Clin Exp Optom [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
An international survey of low vision rehabilitation services.
Subramanian A, Gothwal VK, Edemeraro EA … +2 more , Cheong AMY, Moustafa RS
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jul · PMID 42392842 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Readiness of the tabletop screen-based perimetry tests for screening and monitoring glaucoma.
Nasim P
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jul · PMID 42392837 · Publisher ↗
The necessity of glaucoma screening for the general population and the need to frequently monitor established glaucoma finds a promising solution in readily available perimetry devices. Some of the common readily availab...
The necessity of glaucoma screening for the general population and the need to frequently monitor established glaucoma finds a promising solution in readily available perimetry devices. Some of the common readily available perimetry devices include smartphone-based perimetry inserted into virtual reality headsets, personal computer-based (laptop-based and desktop-based) perimetry, and tablet-based perimetry. Virtual reality headsets, though increasingly affordable, are not commonly found in typical clinical setups or home environments, limiting their feasibility for home-based monitoring or widespread clinical deployment. Using a smartphone as a standalone device, placed on a tabletop, is constrained by limited screen size and field of view, rendering it unsuitable for comprehensive visual field testing. Personal computer-based and tablet-based perimetry leverages commonly available devices, offering a practical and scalable alternative. Personal computer-based and tablet-based perimetry, collectively referred to as tabletop screen-based perimetry in this review, are not intended to replace clinical static automated perimetry (SAP) but rather to complement it, addressing the demand for frequent assessments in glaucoma care and enabling high-volume screening in population settings. This review summarises the readiness of tabletop screen-based perimetry tests, highlighting their accessibility, stimulus and testing parameters. The review will help clinicians in selecting appropriate perimetry techniques for home monitoring or screening glaucoma and support researchers in designing future studies.
Validation of the vision quality of life-time survey: comparison with the convergence insufficiency symptom survey.
Eichler R, Pasder RY, Darash-Cohen A … +2 more , Scheiman M, Ben-Eli H
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jul · PMID 42385732 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Assessing the duration patients can sustain visual tasks before symptom onset provides clinically relevant insight into functional vision and visual discomfort, supporting diagnosis, monitoring, and m...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Assessing the duration patients can sustain visual tasks before symptom onset provides clinically relevant insight into functional vision and visual discomfort, supporting diagnosis, monitoring, and management of binocular and accommodative disorders. BACKGROUND: The Vision Quality of Life with Time (VisQuaL-T) questionnaire quantifies how long individuals can perform visual tasks before symptom onset, providing a measure of vision-related quality of life. Although validated in English, it had not been evaluated in Hebrew. This study aimed to translate and validate the VisQuaL-T in Hebrew, assess its test-retest reliability, and examine its concurrent validity relative to the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS). METHODS: Fifty healthy participants (mean age 23.2 ± 6.2 years; 62% female; range 12-34) with best-corrected Snellen visual acuity ≤6/6 (0.0 LogMAR) and stereopsis ≤250 arcseconds were recruited. Participants completed the Hebrew VisQuaL-T (10 items) twice, 14 days apart, and the CISS (15 items) once. Translation followed a forward-backward protocol. Non-parametric analyses were applied due to non-normally distributed data. Reliability was assessed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, Bland-Altman analysis, and Spearman correlation. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and convergent validity with the CISS using Spearman's rho. RESULTS: Mean VisQuaL-T scores at the two administrations were 2.48 ± 0.50 and 2.39 ± 0.56 ( = 0.10). Agreement between administrations was high, with strong test-retest reliability (Rs = 0.80, < 0.001), except for item 6. Scores did not differ significantly from English normative data ( = 0.65). Internal consistency was high for all questionnaires (Cronbach's α = 0.80-0.85). A moderate negative correlation was observed between VisQuaL-T and CISS scores (Rs = -0.42, < 0.001). No significant associations were found with age or gender. CONCLUSIONS: The Hebrew VisQuaL-T demonstrates strong reliability, internal consistency, and concurrent validity, supporting its use as a clinical and research instrument for assessing vision-related quality of life in Hebrew-speaking populations.
Measuring contrast sensitivity in school children and young adults: a comparison between Pelli-Robson and SpotChecks charts.
