Casopis Lekaru Ceskych[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
The personality of professor Otakar Štark in the context of the development of medical genetics in Czechoslovakia in the years 1950-1990.
Kohoutová M
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 42313544
The 1950s were a difficult period for genetics due to so-called Lysenkoism, from which it only recovered in the second half of the 1960s. Nevertheless, at that time, several scientists and educators of at least European...
The 1950s were a difficult period for genetics due to so-called Lysenkoism, from which it only recovered in the second half of the 1960s. Nevertheless, at that time, several scientists and educators of at least European level worked in Czechoslovakia. Among them was professor Otakar Štark - head of the Biological Institute of the Faculty of General Medicine, Charles University, and a significant figure in medical genetics, whose death is commemorated this year, marking 35 years.
Václav Náprstek, MD - a forgotten hero.
Dvořáková M
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 42313543
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Professor Otto Piffl, the First Full Professor of Otology and Rhinology at the German University in Prague, passed away 100 years ago.
Kalivoda I
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 42313542
Prof. MUDr. Otto Piffl (1866-1926) was one of the most important representatives of the German otorhinolaryngological school in Prague at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. He was a pupil and close collaborator of...
Prof. MUDr. Otto Piffl (1866-1926) was one of the most important representatives of the German otorhinolaryngological school in Prague at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. He was a pupil and close collaborator of Prof. Emanuel Zaufal, the founder of the first ear clinic in Prague, and became a leading authority on the diagnosis and treatment of otogenic and rhinogenic infections and their complications. He was appointed the first full professor of otology and rhinology at the German University in Prague. Besides his written work, two tangible reminders of his life remain: his villa and his mausoleum in Lanškroun.
Ancient sanctuary of Eileithyia, goddess of childbirth, on the island of Paros (Greece).
Alušík T, Dostalíková PA
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 42313541
Although Asklepios (Asclepius), the god of medicine, was the main and most famous healing deity of Classical Antiquity, other gods and goddesses also had healing aspects and abilities - especially Eileithyia, the goddess...
Although Asklepios (Asclepius), the god of medicine, was the main and most famous healing deity of Classical Antiquity, other gods and goddesses also had healing aspects and abilities - especially Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth and labour pains and the protector of pregnant and birthing women and newborns. Unlike the main ancient deities (including Asklepios/Asclepius), the cult of Eileithyia was practiced in smaller districts, centred around an altar with a statue (sometimes the statue was placed in a small temple) and sometimes located outside the main part of city-states or directly in nature. One such rural sanctuary of the goddess Eileithyia is located on the island of Paros, on the southern slope of Mount Kounados (267 m above sea level), situated about 3.5 km northeast of the centre of Parikia, the capital of the island. The southern, slightly lower peak of this mountain (254 m above sea level) forms a small plateau, along and below the edge of which there is a zone of distinctive rock cliffs, creating smaller overhangs or caves in some places. The sanctuary of Eileithyia is located on a narrow terrace in the zone of these rocky cliffs, about 30 m below the plateau of the lower peak. It is an important site of its kind in the whole of Greece. The centre of worship here was probably a sacred spring (under a rock shelter) and a small cave (or rock overhang). However, offerings and inscriptions were also placed in several niches in the rock face east of the cave (between the cave and the spring). Excavations in the sanctuary have yielded rich finds - inscriptions, votive reliefs and, above all, dozens of (fragments of) terracotta busts and statuettes of women and ceramic sherds. The oldest finds from this site date back to the Geometric period (8th century BC), and the cult persisted here until the Late Roman Empire - probably until the 3rd century AD.
European Partnership for Personalised Medicine (EP PerMed).
Kinkorová J
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 42313540
Personalised medicine represents a key direction of modern healthcare, enabling the adaptation of prevention, diagnosis and treatment based on individual patient characteristics. The European Partnership for Personalised...
