Journal Of Functional Biomaterials[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Do the Pre-Existing Class III and Class V Composite Restorations Affect the Sealing Ability and Integrity of 3D-Printed Laminate Veneer Margins? An In Vitro Study.
Qaraghuli AM, Cagidiaco EF, Ferrari M
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188416 · Full text
The application of veneer restorations over previously composite-restored anterior teeth presents significant clinical challenges, particularly in achieving optimal marginal sealing. This in vitro study aimed to evaluat...
The application of veneer restorations over previously composite-restored anterior teeth presents significant clinical challenges, particularly in achieving optimal marginal sealing. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the marginal integrity and sealing ability of different 3D-printed resin veneer restorations on sound versus composite-restored anterior teeth. Eighty freshly extracted human anterior teeth (40 central incisors and 40 canines) were randomly assigned into two main groups: sound teeth and composite-restored teeth. All the teeth received 3D-printed resin veneer restoration utilizing two different types of 3D-printed resin (GC Temp Print, GC, Tokyo, Japan; and Varseosmile Triniq, BEGO GmbH & Co., Bremen, Germany). The specimens were then subjected to microleakage, marginal fitness, cement void, and cement loss testing. There were no statistically significant differences among all examined groups. Microleakage scores were predominantly 0 across all groups, with median values of 0 at both cervical and proximal surfaces. Marginal fitness showed fit percentages ranging from 20% to 100%, while cement voids and cement loss were rare events (<10%). Statistical analysis confirmed no significant differences between groups ( > 0.05), with -values ranging from 0.151 to 1.000. No, the presence of pre-existing composite restorations did not adversely affect 3D-printed veneer performance. The marginal integrity and sealing ability of two different 3D-printed resin veneers are not affected by the presence of previous composite restoration on cervical and proximal surfaces for both incisor and canine teeth. 3D-printed veneers applied to sound and restored teeth showed good marginal integrity and proper sealing ability.
Fracture Strength of CAD/CAM Endocrown and Post-Core Restorations with Fiber Strip Reinforcement in Mandibular Premolars.
Yılmaz K, Aydın H, Soylu Z … +4 more , Çiloğlu Ö, Delican EF, Özarslan MM, Gönüldaş F
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188415 · Full text
This study evaluated the effects of restorative material, restoration type, and fiber strip reinforcement on the fracture strength (FS) of endocrown (EC) and post-core (PC) restorations in endodontically treated premolar...
This study evaluated the effects of restorative material, restoration type, and fiber strip reinforcement on the fracture strength (FS) of endocrown (EC) and post-core (PC) restorations in endodontically treated premolars. Specimens were allocated according to restorative material [resin-nanoceramic (RNC) or feldspathic ceramic (FC)], restoration type (EC or PC), and reinforcement [fiber strip-reinforced (FR) or -non-reinforced (NF)]. FS was determined using a universal testing machine under axial loading. Statistical analysis was performed using three-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (α = 0.05). Material, restoration type, and reinforcement significantly affected FS ( < 0.05). RNC restorations exhibited higher FS than FC restorations (861 ± 181 N vs. 715 ± 212 N; < 0.001). EC restorations exhibited higher FS than PC restorations (828 ± 173 N vs. 748 ± 236 N; = 0.046). FR groups exhibited higher FS than NF groups (848 ± 180 N vs. 728 ± 222 N; = 0.003). The highest FS was observed in the RNC-PC-FR group (965 ± 144 N), whereas the lowest occurred in the FC-PC-NF group (480 ± 177 N). Although EC restorations showed higher FS than PC restorations, the effect of restoration type depended on material and reinforcement.
Effectiveness of β-TriCalcium Phosphate for Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A Systematic Review.
Pezzella V, Blasi A, Mauriello L … +5 more , Trapanese G, Ramaglia E, Basilicata M, Iorio-Siciliano V, Ramaglia L
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188414 · Full text
Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) aims to reduce post-extraction bone resorption and facilitate implant placement. Among alloplastic grafts, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is widely used due to its osteoconductive proper...
Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) aims to reduce post-extraction bone resorption and facilitate implant placement. Among alloplastic grafts, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is widely used due to its osteoconductive properties and complete resorbability. This systematic review evaluated the clinical effectiveness of β-TCP for ARP, focusing on ridge dimensional changes assessed by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Electronic searches were performed in major scientific databases up to April 2026. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting CBCT-based dimensional outcomes after at least 4 months were included. Five RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in biomaterial formulations, socket management, and outcome assessment. When used alone, β-TCP showed variable results, ranging from greater ridge resorption compared with xenograft to outcomes comparable with those of freeze-dried bone allograft. More consistent findings were reported when β-TCP was used in combination with other biomaterials, with outcomes generally comparable to those of deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM). Overall, β-TCP may have a potential role in alveolar ridge preservation; however, evidence remains limited and heterogeneous. Differences between β-TCP alone and composite formulations should be carefully considered, and no definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding its comparative predictability versus xenografts. Further RCTs are needed to clarify its clinical effectiveness and identify optimal applications.
Hyaluronic Acid-Based Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering: From Molecular Properties to Re-Generative Applications.
Su CM, Shie MY, Huang WN … +4 more , Chiu FJ, Chen HK, Chen YW, Shen YF
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188413 · Full text
Hyaluronic acid (HA), a native non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix, has emerged as a central biomaterial in tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility, hydration capacity, and receptor-mediated...
Hyaluronic acid (HA), a native non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix, has emerged as a central biomaterial in tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility, hydration capacity, and receptor-mediated bioactivity. Beyond its structural role, HA actively regulates cellular behaviors through interactions with receptors such as CD44 and RHAMM, with outcomes highly dependent on molecular weight, degradation state, and matrix context. Recent advances in chemical modification and crosslinking strategies have enabled the development of HA-based hydrogels, nanofibers, and composite systems with tunable mechanics and degradation profiles, supporting applications in bone, cartilage, vascular, and skin regeneration, as well as in emerging platforms such as 3D bioprinting and nanomedicine. However, inconsistent biological responses and limited clinical translation remain key challenges. This review integrates current understanding of HA synthesis, physicochemical properties, degradation, and receptor-mediated signaling, and establishes a mechanistic framework linking molecular characteristics, matrix mechanics, and cell responses. Building on this framework, we outline design strategies for multifunctional HA composites, advanced biofabrication approaches, and receptor-targeted systems, providing a basis for the rational engineering of next-generation HA-based biomaterials with improved translational potential.
Intraoperative Bioactivation of Bone Substitutes Using a Surgical Suction Handle: A Prospective Clinical Pilot Study.
Papaeleftheriou E, Sowislok A, Rehage E … +4 more , Wegner A, Haversath M, Jansen M, Jäger M
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188412 · Full text
Critical size bone defects (CSBD) remain a major challenge in orthopedic surgery. Autologous bone grafting is considered the gold standard but is limited by restricted availability and significant donor-site morbidity. S...
Critical size bone defects (CSBD) remain a major challenge in orthopedic surgery. Autologous bone grafting is considered the gold standard but is limited by restricted availability and significant donor-site morbidity. Synthetic bone substitutes offer an alternative; however, these materials are avital and lack osteoinductive properties. This study evaluated whether intraoperative bioactivation of bone substitutes using a surgical suction handle can safely enhance their regenerative potential. Fifty patients with CSBD, non-unions, or high-risk defects were enrolled, and calcium phosphate-based ceramics were intraoperatively coated with autologous tissue via a surgical suction handle and implanted into the defects. Clinical outcomes-including pain, range of motion, and wound healing-were scored using a standardized system, with all patients achieving results in the "excellent" range (10-13 points). Radiographic follow-up showed progressive cortical and extracortical bone formation in all patients. Surgeons reported high ease-of-use for the device, and no device-related complications occurred. Although biomaterial resorption was incomplete in some cases (36% with <75% resorption at six months), no patient required revision surgery. Our data indicate that intraoperative bioactivation of bone substitutes using a surgical suction handle is safe, feasible, and promotes local bone regeneration, providing a minimally invasive and practical approach to enhance the performance of synthetic grafts in challenging defects.
3D Fibrin/Gelatin Hydrogel System Enhances the Therapeutic Potency of DPSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Compared to 2D Culture in Accelerating Diabetic Wound Healing via Angiogenesis and Immune Modulation.
Qiao X, Liu K, Tang J … +2 more , Deng S, Yang D
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188411 · Full text
: Impaired angiogenesis and persistent inflammation are hallmarks of chronic diabetic wounds. Extracellular vesicles derived from dental pulp stem cells (DPSC-EVs) represent a promising cell-free therapy for tissue repai...
