Surgical And Radiologic Anatomy[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Morphological analysis of ankle joint space width.
Liao R, Yu J, Gu X … +5 more , Yang X, Gong W, Tao Y, Li P, Dong J
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Nov · PMID 41272216 · Publisher ↗
This study constructed a statistical shape model (SSM) of the full ankle joint-including the tibia, talus, calcaneus, and fibula-in healthy Chinese males and analyzed the variation patterns of joint space width (JSW). Co...
This study constructed a statistical shape model (SSM) of the full ankle joint-including the tibia, talus, calcaneus, and fibula-in healthy Chinese males and analyzed the variation patterns of joint space width (JSW). Computed tomography scans of 108 asymptomatic ankle joints were collected from healthy Chinese males and used to construct a statistical shape model based on principal component analysis. Anatomical variations were evaluated using spatial mapping and least-squares regression. The statistical shape model satisfied the validation criteria for accuracy, compactness, generalization, and specificity, and participants demonstrated high conformity in joint surface coverage and congruency. The first principal component explained more than 22% of the total variance. The minimum joint space widths for the tibiotalar, talofibular, and talocalcaneal joints ranged from 0.85 to 1.95 mm, 0.87 to 2.39 mm, and 0.90 to 3.32 mm, respectively, while the average joint space widths ranged from 2.81 to 3.35 mm, 1.36 to 3.36 mm, and 2.12 to 4.95 mm, respectively. Regression analysis showed that the first five principal modes of variation were strongly correlated with anatomical variations in ankle JSW. This study will provide theoretical support for the early diagnosis and personalized treatment of ankle joint diseases, as well as important morphological references for prosthesis design and biomechanical simulation research.
Pediatric internal auditory canal volume: age-related changes and sex differences in a cohort of 340 ears.
Topcuoglu ED, Emir SN
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Nov · PMID 41264009 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To demonstrate 3D volumetric computed tomography (CT) analysis of the internal auditory canal (IAC) in a large pediatric population and to evaluate the relationship between age, sex, and IAC mid-point diameters....
PURPOSE: To demonstrate 3D volumetric computed tomography (CT) analysis of the internal auditory canal (IAC) in a large pediatric population and to evaluate the relationship between age, sex, and IAC mid-point diameters. METHODS: The study population comprised children between 0 and 16 years of age who underwent temporal bone CT. Five males and five females were included in each age group. The IAC mid-point diameters were measured, and a three-dimensional volumetric reconstruction analysis was made. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to detect thresholds for the IAC volumes. RESULTS: A total of 340 ears were evaluated. IAC volume increases with age, most significantly from ages 0-4 to > 4 years. A moderate and significant monotonic increase in IAC volume with age for both the left and right sides were found (r = 0.37, p < 0.001). A ROC analysis revealed that the optimal threshold for the mean IAC volume was 147 mm. IAC volumes above this threshold indicated a child aged over four years, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.76. This threshold yielded a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 62%. No significant differences in IAC volume were observed between the right and left sides or between sexes across all age groups. CONCLUSION: The current study provides normative 3D volumetric benchmarks for pediatric IAC development, underscoring its accelerated growth in early childhood and supporting anatomical precision in radiological assessment and otologic surgery.
Ossicle inferior angle of the scapula: a palpable Albeit normal entity.
Varshney G, Patavardhan P, Dev R
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Nov · PMID 41233672 · Publisher ↗
The scapula ossifies from multiple ossification centres, with ossification in the scapular body seen at the time of birth. Ossicle inferior angle of the scapula (OIAS) is an anatomical anomaly resulting from non-fusion o...
The scapula ossifies from multiple ossification centres, with ossification in the scapular body seen at the time of birth. Ossicle inferior angle of the scapula (OIAS) is an anatomical anomaly resulting from non-fusion of the ossification centre of the inferior angle of the scapula. OIAS remains asymptomatic and is infrequently detected as a palpable and painful abnormality, leading to patient discomfort and a need for healthcare assistance. OIAS can be detected on radiography, with Computed Tomography (CT) reserved for cases with an alternative diagnosis, like in our case. A 14-year-old female patient presented with a palpable and occasionally painful bony hard swelling at the level of the anterolateral aspect of the right 5th and 6th ribs, confirmed to be OIAS on CT chest. The patient was assured of its benign nature and received no further management. OIAS is an anatomical variation to be kept in mind whenever a palpable bony hard abnormality is encountered around the inferior angle of the scapula, avoiding unnecessary medical and/or surgical management and patient apprehension.
