Int Ophthalmol [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Mitochondrial insufficiencies and neuroprotection in glaucoma.
Sundaram RP, Pattamatta U, White A
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jul · PMID 42401758 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Antihypertensive management has long been the mainstay of treatment for glaucoma. Despite contemporary treatments, many patients still experience disease progression, with some ultimately losing vision. The purp...
PURPOSE: Antihypertensive management has long been the mainstay of treatment for glaucoma. Despite contemporary treatments, many patients still experience disease progression, with some ultimately losing vision. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate how derangements in mitochondrial biology underpin the pathophysiology of glaucoma, and to explore emerging therapeutic options. METHODS: Literature searches were performed using multiple databases, aiming to identify recent developments in the scientific knowledge surrounding mitochondrial biology and glaucoma. Key words used in the primary literature search included combinations of "glaucoma", "mitochondria", "oxidative stress", "metabolism", "inflammation", "transport" and "genetics". Additional database searches were performed to further explore specific details identified in the primary search. RESULTS: Recent research points to mitochondrial insufficiencies as a primary culprit in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. Dysfunction of mitochondria occurs in a multitude of ways, and is an integral component of neuroinflammation, metabolic compromise, and disruption of axonal transport. This in part results from accumulated genetic factors, leading to generation of superoxides that damage retinal ganglion cells resulting in neurodegeneration of the optic nerve. Defects in mitochondrial biology among a range of ocular cell types contribute to the progression of glaucoma. With this understanding, emerging treatments targeting mitochondria, including gene therapies, tunneling nanotubules, and pharmacotherapeutics which enhance mitochondrial function and reduce oxidative stress, are likely the future of glaucoma management. CONCLUSION: By targeting mitochondrial insufficiencies as a root cause of glaucoma in addition to managing intraocular pressure, this new approach offers hope for preventing vision loss and potentially curing glaucoma.
Accuracy of new-generation intraocular lens formulas in IOL power calculation for cataract extraction combined with vitrectomy.
Deng F, Yan Z, Wang M … +3 more , Li J, Liu X, Yang Y
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jul · PMID 42401746 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of new-generation intraocular lens (IOL) power formulas in patients undergoing combined cataract extraction and vitrectomy (phacovitrectomy). METHODS: We retrospectively collected the cl...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of new-generation intraocular lens (IOL) power formulas in patients undergoing combined cataract extraction and vitrectomy (phacovitrectomy). METHODS: We retrospectively collected the clinical data of patients who underwent phacovitrectomy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University between January 2015 and December 2022. IOL power was assessed with Barrett Universal II (BUII), Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO), Kane, Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T formulas. Outcomes included mean prediction error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), median absolute error (MedAE), and percentages within ± 0.25 to ± 1.00 D. Subgroup analyses were performed by axial length (AL), diagnosis, and tamponade agent. RESULTS: A total of 138 eyes were analyzed: 79 epiretinal membrane (ERM), 38 macular hole (MH), and 21 primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Between-formula differences were significant overall (P < 0.01). BUII and EVO achieved significantly lower MedAEs (0.36 D and 0.32 D) than Hoffer Q and Holladay 1 (0.51 D and 0.57 D). BUII, EVO, and Kane achieved higher percentages of eyes within target error thresholds than SRK/T, Hoffer Q, and Holladay 1 (all P < 0.01). BUII and Haigis were relatively stable across AL subgroups, whereas SRK/T, Hoffer Q, and Holladay 1 exhibited larger MedAE values in eyes with AL ≥ 30 mm. All formulas performed worse in RRD, and MedAEs were also larger in silicone-oil eyes. CONCLUSION: In ERM or MH phacovitrectomy, new-generation formulas, particularly BUII and EVO, provide more accurate refractive prediction than traditional formulas. In RRD and silicone-oil cases, refractive uncertainty remains substantial.
Screen time, strained eyes: knowledge and attitudes toward rising screen hours and ocular health among adults aged 20-30 in sri lanka.
Walgama WA, Manjulee SM, Warisadeera BN … +4 more , Kumara SDPB, Sewwandi MT, Lakshman MP, Marikar FMMT
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jul · PMID 42401741 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study was done at the Outpatient Department (OPD) of The National Hospital of Sri Lanka to explore how the increasing prevalence of digital screen usage has raised concerns regarding its effects on the eye,...
