Journal Of Gerontology[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Differential roles with aging of visual and proprioceptive afferent information for fine motor control.
Proteau L, Charest I, Chaput S
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169339 · Publisher ↗
The goal of this study was to determine whether aging brings modifications to the role played by different sources of afferent information for movement control. Older and younger subjects practiced an aiming task for eit...
The goal of this study was to determine whether aging brings modifications to the role played by different sources of afferent information for movement control. Older and younger subjects practiced an aiming task for either 40 or 200 trials while different sources of afferent information were available. Following the practice phase, all subjects were submitted to transfer tests in which the afferent information was either maintained or modified. Results indicate that modifying the sources of afferent information available for motor control from acquisition to transfer minimal effects for the older subjects but caused large increase in error for the younger subjects. These results suggest that learning is specific to the sources of afferent information available while practicing the task for the younger subjects, whereas older subjects show more flexibility in their utilization of afferent information for motor control.
Predicting changes in physical performance in a high-functioning elderly cohort: MacArthur studies of successful aging.
Seeman TE, Charpentier PA, Berkman LF … +5 more , Tinetti ME, Guralnik JM, Albert M, Blazer D, Rowe JW
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169338 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Performance-based measures of physical performance were examined for an older cohort of relatively high-functioning men and women. Relationships between baseline physical performance and sociodemographic and...
BACKGROUND: Performance-based measures of physical performance were examined for an older cohort of relatively high-functioning men and women. Relationships between baseline physical performance and sociodemographic and health status characteristics were also examined. Three-year pattern changes in performance are described, and sociodemographic and health status predictors of change are investigated. METHODS: A cohort of relatively high-functioning men and women, aged 70-79, was identified in 1988 by subsampling from three community-based studies on the basis of physical and cognitive function. Baseline in-home assessments included tests of physical performance and measurement of sociodemographic characteristics and health status. A summary measure of physical performance was developed from tests of balance, gait, lower body strength and coordination, and manual dexterity. In-home assessments were repeated at follow-up in 1991. RESULTS: Better physical performance at baseline was more common among males, Whites, those reporting higher income and education, and those with fewer chronic conditions. In linear regression models, declines in performance were predicted by older age, lower income, higher education, relative weight and blood pressure, lower peak expiratory flow, prevalent diabetes and incident health conditions and hospitalizations during follow-up. Improvements in performance were also observed; the only significant association was with race (i.e., being Black). CONCLUSIONS: Declines in physical performance within a high-functioning cohort are predictable from sociodemographic and health status characteristics. The patterns of both decline and improvement in performance observed in this cohort suggest that older age is not uniformly associated with declines, indicating the potential for effective interventions to promote more successful aging.
Captopril treatment of chronic heart failure in the very old.
De Bock V, Mets T, Romagnoli M … +1 more , Derde MP
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169337 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The safety and efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for very old patients with chronic heart failure have been less well documented than for younger patients. METHODS: A prospective, randomize...
BACKGROUND: The safety and efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for very old patients with chronic heart failure have been less well documented than for younger patients. METHODS: A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of captopril, 25 mg twice daily, was designed. Fifty patients (mean age 84.2 +/- 5.2) participated. The degree of chronic heart failure (according to the Boston Study Group rating), the distance walked in 6 minutes, and the occurrence of uncontrolled heart failure and adverse reactions were used as main outcome measures. RESULTS: Significantly more patients receiving placebo developed uncontrolled heart failure than patients receiving captopril (p = .022). In an intention to treat analysis, the first and last evaluations of the degree of chronic heart failure were compared. A significantly different evolution was observed between the two treatment groups (p < .001), with a significant improvement only in the captopril-treated patients (p < .001). The distance walked in 6 minutes improved significantly only in the captopril group (p = .004). The only adverse reaction was rash in two patients receiving captopril. CONCLUSIONS: The study gives further evidence that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment for very old patients with chronic heart failure is useful.
Fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living elders.
Tinetti ME, Mendes de Leon CF, Doucette JT … +1 more , Baker DI
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169336 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The relationships of fear of falling and fall-related efficacy with measures of basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL-IADL) and physical and social functioning were evaluated in a cohort of c...