Personalised medicine represents a key direction of modern healthcare, enabling the adaptation of prevention, diagnosis and treatment based on individual patient characteristics. The European Partnership for Personalised Medicine (EP PerMed) was established as a strategic European Union initiative to coordinate research, innovation and implementation of personalised medicine across Member States. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the origin, objectives, programmes and major challenges of EP PerMed, with a particular focus on its relevance for clinicians and researchers and on the participation of the Czech Republic. Special attention is dedicated to the role of the Czech Health Research Council (AZV ČR) as a key national coordinating and funding body facilitating the involvement of Czech teams in EP PerMed joint transnational calls. The article discusses benefits and future perspectives of personalised medicine in both the European and Czech contexts.
Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes.
Karen I, Svačina Š, Hendl J
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 42313539
Periodontal inflammation is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) through systemic inflammation, which generally accompanies the metabolic disorder summarized under the term metabolic syndrome. The relationship between...
Periodontal inflammation is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) through systemic inflammation, which generally accompanies the metabolic disorder summarized under the term metabolic syndrome. The relationship between periodontitis and T2DM is bidirectional - inflammation worsens the diabetic disorder, and diabetes increases the prevalence and course of inflammation. Weight reduction has a long-term beneficial effect on the course of periodontitis. In a group of 50 patients with T2DM, we demonstrated a correlation between the presence or severity of periodontitis and baseline of blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. No correlation was found between presence/severity and relative body weight. In a control group of 50 individuals under the care of a general practitioner of the same age, we found a dependence between the presence or severity of periodontitis and the values of blood glucose, HbA1c, and relative body weight. Questions about periodontitis should be part of the medical history during preventive examinations at the general practitioner's office; patients with periodontitis should be considered at risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The general practitioner should also guide diabetic patients to dental care for periodontitis with the aim of reducing the risk of T2DM and improving the management of already existing T2DM.
Obesity during pregnancy - health risks and prevention options.
Anderlová K, Pařízek A, Jírová J
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 42313538
Obesity during pregnancy is a significant health problem with increasing prevalence in the population of women of reproductive age. It is associated with an increased risk of maternal and fetal complications, adverse per...
Obesity during pregnancy is a significant health problem with increasing prevalence in the population of women of reproductive age. It is associated with an increased risk of maternal and fetal complications, adverse perinatal outcomes, and long-term health effects on both mother and child. The aim of this article is to summarize current knowledge about the impact of obesity on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, and to outline options for prevention and management.
Colorectal cancer and comorbidities - implications for surgical practice.
Varga Á, Ihnát P, Štembírek J … +1 more , Rudinská LI
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 42313537
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant diseases worldwide. Its etiology and prognosis are significantly influenced by numerous comorbidities that may affect both the risk of tumor development and the...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant diseases worldwide. Its etiology and prognosis are significantly influenced by numerous comorbidities that may affect both the risk of tumor development and the course of the disease, including treatment response. The aim of this review article is to summarize current knowledge regarding the relationship between CRC and selected diseases and comorbid conditions, drawing on evidence from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and cohort studies. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with an increased risk of CRC development and adversely affect its prognosis. In the case of obstructive sleep apnea, evidence suggests a potential association; however, current data remain inconsistent and do not allow for a definitive conclusion. Tooth agenesis has been linked to AXIN2 gene mutations, which may reflect a familial predisposition to CRC. The pathophysiological mechanisms connecting these comorbidities with CRC include chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, metabolic and immunological dysregulation, hypoxic pathways, and genetic predispositions. Colorectal cancer is thus a multifactorial disease whose risk of developing and prognosis are substantially modified by patient comorbidities. Understanding these relationships is essential for optimizing preventive strategies, screening programs, and individualized treatment approaches in patients with CRC.
Telemedicine video consultations in the Czech Republic and their practical implementation in outpatient practice.
Ettlerová T
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 42313536
Telemedicine video consultations in the Czech Republic have, in recent years, evolved from an improvised tool for improving access to care into an explicitly regulated form of healthcare service delivery. The aim of this...