PURPOSE: This study was done at the Outpatient Department (OPD) of The National Hospital of Sri Lanka to explore how the increasing prevalence of digital screen usage has raised concerns regarding its effects on the eye, particularly among vicenarians. METHODS: The study was conducted as a descriptive correlational study, including 320 patients who were aged 20-30 years, and attended the Outpatient Department of National Hospital Sri Lanka; A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess and evaluate knowledge and attitude regarding increasing screen hours and effects on eye among patients. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, and percentages, are used to summarize demographic and key study variables. The data analysis was done using SPSS version 25.0 and Kolmogorov Smirnov and Shapiro Wilk tests which were used to assess normality, non-parametric tests were used for further analysis. FINDINGS: The study revealed that while most participants (71.6%) were concerned about the long-term effects of screen use, only 60% were specifically concerned about their own screen time. A significant correlation (r = 0.643, p < 0.01) was found between the frequency and severity of ophthalmic symptoms. Gender and screen illumination showed significant associations with ophthalmic problems, while other demographic factors, including age, education level, and screen usage duration, were not significantly related. Additionally, awareness of the harmful effects of prolonged screen time was significantly associated with attitude (p = 0.05), with males exhibiting a significantly different attitude than females (p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: and recommendations. The findings highlighted significant associations between gender, screen illumination, and ophthalmic symptoms. Despite awareness of the risks, many participants did not take proactive steps to mitigate the effects of prolonged screen exposure. The study emphasizes the need for educational initiatives and targeted interventions to address screen-related eye effects.
The burden of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Nigeria: a scoping review of prevalence and risk factors.
Oyediran TO, Amadike PN, Entonu AI … +8 more , Babalola DO, Olaore AK, Babalola AE, Joshua HO, Timilehin AK, Anthony CS, Ajekiigbe VO, Ogieuhi IJ
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jul · PMID 42397558 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, commonly known as Dry Eye Disease (DED), is a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface characterised by tear film instability, ocular discomfort, and visual disturbance. The b...
BACKGROUND: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, commonly known as Dry Eye Disease (DED), is a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface characterised by tear film instability, ocular discomfort, and visual disturbance. The burden of DED has increased globally and is associated with several environmental, demographic, and ocular risk factors. Despite its growing public health importance, a comprehensive, nationally representative estimate of the prevalence and risk factors of DED in Nigeria is lacking, with existing evidence characterised by significant heterogeneity in study design, diagnostic criteria, and regional coverage. This scoping review summarises the available evidence on DED and its public health significance in Nigeria, maps knowledge gaps, and identifies areas for future research. METHODOLOGY: A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, African Journals Online (AJOL), and grey literature for studies published within the past 18 years. Eligible studies investigated keratoconjunctivitis sicca or dry eye disease (DED) among human populations in Nigeria. Data were synthesised thematically in a narrative form. Eligible studies investigated keratoconjunctivitis sicca or dry eye disease (DED) among human populations in Nigeria. Data were synthesised thematically in a narrative form. RESULTS: Thirteen studies (n = 4,217) conducted in Nigeria that met the inclusion criteria were included. Various study designs, including cross-sectional, longitudinal, and case-control, were represented. Across studies, the prevalence rates among adults were high, with more than a quarter of the population affected, the highest being in Oyo State. The highest clinical prevalence was observed in studies focusing on specific co-morbidities, such as 58.2% in non-diabetics in a Lagos hospital and 76% among diabetic patients in Kaduna State. Regarding demographic factors, age, gender, and educational level were identified as risk factors for DED. CONCLUSION: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca represents a significant but often under-recognised ocular health burden in Nigeria, particularly affecting older adults, females, and individuals with systemic and environmental risk factors. DED may also contribute to visual impairment both as a primary condition and as a comorbidity. Effective prevention and management necessitate strengthening awareness, improving screening in clinical and community settings, and expanding research across underserved regions.
Comparison of visual outcomes of phakic intraocular lens implantation in keratoconus and normal eyes.
Agrawal A, Deshmukh R
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jul · PMID 42397455 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To Compare the visual outcomes of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PCpIOL) implantation in keratoconus (KC) and normal eyes. METHODS: Patients with KC (cases) and normal eyes (controls) who underwent P...
PURPOSE: To Compare the visual outcomes of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PCpIOL) implantation in keratoconus (KC) and normal eyes. METHODS: Patients with KC (cases) and normal eyes (controls) who underwent PCpIOL implantation were analyzed. Eyes with stable KC were included if they had a corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) ≥ 20/50 and at least 6 months of followup. Pathologies other than KC were excluded. Outcomes such as uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), residual sphere, cylinder, spherical equivalent (SE), predictability, efficacy and safety index were calculated. Adverse events if any were reported. RESULTS: Twenty-eight eyes of 16 patients were included as cases and 40 eyes of 21 patients served as controls. At 6-month follow-up there was no statistically significant difference between cases and controls in UDVA (p = 0.99), residual sphere (p = 0.36), cylinder (p = 0.09) and SE (p = 0.93). Safety index was 1.17 ± 0.36 and 1.15 ± 0.22 while efficacy index was 1.04 ± 0.32 and 0.93 ± 0.22 in the case and control group respectively. A total of 4 eyes, 2 each in both the groups required a second surgical intervention. Of these, 2 eyes required repositioning of rotated PCpIOL (1 in each group), 1 eye developed cataract in the controls group, and 1 eye had a high vault in the cases necessitating PCpIOL exchange. CONCLUSIONS: We did not observe a statistically significant difference in visual and refractive outcomes between keratoconus and normal eyes following PCpIOL implantation.