Iliopsoas bursa: a morphological study based on CT-arthrography.
Ribet F, Chapuis C, Ropars M … +1 more , Guillin R
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Nov · PMID 41233646 · Publisher ↗
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The iliopsoas bursa, collapsed in its normal state, provides a gliding surface between the hip joint and the iliopsoas musculotendinous complex. Its enlargement is generally non-symptomatic, but...
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The iliopsoas bursa, collapsed in its normal state, provides a gliding surface between the hip joint and the iliopsoas musculotendinous complex. Its enlargement is generally non-symptomatic, but can cause pain, an inguinal mass or symptoms related to compression of neighboring structures. However, anatomical studies of this bursa are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe its morphology and relationship with adjacent structures on CT arthrography, specifically in cases where the bursa communicates with the hip joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive hip CT arthrography examinations in which bursal effusion had been reported were retrospectively analyzed. The iliopsoas bursa was described according to its shape, size and relationship with neighboring structures. CT arthrograms were reviewed for the presence of spontaneous iliopsoas bursa opacification due to communication with the underlying hip joint. RESULTS: 178 hip CT scans were reviewed. An enlarged medial arm in a deep intramuscular location, between the femoral neurovascular bundle medially and the iliopsoas tendon laterally, was always visible. The bursa was unilobed, with a “teardrop” shape in 2 examinations. The lateral arm was distended in 23 cases, with a unilobed or bilobed appearance, respectively presenting a “horseshoe” or “trident” shape. Communication between the hip joint space and the bursa was shown in 25 of the 178 hip CT arthrograms. CONCLUSION: The iliopsoas bursa can be recognized by its close relationship with the iliopsoas tendon, which can divide it, resulting in a “teardrop”, “horseshoe” or “trident” shape in the axial plane.
Feasibility of MRI with zero echo time (ZTE) sequence for personalized preoperative assessment of distances between critical nerves and glenoid landmarks.
Paslı B, Yaman V, Günenç Beşer C … +3 more , Huri G, Demiryürek MD, Aydıngöz Ü
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Nov · PMID 41233625 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of MRI with zero echo time (ZTE) sequence for evaluating proximity of axillary and suprascapular nerves to glenoid landmarks relevant to shoulder surgery. METHODS: Closest distances bet...
PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of MRI with zero echo time (ZTE) sequence for evaluating proximity of axillary and suprascapular nerves to glenoid landmarks relevant to shoulder surgery. METHODS: Closest distances between axillary nerve and inferior glenoid rim (Parameter 1), between suprascapular nerve in suprascapular notch and superior glenoid rim (Parameter 2), and projectional distance between suprascapular nerve in spinoglenoid notch and glenoid articular surface (Parameter 3) were measured on shoulder ZTE MRI. Measurements were made by two observers on multiplanar reformatted ZTE images that showed osseous outline, employing triangulation on standard protocol images for nerves. Parameter 1 measurement was duplicated on a single fresh frozen cadaver. RESULTS: This study included 211 consecutive patients (147 females [69.7%] and 64 males [30.3%]), with a mean age of 55.1 ± 15.2 years (range, 18–85). ZTE MRI was validated by corresponding cadaveric measurement, with Parameter 1 measuring 17.1 mm on ZTE MRI and 17.2 mm on the cadaver. Mean values for Parameters 1‒3 were 15.1 ± 3.9 mm (95% CI 14.6–15.6), 29.0 ± 3.3 mm (95% CI 28.5–29.4), and 13.4 ± 2.7 mm (95% CI 13.0–13.7), respectively. Inter-rater agreement was good or excellent (ICCs, 0.876–934) and intra-rater agreement was excellent (ICCs, 0.939–0.972). Males had higher values for Parameters 1 and 2 (p < 0.001), with no difference for Parameter 3 (p = 0.237). CONCLUSION: MRI with ZTE is a feasible technique for preoperative measurements between glenoid landmarks and axillary or suprascapular nerves, potentially reducing the risk of iatrogenic injury during shoulder surgery without exposure to ionizing radiation.
Correlation between ultrasound images and gross anatomy of the different strata of the human tongue.
