whether it arises from pure lattice displacements or atomic rearrangements (defects or phase transformations)-remains unclear. Here, we directly observed in situ elastic-lattice responses of microfabricated single-crystalline silicon and diamond bridges at room temperature under uniaxial tensile loading by employing high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy. We quantified the distribution of deep-strained atomic coordinates in real time and mapped elastic lattice strains across the entire sample with sub-pixel-precision and a wide field of view, indicating pure lattice elongation without extended defects or phase changes. Additionally, we established a quantitative linkage between macroscopic strain and lattice deformation. This Letter not only elucidates the nature of ultralarge elasticity in covalent materials but also provides a guideline for intelligent design of silicon and diamond electronic and photonic devices with disruptive physical properties via deep elastic strain engineering.

Analytical Soft Functions for Heavy-Quark Final States at Hadron Colliders.

Liu ZL, Monni PF

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360942 · Publisher ↗

We present the first computation of the complete two-loop, fully differential soft function describing the production of a heavy-quark pair in association with a color-singlet system at hadron colliders. This result cons... We present the first computation of the complete two-loop, fully differential soft function describing the production of a heavy-quark pair in association with a color-singlet system at hadron colliders. This result constitutes one of the most complex soft functions known to date and it is obtained in closed analytic form for generic multidimensional kinematics. This allows us to obtain novel analytic results for the transverse-momentum-dependent and threshold soft functions in this class of processes. We further obtain a decomposition of the soft function into dipole and tripole color correlators, thereby supplying essential building blocks for processes involving a heavy-quark pair produced together with additional light jets at both hadron and lepton colliders. These results represent a key ingredient for advancing precision predictions for heavy-quark physics at the LHC.

Lorentz Violation in Emergent Gravity and Its Cosmological Consequences.

Isichei R, Magueijo J

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360941 · Publisher ↗

We show that general relativity and other geometrical theories can be viewed as a degenerate Otto cycle with only heat-exchange legs in emergent gravity. Including work-producing legs yields controlled violations of loca... We show that general relativity and other geometrical theories can be viewed as a degenerate Otto cycle with only heat-exchange legs in emergent gravity. Including work-producing legs yields controlled violations of local Lorentz invariance and energy-momentum conservation, which produce late-time cosmological acceleration. Implications for the cosmological constant problem, structure formation, and local observations are discussed.

Proper Theory of Magnon Orbital Angular Momentum at Equilibrium.

Tang J, Cheng R

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360940 · Publisher ↗

The orbital motion of chargeless bosons, unlike that of electrons, does not generate a magnetic moment and thus cannot directly interact with magnetic fields. To formulate the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of magnons, w... The orbital motion of chargeless bosons, unlike that of electrons, does not generate a magnetic moment and thus cannot directly interact with magnetic fields. To formulate the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of magnons, we first identify its proper conjugate variable by considering the Aharonov-Casher effect, which gives rise to a virtual perturbation to the equilibrium state, allowing us to calculate the magnon OAM as a virtual response to an infinitesimal electric field divergence. At finite temperatures, both self-rotation and topological contributions to the magnon OAM are explicitly derived, analogous to their electronic counterpart but with the correct bosonic statistics. In a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice, we show that the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction induces a large magnon OAM in both the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases. Our formalism can be generalized to other chargeless bosons with intrinsic spin.

Nanomechanical Sensor Resolving Impulsive Forces below Its Zero-Point Fluctuations.

Skrabulis M, Sosa MC, Zambon NC … +4 more , Militaru A, Rossi M, Frimmer M, Novotny L

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360939 · Publisher ↗

The sensitivity of a mechanical transducer is ultimately limited by its inherent quantum fluctuations. Here, we use an optically levitated nanoparticle to measure impulsive forces smaller than the particle's zero-point m... The sensitivity of a mechanical transducer is ultimately limited by its inherent quantum fluctuations. Here, we use an optically levitated nanoparticle to measure impulsive forces smaller than the particle's zero-point momentum uncertainty. Our approach relies on reversibly squeezing the levitated particle's center-of-mass motion to coherently amplify the perturbation. We demonstrate an impulsive-force resolution as small as 6.9  keV/c, a value 0.6 dB below the sensor's zero-point value.