AS-OCT in infectious keratitis: detecting pachymetry-infiltrate discordance.
Aguwa UT, Bair H
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jul · PMID 42397431 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Evaluation of surgical outcomes and associated factors in cataracts secondary to blunt trauma.
Ekincikli AM, Turan-Vural E
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jul · PMID 42393286 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the postoperative visual and refractive outcomes of cataract surgery following blunt ocular trauma over a ten-year period and to investigate the impact of timing of surgical intervention, and preoper...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the postoperative visual and refractive outcomes of cataract surgery following blunt ocular trauma over a ten-year period and to investigate the impact of timing of surgical intervention, and preoperative clinical findings on the final visual prognosis. METHODS: This study included 92 patients who underwent cataract surgery secondary to blunt ocular trauma at a single-center tertiary care hospital between January 2015 and January 2025. Demographic characteristics, cataract types, lens status, timing of surgery, preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), spherical equivalent (SE), associated ocular findings, surgical complications, and same-session intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 54.7 ± 18.4 years, and 66.3% were male. The most common cataract types were mature cataract (50%) and cortical cataract (28.3%). Mean preoperative BCVA improved significantly to a mean best-achieved postoperative BCVA of 0.39 ± 0.50 logMAR. The mean postoperative spherical equivalent was - 1.11 ± 2.02 D. Complications were observed in 29.3% of patients intraoperatively and 35.9% postoperatively. No statistically significant associations were found between postoperative BCVA, SE, or astigmatism and lens status, cataract type, iris integrity, or timing of IOL implantation (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Cataract surgery secondary to blunt ocular trauma can result in significant visual improvement when appropriately managed; however, the risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications remains considerable. Therefore, individualized surgical planning is essential for optimizing outcomes in these patients.
Clinical characteristics, management, and visual outcomes of presumed infectious and non-infectious anterior scleritis in a tuberculosis-endemic Indonesian Tertiary Center.
Advani MS, Putri BM, Susiyanti M
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42377600 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To describe the demographic, clinical, and ocular characteristics of patients with presumed infectious and non-infectious anterior scleritis at a tertiary referral center in Indonesia and to compare management p...
PURPOSE: To describe the demographic, clinical, and ocular characteristics of patients with presumed infectious and non-infectious anterior scleritis at a tertiary referral center in Indonesia and to compare management patterns and visual outcomes between the two groups. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with scleritis between January 2019 and December 2023 at Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital. Demographic, clinical, and ocular characteristics, etiology, complications, treatment, and outcomes were reviewed from medical records. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients (96 eyes) were included. The mean age at presentation was 38.5 years, and most patients were female. Non-infectious scleritis accounted for 56 eyes (58.3%), whereas 40 eyes (41.7%) were classified as presumed infectious. Presumed tuberculosis-associated disease predominated in the presumed infectious group, whereas idiopathic disease and spondyloarthropathy were common in the non-infectious group. Nodular scleritis was more frequent in the presumed infectious group, whereas diffuse scleritis predominated in the non-infectious group. Anti-tuberculosis therapy was the most common systemic treatment in presumed infectious scleritis, whereas non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and steroid-sparing agents were commonly used in non-infectious scleritis. CONCLUSION: Non-infectious scleritis was more common than presumed infectious scleritis, although the proportion of presumed infectious disease was relatively high, likely due to the high proportion of presumed tuberculosis-associated cases. In tuberculosis-endemic settings, these findings underscore the need for careful etiologic evaluation, close follow-up, and multidisciplinary management. Interpretation remains limited by the retrospective design, incomplete follow-up, and limited microbiologic confirmation.
Assesment of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in pseudoexfoliation syndrome with ocular and systemic comorbidities.
Erdal H, Yasar E, Tuncer SC … +1 more , Gurpinar AB
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42371156 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate oxidative stress (OS) markers and thiol-disulfide homeostasis (TDH) in patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome and to investigate their associations with ocular and systemi...