: Impaired angiogenesis and persistent inflammation are hallmarks of chronic diabetic wounds. Extracellular vesicles derived from dental pulp stem cells (DPSC-EVs) represent a promising cell-free therapy for tissue repair; however, their clinical translation is hindered by suboptimal yields and attenuated bioactivity associated with conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture. This study investigated whether a biomimetic three-dimensional (3D) fibrin/gelatin hydrogel system could optimize the therapeutic potency of DPSC-EVs for diabetic wound healing. : DPSCs were encapsulated within 3D fibrin/gelatin scaffolds, followed by comprehensive characterization of cell viability and morphology. 3D-EVs and 2D-EVs were isolated via ultracentrifugation and validated by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The pro-angiogenic capacity of 3D-EVs was evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under high-glucose (HG) stress. Additionally, the immunomodulatory effects were assessed by monitoring macrophage polarization in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The therapeutic efficacy was further validated in vivo using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model with full-thickness cutaneous wounds. : The 3D fibrin/gelatin hydrogel provided a supportive microenvironment that significantly augmented the secretory productivity of DPSCs. Compared to 2D-EVs, 3D-EVs exhibited superior functional resilience in restoring HUVEC migration and tube formation under HG-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, 3D-EVs effectively orchestrated the macrophage transition from a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, thereby modulating the immune microenvironment. In vivo, topical administration of 3D-EVs markedly accelerated wound closure, promoted re-epithelialization, and enhanced microvascular density and collagen maturation in diabetic mice. : Our findings demonstrate that the 3D fibrin/gelatin culture system effectively primes the therapeutic profile of DPSC-EVs. These engineered vesicles accelerate diabetic wound healing by synergistically promoting angiogenesis and resolving chronic inflammation, offering a robust and potent cell-free strategy for the management of chronic diabetic ulcers.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-Reported Practices Regarding Modern Adhesive Systems Among Romanian Dentists: A Cross-Sectional Survey.
Flueras R, Popovici RA, Nodiți-Cuc AR … +10 more , Kiș AM, Marian D, Cot DEP, Trusculescu LM, Feher A, Salcudean A, Bodnar AM, Seni AG, Forna NC, Olariu I
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188410 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The rapid evolution of dental adhesive systems presents both opportunities and challenges for clinical practice, particularly regarding the translation of emerging evidence into routine use. AIM: This study a...
BACKGROUND: The rapid evolution of dental adhesive systems presents both opportunities and challenges for clinical practice, particularly regarding the translation of emerging evidence into routine use. AIM: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported practices related to modern adhesive systems among Romanian dentists and to explore factors associated with their clinical decision-making. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2025 and February 2026 using a 115-item online questionnaire. A convenience sample of 372 Romanian dentists participated. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and multivariate models (multiple linear regression, binary logistic regression, and multinomial logistic regression). Internal consistency of the knowledge scale was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The knowledge scale demonstrated good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.873). Although 68.0% of respondents reported familiarity with universal adhesives, a discrepancy between awareness and reported clinical application was observed for several key concepts, including MMP inhibitors and hydrolytic stability. Notably, 14.8% of participants were unaware whether their preferred adhesive system contained 10-MDP. Continuing education frequency was the only independent predictor of higher knowledge scores (β = 1.63, = 0.024), while greater clinical experience was inversely associated with rubber dam use (OR = 0.550, = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a discrepancy between theoretical knowledge and the clinical implementation of modern adhesive concepts. Structured continuing education plays a critical role in improving knowledge and may help bridge this gap in clinical practice.
In Vitro Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of a Novel Calcium Alginate-Zinc Hemostatic Biomaterial.
Lunić T, Rakić M, Sbeih M … +3 more , Samardzic M, des Courtils C, Božić Nedeljković B
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188409 · Full text
Achieving hemostasis is crucial in neurosurgery, yet conventional methods are not always feasible, making topical hemostatic agents necessary. Current resorbable hemostatic agents allow effective hemostasis but must rema...