Ocansey S, Baffour EA, Antiri EO … +4 more , Safianu F, Abraham CH, Abu EK, Siderov J
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jun · PMID 42303304 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Contrast sensitivity (CS) is an important component of functional vision assessment, providing information that complements visual acuity measurements. Reliable CS tests are valuable in clinical setti...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Contrast sensitivity (CS) is an important component of functional vision assessment, providing information that complements visual acuity measurements. Reliable CS tests are valuable in clinical settings serving children and populations with limited access to ophthalmic equipment. BACKGROUND: SpotChecks, a self-administered CS test, has shown good agreement with the Pelli-Robson chart (PR) chart in older adults. This study evaluated its performance in children from a Black African population. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 152 children aged 5-17 years and 27 adults aged 18-37 years with normal vision were recruited. Monocular and binocular CS were measured using SpotChecks at 40 cm and PR at 40 cm and 1 m under room illumination (80-120 cd/m). Adults were grouped into 18-25 years ( = 17) and 26-37 years ( = 10). Agreement between tests was assessed using paired t-tests and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: CS improved significantly from ages 5-8 years to older age groups ( < 0.001). Participants aged ≥ 9 years and adults showed comparable CS between SpotChecks and PR at 40 cm (all > 0.05). However, PR at 1 m yielded lower CS scores in children than adults (monocular: 1.51 ± 0.16 vs 1.61 ± 0.15; binocular: 1.58 ± 0.13 vs 1.73 ± 0.18; < 0.05). Agreement between SpotChecks and PR at 40 cm was good (mean difference: +0.023 logCS binocular; 95% limits of agreement: -0.28 to +0.33). PR at 1 m consistently produced lower scores than at 40 cm. CONCLUSIONS: CS improves with age, stabilising around 9-10 years, with children aged 5-8 years showing lower scores than older groups. SpotChecks at 40 cm showed good agreement with PR at the same distance and may serve as an alternative. PR at 1 m may underestimate CS in children. Further studies should evaluate both tools in paediatric populations with visual impairment.
Three-year retinal and visual outcomes after ultraviolet- and blue light-filtering intraocular lenses.
Ceylan FA, Tatar Kartaloğlu O, Yılmaz İE
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jun · PMID 42303299 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intraocular lens selection following cataract surgery has implications beyond refractive correction, with different lens chromophore compositions potentially affecting retinal light exposure and downs...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intraocular lens selection following cataract surgery has implications beyond refractive correction, with different lens chromophore compositions potentially affecting retinal light exposure and downstream visual and circadian outcomes. Understanding the long-term retinal and functional consequences of ultraviolet versus blue light filtration is of clinical importance for evidence-based intraocular lens counselling. BACKGROUND: Blue light-filtering intraocular lenses have been proposed to reduce photochemical retinal damage, but their effects on retinal structure and self-reported visual function remain uncertain. METHODS: This retrospective study included 127 eyes of 85 patients who underwent phacoemulsification between January 2020 and December 2021. Group 1 ( = 76) received blue light-filtering intraocular lenses and Group 2 ( = 51) received ultraviolet-filtering intraocular lenses. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed preoperatively and at a mean follow-up of 34.8 ± 4.4 months. The self-reported visual function questionnaire was administered once at the time of imaging data collection. Primary outcomes included central macular thickness and thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer, ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer. Secondary outcomes included retinal pigment epithelium reflectivity, ellipsoid zone reflectivity, choroidal vascularity index and self-reported visual function outcomes. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between groups in demographics or baseline parameters. Preoperative and postoperative central macular thickness values were similar between groups, with no significant postoperative change. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, quadrant measurements, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer and ganglion cell complex thickness were comparable preoperatively and postoperatively. Retinal pigment epithelium reflectivity, ellipsoid zone reflectivity, subfoveal choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index were also similar and remained stable. No retinal pathology developed. Self-reported visual function questionnaire results showed no significant differences in low-light vision, night vision, sleep pattern, daytime alertness or colour vividness. CONCLUSION: Ultraviolet-filtering and blue light-filtering intraocular lenses showed similar effects on retinal structure and self-reported visual function over approximately three years. Both lens types appeared safe regarding retinal structural integrity, and intraocular lens selection may therefore be guided by patient-specific factors.
Repeatability of choroidal optical coherence tomography angiography metrics in healthy young adults.