Telemedicine video consultations in the Czech Republic have, in recent years, evolved from an improvised tool for improving access to care into an explicitly regulated form of healthcare service delivery. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current legislative, technical and security framework for video consultations and to propose a practical approach to their implementation in outpatient practice. This paper is a review article based on an analysis of the current legal framework, implementing regulations and technical standards applicable to telemedicine healthcare services in the Czech Republic. The analysis demonstrates that the provision of video consultations must be understood comprehensively as a managed digital healthcare service. Key requirements concern the establishment of clinical procedures, legal responsibility, medical documentation, cybersecurity, and the operational organization of the service. Successful implementation of video consultations in outpatient care requires the integration of legislative, technical, security and clinical aspects. Video consultations should therefore not be perceived merely as an isolated technological tool, but as a managed and standardized component of healthcare service delivery.
Sick Day Rules in the context of chronic medication.
Langmaierová K, Nedopílková O, Šubrtová P … +4 more , Grenar P, Nový J, Rakušan D, Rozsívalová P
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 41920723
Drug-related complications during acute intercurrent illnesses represent a significant clinical problem particularly in multimorbid patients. The Sick Day Rules concept provides a simple and effective framework for healt...
Drug-related complications during acute intercurrent illnesses represent a significant clinical problem particularly in multimorbid patients. The Sick Day Rules concept provides a simple and effective framework for healthcare professionals to safely implement temporary witholding of medications that affect renal haemodynamics and glycaemic control. However, several commonly used high-risk drug classes, specifically statins, anticoagulants, and methotrexate, cannot be included in these simplified recommendations, as their management requires individualised clinical assessment. This article summarizes the pharmacological and clinical rationale for excluding these agents from this concept and proposes an argument-based framework to support clinical decision-making in routine practice, with the aim of minimising risks associatied with both inappropriate continuation and unjustified interruption of therapy.
MUDr. Vavřinec Pospíšil - the first Czech otolaryngologist in Olomouc.
Kalivoda I
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 41920722
Although Vavřinec Pospíšil was not among the prominent protagonists of Czech otorhinolaryngology at the beginning of the 20th century, he still deserves not to be forgotten. The 42-year-old graduate of the medical facult...
Although Vavřinec Pospíšil was not among the prominent protagonists of Czech otorhinolaryngology at the beginning of the 20th century, he still deserves not to be forgotten. The 42-year-old graduate of the medical faculty became one of the last assistants of the founder of the first Czech otological-pharyngological clinic in Prague, professor Emilian Kaufmann and then returned to his birthplace in Haná. For 16 years, he provided specialized care to the residents of Olomouc and the surrounding area, as he was the first Czech specialist doctor in this region.
Eduard Albert (1841-1900) and Albertov. On the 185th anniversary of his birth.
Kokešová H
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 41920721
The study focuses on the personality of Eduard Albert (1841-1900) in the full scope of his professional, cultural and social activities. Albert is presented not only as a founding figure of modern surgery in the Habsburg...
The study focuses on the personality of Eduard Albert (1841-1900) in the full scope of his professional, cultural and social activities. Albert is presented not only as a founding figure of modern surgery in the Habsburg monarchy, but also as a writer, translator, patron and political mediator of Czech interests in Vienna. The text follows his life path from modest circumstances in East Bohemia through his peak career at the University of Vienna to the "second life" of his legacy, embodied in the name and symbolic meaning of the Prague university campus Albertov.
The institutionalization of spiritual care in healthcare in Act No. 290/2025 - content and significance of the legal framework.
Maryšková J
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 41920720
In 2024, the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic approved a bill amending Act No. 372/2011, on health services and conditions for their provision (the Health Services Act). Its amendment (Act No....
In 2024, the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic approved a bill amending Act No. 372/2011, on health services and conditions for their provision (the Health Services Act). Its amendment (Act No. 240/2024) was, among other things, supposed to include provisions concerning spiritual care provided by hospital chaplains. However, this did not happen, and hospital chaplaincy received legal support only with the next comprehensive amendment to the Health Services Act in 2025. However, this did not happen, and hospital chaplaincy received legal support only with the next comprehensive amendment to the Health Services Act in 2025 (Act No. 290/2025).
Virtual reality as a therapeutic tool in modern healthcare.
Hloušková P, Kunschová A, Novikov K
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 41920719
Virtual reality has rapidly established itself in recent years as an innovative component of modern medicine. It is applied in rehabilitation, neurology, oncology, psychotherapy, geriatric care, and many other areas of c...