Achieving hemostasis is crucial in neurosurgery, yet conventional methods are not always feasible, making topical hemostatic agents necessary. Current resorbable hemostatic agents allow effective hemostasis but must remain in situ to prevent rebleeding. This can provoke foreign body reactions leading to prolonged microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, which may exacerbate damage and delay recovery. It highlights the need for new hemostatic materials that can be removed after controlling bleeding while being safe for neurons and microglia. One candidate is Hemo-Ionic, a non-resorbable hemostatic compress composed of calcium alginate and zinc (Zn). Hemo-Ionic previously demonstrated effective in vitro and in vivo hemostasis, comparable to Surgicel and TachoSil, and pro-repair properties. In this study, Hemo-Ionic's effect on neuronal and microglial cells was investigated in vitro. Results showed that Hemo-Ionic preserved cell viability and had an antioxidant capacity through protection from lipid peroxidation. Hemo-Ionic also reduced nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) expression and release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cells. Finally, neuronal viability was restored when exposed to supernatants of Hemo-Ionic-treated microglia. These findings indicate that Hemo-Ionic's safety and capacity to reduce neuroinflammation, combined with its hemostatic efficacy and non-resorbable nature, make it a promising alternative to resorbable hemostatic agents used in neurosurgery.
Clinical Outcomes of Immediate and Delayed Composite Restorations After Pulp Capping with Biodentine: A Systematic Literature Review.
Aleksiuk M, Kostenkova A, Drukteinis S
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188408 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Biodentine is widely used in vital pulp therapy due to its bioactivity and biocompatibility. However, treatment success depends not only on the material but also on the restorative approach. Clinically, Biode...
BACKGROUND: Biodentine is widely used in vital pulp therapy due to its bioactivity and biocompatibility. However, treatment success depends not only on the material but also on the restorative approach. Clinically, Biodentine may be used as a temporary bulk restoration before delayed placement of a composite or immediately covered with a definitive composite. AIM: To evaluate clinical outcomes reported for delayed composite placement after temporary Biodentine restoration and immediate composite restoration following Biodentine pulp capping in permanent teeth. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and registered with PROSPERO (CRD420261325248). Searches were performed in multiple databases. Clinical studies on Biodentine pulp capping reporting outcomes for either delayed or immediate composite restoration were included. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed by two reviewers using Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Fourteen studies (8 randomized controlled trials and 6 cohort studies) were included. RESULTS: Considerable heterogeneity was observed in study design and clinical protocols. Most included studies evaluated one of the two strategies separately, so the review results could not be interpreted as a direct comparison. In direct pulp capping, success rates ranged from 74-100% (delayed) and 79-100% (immediate). In indirect pulp capping, success rates ranged from 77.8-88% (delayed) and 80-95.2% (immediate). Meta-analysis was not feasible. CONCLUSION: Based on low certainty of evidence, both strategies show favorable outcomes, but current evidence does not support the superiority of either approach. Further well-designed comparative studies are needed.
Multifunctional YO-Modified Borotellurite Bioactive Glasses for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications.
Oruc Ulas E, Aktas B, Acikgoz A … +4 more , Yalcin S, Aktas HG, Uyar E, Celik Z
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188407 · Full text
Developing bioactive glasses that simultaneously provide mechanical reliability, cytocompatibility, controlled ion release, and antibacterial functionality remains a major challenge in bone tissue engineering. In this st...
Developing bioactive glasses that simultaneously provide mechanical reliability, cytocompatibility, controlled ion release, and antibacterial functionality remains a major challenge in bone tissue engineering. In this study, borotellurite-based bioactive glasses with the composition (45 - x)TeO-20NaO-10CaO-15PO-10BO-xYO (x = 0-7 mol.%) were designed to elucidate the role of YO in governing composition-structure-property relationships. Structural, thermal, mechanical, ion-release, bioactivity, cytocompatibility, cell-adhesion, and antibacterial properties were systematically evaluated, and the most promising composition was further modified by silver surface coating. YO incorporation markedly enhanced thermal stability, hardness, and fracture resistance, with hardness reaching 4.317 GPa at 7 mol.%, while the highest compressive strength was achieved at 1 mol.% YO (67.97 MPa). Importantly, YO regulated dissolution behavior and mitigated the severe long-term cytotoxicity of the undoped glass, maintaining all doped compositions above the ISO 10993-5 threshold after 30 days. Higher YO contents also promoted osteoblast adhesion and facilitated bioactive surface layer formation following SBF immersion. No detectable adhesion was observed, whereas the TBY3 composition exhibited the lowest adhesion, further improved by silver coating. These results demonstrate YO as an effective multifunctional modifier for engineering mechanically robust, biologically favorable, and antibacterial borotellurite bioactive glasses for bone repair.