Darvishi A, Read SA, Vincent SJ … +1 more , Alonso-Caneiro D
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jun · PMID 42264496 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Assessment of choroidal perfusion plays an important role in evaluating ocular vascular status and may assist in managing vascular alterations in ocular and systemic disease. BACKGROUND: Optical coher...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Assessment of choroidal perfusion plays an important role in evaluating ocular vascular status and may assist in managing vascular alterations in ocular and systemic disease. BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography enables non-invasive assessment of choroidal perfusion; however, repeatability across different depths remains unclear. This study evaluated within- and between-day repeatability of choroidal OCT angiography measurements in healthy young adults and the effect of image pre-processing. METHODS: Twenty healthy adults (18-35 years) underwent repeated imaging using Heidelberg Spectralis OCT angiography. Perfusion density was quantified in choriocapillaris and three custom slabs representing superficial, intermediate, and deep choroid. The standard (device-defined) choroidal slab was also analysed. Within-day repeatability used scans acquired 60 minutes apart, and between-day repeatability scans from different days at the same time. The influence of image pre-processing was assessed. RESULTS: Perfusion density differed significantly across layers, increasing from superficial to deep ( < 0.001), while the choriocapillaris did not differ from superficial or intermediate layers, it was lower than the deep choroid ( = 0.014). A significant regional effect was observed, with higher perfusion density in the central (1 mm) than inferior (2 mm) region ( = 0.009). Within-day repeatability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.90), with standard choroid showing highest stability. Between-day repeatability was good (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.77-0.91), with the greater variability in deeper layers. Variability was lower in the 2 mm parafoveal zone compared to the 1 mm foveal zone in the standard and deep choroid (both < 0.05). Image pre-processing significantly improved between-day repeatability for standard choroid ( < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Choroidal perfusion metrics showed excellent within-day and good between-day repeatability, with systematic differences across layers and regions. Image pre-processing improved measurement precision, supporting OCT angiography as a reliable tool for clinical and research assessment of the choroid.
Effects of ageing on reading acuity and speed in Spanish older adults.
Herrero-Gracia A, Hernández-Andrés R, Luque-Cobija MJ … +1 more , Díez-Ajenjo MA
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jun · PMID 42264495 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Age-related baseline data is important in clinical optometry to diagnose vision abnormalities. BACKGROUND: The aim is to evaluate reading speed (RS) and reading acuity (RA) in an older Spanish populat...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Age-related baseline data is important in clinical optometry to diagnose vision abnormalities. BACKGROUND: The aim is to evaluate reading speed (RS) and reading acuity (RA) in an older Spanish population aged 50-80 years, as no comparative data currently exist for this important demographic using the Radner-Vissum Charts. Establishing age- and language-specific baseline data for reading performance in older adults is essential for accurate and full clinical assessments. METHODS: The Radner-Vissum Charts were administered in a well-lit room. Variables included RA, RA score, maximum RS (MAX-RS), mean RS (MEAN-RS), binocular distance-to-near best-corrected visual acuity ratio (logMAR/logRAD ratio), and critical print size (CPS). Participants were divided into three age groups in years: 50-59 (AG1), 60-69 (AG2), and 70-80 (AG3). RESULTS: Ninety-seven adults with normal vision participated. RA and RA scores remained constant across each age group, while both MAX-RS and MEAN-RS significantly declined with age. CPS and logMAR/logRAD ratio values tended to increase with age. AG1 maintained a MEAN-RS of 185 words per minute (wpm) until a print size of 0.0 ± 0.1 logRAD, performing significantly better than AG2 and AG3. AG2 remained stable at 160 wpm until 0.1 ± 0.1 logRAD, while the older AG3 population experienced a sharp decline at 0.20 ± 0.08 logRAD. Significant differences were found between groups for MAX-RS, MEAN-RS, and CPS, but not for RA, RA score, or logMAR/logRAD. CONCLUSION: A significant decline in MAX-RS and MEAN-RS occurs after the age of 60 years, although RA remains unaffected. An increased need for larger print size with advancing age is also identified. These findings are valuable for studies involving ageing populations and for applications in older individuals in clinical practice. Moreover, these findings have clinical implications throughout the entire Spanish-speaking world.
Building optometry integrated eye care pathways for Queensland: the case for action.
Webber AL, Hopkins S, Schmid KL
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jun · PMID 42264494 · Publisher ↗
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Exploring clinical determinants and machine learning-based prediction of disease characteristics in Graves ophthalmopathy.