BACKGROUND: The relationships of fear of falling and fall-related efficacy with measures of basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL-IADL) and physical and social functioning were evaluated in a cohort of community-living elderly persons. METHODS: Sociodemographic, medical, psychological, and physical performance (e.g., gait speed, timed hand function) measures were administered, during an in-home assessment, to a probability sample of 1,103 residents of New Haven, Connecticut, who were > or = 72 years of age. Falls and injuries in the past year, fear of falling, and responses to the Falls Efficacy Scale were also ascertained. The three dependent variables included a 10-item ADL-IADL scale, an 8-item social activity scale, and a scale of relative physical activity level. RESULTS: Among cohort members, 57% denied fear of falling whereas 24% acknowledged fear but denied effect on activity; 19% acknowledged avoiding activities because of fear of falling. Twenty-four percent of recent fallers vs 15% of nonfallers acknowledged this activity restriction (chi 2 = 13.1; p < .001). Mean fall-related efficacy score among the cohort was 84.9 (SD 20.5), 79.8 (SD 23.4), and 88.1 (SD 17.9) among fallers and nonfallers, respectively (p < or = .0001). Fall-related efficacy proved a potent independent correlate of ADL-IADL (partial correlation = .265, p < .001); physical (partial correlation = .234, p < .001); and social (partial correlation = .088, p < .01), functioning in multiple regression models after adjusting for sociodemographic, medical, psychological, and physical performance covariates as well as history of recent falls and injuries. Fear of falling was only marginally related (p = .05) with ADL-IADL functioning and was not associated with higher level physical or social functioning. CONCLUSIONS: The strong independent association between self-efficacy and function found in this study suggests that clinical programs in areas such as prevention, geriatric evaluation and management, and rehabilitation should attempt simultaneously to improve physical skills and confidence. Available knowledge of the factors influencing efficacy should guide the development of these efficacy-building programs.
Age-related motor slowness: simply strategic?
Morgan M, Phillips JG, Bradshaw JL … +3 more , Mattingley JB, Iansek R, Bradshaw JA
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169335 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: While older adults typically exhibit slower hesitant movements, this may simply reflect a preference for a cautious movement strategy, rather than any pathological process. METHOD: To separate strategic prefe...
BACKGROUND: While older adults typically exhibit slower hesitant movements, this may simply reflect a preference for a cautious movement strategy, rather than any pathological process. METHOD: To separate strategic preferences from any impairment in the coordination of movement, the present experiment trained older adults to move at the preferred speed of younger adults (and vice versa) in a simple zigzag drawing task on a digitizing tablet which sampled pen position at 200 Hz. Twelve older adults (mean age 69 yrs 8 mo) and 12 young adults (mean age 21 yrs) joined 9 targets 125 mm apart, of either 5, 10 or 20 mm diameter. Once the age groups were matched for movement duration, movement kinematics were examined to determine whether there were differences in the quality or accuracy of their movements. RESULTS: When strategic differences are controlled for, older adults performed the task with comparable overall accuracy, but exhibited greater hesitancy and more submovements. CONCLUSION: The results suggest a decline in motor coordination rather than any simple strategic preference for caution in movement. The hesitancy of movement to some extent parallels that seen in Parkinson's disease.
Nutritional risk in New England elders.
Posner BM, Jette A, Smigelski C … +2 more , Miller D, Mitchell P
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169334 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: To better define nutritional risk among older Americans, a cross-sectional study of nutrition and health status was carried out in a probability sample of 1,156 free-living elders, 70 years and older, from 67...
BACKGROUND: To better define nutritional risk among older Americans, a cross-sectional study of nutrition and health status was carried out in a probability sample of 1,156 free-living elders, 70 years and older, from 67 communities representing urban and rural areas of the six New England states. METHOD: All participants completed telephone interviews concerning demographic and health characteristics. A subsample of 1,156 individuals underwent in-home assessments of oral health, anthropometrics, and nutritional risk, including a 24-hour dietary recall. RESULTS: Nutrition-related problems were common and diverse among New England elders. Some 41.5% were overweight (BMI > 27 kg/m2), and mean dietary lipid intakes were considerably above recommended levels (Healthy People 2000 (National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives). Some 16% were underweight (BMI < 22 kg/m2), mean dietary calcium levels were low, and about 28% of older individuals failed to consume adequate levels (> 75% the Recommended Dietary Allowance for persons 51 years and older) for three or more key nutrients. Persons of advanced age or who smoked were more likely to have high dietary lipid intakes or less than adequate nutrient intake. Higher dietary lipid levels were also more common among men and individuals who lived with others. Low nutrient intake was more prevalent in those with lower educational attainment and dental problems. CONCLUSION: Nutrition policies and multidisciplinary interventions for older Americans need to emphasize the spectrum of nutritional problems in the elderly, including dietary excesses and potential nutrient deficiencies. The demographic and life-style characteristics that place older individuals at high nutritional risk need to be considered, particularly advanced age, gender, living situation, smoking, dietary behavior, educational attainment, and dental health.