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate oxidative stress (OS) markers and thiol-disulfide homeostasis (TDH) in patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome and to investigate their associations with ocular and systemic comorbidities. METHODS: This case-control study included 89 participants, comprising 45 patients with PEX and 44 age- and sex-matched controls. Serum oxidative stress parameters, including total thiol (TT), native thiol (NT), disulfide, thiol-disulfide ratios, total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI), were measured and compared between groups. The diagnostic utility of OS biomarkers was assessed through receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. Additionally, the interrelationships among these biomarkers and their associations with ocular and systemic comorbid conditions observed in PEX were examined. RESULTS: TT and NT levels were significantly higher in PEX patients whereas disulfide, disulfide/TT, disulfide /NT and TAS were significantly lower. PEX patients revealed a 1.18‑fold increased risk of glaucoma with elevated disulfide and a 1.61‑times increased risk of hypertension with elevated disulfide levels. ROC evaluation demonstrated a high level of diagnostic capability: TT (AUC = 0.808, cut-off 416 µmol/L, sensitivity 69%, specificity 86%), NT (AUC = 0.827, cut-off 377 µmol/L, sensitivity 67%, specificity 91%), and disulfide (AUC = 0.681, cut-off 23.5 µmol/L, sensitivity 80%, specificity 52%). CONCLUSION: Although our study shows that thiol-disulfide homeostasis appears to be significantly associated with glaucoma and hypertension in PEX patients, this relationship is not equally distributed across all comorbid conditions examined, and oxidative imbalance plays a more selective role in the disease burden associated with PEX.
Surgical outcomes of 27-gauge sutureless versus 23-gauge sutured techniques in congenital cataract surgery: a comparative study.
Çakmak S, Erdogan G, Altınkurt E … +2 more , Aksu Ceylan N, Cebeci Z
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42366312 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate surgical outcomes and complications of a sutureless 27-gauge technique in congenital cataract surgery in comparison with a 23-gauge sutured method. METHODS: This retrospective, comparative study incl...
PURPOSE: To evaluate surgical outcomes and complications of a sutureless 27-gauge technique in congenital cataract surgery in comparison with a 23-gauge sutured method. METHODS: This retrospective, comparative study included 68 eyes of 41 patients (aged ≤ 12 months at surgery) who underwent congenital cataract surgery. Group 1 included 25 eyes that underwent 27-gauge sutureless surgery, while group 2 included 43 eyes that underwent 23-gauge sutured surgery. Demographic, perioperative, and follow-up findings and measurements were recorded and compared. The main outcome measures were the number of general-anesthesia sessions, timing of postoperative visual rehabilitation, postoperative complications. RESULTS: Group 1 required fewer general anesthesia sessions than group 2 (3.60 ± 2.84 vs. 4.57 ± 1.52 sessions; P = 0.047) and initiated contact lens rehabilitation earlier (1.38 ± 1.03 vs. 3.93 ± 1.94 weeks; P < 0.001). Postoperative elevated IOP requiring medical therapy occurred in 10 (40.0%) cases in group 1 and 12 (27.9%) cases in group 2 (P = 0.304). One eye in group 2 also underwent trabeculectomy. Reoperation for iris tissue extending into the wound occurred for one eye in group 1 (P = 0.186), and anterior-chamber fibrin reaction occurred only in group 2 (4 eyes, P = 0.116). Visual axis opacifying membranes requiring vitrectomy developed in 4 eyes in each group (P = 0.408). CONCLUSION: The 27-gauge sutureless technique demonstrated comparable outcomes to the 23-gauge sutured method in congenital cataract surgery, with added benefits of fewer anesthesia sessions and earlier visual rehabilitation. These results support its use as a feasible and minimally invasive alternative for selected cases of congenital cataract.
Myopia management functional lenses (MMFL): a bibliometric analysis of multidisciplinary perspective and trend insights in the context of vision health.
Wang L, Zhang Q, Jia ZC … +2 more , Ji L, Huang J
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42366310 · Full text
PURPOSE: To analyze the research dynamics of myopia management functional lenses (MMFL) in the field of vision health over the past decade, revealing cutting-edge hotspots and development trends. METHODS: Relevant litera...