Ağaçkesen A, Yazıcıoğlu T, Oklar M … +4 more , Özdemir AC, Çoban F, Gökkaya N, Dinç U
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jun · PMID 42264493 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Improved risk stratification in Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) may support earlier recognition of severe disease patterns and more individualised clinical monitoring. BACKGROUND: GO exhibits heterogeneous...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Improved risk stratification in Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) may support earlier recognition of severe disease patterns and more individualised clinical monitoring. BACKGROUND: GO exhibits heterogeneous clinical behaviour, and predicting disease severity and course remains challenging. This study aimed to evaluate clinical determinants of disease phenotype and severity in patients with established GO using conventional statistical analyses and machine learning (ML) approaches. METHODS: Medical records of 153 patients with GO were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic characteristics, clinical findings, thyroid function, autoantibody levels, smoking status and MRI-defined tissue phenotype were analysed. Patients were classified according to disease severity, activity, onset pattern, and tissue predominance. In addition to classical statistical tests, logistic regression, random forest, support vector classifier, and k-nearest neighbours algorithms were trained and evaluated using accuracy, F1-score, and AUC metrics. RESULTS: Male sex and active smoking were significantly associated with higher disease severity and activity. Muscle-predominant GO was associated with older age, male sex, smoking, higher severity, and higher activity. No significant differences were observed among clinical subgroups regarding thyroid hormone levels or autoantibody titres. Among ML models, tissue predominance showed the strongest predictive performance, followed by ophthalmopathy severity, whereas disease activity and ophthalmopathy onset showed lower discrimination. Explainability analyses identified sex, age, and smoking as the most relevant contributors across models. CONCLUSION: Demographic and clinical factors contributed more consistently to classification performance than thyroid related biochemical parameters. ML models provided variable but clinically interpretable discrimination across different dimensions of GO and may support future risk stratification approaches.
Re: Children's Eye Screening South Australia (CESSA): diagnostic performance of a vision screening programme for 7-9-year-olds.
Babu L, Sharma S, Chanu TZ … +1 more , Vijayasimha M
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jun · PMID 42253019 · Publisher ↗
The evaluation of the Children's Eye Screening South Australia (CESSA) programme highlights the need to move beyond measuring screening coverage alone and toward assessing whether children with vision disorders receive t...
The evaluation of the Children's Eye Screening South Australia (CESSA) programme highlights the need to move beyond measuring screening coverage alone and toward assessing whether children with vision disorders receive timely diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. While the combination of distance visual acuity testing and photorefraction improves detection of refractive errors and amblyopia risk factors, the broader challenge is ensuring that screening functions as an accountable child-health pathway. We propose that future school vision screening programmes report implementation outcomes including equity of reach, referral completion, spectacle uptake and functional educational benefit alongside conventional diagnostic performance measures. With the projected global rise in childhood myopia and increasing digital screen exposure, school vision screening should be integrated into preventive, learning-linked public health strategies. Furthermore, screening programmes must address ethical concerns related to access to refraction services, spectacles and follow-up care to avoid widening existing inequities. We suggest that international benchmarks evolve toward an audit-ready "screen-confirm-correct-follow" framework that transparently measures outcomes across the continuum of care. Such an approach would strengthen accountability, improve child eye health outcomes and support progress toward global vision-care targets.
Allergic eye disease in clinical practice: essential updates for eye care professionals.
Naik MU, Khanna RC, Mohanty A … +3 more , Kate A, Sheth J, Murthy S
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jun · PMID 42237922 · Publisher ↗
Allergic eye disease affects 15-40% of people worldwide, particularly children and adolescents, and often coexists with atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and allergic rhinitis. To capture the latest insights into its c...