High density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions in older people.
Ettinger WH, Verdery RB, Wahl PW … +1 more , Fried LP
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169333 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: High density lipoprotein (HDL) may be an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in older people. HDL is heterogeneous with several subfractions. This article describes the distribution and correlate...
BACKGROUND: High density lipoprotein (HDL) may be an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in older people. HDL is heterogeneous with several subfractions. This article describes the distribution and correlates of HDL2 cholesterol (C) and HDL3-C in older people. METHODS: HDL subfraction cholesterols were measured in 1,127 females and 825 males > or = 65 years old who participated in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Distributions of HDL subfraction cholesterols and bivariate and multivariate relationships were determined in cross-sectional analyses. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) concentrations of HDL subfractions were: HDL3-C (M .98 +/- .25, F 1.2 +/- .29 mmol/l), HDL2-C (M .09 +/- .08, F .13 +/- .09 mmol/l). HDL2-C, but not HDL3-C, was slightly higher with age. Using multivariate analysis, both HDL2-C and HDL3-C (in females) were inversely correlated with triglyceride, body weight, and fasting insulin; HDL3-C was inversely correlated with central fat distribution in women. Both HDL2-C and HDL3-C were lower in participants with prevalent cardiovascular disease. However, only HDL3-C was significantly inversely related to carotid stenosis, as measured by ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: The slight increase in HDL-C with age appears to be due to an increase in the HDL2-C subfraction. HDL-C subfractions are independently related to triglyceride levels, body weight, and insulin concentrations in older people, all potentially modifiable risk factors. Both HDL2-C and HDL3-C are lower in older people with prevalent cardiovascular disease, although only HDL3-C was correlated with carotid atherosclerosis. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that HDL subfractions are important risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the elderly.
Self-rated health and mortality in the high-functioning elderly--a closer look at healthy individuals: MacArthur field study of successful aging.
Schoenfeld DE, Malmrose LC, Blazer DG … +2 more , Gold DT, Seeman TE
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169332 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study tested the predictive value of self-rated health on 3-year mortality, with attention focused on healthy, high-functioning elders. METHODS: Data from the MacArthur Field Study of Successful Aging we...
BACKGROUND: This study tested the predictive value of self-rated health on 3-year mortality, with attention focused on healthy, high-functioning elders. METHODS: Data from the MacArthur Field Study of Successful Aging were utilized. Subjects were 70-79-year-old (at baseline) residents of the communities of East Boston, MA, New Haven, CT, and a five-county area in and around Durham County, NC (N = 1192) which comprise three sites of the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE). In-home interviews were conducted in 1988 and 1991. Logistic regression was performed to create odds ratios adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status, education, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, chronic diseases, past hospitalizations, and cognitive function. The sample was then divided into healthy and less healthy cohorts based on number of chronic diseases, and the analyses were repeated. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratios for self-rated health (poor/bad ratings compared to excellent ratings) in relation to mortality were 19.56 in the general sample, 93.51 in the healthy cohort, and 2.75 in the less healthy cohort. CONCLUSION: Self-rated health is predictive of mortality in controlled analyses, with the greatest impact seen in healthy individuals. Health care professionals should be sensitive to the significance of poor self-rated health in apparently healthy patients.
Natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, and cytolytic T lymphocytes: compartmentalization of age-related changes in cytolytic lymphocytes?
Bloom ET
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169331 · Publisher ↗
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Exercise-induced changes in oxygen saturation in the calf muscles of elderly subjects with peripheral vascular disease.
McCully KK, Halber C, Posner JD
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169330 · Publisher ↗
This study noninvasively measured hemoglobin oxygen saturation in young (n = 6, 28 +/- 6 yrs), old healthy (n = 20, 68 +/- 7 yrs), and old subjects with mild peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (n = 8, 72 +/- 4 yrs). Hemog...