PURPOSE: To analyze the research dynamics of myopia management functional lenses (MMFL) in the field of vision health over the past decade, revealing cutting-edge hotspots and development trends. METHODS: Relevant literature on MMFL from 2016 to 2025 in the Web of Science (WOS) core database was searched by computer. The bibliometrics software Bibliometrix, VOSviewer 1.6.20 and CiteSpace.V.6.3.R1 were used for bibliometric and knowledge graph visualisation analyses. RESULTS: A total of 1143 WOS core database documents were included, and the number of publications has gradually increased over time. China and the United States rank the top two in terms of the number of publications and citations. The leading authors in this field are Cho P, Sankaridurg P, and Chen H, who have made significant contributions to research in two distinct subfields: contact lenses and spectacle lenses. Most relevant sources are OPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, CONTACT LENS & ANTERIOR EYE, and OPTOMETRY AND VISION SCIENCE, all of which are considered to be highly authoritative publications in this field. These journals have published a considerable number of articles on a wide range of topics, including the mechanism of spectacle lenses, physiological changes associated with contact lenses, variations in fitting parameters, and the effects of myopia control. The keywords co-occurrence, clustering, thematic map, timeline view and emergent analyses reveal that recent research has been focused on the following areas: axial length, defocusing mechanism, choroidal thickness, and orthokeratology. CONCLUSION: The knowledge map of research on MMFL is constructed through bibliometric analysis, systematically summarizing the current status and hotspots of research. The integration of material, optics and intelligence is a trend that is set to be reflected in future functional lenses for myopia management.
Levels of DEL-1 and IL-17 in the aqueous humor of cataract patients with diabetes without diabetic retinopathy.
Doğruya S, Sağkan RI
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42347979 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate whether DEL-1 and IL-17 levels in the aqueous humor are elevated in patients with diabetic cataract and to evaluate the potential of these biomarkers for early diagnosis or for...
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate whether DEL-1 and IL-17 levels in the aqueous humor are elevated in patients with diabetic cataract and to evaluate the potential of these biomarkers for early diagnosis or for monitoring of ocular inflammation. IL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in diabetes-related microvascular and ocular inflammatory processes, particularly in diabetic retinopathy, whereas DEL-1 is an endogenous anti-inflammatory molecule that counter-regulates IL-17-mediated immune responses and contributes to vascular and immune homeostasis. METHODS: Aqueous humor samples were collected during cataract surgery from type 2 diabetic cataract patients without diabetic retinopathy (n = 33) and from non-diabetic cataract patients serving as controls (n = 28). DEL-1 and IL-17 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlation analyses were performed to explore the associations between biomarker levels and clinical parameters, including age, duration of diabetes, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and macular thickness. RESULTS: Mean aqueous humor DEL-1 levels were 0.27 ± 0.21 pg/mL in diabetic cataract patients without retinopathy and 0.36 ± 0.30 pg/mL in non-diabetic controls. Mean IL-17 levels were 59.82 ± 22.16 pg/mL and 59.78 ± 20.73 pg/mL, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups for either biomarker (p = 0.305 for DEL-1; p = 0.839 for IL-17). CONCLUSION: Aqueous humor DEL-1 and IL-17 levels were not significantly elevated in diabetic cataract patients without diabetic retinopathy, and their potential diagnostic value for detecting subclinical ocular inflammation during the pre-diabetic retinopathy stage remains to be clarified. The findings indicate that local immune responses, rather than systemic diabetes alone, may play a more critical role. Further research is warranted to clarify their clinical applicability.
Improvement of pattern electroretinogram parameters following glaucoma surgery.
Bettach E, Oliverio L, Mansouri K … +1 more , Mermoud A
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42337179 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To assess the dynamics of Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG) parameters following glaucoma surgery in individuals with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. METHODS: The is a single center retrospective study. Preoperati...
PURPOSE: To assess the dynamics of Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG) parameters following glaucoma surgery in individuals with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. METHODS: The is a single center retrospective study. Preoperative PERG were conducted on moderate and advanced glaucoma patients scheduled for glaucoma surgery. Subsequently, the patients underwent an additional PERG a few months after the procedure. Comparative analysis focused on the PERG parameters (Mag, MagD and MagD/Mag ratio) before and after the glaucoma surgery in eyes achieving successful intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction post-operatively. RESULTS: The study enrolled 23 eyes from 21 consecutive patients who underwent successful glaucoma surgery between January 2021 and December 2023, each with both pre and post-operative PERG assessments. Postoperatively, there was a significant improvement of all the PERG parameters (0.97 ± 0.29 to 1.36 ± 0.29 μV, 0.55 ± 0.3 to 0.84 ± 0.42 μV, 0.52 ± 0.2 to 0.68 ± 0.25 for Mag, MagD and MagD/Mag ratio respectively, all p < 0.05). Three patients who had no IOP reduction postoperatively showed no improvement of all PERG parameters following the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma surgery, leading to effective IOP reduction, may demonstrate a positive impact on the functional activity of the retinal ganglion cells, as evidenced by the enhancement in PERG parameters post-operatively.
Ocular TB as the only manifestation of TB: diagnostic uncertainty and treatment thresholds.
Alabed ST, Finkel D
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42319633 · Full text
PURPOSE: To review diagnostic approaches and treatment thresholds for presumed tuberculous uveitis when ocular inflammation is the only manifestation of tuberculosis (TB), focusing on phenotype-based risk stratification,...