Advanced Grafting Biomaterials and Technologies in Chronic Wound Care: Mechanisms, Clinical Outcomes, and Therapeutic Integration.
Luong AD, Maruthapandi M, Luong JHT
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188406 · Full text
Chronic wounds remain a major clinical and economic burden due to persistent inflammation, impaired perfusion, microbial biofilms, and dysregulated immune responses that collectively stall epithelialization. Polymicrobia...
Chronic wounds remain a major clinical and economic burden due to persistent inflammation, impaired perfusion, microbial biofilms, and dysregulated immune responses that collectively stall epithelialization. Polymicrobial bacterial-fungal biofilms, including species, further delay healing by sustaining inflammation and promoting treatment-resistant infection. Recent advances have accelerated the development of bioengineered skin substitutes, collagen matrices, and placental-derived grafts that modulate macrophage polarization, reactive oxygen species signaling, and extracellular matrix remodeling to restore tissue architecture and promote neovascularization. Their effectiveness, however, depends on integration within structured care pathways that emphasize debridement, moisture balance, and infection control. Artificial intelligence, three-dimensional bioprinting, flexible microelectronic sensors for real-time wound monitoring, and bioactive compounds derived from traditional Chinese medicine, are expanding the therapeutic landscape. Together, these innovations support a shift toward predictive, personalized, and regenerative wound-care strategies. This review aims to provide a mechanistic and clinically contextualized overview of advanced grafting biomaterials, highlighting current applications, limitations, and future directions in chronic wound care.
Direct Chemical Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts into Retinal Progenitor-like Cells for Ocular Delivery.
Lee YC, Lai PL, Lai CY … +13 more , Chang FL, Wu SY, Lin PY, Chuang CH, Chou YX, Chen ZF, Wu YC, Cheng CL, Lin H, Ng CH, Yang SC, Lu J, Tsai RK
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188405 · Full text
Direct chemical reprogramming provides a potentially scalable approach for generating retinal lineage-associated cells without genetic manipulation. In this study, human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts were converted into re...
Direct chemical reprogramming provides a potentially scalable approach for generating retinal lineage-associated cells without genetic manipulation. In this study, human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts were converted into retinal progenitor-like cells using a defined small-molecule cocktail. Retinal lineage-associated features were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining, quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, Western blot analysis, and bulk RNA sequencing, showing upregulation of neural and retinal markers, including VSX2, and transcriptomic remodeling consistent with transcriptional features associated with neuronal differentiation programs. Functional responsiveness was assessed by glutamate-evoked intracellular calcium imaging, revealing glutamate-responsive intracellular calcium dynamics in induced cells but not in parental fibroblasts. For in vivo assessment, induced cells were delivered via intravitreal transplantation in Wistar rats and subretinal transplantation in Long-Evans rats. One month after transplantation, structural and functional evaluations using optical coherence tomography, electroretinography, and histological analyses showed localized alterations in retinal structure at the subretinal injection site, while no significant differences were observed in scotopic ERG responses under the present experimental conditions. In contrast, fibroblast transplantation showed more prominent structural alterations under similar conditions. Human nuclei-positive signals were detectable in a subset of eyes, exhibiting focal and heterogeneous distribution within retinal regions at the one-month endpoint. Collectively, these suggest the induction of retinal lineage-associated molecular and functional features, with short-term functional tolerability observed in vivo under the present experimental conditions.
Influence of Framework Material on Stress, Fatigue, and Stability of "All-on-Four" System Components-Biomechanical Evaluation with Finite Element Analysis.
Popovic Grubac D, Bozovic D, Lecic J … +5 more , Kovacic I, Janjic Pavlovic O, Zuza A, Krsticevic D, Ivkovic N
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188404 · Full text
The "all-on-four" concept is a prominent solution for rehabilitating edentulous patients with fixed full-arch restorations. This study aimed to examine the stress distribution pattern, material fatigue, and restoration d...