This study noninvasively measured hemoglobin oxygen saturation in young (n = 6, 28 +/- 6 yrs), old healthy (n = 20, 68 +/- 7 yrs), and old subjects with mild peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (n = 8, 72 +/- 4 yrs). Hemoglobin oxygen saturation was measured as the difference in absorption at 760 and 850 nm light using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The lateral soleus muscle was studied after mild plantar flexion exercise. The time constant of recovery of oxygen saturation (HBO2Tc) was 21.5 +/- 8.6 s in young, 26.9 +/- 13.5 s in old healthy subjects. PVD subjects had HbO2Tc values of 104.4 +/- 41.1 s in their "bad" leg and 57.6 +/- 42.2 s in their "good" leg. The correlation between HbO2Tc and ankle-arm pressures was significant (r2 = .63, p < .001). Six younger normal, five older normal, and seven PVD subjects also performed a progressive walking test. Normal subjects completed the test without difficulty, and older normal subjects showed progressive deoxygenation. PVD subjects complained of calf pain (4 out of 5 were able to finish) and showed near-maximal deoxygenation throughout the test. In summary, NIRS measurements show promise as a method of evaluating the kinetics of oxygen saturation, particularly in patients with mild peripheral vascular disease.
An evaluation of the length-tension relationship in elderly human ankle dorsiflexors.
van Schaik CS, Hicks AL, McCartney N
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169329 · Publisher ↗
Aging is thought to be associated with a decreased elasticity of skeletal muscle, which may be predicted to affect the optimal length at which peak tension is developed. This was assessed in the present study, in which w...
Aging is thought to be associated with a decreased elasticity of skeletal muscle, which may be predicted to affect the optimal length at which peak tension is developed. This was assessed in the present study, in which we examined the effect of aging on the muscle length-tension relationship in the right ankle dorsiflexors of 60 subjects aged 20-40 years (M = 25.3; 15 males, 15 females) and 60-80 years (M = 68.8; 15 males, 15 females). Evoked contractile properties, 1-sec tetanic contractions (at 20, 50, and 80 Hz), and maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) were measured at 10 joint angles (15 degrees dorsiflexion to 30 degrees plantarflexion, in 5 degrees increments). Peak twitch torque occurred at the extreme of plantarflexion (30 degrees P) in both elderly and young adults, and although males had significantly greater twitch torques than females, there was no difference between the elderly and young adults. Maximum tetanic torque and MVC torque occurred at 30 degrees P and 20 degrees P, respectively, but in this case the young adults were significantly stronger than the elderly adults, and the males stronger than the females at all joint angles. There was no difference in the torque-angle relationship between elderly and young adults in any of the evoked or voluntary measures. At each of the three frequencies, the rise time of tetanic torque was also similar between elderly and young adults. These results suggest that any age-related change in the elastic properties of the ankle dorsiflexors does not affect the length (as inferred by joint angle)-tension relationship in this muscle group.
The effects of temperature on the longevity of a radiation-sensitive mutant rad-8 of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Ishii N, Suzuki N, Hartman PS … +1 more , Suzuki K
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169328 · Publisher ↗
The effects of temperature on development and life span were examined in a radiation- and oxygen-hypersensitive mutant (rad-8) of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. At temperatures greater than 20 degrees C, the rad-8...
The effects of temperature on development and life span were examined in a radiation- and oxygen-hypersensitive mutant (rad-8) of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. At temperatures greater than 20 degrees C, the rad-8 mutant developed slightly slower and possessed a life span roughly equivalent to that of the wild type. At 16 degrees C, however, the mutant lived considerably longer than the wild type, with mean life spans of approximately 28 and 21 days, respectively. This lengthened life span was due to slower development. It was also dependent upon oxygen concentration, because the mean life spans of rad-8 and wild type were experimentally identical when reared at 16 degrees C in the presence of 5% rather than atmospheric oxygen. The rad-8 mutant represents an interesting paradox, as its life span can either be shortened or lengthened relative to the wild type, depending on temperature and oxygen concentration.
Age-related changes in the metabolism of acetylated low-density lipoproteins by peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6CrScl mice.
Araki A, Ito H, Urano S … +2 more , Iiyama M, Shimada Y
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 8169327 · Publisher ↗
Macrophages are major precursors of foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Acetylated low-density lipoproteins (acetyl LDL) taken up by macrophages through scavenger receptors are degraded by lysosomes and the released c...