PURPOSE: To review diagnostic approaches and treatment thresholds for presumed tuberculous uveitis when ocular inflammation is the only manifestation of tuberculosis (TB), focusing on phenotype-based risk stratification, interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) interpretation, mimic exclusion, and evidence for antitubercular therapy (ATT). METHODS: Narrative review using targeted PubMed search of ocular TB literature. Search terms included "ocular tuberculosis", "tuberculous uveitis", specific phenotypes (serpiginous-like choroiditis, retinal vasculitis, tuberculoma), and treatment outcomes. We prioritized consensus guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized data. Findings were synthesized into a phenotype-anchored diagnostic and treatment algorithm. RESULTS: Ocular TB is usually diagnosed through a comprehensive assessment of ocular phenotype, epidemiologic risk, systemic evaluation, TB immunologic testing, and mimic exclusion. Higher-suspicion phenotypes include serpiginous-like choroiditis, occlusive retinal vasculitis, choroidal tuberculoma, anterior uveitis with iris nodules, and chronic granulomatous anterior uveitis in the appropriate clinical context. IGRA results support prior TB sensitization but do not establish ocular causality; positive results may be incidental, particularly in low-burden settings, while negative results do not fully exclude ocular TB when phenotype and epidemiologic context are strongly suggestive. Consensus guidance and recent randomized evidence support ATT in selected patients, but treatment thresholds remain phenotype- and context-dependent. CONCLUSION: Compatible ocular phenotypes should prompt TB-directed evaluation, including IGRA and systemic assessment, with immunologic testing interpreted as supportive evidence. Treatment decisions should consider phenotype, epidemiological risk, mimic exclusion, and consequences of delayed treatment. High-risk presentations may justify lower treatment thresholds, while nonspecific ocular findings with isolated immunologic positivity should prompt consideration of alternative diagnoses or LTBI management according to local guidance.
Changes in corneal astigmatism, axial length and anterior chamber depth after vitrectomy and phacovitrectomy in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
Liu N, Zhao J, Wu B … +2 more , Li J, Jin S
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42319598 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in corneal astigmatism, axial length and anterior chamber depth following vitrectomy versus phacovitrectomy in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) under more detail grou...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in corneal astigmatism, axial length and anterior chamber depth following vitrectomy versus phacovitrectomy in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) under more detail group.To discuss how to avoid visual effect and improve visual quality after vitrectomy and phacovitrectomy by explore the mechanism of changes in corneal astigmatism, axial length and anterior chamber depth. METHODS: A total of 96 patients who underwent retinal surgery for RRD in one eye, between August 2016 and January 2018, were enrolled and divided into three groups. In 18 eyes, 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy (23G TSV) was performed (group A); 25G TSV was performed in 49 eyes (group B); and phacovitrectomy with 25G TSV was performed in 29 eyes (group C). Silicone oil was injected after the surgery in all three groups. Anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism, axial length (AL), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured at baseline and postoperatively at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. RESULTS: Anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism did not change, and AL continued to increase for 3 months after surgery, whereas ACD decreased postoperatively but quickly returned to baseline in groups A and B. In group C, anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism, AL, and ACD increased postoperatively, and corneal astigmatism returned to baseline by 3 months, but AL and ACD continued to increase for 3 months. CONCLUSION: Vitrectomy alone does not affect anterior or posterior corneal astigmatism. Following vitrectomy, the AL increases, while the ACD decreases transiently. When vitrectomy is combined with phacoemulsification for cataract removal, the anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism increases transiently, while AL and ACD are enlarged for several months following surgery.
Trends in pathogens causing microbial keratitis in studies conducted in Mexico: a 38-year literature review.
Torres Valenzuela LM, Garza-Leon M, Beltran F … +1 more , Mohamed-Noriega K
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42319559 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To review the available literature, including peer-reviewed publications and grey literature, describing the microorganisms and demographic characteristics reported in studies of non-viral microbial keratitis co...