The "all-on-four" concept is a prominent solution for rehabilitating edentulous patients with fixed full-arch restorations. This study aimed to examine the stress distribution pattern, material fatigue, and restoration displacement using different framework materials under static (SL) and dynamic (DL) loading conditions. Six three-dimensional finite element analysis models of an atrophic maxilla rehabilitated via the all-on-four concept were analyzed. Models utilized three different framework materials: Cobalt-Chromium Alloy (CoCr), Zirconia (Zr), and Polyetheretherketone (PEEK). The models were subjected to three types of SL (90, 150, and 200 N) and two cases of DL (150 N) simulating mastication. DL generated higher stress intensities compared to SL. PEEK models showed the highest stress concentrations in the cortical bone (up to 70.44 MPa) and implants across SL models. The PEEK frameworks showed a risk of fatigue-related fracture of the cortical bone around terminal implants. Models utilizing PEEK frameworks exhibited significantly greater structural displacement (up to -0.681 mm horizontally) under DL compared to their rigid counterparts. CoCr and Zr provide better resistance to cyclic loading and reduced displacement, ensuring a higher safety factor. PEEK frameworks demonstrated inferior mechanical resistance under fatigue.
Bioinformatic Resistome Profiling of Metal Tolerance Mechanisms in Endodontic Infections: Implications for Antimicrobial Nanoparticle-Based Biomaterials.
Luna-Lara CA, Luna-Dominguez CR, Oliver-Parra R … +3 more , Criollo-Barrios OV, Vaca-Jasso MLD, Salas-Orozco MF
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188403 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles are increasingly explored as antimicrobial biomaterials in endodontics due to their multi-target mechanisms of action, largely mediated by metal ion release (e.g., Ag, C...
BACKGROUND: Metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles are increasingly explored as antimicrobial biomaterials in endodontics due to their multi-target mechanisms of action, largely mediated by metal ion release (e.g., Ag, Cu). However, bacterial metal resistance systems, particularly efflux-related proteins, may influence their antimicrobial performance. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and distribution of metal resistance-associated proteins in bacteria involved in endodontic infections using a bioinformatic approach. METHODS: An in silico, cross-sectional bioinformatic analysis was conducted using publicly available genomes from the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC). Bacterial species associated with acute apical abscess (AAA), symptomatic apical periodontitis (SAP), asymptomatic apical periodontitis (AAP), and post-treatment apical periodontitis (PTAP) were included. The presence of selected metal resistance-related proteins (CutC, CopA, CzcA, CusA, SilA, P-type ATPase, and PA3920) was assessed using a binary presence/absence framework. Prevalence, group comparisons (Fisher's exact test), and co-occurrence patterns (Phi coefficient) were analyzed. RESULTS: Metal resistance-associated proteins were widely distributed across all infection types, with prevalence ranging from 70.0% to 82.9% and no significant differences between groups ( > 0.05). CutC was the most prevalent protein, followed by CopA and CzcA, whereas SilA and PA3920 were not detected. Correlation analysis revealed consistent co-occurrence patterns among key taxa, including , , and spp. CONCLUSIONS: Metal resistance-related proteins are broadly distributed in endodontic microbiota, indicating a conserved genetic capacity for metal tolerance. These findings suggest that microbial resistance determinants may influence, but do not directly determine, the antimicrobial performance of nanoparticle-based biomaterials. This study provides a hypothesis-generating, bioinformatic framework to support the design and optimization of antimicrobial biomaterials, highlighting the need for experimental validation and integration of phenotypic and biofilm-based analyses.
Graphene Oxide-Modified Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes Promote Schwann Cell Function and Neurotrophic Factor Expression.
Cao X, Wang C, Lu R … +4 more , Mu Y, Hu J, Luo B, Chen S
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188402 · Full text
This study aims to investigate the effects of graphene oxide-modified titanium dioxide nanotube (TNT-GO) coatings on the biological behavior of Schwann cells and to evaluate their potential applications in dental implant...
This study aims to investigate the effects of graphene oxide-modified titanium dioxide nanotube (TNT-GO) coatings on the biological behavior of Schwann cells and to evaluate their potential applications in dental implant surface modification and peripheral nerve regeneration. Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) were prepared by anodic oxidation, and graphene oxide (GO) was deposited on their surfaces by electrochemical deposition. The surface morphology and physicochemical properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and contact angle measurements. The viability, proliferation, and adhesion of Schwann cells were assessed by cell counting kit-8 assay, live/dead staining, and SEM observation. The expression levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that TNT-GO surface significantly improved surface hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. Compared with the Ti and TNT groups, Schwann cells on TNT-GO surfaces exhibited enhanced proliferation, better spreading morphology, and significantly increased expression levels of NGF and GDNF. Overall, TNT-GO effectively promotes Schwann cell proliferation, adhesion, and neurotrophic factor secretion, suggesting its potential as a novel surface modification strategy to promote peri-implant nerve regeneration and improve osseoperception.