Search for Feebly Interacting Particles in B Decays with Missing Energy at Belle.

Abumusabh M, Adachi I, Aggarwal L … +405 more , Ahmed H, Ahn Y, Aihara H, Akopov N, Alghamdi S, Alhakami M, Aloisio A, Althubiti N, Amos K, Anh Ky N, Antonioli C, Asner DM, Atmacan H, Aushev T, Ayad R, Babu V, Bae H, Baghel NK, Bahinipati S, Bambade P, Banerjee S, Barrett M, Bartl M, Baudot J, Beaubien A, Becherer F, Becker J, Bennett JV, Bernlochner FU, Bertacchi V, Bertemes M, Bertholet E, Bessner M, Bettarini S, Bhardwaj V, Bianchi F, Bilka T, Biswas D, Bobrov A, Bodrov D, Bondar A, Bonvicini G, Borah J, Boschetti A, Bozek A, Bračko M, Branchini P, Brenny N, Browder TE, Budano A, Bussino S, Campagna Q, Campajola M, Cao L, Casarosa G, Cecchi C, Chang P, Cheema P, Chen C, Chen L, Cheon BG, Cheshta C, Chetri H, Chilikin K, Chin J, Chirapatpimol K, Cho HE, Cho K, Cho SJ, Choi SK, Choudhury S, Chutia S, Cochran J, Colorado-Caicedo JA, Consigny I, Corona L, Cui JX, De La Cruz-Burelo E, De La Motte SA, de Marino G, De Nardo G, De Pietro G, de Sangro R, Destefanis M, Dey S, Dhayal R, Dingfelder J, Doležal Z, Domínguez Jiménez I, Dong TV, Dong X, Dujany G, Ecker P, Epifanov D, Farkas R, Feichtinger P, Ferber T, Fillinger T, Finck C, Finocchiaro G, Forti F, Fulsom BG, Gabrielli A, Gale A, Ganiev E, Garcia-Hernandez M, Garg R, Gärtner L, Gaudino G, Gaur V, Gautam V, Gellrich A, Ghevondyan G, Ghosh D, Ghumaryan H, Giakoustidis G, Giordano R, Giri A, Gironella Gironell P, Glazov A, Gobbo B, Godang R, Gogota O, Goldenzweig P, Graziani E, Greenwald D, Gudkova K, Haide I, Han Y, Hayashii H, Hazra S, Hearty C, Hedges MT, Heidelbach A, Heine G, Heredia de la Cruz I, Hernández Villanueva M, Higuchi T, Hoek M, Hohmann M, Hoppe R, Horak P, Hou XT, Hsu CL, Humair T, Iijima T, Inguglia G, Ipsita N, Ishikawa A, Itoh R, Iwasaki M, Jackson P, Jacobs WW, Jang EJ, Ji QP, Jia S, Jin Y, Johnson A, Kaliyar AB, Kandra J, Kang KH, Kang S, Karyan G, Keil F, Ketter C, Kiesling C, Kim DY, Kim JY, Kim KH, Kindo H, Kinoshita K, Kodyš P, Koga T, Kohani S, Kojima K, Korobov A, Korpar S, Kovalenko E, Kowalewski R, Križan P, Krokovny P, Kuhr T, Kumar D, Kumara K, Kunigo T, Kuzmin A, Kwon YJ, Lacaprara S, Lam T, Lange JS, Lau TS, Laurenza M, Leboucher R, Le Diberder FR, Lee H, Lee MJ, Lemettais C, Leo P, Lewis PM, Li C, Li HJ, Li LK, Li QM, Li WZ, Li Y, Li YB, Liao YP, Libby J, Lin J, Lin S, Liptak Z, Liu MH, Liu QY, Liu Z, Liventsev D, Longo S, Lozar A, Lyu C, Ma JL, Ma Y, Maggiora M, Maharana SP, Maiti R, Mancinelli G, Manfredi R, Manoni E, Mantovano M, Marcantonio D, Marfoli M, Marinas C, Martellini C, Martens A, Martinov T, Massaccesi L, Masuda M, Matvienko D, Maurya SK, Maushart M, McKenna JA, Mediankin Gruberová Z, Mehta R, Meier F, Meleshko D, Merola M, Miller C, Mirra M, Miyabayashi K, Miyake H, Mizuk R, Mohanty GB, Moneta S, Moreira de Carvalho