PURPOSE: To review the available literature, including peer-reviewed publications and grey literature, describing the microorganisms and demographic characteristics reported in studies of non-viral microbial keratitis conducted in Mexico. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on March 10, 2026, using databases including PubMed, Scopus and SciELO. To incorporate grey literature, non-traditional sources such as Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and thesis repositories from ophthalmology training institutions-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Tecnológico de Monterrey, and Universidad de Monterrey-were also included. RESULTS: We identified 48 studies on infectious keratitis in Mexico (1988-2026), including 14,651 patients. Bacterial keratitis was the most frequent form; gram-positive cocci, especially Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, predominated, whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the leading gram-negative pathogen, particularly among contact lens wearers, with higher frequencies reported in Monterrey and Guadalajara than in Mexico City. Fungal keratitis, reported in 1,446 patients, was mainly caused by Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Candida albicans, with several dematiaceous fungi also described. Acanthamoeba keratitis was rare (0.3% of infectious keratitis), with only 13 cases reported. Culture positivity and age distribution varied widely across studies. Overall, the reviewed studies show substantial regional heterogeneity with a predominance of gram-positive bacterial pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: In the reviewed studies from Mexico, reported non-viral infectious keratitis cases were most commonly caused by bacteria, particularly gram-positive organisms. Among contact lens wearers, gram-negative bacteria are more frequently isolated. The prevalence of fungal and Acanthamoeba-related keratitis in the available literature appears to align with global trends.
Topical 0.02% tacrolimus as adjunctive immunoprophylaxis in high-risk penetrating keratoplasty: a four-year retrospective study.
Izquierdo L, Sánchez N, Padró J … +4 more , Pomatanta C, Rojas R, Vera-Duarte GR, Henriquez MA
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42319541 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To describe the incidence and clinical profile of graft rejection in high-risk penetrating keratoplasty (PK) recipients treated with a compounded topical formulation of 0.02% tacrolimus combined with 1% predniso...
PURPOSE: To describe the incidence and clinical profile of graft rejection in high-risk penetrating keratoplasty (PK) recipients treated with a compounded topical formulation of 0.02% tacrolimus combined with 1% prednisolone. METHODS: This retrospective observational study included 41 eyes from 41 high-risk PK patients operated between 2019 and 2023 at the Oftalmosalud Eye Institute (Lima, Peru), with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. All patients received adjunctive immunoprophylaxis with topical 0.02% tacrolimus and 1% prednisolone, initiated on the first postoperative day and maintained throughout follow-up. High-risk PK refers to corneal transplantation in eyes with predisposing factors for immune-mediated graft rejection. Graft rejection episodes were classified as reversible or irreversible based on clinical course and treatment response. RESULTS: Graft rejection occurred in 15 of 41 eyes (36.6%), with 60% of these episodes being reversible and 40% irreversible. The remaining 26 eyes (63.4%) maintained clear grafts without signs of rejection. The most frequent high-risk clinical features were corneal neovascularization in 21 eyes (51.2%), ocular surface disease in 9 eyes (21.9%), and persistent inflammation in 7 eyes (17.0%). No serious adverse events related to topical tacrolimus were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Topical 0.02% tacrolimus in combination with prednisolone may represent a safe adjunctive strategy in high-risk PK. These findings support the incorporation of topical tacrolimus into immunosuppressive regimens for high-risk corneal transplantation. Prospective controlled trials are warranted to confirm its long-term efficacy and safety.
The effect of forced infusion in phacoemulsification training: a comparative study.
Bellucci C, Battista M, Bertuzzi F … +5 more , Apuzzo A, Gatta G, Bellucci R, Tedesco SA, Mora P
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42315730 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Forced infusion (FI) has improved the safety and the stability of anterior chamber dynamics during cataract surgery, but its role in the learning of the surgery remains underexplored. This comparative study inve...
PURPOSE: Forced infusion (FI) has improved the safety and the stability of anterior chamber dynamics during cataract surgery, but its role in the learning of the surgery remains underexplored. This comparative study investigates the impact of FI on cataract surgery performed by trainees. METHODS: We analyzed the first 100 phacoemulsification surgeries performed by 7 trainees using 2 peristaltic pump phaco machines, one with gravity infusion (Group GI), and one with forced infusion (Group FI). The evaluated outcome included surgical time, cumulative dissipated ultrasound energy (CDE), fluid consumption, number of chamber collapses, number of posterior capsule rupture, grade of postoperative corneal edema, and endothelial cell loss. RESULTS: Mean surgical time was 24.6 ± 11.4 min in the GI group and 19.2 ± 8.4 min in the FI group (P < 0.001). Mean CDE was 12.42 ± 2.4%/sec in the GI group, and was 10.1 ± 2.3%/sec in the FI group (P < 0.001). Mean fluid usage was 310 ± 105 mL in the GI group and was 282 ± 125 mL in the FI group (P = 0.013). Chamber collapses occurred in 6 (GI) and 4 (FI) cases (P = N.S.); posterior capsule rupture was observed in 9 (GI) and 2 (FI) eyes (P = 0.03). Corneal edema and endothelial loss were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION: FI allowed shorter surgical times, lower CDE and lower fluid consumption in phacoemulsification surgery performed by our trainees, minimizing intraoperative complications. These findings support the advantages of FI in cataract surgery training and its contribution to improved surgical safety.