Pinares J, Soto M, Marileo R
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Nov · PMID 41233620 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to delineate and define, using ultrasound images, the boundaries of the different strata of the human tongue body, based on ultrasound examination of cadaveric samples. METHODS: The stu...
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to delineate and define, using ultrasound images, the boundaries of the different strata of the human tongue body, based on ultrasound examination of cadaveric samples. METHODS: The study was conducted using two fresh human cadavers from elderly male subjects, obtained through the Body Donation Program of the University of Chile. The tongues were dissected in sagittal and coronal planes, followed by detailed ultrasound examination using a Wisonic Piloter ultrasound equipment with a LH15-6 Hockey Stick linear probe. Metallic markers were used to demarcate the boundaries of the different strata during the ultrasound examination. RESULTS: Ultrasound images made it possible to distinguish between the mucosa and the underlying muscular strata of tongue. The mucosa appeared as three bands of different echogenicity, while the muscular strata exhibited varying echogenicities corresponding to their anatomical compositions. Stratum II was characterized by hypoechoic muscle fascicles with hyperechoic strands, while stratum III showed higher echogenicity with prominent hyperechoic speckles. The differentiation between stratum III and IV was clear in the central part of the tongue but less distinct laterally. CONCLUSION: High-frequency ultrasound provided visualization of the detailed anatomy of the human tongue, including the delineation of its mucosal and muscular layers. This anatomical-ultrasonographic correlation could enhance the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for various pathological conditions affecting the tongue. Future studies should focus on evaluating variations in tongue anatomy based on age and gender to further refine ultrasound diagnostic capabilities.
System-based comparison of the knowledge level of popular AI chatbots on human anatomy: a multiple-choice exam analysis of GPT-4.1, DeepSeek, Co-Pilot, and Gemini models.
Nahir M, Kasap A, Sahin B
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Nov · PMID 41233619 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study aimed to comparatively assess the knowledge level of AI-based chatbots on human anatomy systems using multiple-choice questions, and to analyze their potential contribution to medical education. METHO...
PURPOSE: This study aimed to comparatively assess the knowledge level of AI-based chatbots on human anatomy systems using multiple-choice questions, and to analyze their potential contribution to medical education. METHODS: Seventy multiple-choice questions covering seven major anatomical systems (musculoskeletal, respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, genital, and nervous systems) were translated in accordance with Terminologia Anatomica and presented to GPT-4.1, DeepSeek, Co-Pilot, and Gemini. Questions were selected from first- and second-year medical student exams and distributed based on item difficulty index (Pj). All bots were tested under the same conditions to minimize bias. Success rates and statistical differences were evaluated using Kruskal–Wallis and Cochran’s Q tests. The relationship with item difficulty was assessed using point biserial correlation. RESULTS: GPT-4.1 showed the highest accuracy (95.7%), followed by Co-Pilot (94.3%), DeepSeek (92.9%), and Gemini (91.4%). System-based results showed Co-Pilot reached 100% in musculoskeletal, and GPT-4.1 reached 90% in nervous system questions. All bots scored 100% in respiratory and circulatory systems. In other systems, success rates ranged from 80 to 100%. No significant correlation was found between item difficulty and chatbot accuracy. CONCLUSION: Chatbots achieved high accuracy in anatomy questions, but there were notable differences across systems and areas. While their supportive role in medical education is increasing, expert supervision is still recommended. These results show that AI-based systems can serve as complementary educational tools, but further improvement is needed for complete reliability.
Sonographic anatomy and imaging of the great auricular nerve.
Fenech M, Gallagher J, Berry C
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Nov · PMID 41233613 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The great auricular nerve (GAN) provides sensory innervation to the region of the parotid gland, angle of mandible, external ear and mastoid process. Sonographic imaging can allow lesions, injury and entrapment...
PURPOSE: The great auricular nerve (GAN) provides sensory innervation to the region of the parotid gland, angle of mandible, external ear and mastoid process. Sonographic imaging can allow lesions, injury and entrapment of the superficial GAN to be diagnosed. To sonographically image the GAN, its detailed relative anatomy, how and where it can be demonstrated with ultrasound, and its sonographic appearance should be appreciated. METHODS: A review of the literature was conducted to unpack the path and course of the GAN, its areas of sensory innervation and how it should be clinically and sonographically assessed. Practical scanning workshops have informed the technique to sonographically image the GAN. RESULTS: Magnetic resonance imaging is best used to demonstrate the proximal path of the GAN deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Ultrasound imaging can be used for imaging the superficial portion of the GAN and guiding therapeutic injections. The superficial GAN can be easily sonographically located overlying the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) in the mid neck and tracked inferiorly (proximally) and superiorly (distally) from this point including to its branches. CONCLUSION: Sonographic imaging of the GAN and ultrasound guided injections around it, require an appreciation of the GAN path, its detailed relative anatomy, sonographic appearance and technique to image it, as well as common structural and clinical conditions that can impact it.