Virtual reality has rapidly established itself in recent years as an innovative component of modern medicine. It is applied in rehabilitation, neurology, oncology, psychotherapy, geriatric care, and many other areas of clinical practice. Advanced systems make it possible to create individualized, controlled, and interactive environments for training motor, cognitive, and behavioral functions, while providing immediate feedback and objective measurement of patient performance. The technology is used not only in therapy, but also in healthcare education, surgical simulation, and crisis-scenario training. Clinical studies and meta-analyses demonstrate beneficial effects of virtual reality on anxiety, depression, motor rehabilitation after stroke, Parkinson's disease, and postural stability in older adults. Despite these promising results, significant limitations remain, including methodological shortcomings of existing studies, technical and organizational barriers, the risk of cybersickness, and the need for protocol standardization. Projects in the Czech Republic illustrate the practical application of virtual reality; however, fully unlocking its potential will require ongoing research and long-term monitoring to objectively evaluate its effectiveness, safety, and sustainability.
Dysphoric milk ejection reflex: an overlooked syndrome affecting up to one in five breastfeeding women.
Jakešová MB
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 41920718
Dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) is a syndrome characterized by a sudden onset of negative emotional experiences occurring a few seconds prior to each ejection of breast milk. These sensations arise and resolve abr...
Dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) is a syndrome characterized by a sudden onset of negative emotional experiences occurring a few seconds prior to each ejection of breast milk. These sensations arise and resolve abruptly, typically lasting only several minutes, and recur with every individual milk let-down. As a result, women affected by D-MER may experience dozens of such episodes throughout the day and night. According to available studies, D-MER affects approximately one in ten to one in five breastfeeding women. The specific emotional experiences vary among individuals in type, intensity, and duration. While some mothers experience symptoms throughout the entire breastfeeding period, in others the symptoms resolve spontaneously after several months, most commonly after approximately three months. Reported emotional states include insecurity, sadness, irritability, aggression, panic, shame, self-loathing, and depressive mood; in rare cases, suicidal ideation has also been described. Additional accompanying symptoms include loss of appetite and impaired concentration. D-MER has a neurobiological basis. The pathophysiology of this syndrome remains a subject of research. The most supported hypothesis is because prolactin, a hormone essential for milk ejection, is tonically inhibited by dopamine. For prolactin levels to rise sufficiently, a reduction in the level of its inhibitor must first occur. A transient decrease in dopamine is therefore considered a likely mechanism underlying the negative emotional changes characteristic of D-MER. There is no available causal therapy. Current evidence suggests that awareness of D-MER itself, together with practical measures such as drinking ice-cold water, getting adequate sleep, and ensuring privacy during breastfeeding, may help reduce the subjectively perceived intensity of symptoms. Education and basic awareness can therefore represent an important source of support for many women.
Iatrogenic sexual dysfunction in men - a practical algorithm for outpatient practice and a pharmacological context.
Broul M, Hujová A, Langmaierová K … +1 more , Liegertová M
Cas Lek Cesk · 2026 · PMID 41920717
Drug-induced sexual dysfunction (iatrogenic sexual dysfunction) ranks among the most common, least reported, and at the same time clinically most significant adverse effects of long-term pharmacotherapy in men. In clinic...
Drug-induced sexual dysfunction (iatrogenic sexual dysfunction) ranks among the most common, least reported, and at the same time clinically most significant adverse effects of long-term pharmacotherapy in men. In clinical practice, it typically manifests as reduced libido, erectile dysfunction (ED), ejaculatory disorders, orgasmic dysfunction, or a combination of several phenotypes, while the temporal relationship to treatment initiation or dose titration may be subtle. The aim of this article is to provide a pragmatic, implementable algorithm for the outpatient physician, integrating sexuological assessment with a basic pharmacological analysis (likelihood of a drug-related cause, dose dependence, interactions, substitution options) and recommended interventions, including the safe use of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in ED.
47th conference of the International Society of Oncology and Biomarkers - ISOBM: A new era of biomarkers in oncology.