Vertical and Horizontal Ridge Augmentation with Titanium-Reinforced Dense PTFE and Reinforced PTFE Mesh: A Prospective Comparative Case Series.
Silva LA, Gomes PS, Fernandes MH … +2 more , García-García M, Camps-Font O
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188401 · Full text
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare vertical bone gain (VBG) and horizontal bone gain (HBG) after guided bone regeneration using titanium-reinforced dense PTFE (TiR-dPTFE) versus reinforced PTFE mesh (RPM) at 9 and 1...
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare vertical bone gain (VBG) and horizontal bone gain (HBG) after guided bone regeneration using titanium-reinforced dense PTFE (TiR-dPTFE) versus reinforced PTFE mesh (RPM) at 9 and 12 months on three-dimensional tomographic imaging, and to perform histological assessment in selected cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective comparative case series included 14 patients (46 vertical ridge defect sites) treated with guided bone regeneration using either Ti-reinforced dPTFE membranes (TiR-dPTFE; n = 23) or resorbable porcine collagen membranes (RPM; n = 23). All sites received a 60:40 mixture of autogenous bone chips and anorganic bovine bone mineral (ABBM). After 9 months, during implant placement, a protective secondary augmentation using a 70:30 ABBM/autogenous mixture was performed and covered with a collagen membrane. Vertical and horizontal bone gain (VBG, HBG) were assessed on standardized matched CBCT cross-sections obtained at 9 and 12 months. Core biopsies were harvested at implant placement (9 months) for histological evaluation. Surgical and healing complications were recorded. RESULTS: Both membranes produced significant VBG. TiR-dPTFE achieved greater VBG than RPM at 9 months ( = 0.045) and 12 months ( = 0.012) and remained stable from 9 to 12 months, whereas RPM showed a significant decline over time (MDa -0.48 mm; 95% CI -0.64 to -0.31; < 0.001). HBG was similar between groups at both time points ( = 0.918 and = 0.922). No major clinical complications occurred. Histology at 9 months confirmed vital bone formation and graft integration in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both TiR-dPTFE and RPM are reliable options for vertical ridge augmentation; TiR-dPTFE yielded superior and more stable vertical gains over 12 months, with comparable horizontal outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: TiR-dPTFE may offer enhanced vertical augmentation, while both membranes remain suitable for implant site development.
Preclinical Analysis of Sex-Specific Differences in the Angiogenic and Inflammatory Tissue Response to Surgical Sutures.
Wrublewsky S, Weigl J, Bickelmann C … +1 more , Laschke MW
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188400 · Full text
Surgical sutures are widely used biomaterials in clinical practice. Like all other biomaterials, they induce a foreign body response after implantation that involves inflammation and angiogenesis. Although it is well kno...
Surgical sutures are widely used biomaterials in clinical practice. Like all other biomaterials, they induce a foreign body response after implantation that involves inflammation and angiogenesis. Although it is well known that these processes differ in males and females, sex-specific differences in the tissue response to sutures have not been investigated so far. To do this in the present study, polypropylene sutures were implanted into the dorsal skinfold chamber and subcutaneous flank tissue of male and female mice to assess their acute and chronic effects on the local tissue microenvironment using intravital fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry over 14 and 28 days, respectively. Microhemodynamic parameters and the numbers of rolling and adherent leukocytes in venules next to the implants were comparable in male and female mice. Immunohistochemical analyses on day 14 revealed a stronger neutrophilic (myeloperoxidase (MPO) cells: 526 ± 29 mm) and macrophage (CD86 cells: 188 ± 21 mm; CD163 cells: 269 ± 25 mm) response, as well as reduced T-cell activation (CD3 cells: 31 ± 4 mm) in females when compared to males (MPO cells: 221 ± 25 mm; CD86 cells: 120 ± 15 mm; CD163 cells: 101 ± 19 mm; CD3 cells: 62 ± 13 mm), while microvessel density and collagen deposition in the forming granulation tissue around the implants did not differ between sexes. In the flank model, there were no detectable sex-specific differences in the chronic foreign body response. These findings demonstrate that polypropylene sutures provoke a stronger early activation of the innate immune system in females, whereas the chronic foreign body response to the implants is comparable in both sexes.