Extracranial cored method of human en bloc temporal bone harvest.
Lelonge Y, Asimakopoulos A, Bergandi F … +2 more , Prades JM, Karkas A
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Nov · PMID 41233612 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Surgical skills requires a combination of anatomical knowledge and manual skills. Human cadaveric temporal bones remain essential for surgical training; Temporal bone skills courses are often organized with a si...
PURPOSE: Surgical skills requires a combination of anatomical knowledge and manual skills. Human cadaveric temporal bones remain essential for surgical training; Temporal bone skills courses are often organized with a single, massed block of practice, using a decapitated head or temporal bones specimens from donated bodies. However, temporal bone harvesting can be difficult and time consuming and ethical considerations limit body segmentation The present study aimed to describe and evaluate a novel extracranial cored method (CM) for harvesting paired temporal bones. Our primary objective was to assess its anatomical adequacy; the secondary objective was to evaluate its educational utility during a temporal bone dissection course. METHODS: Eight human cadavers (5 males, 3 females; age range 65-88 years) were embalmed with a formaldehyde-based solution. Using a customized 63-mm hole saw and coring system, bilateral temporal bones were harvested extracranially without calvarial section. The location and depth of drilling were centered on the external auditory canals and extended through the dorsum sellae and the foramen magnum, up to the contralateral external auditory canal. Anatomical integrity, defined as the presence of all temporal bone components (squamous, mastoid, tympanic, styloid, petrous components), external auditory meatus, middle ear, vestibule, was evaluated by two independent otologists. Sixteen temporal bone specimens were obtained and used in a 1 day otologic dissection course involving 16 participants (8 experienced otologic surgeons [MD group] and 8 fellows without prior dissection experience [Fellow group]). Educational evaluation employed an 8-item questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree), covering macroscopic appearance, microscopic detail, positioning, manipulation, drilling characteristics, anatomical identification, odor, and overall suitability. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test; effect size was calculated with Cohen's d. RESULTS: The CM was assessed on 8 human cadavers. In all cases, two temporal bone specimens could be obtained in good macroscopic conditions. All sixteen temporal bones specimens were harvested in less than 60 min. No cosmetic deformities were noted after harvest and skin closure. All temporal bones were found to be intact and in optimal condition for surgical course. All anatomical landmarks required for dissection were preserved. Mean Likert scores exceeded 4.0 for all domains except odor in fellows (3.3 ± 0.6 vs. 5.0 ± 0.0 in MDs; p = 0.0011; d = -2.7). Macroscopic appearance was rated slightly lower by MDs compared to fellows (4.2 ± 0.9 vs. 4.8 ± 0.3; p = 0.036; d = 1.2). No significant differences were observed for other items.. Limitations were noted regarding approaches to the internal auditory canal. Fellows rated the CM temporal bone model highest (mean 4.6 ± 0.5), while MDs favored the segmented head (mean 4.7 ± 0.4). The difference between these two models was not statistically significant (p = 0.826; Cohen's d = 0.12). Both groups consistently ranked the 3D-printed model third (mean 2.4 ± 0.6) and virtual dissection fourth (mean 1.8 ± 0.7). CONCLUSION: The CM is a rapid, efficient, and reproducible harvesting technique that allows the extraction of two temporal bone specimens per cadaver with minimal bone cuts, without sectioning the calvarium and respecting cosmetic aspect. It is well-suited for use in otologic training courses, but has limited applicability for deep temporal bone access (internal auditory canal and distal part of auditory tube).
The anatomy and surgical implications of the middle hepatic artery: a systematic review with meta-analysis.
Triantafyllou G, Lyros O, Lykoudis PM … +4 more , Demetriou F, Kokoropoulos P, Arkadopoulos N, Piagkou M
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Nov · PMID 41193902 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSES: The middle hepatic artery (MHA)-the arterial supply to segment 4-is variably defined and frequently under-reported, despite clear implications for transplantation, hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery, and intra-ar...