Allergic eye disease affects 15-40% of people worldwide, particularly children and adolescents, and often coexists with atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and allergic rhinitis. To capture the latest insights into its causes, presentation and management, the authors performed a comprehensive PubMed/MEDLINE literature review through April 2025 using multiple search terms such as 'ocular allergy', 'allergic conjunctivitis', 'Seasonal Allergic Conjunctivitis', 'Perennial Allergic Conjunctivitis', 'Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis', 'Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis', "Contact Blepharoconjunctivitis, 'Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis', 'Shield Ulcers', 'immunology', 'allergic rhinitis', and related terminologies. The current review review integrates epidemiological data, mechanistic studies and clinical guidelines to offer a cohesive overview of this condition. Allergic eye disease arises when environmental allergens trigger an IgE-mediated immune response in the eye, leading to inflammation that ranges from mild seasonal redness and itching to severe forms with tissue changes and corneal involvement. Diagnosis depends on the history and eye examination of a patient, with ancillary tests used only when the presentation is unclear. Management begins with allergen avoidance, lubricating drops and cold compresses, progressing to topical antihistamines or mast-cell stabilisers and short-course corticosteroids for flares. Looking ahead, newer treatments such as calcineurin inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies against key inflammatory cytokines and targeted small-molecule drugs are expanding the ability to control symptoms without long-term steroid use. Given its chronic, relapsing nature and potential to cause ocular surface damage, corneal complications, and visual morbidity, early recognition and stage-appropriate management of allergic eye disease are essential in routine clinical practice to preserve ocular surface integrity, maintain visual function, and improve patient quality of life.
Barriers and enablers to low vision service delivery: a systematic review informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework.
Gyawali R, Bist J, Kandel H … +3 more , Lamsal S, Dhungana AP, Lamsal S
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 May · PMID 42186408 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Understanding barriers and enablers to low vision service delivery, particularly through a theoretical lens, offers optometrists and other eyecare practitioners insights to improve access and outcomes...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Understanding barriers and enablers to low vision service delivery, particularly through a theoretical lens, offers optometrists and other eyecare practitioners insights to improve access and outcomes in vision rehabilitation. BACKGROUND: Vision impairment impacts daily functioning, quality of life, and social participation. Low vision rehabilitation services can enhance independence and well-being, yet few eyecare practitioners provide them, limiting access for those in need. This systematic review aimed to synthesise healthcare provider-perceived barriers and enablers to low vision service delivery across the world, using a theory-informed approach. METHODS: Five online databases were searched for empirical studies on barriers and enablers to low vision services. Pairs of reviewers independently screened studies against inclusion/exclusion criteria and assessed quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Data extracted included participant quotes, themes, statistical analyses, and author interpretations. A combined inductive-deductive analysis was conducted, guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023439041). RESULTS: This review included sixteen studies capturing perspectives from 2,918 low vision professionals. Common barriers included limited access to devices/services (reported in = 14 studies), poor practitioner knowledge ( = 13), patient-related factors ( = 12), care process limitations ( = 11), and resource/workload issues ( = 11). Key enablers were enhancing practitioner knowledge/skills ( = 6) through education/training ( = 5) and improving the availability of devices and services ( = 5). These barriers and enablers were related to theoretical domains of environmental context/resources ( = 15), knowledge/skills ( = 14), and beliefs about consequences ( = 12). Improvement recommendations included practitioner training, patient awareness, improved service availability, and revised care models, which map to the intervention functions of education and training, environmental restructuring, enablement, persuasion, and incentivisation. CONCLUSION: Low vision rehabilitation service delivery is influenced by practitioner capacity, motivation, and the surrounding social and practice environment. Addressing these influences through targeted, theory-based interventions that are tailored to the local context may enhance service delivery and ultimately improve patient access to rehabilitation.
The effect of cooled irrigation fluid on post-phacoemulsification dry eye and corneal endothelium parameters.