The Potential of a Graphene Monolayer in Macrophage Polarization Using RAW 264.7 Cells.
Lasocka I, Gregorczyk-Zboroch K, Krajewska A … +3 more , Skibniewska E, Skibniewski M, Szulc-Dąbrowska L
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188399 · Full text
Maintaining an appropriate balance of macrophage subpopulations throughout the wound healing process, using a graphene monolayer as a substrate, may represent a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, the effect o...
Maintaining an appropriate balance of macrophage subpopulations throughout the wound healing process, using a graphene monolayer as a substrate, may represent a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, the effect of a graphene monolayer on the polarization of RAW 264.7 macrophages was investigated using flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and ELISA. Analysis of surface M1 (MHC II, CD80, CD86) and M2 (CD163, CD200R, CD206) markers demonstrated generally higher expression of M1 markers in M1-polarized groups (control, CM1; and graphene monolayer, GM1) compared to M2-polarized groups (CM2 and GM2), likely as a result of LPS and IFN-γ stimulation. Culturing macrophages on a graphene monolayer as a substrate for LPS- and IFN-γ-stimulated cells was associated with a trend toward reduced expression of all analyzed M1-associated markers compared with the control M1 group; however, this effect did not reach statistical significance. TNF-α secretion was higher in GM1 compared to CM0, GM0, and CM2. In contrast, surface markers alone were less conclusive for identifying M2 polarization, whereas intracellular markers such as ARG1 provided a more robust indication of the M2 phenotype. ARG1 expression was significantly elevated in CM2 and GM2 groups, with GM2 showing a significant increase relative to the control groups (CM0, CM1) and GM0 and GM1. These findings further support ARG1 and NOS2 as reliable markers of M2 and M1 polarization, respectively. The graphene monolayer did not induce spontaneous macrophage polarization. Only under M1 (LPS and IFN-γ) and M2 (IL-4 and IL-13) stimulation did it show a consistent trend toward modest modulation of macrophage polarization, possibly creating conditions conducive to tissue healing.
Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering.
Aleemardani M, Ghorbani F
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188398 · Full text
Recent years have seen significant progress in functional biomaterials for biomedical applications, driven by advances in materials engineering, nanotechnology, and biological characterization techniques [...].
Recent years have seen significant progress in functional biomaterials for biomedical applications, driven by advances in materials engineering, nanotechnology, and biological characterization techniques [...].
Cryogenic Foaming of Silk Fibroin Composite for Scaffolds in Bone and Periodontal Regeneration.
De Giorgio G, Medagli B, Matera B … +6 more , Rupel K, Tarabella G, Turco G, Manfredi M, Ghezzi B, D'Angelo P
J Funct Biomater · 2026 May · PMID 42188397 · Full text
Bone tissue has a remarkable regenerative capacity; however, advanced strategies are needed to support the repair process for critical-sized defects. While autografts and allografts remain the gold standard, their limita...
Bone tissue has a remarkable regenerative capacity; however, advanced strategies are needed to support the repair process for critical-sized defects. While autografts and allografts remain the gold standard, their limitations have stimulated alternative approaches in bone tissue engineering, in search of scaffolds capable of mimicking native bone properties to promote effective regeneration. In this study, silk fibroin (SF)-based composite scaffolds incorporating β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) were synthesized using a simple and innovative cryogenic foaming method. The proposed fabrication technique overcomes many limitations of current synthesis methods, such as long processing times, the use of solvents, and reliance on complex, energy-intensive equipment. The composites were characterized using infrared spectroscopy to confirm the incorporation of all three components and their chemical bond arrangements. µ-CT, SEM, and ESEM analyses revealed that SF/β-TCP/PCL scaffolds exhibited great porosity and dynamic interaction with water while preserving pore morphology in wet environments. Swelling behavior, indirect cytotoxicity, and cell proliferation tests recognized the greater performance of SF/β-TCP/PCL scaffolds in promoting long-term cell proliferation, maintaining superior mechanical properties. These findings indicate that the proposed original, simple, and relatively low-cost manufacturing approach enabled the fabrication of scaffolds with excellent mechanical performances, controlled and stable porosity under both dry and physiological-like conditions, and high biocompatibility. The resulting constructs demonstrated promising results for cell proliferation and osteoconductive behavior, supporting their potential suitability as artificial bone substitutes.
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