PURPOSES: The middle hepatic artery (MHA)-the arterial supply to segment 4-is variably defined and frequently under-reported, despite clear implications for transplantation, hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery, and intra-arterial oncologic therapies. We conducted an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence and origins of the MHA and to summarize its surgical relevance. METHODS: Following evidence-based anatomy principles and the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Proportion meta-analyses employed random effects and small-study effects were assessed with DOI plot and LFK index. RESULTS: Fifteen studies (n = 3,819) were included. The pooled prevalence of an identifiable MHA was 81.15% (95% CI 64.70-93.40). The most common origins were the left hepatic artery (LHA) (47.86%, 95% CI 37.09-58.73) and right hepatic artery (RHA) (43.87%, 95% CI 34.85-53.07). Less frequently, the MHA originated from the common hepatic artery (CHA) (8.99%, 95% CI 0.00-32.68), and rarely from a replaced RHA (0.58%), proper hepatic artery (0.28%), or replaced LHA (0.06%). Across studies, the MHA consistently supplied segment 4; rare extensions to segments 2/3 were reported. CONCLUSIONS: An MHA can be identified in most individuals, usually originating from the LHA or RHA. Due to inconsistent terminology across studies, standardized language distinguishing a hilar MHA from intrahepatic A4 branches is necessary. Routine preoperative arterial mapping and the preservation or reconstruction of the MHA should be considered in liver transplantation, pancreatoduodenectomy, and selective intra-arterial therapies to reduce ischemic and biliary complications.
Gender-specific foot morphology and biomechanical patterns in young adults: a combined photogrammetric and plantar pressure analysis.
Nteli Chatzioglou G, Govsa F, Bedre O … +2 more , Pinar Y, Hepguler S
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Nov · PMID 41184657 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Understanding gender-based foot morphological differences is critical for ergonomic footwear design. This study investigated these variations in young adults using photogrammetric and plantar pressure analysis....
PURPOSE: Understanding gender-based foot morphological differences is critical for ergonomic footwear design. This study investigated these variations in young adults using photogrammetric and plantar pressure analysis. METHODS: We analyzed 200 healthy participants (100 males, 100 females; aged 19-21 years) through digital photogrammetry and RSscan Footscan pressure mapping. Key parameters included foot length (FL), ball width (BWF), hallux valgus angle (HVd), lateral foot angle (LdF), and Clarke's Index for arch classification. Plantar pressure distribution was assessed across 10 anatomical zones. RESULTS: We revealed significant gender disparities: males had longer (26.6 vs. 25.2 cm) and wider feet (10.2 vs. 9.1 cm), while 75% of participants exhibited HVd (5.1°-6.3°), with no gender difference. Dynamic Clarke's Index showed 80% had high arches, correlating with lower BMI (p < 0.001). Pressure analysis highlighted higher midfoot loading (37.8-41.2 cm) and medial forefoot pressure in HVd cases. Females predominantly wore smaller shoes (sizes 36-38), whereas 89% of males wore sizes 42-44. BMI influenced midfoot pressure (r = 0.3) and arch height, with flat arches linked to higher BMI. Foot asymmetry (38%) and HVd prevalence underscored the need for gender-specific shoe designs. CONCLUSION: It emphasize prioritizing ergonomic footwear to mitigate pressure imbalances, HVd progression, and asymmetry, particularly in high-BMI individuals. This dual-method approach provides actionable insights for biomechanical applications and footwear customization.
Greek anatomical nomenclature: the urgent need for evidence-based standardization.
Triantafyllou G, Piagkou M
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Nov · PMID 41184463 · Publisher ↗
Greek has shaped anatomical terminology for over two millennia, providing much of the lexical foundation of the Terminologia Anatomica. Despite this profound legacy, modern Greek anatomical nomenclature remains only part...