Dogan L, Özer Ö, Baysal Z … +2 more , Yılmaz İE, Özçakmakçı GB
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 May · PMID 42186371 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Corneal oedema and dry eye symptoms following phacoemulsification are major determinants of early postoperative satisfaction. Strategies that protect the ocular surface and minimize endothelial stress...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Corneal oedema and dry eye symptoms following phacoemulsification are major determinants of early postoperative satisfaction. Strategies that protect the ocular surface and minimize endothelial stress during phacoemulsification are therefore of clinical importance. BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of using cooled Balanced Salt Solution as an irrigation fluid during phacoemulsification on postoperative dry eye findings and corneal endothelial function. METHOD: In this prospective study, Group 1 consisted of 114 cataract patients who underwent phacoemulsification with the use of cooled BSS (2.7 ± 0.1°C), whereas Group 2 comprised 115 patients who received room‑temperature BSS as the irrigation fluid. The presence of dry eye was evaluated preoperativelyand on postoperative day one, day three, week one, and month one using tear break-up time (TBUT), the Schirmer test, and corneal fluorescein staining scoring. Additionally, corneal endothelial parameters were evaluated using non-contact specular microscopy across five distinct corneal quadrants:central, superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal. RESULTS: On the first postoperative day, TBUT and Schirmer test values were significantly higher in Group 1, and the fluoresce in staining score was significantly lower (p < 0.05 for all). Similarly, on the third postoperative day, TBUT remained significantly higher and the staining score lower in Group 1 (p = 0.002 and p = 0.014, respectively). The staining scores in the central and superior corneal quadrants were significantly lower in Group 1 on the 1st and 3rd postoperative days (p < 0.001 for both). At postoperative days one and three, the reduction in endothelial cell density and in hexagonality observed in the superior corneal quadrant was significantly less in Group 1. Corneal thickness and coefficient of variation values in the superior quadrant were significantly lower in Group 1 (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: The use of cooled BSS during phacoemulsification may mitigate postoperative dry eye symptoms during the initial period when complaints are most pronounced, potentially contributing to a more comfortable postoperative course for patients.
Asymmetric bilateral ocular syphilis presenting as acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis in one eye and optic neuritis in the fellow eye.
Kasapoglu K, Turk I, Onder F
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 May · PMID 42159163 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Unilateral posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy in infancy.
Tas MD, Bağcı D, Barut Selver O
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 May · PMID 42159160 · Publisher ↗
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Electroretinographic evaluation of single vision contact lenses with non-refractive opaque features.
Bakaraju RC, Constable PA, Tilia D … +2 more , Patel K, Chakraborty R
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 May · PMID 42154044 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Electroretinography provides insights into how optical interventions, e.g., contact lenses (CLs), may influence retinal function. Understanding acute retinal responses is important for the ongoing dev...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Electroretinography provides insights into how optical interventions, e.g., contact lenses (CLs), may influence retinal function. Understanding acute retinal responses is important for the ongoing development of myopia control strategies. BACKGROUND: To investigate the acute effects of single-vision (test) soft CLs incorporating non-refractive opaque elements on retinal function. These lenses are designed to modulate retinal ganglion cell activity through Active Reconfiguration in Retinal Encoding of Spatio-Temporal signalling with a potential for myopia control. METHODS: In a randomised, contralateral-eye study, 30 participants (18 to 25 years; refractive error: 0.00D to -5.50D) wore single-vision test and control CLs. Electroretinograms were recorded at baseline, 10, and 40 minutes using red flash stimuli (38 Troland-seconds at 3.8 Hz) on a blue background (380 Trolands). Time-amplitude and Discrete Wavelet Transform analyses quantified changes in retinal response. Metrics included a-wave and b-wave peak times and amplitudes, Photopic Negative Response (PhNR) amplitude and timing, P-ratio, W-ratio, and OFF/ON pathway coefficients. RESULTS: TTest lenses induced significant delays in a-wave (mean difference [MD]: 0.26 ms, = 0.008) and b-wave (MD: 0.26 ms, < 0.001) peak times, with no significant amplitude changes. PhNR amplitude was significantly reduced (MD: 0.42 µV, = 0.01), and peak time was delayed (MD: 0.51 ms, = 0.02). P ratio (MD: -0.04, = 0.001), and W-ratio (MD: -0.04, = 0.004) significantly suppressed with test lenses. Time-frequency analysis revealed selective suppression of OFF-pathway activity (40Hz coefficient, MD: -0.89 µV-s, = 0.02) with test lenses, while ON-pathway components remained stable. 80Hz oscillatory potentials were significantly reduced with test lenses (MD: -1.35 µV-s, = 0.02). . CONCLUSION: Non-refractive opaque features within an otherwise single-vision CL can induce short-term changes in retinal signalling, characterised by temporal shifts in post-receptoral signalling, potentially suggesting pathway-specific modulation of inner retinal circuits. Additional studies are needed to confirm the preliminary findings to facilitate insights into the retinal mechanism of action with such interventions.
Effects of video game practice on visual and visuocognitive functions.
