Journal Of Obesity[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
A Healthy Diet Intervention Alters Food Preferences and Eating Behaviours Without Changing Appetite, Adipokines or Glucose Homoeostasis.
Tharakan L, Merry T, Liu E … +7 more , Cooper S, Hsu W, Hedges C, Parry-Strong A, Lithander FE, Krebs J, Braakhuis A
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 42318824 · Full text
PURPOSE: The study aimed to evaluate the influence of a 12-week Mediterranean dietary pattern on eating behaviours, food preferences, appetite, satiety, hunger hormones, adipokines and glucose homoeostasis. METHODS: This...
PURPOSE: The study aimed to evaluate the influence of a 12-week Mediterranean dietary pattern on eating behaviours, food preferences, appetite, satiety, hunger hormones, adipokines and glucose homoeostasis. METHODS: This study is nested within the He Rourou Whai Painga (HRWP) trial. Adults with a high risk of metabolic disease (waist circumference-based metabolic score, MetSSS score ≥ 0.35) participated in the mixed-meal challenge before and after a 12-week dietary intervention. Questionnaire assessments included the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire (LFPQ). Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to measure subjective appetite sensations. Blood was drawn in the fasting state and at 15-, 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-min postmeal. The following peptides, hormones and metabolic markers were analysed: adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in uncontrolled eating (UE, p value = 0.0226) and an increase in cognitive restraint (CR, p value = 0.0004) following the intervention diet. Implicit desire for high-fat savoury foods, low-fat savoury foods and fat-appeal bias was significantly reduced after the intervention diet. None of the peptides or metabolic markers changed significantly after the intervention diet. Even though glucose, insulin and C-peptide levels decreased following the diet intervention, none of the values reached statistical significance. CONCLUSION: A healthy diet intervention alters food preferences and eating behaviours without changing appetite, adipokines or glucose homoeostasis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia New Zealand Trial Registry: ACTRN12622000906752.
Risk of Type 2 Diabetes According to Body Mass Index, Television Viewing Time, and Their Combination in the Japanese Population: Findings From the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study.
Ukawa S, Zhao W, Ikehara S … +3 more , Shirai K, Iso H, Tamakoshi A
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 42306986 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the associations of body mass index (BMI), television viewing time, and their combination with the risk of Type 2 diabetes among Japanese individuals using data from a large Jap...
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the associations of body mass index (BMI), television viewing time, and their combination with the risk of Type 2 diabetes among Japanese individuals using data from a large Japanese prospective cohort study. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 23,604 Japanese participants (9,284 males and 14,320 females) aged 40-79 years. Baseline data were collected between 1988 and 1990 using a self-administered questionnaire. In the 5-year follow-up survey, Type 2 diabetes was identified through self-reported physician diagnoses. We used a logistic regression model to analyze the associations of BMI and television viewing time, and their combination with the risk of Type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: During the 5-year follow-up, 5.9% of participants developed incident Type 2 diabetes. BMI and prolonged TV viewing time were independently associated with an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. Individuals with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m) who viewed TV for ≥ 7 h had a twentyfold increase in diabetes risk (odds ratio: 21.42, 95% confidence interval: 7.23-63.49) compared with those with normal BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m) who viewed TV for ≤ 3 h, indicating a significant interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Our study underscores the importance of addressing obesity and sedentary behavior to mitigate Type 2 diabetes risk.
Antibiotic Use in the First 2 Years of Life Is Related to Longitudinal BMI Trajectories From 0 to 18 years: A Prospective Cohort Study.
Sing JJ, Gallagher C, Dai X … +6 more , Idrose NS, Bennett CM, Abramson MJ, Dharmage SC, Erbas B, Lodge CJ
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 42165540 · Full text
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Antibiotic exposure by 2 years is linked to increased childhood overweight/obesity risk, mainly in cross-sectional studies. Few longitudinal studies exist in high-risk populations, and none examined...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Antibiotic exposure by 2 years is linked to increased childhood overweight/obesity risk, mainly in cross-sectional studies. Few longitudinal studies exist in high-risk populations, and none examined BMI trajectories up to 18 years. Our study is the first to investigate the association between early antibiotic exposure and BMI trajectories in a high allergy-risk cohort. METHODS: We analysed data from 428 participants in the Melbourne Atopy Cohort Study from birth to 18 years. Antibiotic use < 2 years was categorized as "ever versus never" and according to seven antibiotic classes. Number of courses (7 days) and the spectrum of antibiotics (broad versus narrow) were defined for each antibiotic class. Logistic regression models estimated associations between antibiotic use (any/specific), courses (0, 1, 2, and ≥ 3), and previously defined BMI trajectories from 4 weeks to 18 years: very low catch-up, low average, stable average (reference), average increasing to very high (AIVH), and persistently high (PH). RESULTS: We found consistent evidence of a relationship between antibiotic exposure by 2 years and increased risk of belonging to AIVH and PH trajectories, with magnitudes of effect differing by antibiotic spectrum and frequency. Notably, exposure to ≥ 3 courses of broad-spectrum antibiotic was associated with the AIVH (aOR = 3.36 [95% CI: 1.03, 10.87]) and PH trajectories (aOR = 3.29 [95% CI: 1.03, 10.53]). CONCLUSION: These findings may have important clinical implications, but further large-scale studies are required.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Estimated by Various Equations in Patients With Obesity.