Greek has shaped anatomical terminology for over two millennia, providing much of the lexical foundation of the Terminologia Anatomica. Despite this profound legacy, modern Greek anatomical nomenclature remains only partially aligned with the latest Terminologia Anatomica 2, characterized by outdated expressions, multiple synonyms, and inconsistent adoption in medical education and clinical practice. In contrast, countries with coordinated, evidence-based national standards achieve greater clarity and enhance clinical safety. In Greece, the persistence of obsolete or ambiguous terms creates academic barriers and poses clinical risks, including misinterpretation of diagnostic findings and surgical errors. This review traces the historical contribution of Greek to international nomenclature, evaluates the current state of Greek anatomical terminology, and uses global examples to propose a plan for modernization. Key recommendations include forming a national multidisciplinary committee, systematically cross-mapping Greek terms to Terminologia Anatomica 2, standardizing terminology in education and licensing, and creating a multilingual open-access database. These efforts would preserve Greece's linguistic heritage while ensuring accuracy, clarity, and international compatibility in modern medical communication.
Morphometric and volumetric analysis of lateral ventricles by magnetic resonance imaging: a study on age and gender.
Saracgil A, Kapakin S
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Oct · PMID 41174299 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the morphometric and volumetric characteristics of the lateral ventricles in relation to age and gender using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of...
BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the morphometric and volumetric characteristics of the lateral ventricles in relation to age and gender using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 212 subjects (106 males, 106 females) underwent 3 Tesla MRI scanning. Axial T2-weighted images were analyzed using Myrian 2.7.1 software. Measured parameters included ventricular length, width, volume, anterior horn distance, and brain width. Ratio indices—ventricular width/hemisphere width and anterior horn distance/brain width—were also calculated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v26.0 with appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests. RESULTS: The volumes (cm3), lengths (mm), widths (mm) of the ventricles were measured as follows: in females, 5.13–4.54, 69.10–66.85, 8.35–8.23, and in males, 5.51–4.92, 66.10–64.80, 8.95–8.67 (left–right). No significant gender differences were observed in ventricular volumes, lengths, and widths (p > 0.05). However, significant age-related variations were noted in these parameters (p < 0.001), with moderate positive correlations identified between the width/hemisphere ratios of both right and left ventricles and their respective volumes, as well as between the anterior horn’s distance/brain width ratio and total ventricular volume (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lateral ventricular enlargement was clearly age-related, especially in older individuals. Sex showed limited impact on ventricular morphology. Ratio-based metrics proved useful in proportionally reflecting ventricular changes and may serve as reliable tools in clinical neuroimaging. This study offers normative data on lateral ventricle size in a Turkish population using standardized 3T MRI protocols. The findings may assist in distinguishing normal aging from pathological enlargement and support the use of ventricle-to-brain ratios in clinical evaluation.
Anatomical presentation of the nerve to vastus medialis within the adductor canal and femoral nerve branch insertions into thigh muscles: a cadaveric study.
Saena S, Sukhonthamarn K, Kosuwon W … +2 more , Apinyankul R, Witayakom W
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Oct · PMID 41174247 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study aimed to (1) investigate the prevalence of the nerve to vastus medialis within the adductor canal, (2) characterize the anatomical features of the canal, and (3) assess correlations between canal char...
PURPOSE: This study aimed to (1) investigate the prevalence of the nerve to vastus medialis within the adductor canal, (2) characterize the anatomical features of the canal, and (3) assess correlations between canal characteristics and anthropometric data. Additionally, the number and motor entry points of femoral nerve branches supplying the anterior thigh muscles were examined. METHODS: Thirty-two lower limbs (16 fresh-frozen cadavers) were dissected. The adductor canal was identified, and its proximal and distal ends were measured from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). Prevalence of the nerve to vastus medialis within the canal was recorded. Motor entry points of femoral nerve branches were identified and measured along a reference line from the ASIS to the center of the tibiofemoral joint using a measuring tape. Correlations between adductor canal anatomy and height, weight, body mass index, and thigh length were analyzed using Pearson's or Spearman's correlation tests. RESULTS: The nerve to vastus medialis was located within the adductor canal in 34.38% of cases. The mean canal length was 7.20 ± 2.86 cm, corresponding to 55-71% of the ASIS-to-knee distance. Distances to the canal's proximal and distal ends correlated significantly with height and thigh length (r = 0.421-0.653, p < 0.05). Femoral nerve branches to each anterior thigh muscles ranged from one to five. CONCLUSION: Anatomical variation in the nerve to vastus medialis may influence outcomes of adductor canal procedures. Knowledge of canal location and motor entry points may assist clinicians in performing adductor canal blocks or surgical interventions.