Cantó-Cerdán M, Martínez-Hergueta MC
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 May · PMID 42119531 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Video game-based visual stimulation may influence visual attention, oculomotor control, and perceptual processing, which are clinically relevant functions in optometric assessment and vision rehabilit...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Video game-based visual stimulation may influence visual attention, oculomotor control, and perceptual processing, which are clinically relevant functions in optometric assessment and vision rehabilitation. BACKGROUND: The aim of this review is to quantitatively evaluate the effects of video-game practice on visual function, both in comparative (video-game players vs. non-players) and pre-post intervention designs, and to explore potential moderators such as age, type of game, and study design. METHODS: Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, and Google Scholar (January 2000-June 2025). Eligible studies included cross-sectional, quasi-experimental, and randomised/controlled pre-post designs reporting quantitative visual outcomes. Standardised mean differences (Hedges g) were calculated. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, Joanna Briggs Institute checklist, and Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. RESULTS: Thirty-two studies met inclusion criteria (cross-sectional and intervention designs). Action video-game players outperformed non-players across visual attention, oculomotor control, and perceptual domains. Pooled effects were large for cross-sectional comparisons (g = 1.28, 95% CI 0.74-1.82, I = 49%) and for pre-post training (g = 1.02, 95% CI 0.61-1.43, I = 54%). Significant improvements were observed in dynamic visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and accommodative-vergence facility. Subgroup analyses revealed greater effects for fast-paced and first-person shooter games than for exergames or virtual-reality interventions. Funnel plot symmetry, non-significant Egger's tests ( > 0.25), and large fail-safe values confirmed the robustness of findings. Methodological quality was high or moderate in 96% of studies, with low risk of systematic bias. CONCLUSIONS: Video-game practice is associated with consistent and large improvements in visual, attentional, and oculomotor performance, supporting experience-dependent visual plasticity. These findings reinforce the translational potential of gaming-based paradigms and may contribute to the development of clinically applicable tools for visual rehabilitation.
Association between myopia severity and pupillary dynamics: a quantitative smartphone-based pupillometry study.
Dutta P, Mech T, Mudoi R … +2 more , Bora R, Handique A
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Jul · PMID 42117369 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Quantitative assessment of pupillary dynamics provides an objective measure of autonomic and retinal function, with potential utility in the clinical evaluation of ocular and neurological conditions....
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Quantitative assessment of pupillary dynamics provides an objective measure of autonomic and retinal function, with potential utility in the clinical evaluation of ocular and neurological conditions. BACKGROUND: Increasing myopia severity may alter pupillary mechanisms, and smartphone-based pupillometry provides a non-invasive method to quantify these changes. The purpose of this study was to investigate alterations in static and dynamic pupillary parameters among emmetropes, low, moderate, and high myopia groups using smartphone-based pupillometry. METHODS: This comparative study included 160 participants (40 per group) aged 18-35 years. Pupillary dynamics were recorded with the Reflex Pro application under standardised illumination. Parameters analysed were latency, constriction velocity, maximum constriction speed, constriction amplitude, release amplitude, constriction time, and average pupil diameter. Intergroup differences were assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc analysis, with < 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Latency was significantly prolonged with increasing severity of myopia, ranging from 0.25 ± 0.05 s in emmetropes to 0.36 ± 0.08 s in high myopes ( < 0.001). Constriction velocity and maximum constriction speed showed progressive reduction, with high myopes exhibiting the slowest dynamics (2.9 ± 0.3 mm/s and 3.1 ± 0.3 mm/s, respectively; < 0.001). Constriction amplitude and release amplitude also declined significantly across groups ( < 0.001). Constriction time was prolonged in high myopes (0.74 ± 0.09 s) compared to emmetropes (0.65 ± 0.08 s, = 0.01). Average pupil diameter showed a trend towards increase in high myopes (5.8 ± 0.6 mm) but did not reach overall statistical significance ( = 0.06). Post hoc analysis confirmed that differences between emmetropes and high myopes were consistently significant for most parameters ( < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pupillary dynamics vary with myopia severity, with smartphone-based pupillometry offering a potential non-invasive assessment tool, though causality requires longitudinal validation.
Unusual anterior segment phenotype in juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma.
Pathak AK, Yadav SK
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 May · PMID 42086289 · Publisher ↗
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Tracing acanthamoeba in a third-trimester pregnant woman with keratitis.
Akgun Z, Simsek C, Aykur M … +1 more , Palamar M
Clin Exp Optom · 2026 Apr · PMID 42055746 · Publisher ↗
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