Oswald J, Bregulla I, Bröder M … +4 more , Reiter R, Eberhardt J, Gomahr J, Schaffler-Schaden D
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 42144850 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Reducing atherogenic lipoproteins to lower cardiovascular risk is a key objective in obesity treatment. Accurate lipoprotein measurements are essential for determining the need for therapy and guidin...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Reducing atherogenic lipoproteins to lower cardiovascular risk is a key objective in obesity treatment. Accurate lipoprotein measurements are essential for determining the need for therapy and guiding its management. To identify the best equation for estimating LDL cholesterol, LDL measured directly (LDL-D) is compared to LDL calculated using equations developed by Friedewald (LDL-F), Martin (LDL-M) and Sampson/NIH (LDL-S). This study also examines the change of LDL and apolipoprotein B levels during a multidisciplinary obesity treatment programme. METHODS: This retrospective observational study included 308 adult patients with obesity who participated in a single-centre, multidisciplinary treatment programme using meal replacement (Optifast-professional). This study employed Pearson's correlations, repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) and a paired t-test and also compared calculated values against desirable bias and total allowable error. RESULTS: The absolute values of LDL-M and LDL-S showed less bias and correlated better with LDL-D than LDL-F. All equations significantly underestimated absolute LDL values: LDL-F (mean -12.43 mg/dL, p < 0.001), LDL-M (mean -10.05 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and LDL-S (mean -9.49 mg/dL, p < 0.001). LDL-F also underestimated the change occurring during the programme (3.81 mg/dL; p = 0.017). All equations performed poorly against desirable bias and total allowable error. LDL-D, LDL-F, LDL-M, LDL-S and ApoB levels all decreased significantly, and these decreases remained significant after excluding patients taking lipid-lowering medications. CONCLUSIONS: LDL estimation equations systematically underestimated LDL in individuals with obesity. Among these, the Martin equation most accurately captured changes in LDL. Consequently, it appears to be the most suitable estimation method. However, direct measurement should remain the preferred method. The multidisciplinary meal replacement programme significantly reduced LDL cholesterol and ApoB.
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Severe Obesity Among U.S. Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Budhathoki N, Inungu JN
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 42054159 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] of 40 kg/m or higher) poses significant health risks. It reflects a multifaceted interplay of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors, contributing to rising rates...
BACKGROUND: Severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] of 40 kg/m or higher) poses significant health risks. It reflects a multifaceted interplay of genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors, contributing to rising rates of metabolic diseases and reduced quality of life. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and risk factors of severe obesity among adults in the United States. METHODS: We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a complex, multistage, cross-sectional survey, designed to collect health and nutritional data from a representative sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. POPULATION: A total of 6729 respondents from the 2017 to March 2020 cycle of NHANES were included in the analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the characteristics of the sample. Multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to study risk factors for severe obesity. All analyses accounted for the complex survey design of the NHANES. RESULTS: The weighted prevalence of severe obesity among adults was 9.4%, with a higher rate found in females, 11.9%, compared to males, 6.2%. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that males had 39% lower odds of severe obesity compared to females (odds ratio [OR]: 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.32-1.14), though this was not statistically significant. Participants aged 31-40 years were more than twice as likely to have severe obesity compared to those aged 20-30 years (OR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.07-6.96). Non-Hispanic Asians had significantly lower odds of severe obesity than Mexican Americans (OR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01-0.27). Arthritis nearly doubled the odds of severe obesity (OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.17-3.22), and high blood pressure showed the strongest relationship, increasing odds more than fourfold (OR: 4.42, 95% CI: 3.30-5.91). Marital status, health insurance, and income level showed no significant associations with severe obesity. These findings highlight the complex interplay of factors influencing severe obesity. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the study highlights a significant prevalence of severe obesity among adults in the United States, particularly among females, individuals aged 31-40 years, and those with specific comorbid conditions such as high blood pressure and arthritis. Non-Hispanic Asians exhibited notably lower odds of severe obesity compared to other racial/ethnic groups, underscoring potential protective factors. The findings emphasize the multifactorial nature of severe obesity, driven by demographic, behavioral, and health-related factors, and underline the importance of tailored interventions to address this public health challenge.
Factors Associated With the Nutritional Status of Children and Their Parents: A Cross-Sectional Analysis With Families Registered in Family Health Units, ES/2021.