Unusual patterns of superficial venous drainage in the neck: a case study of facial vein implications.
de la Sacristana RFG, Garrido SQ, Pedrero RD … +4 more , Hachimaru YR, Carrasco FA, Núñez MÁO, Fernández LMH
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Oct · PMID 41162803 · Full text
PURPOSE: Anatomical variants of the superficial veins of the head and neck are numerous and, in some cases, play a significant role in planning surgical procedures that avoid haemorrhage or other complications. Anatomica...
PURPOSE: Anatomical variants of the superficial veins of the head and neck are numerous and, in some cases, play a significant role in planning surgical procedures that avoid haemorrhage or other complications. Anatomical variations are also relevant for the application of medical procedures, the potential spread of infections and the understanding of venous pathology. For these reasons, it is essential to broaden the knowledge about these anatomical variations and to document them further. METHODS: During a scheduled dissection of the head and neck region of the body of an 82-year-old female, several findings consistent with the presence of significant variations in the venous drainage of this area were observed. RESULTS: A venous variant involving primarily the facial vein (FV) was documented. A trident-shaped venous structure composed of the FV, the anterior jugular vein (AJV) and an accessory anterior jugular vein (AAJV) was identified on the right side of the cervical region. These three venous elements converge into a venous dilation, forming a common venous confluence (CVC), which continues as a common trunk that ultimately anastomoses with the cephalic vein (CV) and drains into the subclavian vein (SV). CONCLUSIONS: Due to its connections, the described variant has significant clinical relevance. The findings of this study suggest a strong correlation between embryogenesis of the vascular system of the head and neck.
Location of the foramen ovale relative to the lateral pterygoid plate in adult computed tomography images.
Bahadır B, Gelişkan PA, Uzer E … +4 more , Yiğit M, Oklaz EBG, Bahadır EA, Beger O
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Oct · PMID 41162802 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To uncover the positional relationship between the lateral pterygoid plate (LPP) and foramen ovale (FO) in an adult population. METHODS: The 500 normal subjects (250 males and 250 females), who underwent crani...
OBJECTIVE: To uncover the positional relationship between the lateral pterygoid plate (LPP) and foramen ovale (FO) in an adult population. METHODS: The 500 normal subjects (250 males and 250 females), who underwent cranial computed tomography scans were included into the study. RESULTS: Four configurations regarding FO location types were determined: the lateral type in 347 sides (34.7%), medial type in 115 sides (11.5%), the direct type in 412 sides (41.2%), and the far type in 126 sides (12.6%). The frequencies of these types were affected by sex (p < 0.001), but not side (p = 417). The most common configuration was the direct type (47.4%) in females and the lateral type (41.8%) in males. The antero-posterior and medio-lateral diameters of FO were measured as 7.35 ± 1.98 mm and 4.08 ± 1.26 mm, respectively. The antero-posterior diameter was greater in the lateral type compared to the medial and direct types (p = 0.003). The medio-lateral diameter was greater in the lateral type compared to the direct type (p < 0.001). The pterygoalar and pterygospinous bars were observed in 24 sides (2.4%) and 18 sides (1.8%), respectively. The positional relationship between FO and LPP was statistically different between presence and absence of the pterygoalar bar (p = 0.001), but not between presence and absence of the pterygospinous bar (p = 0.512). In FOs with the pterygoalar bar, the far type was seen significantly less common. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of the far type was 12.6%; thus, a neurosurgeon can reach FO relatively easily by tracing the base of LPP backward in more than 80% of the population.
Semicircular fenestration of the mid M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography.
Sato M, Uchino A, Oryu K … +2 more , Usami Y, Baba Y
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Oct · PMID 41162794 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Cerebral arterial fenestration is a common occurrence. However, fenestration of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is uncommon. It is usually observed in the proximal M1 segment and has a small slit-like configura...
PURPOSE: Cerebral arterial fenestration is a common occurrence. However, fenestration of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is uncommon. It is usually observed in the proximal M1 segment and has a small slit-like configuration. We herein report a case of a relatively large semicircular fenestration located in the mid M1 segment of the right MCA. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), was performed in a 66-year-old man presenting with left homonymous hemianopia for the evaluation of suspected cerebrovascular disease. The MR machine was a 3-Tesla scanner, and MRA was performed using the standard three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight technique. RESULTS: MRA demonstrated fenestration in the mid M1 segment of the right MCA. The fenestration appeared in a relatively large semicircular configuration. The superior limb took a semicircular course and was thinner than the inferior limb, and no perforating branches arising from either limb were clearly identified. CONCLUSION: Fenestration of the MCA is thought to result from incomplete fusion or partial persistence of the arterial plexus during embryological development and is therefore typically small, slit-like, and located in the proximal M1 segment. However, the morphology observed in this case was markedly different. To our knowledge, only a few similar cases have been reported in the English-language literature.