Macrophages are major precursors of foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Acetylated low-density lipoproteins (acetyl LDL) taken up by macrophages through scavenger receptors are degraded by lysosomes and the released cholesterol is re-esterified, leading to foam cell formation. The ability of resident peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6CrScl mice to form foam cells in relation to the donor age was assessed by the cholesterol esterification and the metabolism of acetyl LDL. The incorporation of 14C-oleate (complexed to albumin) into cellular cholesteryl esters in the presence of acetyl LDL (100 micrograms/ml) was significantly greater in macrophages from senescent mice (24-25 months) than in cells from young (3-4 months) mice (p < .001). The degradation and cellular association of acetyl LDL by macrophages from senescent mice were significantly greater than macrophages from mature mice, (p < .001 and p < .01, respectively), whereas the binding of acetyl LDL was similar in peritoneal macrophages from mature and senescent mice. These results suggest that the uptake and degradation of acetyl LDL, and the re-esterification by macrophages increase with advancing age and that the ability of macrophages to form foam cells increases with aging. The enhanced ability of senescent macrophages to form foam cells might contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis related to the aging process.
Immunologic markers in a longitudinal study of aging in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina).
Bowden DM, Short R, Williams DD … +1 more , Clark EA
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 7909545 · Publisher ↗
Blood lymphocyte subsets, serum immunoglobulins (Ig), response of lymphocytes to mitogens, and natural killer (NK) cell activity were evaluated as potential biomarkers for primate aging. All were evaluated in a cross-sec...
Blood lymphocyte subsets, serum immunoglobulins (Ig), response of lymphocytes to mitogens, and natural killer (NK) cell activity were evaluated as potential biomarkers for primate aging. All were evaluated in a cross-sectional study of 60 pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) ranging from 2 to 32 years of age. Lymphocyte responses to mitogens were lower in older animals than in most younger ones. NK cell activity showed no clear relation to age cohort. In a longitudinal study of lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulins, class I restricted T cells (CD8+bri) of the memory (CD18+bri) subtype increased with age, whereas those of the naive (CD18+dull) subtype decreased with age in females. A class II restricted T-cell subset (CD4+CD45RA-), which includes memory T cells, increased with age in females. Serum IgA increased. These results support the utility of memory and naive subsets of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and serum IgA as biomarkers for longitudinal studies. Total lymphocytes, total T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells may also be useful in this species.
Increased expression of pp60c-src in gastric mucosa of aged rats.
Majumdar AP, Tureaud J, Relan NK … +4 more , Kessel A, Dutta S, Hatfield JS, Fligiel SE
J Gerontol · 1994 May · PMID 7513329 · Publisher ↗
The relationship between proliferative activity and the expression of pp60c-src in gastric mucosa (oxyntic gland area) of young (4-month) and aged (24-month) Fischer 344 rats was examined. Gastric mucosal proliferative a...
The relationship between proliferative activity and the expression of pp60c-src in gastric mucosa (oxyntic gland area) of young (4-month) and aged (24-month) Fischer 344 rats was examined. Gastric mucosal proliferative activity, as assessed by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunoreactive cells, was found to be 115% (p < .001) higher in aged than in young rats. This was associated with a 47% rise (p < .025) in overall tyrosine kinase (Tyr-k) activity and a 5-7-fold increase in autophosphorylation of four prominent protein bands with M(r) of 40, 55, 60, and 70 kDa in gastric mucosal membranes. A similar phenomenon was also observed for Tyr-k activity of pp60c-src in that the aged rats revealed a 69% (p < .025) higher enzyme activity and a 5-fold rise in the extent of autophosphorylation of this protein when compared with the corresponding values from young animals. Increased Tyr-k activity of pp60c-src in the gastric mucosa of aged rats could in part be due to higher levels of this protein because the relative concentration of pp60c-src, as assessed by Western blot analysis, showed a 2-5-fold increase over the young animals. In addition, the relative concentration of c-src mRNA in the gastric mucosa of aged rats was also found to be 5-6-fold higher than in young animals. We suggest that pp60c-src may play a role in regulating gastric mucosal proliferative processes in the gastric mucosa of aged rats.
Marital status of daughters and patterns of parent care.
Brody EM, Litvin SJ, Albert SM … +1 more , Hoffman CJ
J Gerontol · 1994 Mar · PMID 8126368 · Publisher ↗
Patterns of help to disabled elderly parents from family and paid sources are examined as they vary among five groups of parent-caring daughters: married (n = 234), remarried (n = 56), separated/divorced (n = 91), widowe...