Kinkorová J, Topolčan O
Cas Lek Cesk · 2025 · PMID 41615795
From October 12-16, 2025, the 47th annual International Society of Oncology and Biomarkers (ISOBM) conference was held in Murnau, Bavaria, under the subtitle "New Era of Biomarkers in Oncology". The focus of the conferen...
From October 12-16, 2025, the 47th annual International Society of Oncology and Biomarkers (ISOBM) conference was held in Murnau, Bavaria, under the subtitle "New Era of Biomarkers in Oncology". The focus of the conference was the integration of modern technologies in oncology, including biomarker research, molecular diagnostics, and artificial intelligence applications in cancer care. The event welcomed more than 300 participants, 38 exhibitors, and 7 corporate partners from a total of 27 countries. The rich program featured presentations across 17 sessions, panel discussions, 12 workshops, and over 70 posters. The conference thus provided a multidisciplinary platform bringing together laboratory medicine, pathology, molecular biology, clinical oncology, and specialists in data processing and artificial intelligence.
Interdisciplinary recommendations for thrombophilia testing.
Drbohlavová E, Gumulec J, Buliková A … +7 more , Dulíček P, Hirmerová J, Malý R, Zápotocká E, Blatný J, Václavík J, Kessler P
Cas Lek Cesk · 2025 · PMID 41615794
In this interdisciplinary consensus of four medical societies dealing with thrombophilic disorders, we summarize the rules of diagnosis and care of patients with congenital or acquired thrombophilias, i.e. factors increa...
In this interdisciplinary consensus of four medical societies dealing with thrombophilic disorders, we summarize the rules of diagnosis and care of patients with congenital or acquired thrombophilias, i.e. factors increasing the risk of venous thromboembolic disease. The primary goal is to standardize the care of these patients with respect to the rules of evidence-based medicine. The recommendations imply under which circumstances, in which clinical situations, for which patients and which tests it is useful to investigate which thrombophilias and when not. Despite the long history and very good availability of diagnostic tests for individual thrombophilias, no similar recommendation has been published in the Czech Republic.
Three pain points of medical schools - time for change.
Pospíšilová K, Vošmik J, Volejníčková RM … +1 more , Zielina M
Cas Lek Cesk · 2025 · PMID 41615793
The article presents selected findings from the research project KULTIMED - Cultivation of Medicine (relationships, environment, and conditions). It is a multidisciplinary project supported by the Technology Agency of th...
The article presents selected findings from the research project KULTIMED - Cultivation of Medicine (relationships, environment, and conditions). It is a multidisciplinary project supported by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TA CR) within the Sigma program, carried out by the Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IS CAS) in cooperation primarily with the First and Second Faculties of Medicine of Charles University. The article introduces the most important findings from a survey conducted at the beginning of 2025 at almost all medical faculties in the Czech Republic. The aim of the survey was to map the environment of medical faculties, study conditions, and the most pressing problems currently faced by medical students in the Czech context. Three key problems include 1) organizational shortcomings of studies, 2) students' psychological distress, 3) a very high prevalence of inappropriate behavior by teachers and other persons in the educational process toward students. KULTIMED pursues awareness-raising, cultivation, and educational goals, which are also briefly introduced in the article. In conclusion, the article offers an overview of recommendations for each of the three identified problem areas.
Artificial intelligence in biobanking: current situation and future perspectives.
Kinkorová J
Cas Lek Cesk · 2025 · PMID 41615792
Biobanks are essential infrastructures for biomedical research and personalized medicine. The exponential growth of heterogeneous data from various sources (genomics, imaging, electronic health records, environmental dat...
Biobanks are essential infrastructures for biomedical research and personalized medicine. The exponential growth of heterogeneous data from various sources (genomics, imaging, electronic health records, environmental data) creates opportunities for artificial intelligence (AI) applications to improve data management, biomarker discovery, laboratory automation, and sample accessibility. This article reviews current trends, technical and ethical challenges, GDPR-related considerations, the role of FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) data principles and federated learning, the importance of explainable AI, and implications for the Czech healthcare system. Practical recommendations for safe and sustainable AI integration into biobanks are provided.
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