Double origin of the superior cerebellar artery from the Basilar artery and the P1 segment of the posterior cerebral artery.
Alnafie MA, Moualek S
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Oct · PMID 41162793 · Publisher ↗
A 50-year-old patient admitted for a subarachnoid hemorrhage underwent a successful surgical clipping of two aneurysms involving the anterior communicating artery and the supraclinoïd and ophthalmic segments of the right...
A 50-year-old patient admitted for a subarachnoid hemorrhage underwent a successful surgical clipping of two aneurysms involving the anterior communicating artery and the supraclinoïd and ophthalmic segments of the right internal carotid artery. The analysis of the vertebrobasilar system through the brain computed tomography angiography and 3D modeling revealed a double origin of the right superior cerebellar artery from the basilar artery and the posterior cerebral artery. Two channels arose separately from the basilar artery and the P1 segment of the right posterior cerebral artery then merged distally to form the main trunk of the right superior cerebellar artery. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such a variant is reported.
Using sous vide method for hot water maceration and cleaning of bone specimens from fresh and embalmed human cadavers.
Ertaş A, Gürses İA
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Oct · PMID 41145877 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Sous vide is a cooking method, which enhances heat flow and enables cooking at regulated temperatures in plastic pouches that have been vacuum-sealed. This procedure can be used as an alternative to bone macerat...
PURPOSE: Sous vide is a cooking method, which enhances heat flow and enables cooking at regulated temperatures in plastic pouches that have been vacuum-sealed. This procedure can be used as an alternative to bone maceration because of this property. This study describes how fresh and embalmed human specimens can be macerated and cleaned using sous vide. METHODS: Eighth head and neck, seven upper, and five lower extremity specimens from ten fresh and three embalmed cadavers at the Department of Anatomy of the Koç University School of Medicine were used. Soft tissues were removed, and specimens were vacuum sealed in plastic pouches filled with water and dishwashing detergent solution. Maceration was set at 65 °C for three to four days with a commercial sous vide device. Blunt instruments were used to remove any leftover soft tissue in between every maceration session. Following the maceration, a concentrated acetone solution was used for further degreasing. RESULTS: The method successfully cleaned all fresh specimens. While some embalmed specimens were completely cleaned, maceration of extremely dried out embalmed cadavers were suboptimal. It took three to five maceration rounds to completely clean small (vertebrae, carpal bones etc.) and large (skulls, femurs, humeri etc.) bones. CONCLUSION: Sous vide successfully cleaned fresh and embalmed human bones. It allowed easy monitoring of the process, reduced the exposure of staff to unpleasant odor and biological waste, and minimized the need for cleaning by using consumables.
A rare case of coeliac-colica-mesenteric anastomosis: distal anastomosis between the coeliac trunk and the left colic artery.
Kaçar H, Çöllü İ, Malas MA
Surg Radiol Anat · 2025 Oct · PMID 41131429 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This case report aims to describe a rare anastomosis between the coeliac trunk (CT) and the left colic artery (LCA), which originates from the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), and to highlight its clinical sign...
PURPOSE: This case report aims to describe a rare anastomosis between the coeliac trunk (CT) and the left colic artery (LCA), which originates from the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), and to highlight its clinical significance. CASE REPORT: During abdominal dissection of a formalin-fixed anatomical specimen of a 52-year-old male, a fourth arterial branch arising from the CT was observed, coursing between the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery. This variant artery has not been previously classified and appears to represent a rarely reported anatomical variation. The artery was found to descend inferiorly and form an anastomosis with the LCA at the level of the left renal hilum. The length of this variant artery from the CT to the LCA was measured as 52 mm. Notably, its diameter was relatively narrow and tapered as it descended. No connections were identified between this variant artery and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and there was no direct anastomosis between the SMA and the IMA. CONCLUSION: The accurate identification of vascular variations through preoperative imaging plays a critical role in surgical planning and in preventing potential complications. Such arterial variations are clinically significant, especially in minimizing the risk of ischemic complications during surgery and supporting postoperative recovery.
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