Patterns of help to disabled elderly parents from family and paid sources are examined as they vary among five groups of parent-caring daughters: married (n = 234), remarried (n = 56), separated/divorced (n = 91), widowed (n = 52), and never married (n = 59). Parents of all groups received similar total amounts of care from all sources combined, with daughters providing at least half of the care themselves. Never-married daughters, followed by the widowed, provided larger proportions of the total hours of care (77% and 62%) than the other three groups (p < .001). Married daughters had the most informal helpers (p < .001), and never marrieds more often were their parents' sole informal helpers (p < .01). Separated/divorced women who shared households used the highest proportions of paid care.
Early family relationships, intergenerational solidarity, and support provided to parents by their adult children.
Whitbeck L, Hoyt DR, Huck SM
J Gerontol · 1994 Mar · PMID 8126367 · Publisher ↗
This research investigated the effects of early family experiences on the quality of the adult child-parent relationship and on the extent of instrumental and emotional support provided elderly parents by their adult chi...
This research investigated the effects of early family experiences on the quality of the adult child-parent relationship and on the extent of instrumental and emotional support provided elderly parents by their adult children. The analysis was based on adult children's reports regarding 1,135 aging parents. Panel data were used to reduce method effects attributable to transient mood states. Health of aging parent, geographical proximity of parents and children, and parent's living situation were controlled in the models. The findings indicated that the propensity of adult children to provide instrumental support (e.g., transportation and health care when parents were ill) and emotional support was indirectly affected by the influence of the early parent-child relationship on contemporary filial concern and relationship quality.
Area of residence and the risk of institutionalization.
Dwyer JW, Barton AJ, Vogel WB
J Gerontol · 1994 Mar · PMID 8126366 · Publisher ↗
Many of the sociodemographic, health status, and social support characteristics that predict the use of health services by elders vary by area of residence. Yet, little is known about how these factors affect the risk of...
Many of the sociodemographic, health status, and social support characteristics that predict the use of health services by elders vary by area of residence. Yet, little is known about how these factors affect the risk of institutionalization in rural, small city, and urban areas. The purpose of this research was to: (a) determine the rate of institutionalization over a two-year period for impaired community-dwelling elders in rural, small city, and urban areas; (b) test for residence differences in sociodemographic, health status, and social support characteristics likely to influence the risk of institutionalization; and (c) examine their effect on the probability of being institutionalized in each area of residence. Although rural elders are less likely to be placed in a nursing home than their small city or urban counterparts, race and level of impairment affect the risk of institutionalization more in rural than in urban areas.
A longitudinal analysis of nursing home placement for dependent elders cared for by spouses vs adult children.
Montgomery RJ, Kosloski K
J Gerontol · 1994 Mar · PMID 8126365 · Publisher ↗
Five-wave panel data from 531 informal caregivers and frail elders were analyzed using an event history framework to identify how changes in the caregiving situation are related to nursing home placement. The results ind...
Five-wave panel data from 531 informal caregivers and frail elders were analyzed using an event history framework to identify how changes in the caregiving situation are related to nursing home placement. The results indicate that the predictors of placement differ substantially for elders cared for by spouses vs those cared for by adult children. In addition, the findings suggest dramatically different descriptions of the caregiving role over time for the two groups of caregivers. There were differences not only in the conditions under which caregiving ends, but also apparent differences in when caregiving begins and how it is perceived by the caregiver. Differences in the probability of placement of elders cared for by spouses vs adult children are interpreted within the framework of these contextual differences in the caregiving role.
Retiree health insurance and pension coverage: variations by firm characteristics.
Clark RL, Ghent LS, Headen AE
J Gerontol · 1994 Mar · PMID 8126364 · Publisher ↗
This study examined coverage by employer-sponsored retiree health insurance using the 1988 and 1989 Employee Benefits Surveys. The effects of firm characteristics on the probability of offering retiree health insurance a...
This study examined coverage by employer-sponsored retiree health insurance using the 1988 and 1989 Employee Benefits Surveys. The effects of firm characteristics on the probability of offering retiree health insurance and pension coverage are also estimated. We find that coverage by retiree health insurance varies across occupational groups, industries, and firm sizes. In addition, we find a strong relationship between a firm's decisions to offer retiree health insurance and pension coverage, with the retiree health insurance decision being more sensitive to specific firm characteristics.
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