Thyroid eye disease in paediatric Graves' disease: a case series from the Gulf region with comparison to adults.
Aljufairi FMAA, Lai KKH, Neama SFHJ … +12 more , Saleh FHA, Alola KA, Al-Jenaidi FA, Rajab MH, Alarayedh MM, Mohamed WF, Matar EH, Hassan WF, Alsayyad AS, Tham CCY, Pang CP, Chong KKL
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42283964 · Full text
PURPOSE: To characterize the demographic characteristics, clinical features, and severity of thyroid eye disease (TED) in paediatric patients with Graves' disease for comparison with an adult cohort in the Kingdom of Bah...
PURPOSE: To characterize the demographic characteristics, clinical features, and severity of thyroid eye disease (TED) in paediatric patients with Graves' disease for comparison with an adult cohort in the Kingdom of Bahrain. METHODS: Paediatric patients (≤ 18 years) with Graves' disease were screened for TED in Bahrain between October and December 2025. Paediatric endocrinologists across government, military, university, and private sectors participated. Patients were identified from physician-provided lists and verified using diagnostic codes and medical records from four nationwide centres. Comprehensive ophthalmic and orbital examinations were performed, and patients were classified into TED and non-TED groups. TED was diagnosed using the Bartley criteria and graded according to the European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) classification. Findings were compared with an adult Graves' disease cohort (> 18 years) from the same population referred between September 2023 and December 2025. RESULTS: Among 22 paediatric patients with Graves' disease (median age 14 years, interquartile range [IQR] 10-16 years; female-to-male ratio 4:1), 11 (50%) were diagnosed with TED. No statistically significant differences were observed between patients with and without TED regarding demographic characteristics, smoking exposure, Graves' disease duration, family history of autoimmune thyroid disease, or hyperthyroidism treatment. However, parental consanguinity was significantly more common among patients with TED. Among paediatric TED patients, 54.5% had bilateral disease and 81.8% had mild TED. None had sight-threatening disease or diplopia. All patients were symptomatic, most commonly with periorbital bulging or swelling (81.8%). Lid retraction (72.7%) and proptosis (63.6%) were the most frequent objective findings, whereas extraocular motility restriction was uncommon (18.2%). Compared with adults (n = 81), mild disease was more frequent in paediatric patients (81.8% vs 48.1%; P = 0.04), whereas lid lag was more common in adults (64.2% vs 18.2%; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study provides the first regional data on paediatric TED in the Gulf region, demonstrating that TED is common among children with Graves' disease and is predominantly mild in severity. Eyelid involvement and proptosis were the most frequent manifestations. Parental consanguinity was more common among children with TED, suggesting a possible genetic contribution. These findings emphasize the importance of routine ophthalmic screening in paediatric Graves' disease and highlight age-related differences in clinical presentation.
Impact of rigid contact lens use on visual acuity and vision-related quality of life in keratoconus.
Şahin Vural G, Sav Ertürk S
Int Ophthalmol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42283912 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between visual acuity (VA) improvement and vision-related quality of life in patients with keratoconus using rigid gas-permeable (RGP) and scleral contact lenses (CLs). METHODS: This...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between visual acuity (VA) improvement and vision-related quality of life in patients with keratoconus using rigid gas-permeable (RGP) and scleral contact lenses (CLs). METHODS: This observational study was designed as a cross-sectional study with retrospective collection of pre-contact lens clinical data. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) before and after CL use was recorded. Pre-contact lens BCVA values were obtained retrospectively from medical records, which may introduce potential documentation bias. After CL usage, vision-related quality of life and CL adaptation were assessed using a validated Turkish version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25) and a study-specific questionnaire developed by the investigators to explore practical aspects of contact lens use such as handling, adaptation, comfort, and concerns related to long-term use. The correlations between BCVA improvement and questionnaire responses were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: A total of 26 patients (mean age 39.7 ± 13.6 years) were included. Mean BCVA improved significantly from 0.21 ± 0.20 to 0.83 ± 0.16 with contact lenses (p = 0.001). The VA improvement showed significant positive correlations with perceived visual improvement (p = 0.032) and vision-related quality-of-life enhancement (p = 0.007). These associations should be interpreted cautiously given the relatively small sample size and exploratory nature of the correlation analyses. The patients continued to express concerns regarding the long-term use of CL, despite the observed improvement in VA. CONCLUSION: The rigid contact lens use was associated with improvements in both visual acuity and vision-related quality of life in keratoconus. However, due to the limited sample size and cross-sectional design, the findings should be considered preliminary and interpreted as exploratory observations that may inform future prospective studies.
About
- Frequency
- Sun
- Papers found
- 200
- RSS feed
- Subscribe