AL, Moser HG, Mrvar M, Murakami H, Nakamura I, Nakao M, Nakazawa Y, Naruki M, Natkaniec Z, Natochii A, Nayak M, Neu M, Nishida S, Nomaru R, Ogawa S, Ono H, Otani F, Pakhlova G, Panta A, Pardi S, Parham K, Park J, Park K, Park SH, Passeri A, Patra S, Paul S, Pedlar TK, Pestotnik R, Piccolo M, Piilonen LE, Podesta-Lerma PLM, Podobnik T, Praz C, Prell S, Prencipe E, Prim MT, Privalov S, Purwar H, Rados P, Raiz S, Ravindran K, Rehman JU, Reif M, Reiter S, Reuter L, Ricalde Herrmann D, Ripp-Baudot I, Rizzo G, Robertson SH, Roney JM, Rostomyan A, Rout N, Saha S, Salutari L, Sanders DA, Sandilya S, Santelj L, Santos C, Savinov V, Scavino B, Schneider S, Schnell G, Schnepf M, Schoenning K, Schwanda C, Schwartz AJ, Seino Y, Senyo K, Serrano J, Sevior ME, Sfienti C, Shan W, Sharma G, Shi XD, Shillington T, Shimasaki T, Shiu JG, Shtol D, Sibidanov A, Simon F, Skorupa J, Sobotzik M, Soffer A, Sokolov A, Solovieva E, Spataro S, Špenko K, Spruck B, Starič M, Stavroulakis P, Stefkova S, Stoetzer L, Stroili R, Sumihama M, Sumisawa K, Takahashi M, Takizawa M, Tamponi U, Tanaka S, Tang SS, Tanida K, Tenchini F, Testa F, Thaller A, Tien Manh T, Tittel O, Tiwary R, Torassa E, Trabelsi K, Trantou FF, Tsaklidis I, Ueda I, Unger K, Unno Y, Uno K, Uno S, Urquijo P, Ushiroda Y, Vahsen SE, van Tonder R, Varvell KE, Veronesi M, Vismaya VS, Vitale L, Vobbilisetti V, Volpe R, Wakai M, Wallner S, Wang MZ, Warburton A, Watanabe M, Watanuki S, Wessel C, Won E, Xu XP, Yabsley BD, Yan W, Yan W, Yelton J, Yi K, Yin JH, Yoshihara K, Yuan J, Zani L, Zeng F, Zeyrek M, Zhang B, Zhilich V, Zhou JS, Zhou QD, Zhu L, Žlebčík R, Belle and Belle II Collaborations

Phys Rev Lett · 2026 Jun · PMID 42360938 · Publisher ↗

We present a search for an invisible hidden-sector particle X_{inv}, produced in B^{0}→D[over ¯]^{0}X_{inv} and B^{±}→hX_{inv} decays, where h=π^{±}, K^{±}, D_{s}^{±}, p^{±}. The search is performed using e^{+}e^{-} coll... We present a search for an invisible hidden-sector particle X_{inv}, produced in B^{0}→D[over ¯]^{0}X_{inv} and B^{±}→hX_{inv} decays, where h=π^{±}, K^{±}, D_{s}^{±}, p^{±}. The search is performed using e^{+}e^{-} collision data recorded with the Belle detector, corresponding to 711  fb^{-1}. No significant signal is observed. We set 90% confidence level upper limits ranging between 10^{-4} and 10^{-6} on the branching fraction B(B→hX_{inv}) as a function of m_{X_{inv}}. Corresponding limits are set on B(B→hX)×B(X→γγ) for lifetimes cτ_{X} between 10  μm and 10 m. Many of these limits are the first direct constraints on their respective decays. Our results provide the most stringent exclusion limits to date on the branching fractions for all search channels, and exclude previously unexplored regions of parameter space relevant to several new physics models.
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