Moura KCDS, Enriquez-Martinez OG, Mendonça HXM … +5 more , Azevedo LB, Oliveira AMA, Costa ALL, Almeida PAS, Molina MDCB
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 42046275 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major public health challenge, and its prevalence is increasing in most countries around the world and across all age groups. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify the correspondence and factors...
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major public health challenge, and its prevalence is increasing in most countries around the world and across all age groups. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify the correspondence and factors associated with the nutritional status of children aged 7-10 years and their parents/guardians registered in Family Health Units in a metropolitan region in southeastern Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a convenience sample was carried out in 26 Family Health Units in four municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Vitória/ES, between July and December/2021. An anthropometric examination was performed, and sociodemographic and lifestyle data were collected. Nutritional status was classified using body mass index (BMI). Multinominal logistic regression models were tested, adopting p < 0.05. RESULTS: Around 56.5% of children classified as obese had parents/guardians with obesity. A greater chance of being obese was observed in adults aged > 30 years (OR: 2.34; 95% CI: 1.35; 4.06), Black race/color (OR: 2.82; 95% CI: 1.25; 6.33), and self-perceived health as regular/poor/very poor (OR: 4.12; 95% CI: 2.28; 7.42). CONCLUSION: Children's nutritional status is only associated with that of their parents/guardians, especially when they have obesity. Higher age range, Black race/color, and worse self-perceived health were associated with obesity in adults. Public policies should be implemented to tackle obesity at all levels, including the promotion of adequate nutrition, self-care regarding health, and the encouragement of physical activity within the context of primary healthcare.
Prevalence of Overweight in Children Starts Early in Life: Findings From the Italian NASCITA Birth Cohort Study.
Clavenna A, Campi R, Pandolfini C … +1 more , Bonati M
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 42003064 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of overweight at 36 months of age and that of persistent overweight in an Italian birth cohort and to identify factors related to an increased likelihood of having overweight. METHOD...
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of overweight at 36 months of age and that of persistent overweight in an Italian birth cohort and to identify factors related to an increased likelihood of having overweight. METHODS: The Italian NASCITA birth cohort was analysed. Children were classified in the underweight, normal or overweight range at 12, 24 and 36 months of age according to the World Health Organization percentiles, and the prevalence of overweight (≥ 85th centile) was estimated. Persistent overweight was defined as having overweight in all three assessments. To test the association between the chance of having overweight, and parental and child characteristics, healthy newborns with appropriate for gestational age birth weight were selected, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 22.7% at 12 months of age and 21.2% at 36 months (chi square-for-trend = 1.5 and p = 0.21). In all, 8.8% of the children had persistent overweight. Overweight at 12 months (RR: 3.28 and 95% CI: 2.69-4.00) and a big appetite (RR: 2.00 and 95% CI: 1.59-2.52) were the main factors associated with greater likelihood of overweight at 36 months, while excessive appetite and frequency of interaction with electronic devices were the main determinants of persistent overweight. CONCLUSIONS: The body mass index status at 12 months greatly influenced that at 36 months. The increased risk of persistent overweight in children interacting with electronic devices suggests that extreme caution in allowing preschool children to use smartphone or tablets should be adopted. Furthermore, nutritional education of the entire family is essential to appropriately guide children's appetite.
A Narrative Review of Weight Management Strategies: From Lifestyle Interventions to Emerging Pharmacotherapies.
Ahmed IS, Tapponi SL, Manaa HM … +4 more , Soltani A, Hussein ES, Parvaresh FA, Hussain Z
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41973072 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial disease associated with significant cardiometabolic, psychological, and socioeconomic consequences. Its complex etiology necessitates integrated, evidence-based management...
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial disease associated with significant cardiometabolic, psychological, and socioeconomic consequences. Its complex etiology necessitates integrated, evidence-based management strategies beyond simple caloric restriction. OBJECTIVE: This narrative review aims to critically evaluate current and emerging weight management strategies, including lifestyle interventions, dietary patterns, behavioral approaches, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric procedures, with attention to efficacy, limitations, sustainability, and real-world applicability. METHODS: A structured literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles on obesity management. Studies addressing dietary strategies, physical activity, behavioral therapy, antiobesity medications, and surgical or endoscopic interventions were included. Evidence was synthesized narratively, emphasizing comparative effectiveness, safety considerations, and long-term challenges. RESULTS: Lifestyle interventions remain the foundation of obesity management; however, long-term success is often limited by physiological adaptations, behavioral factors, and socioeconomic barriers. Among dietary approaches, differences in weight loss tend to diminish over time, highlighting adherence and sustainability as key determinants of success. Pharmacotherapy has advanced significantly, particularly with incretin-based agents such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual GIP/GLP-1 agonists, which produce substantial weight loss and cardiometabolic benefits but require ongoing use and may be limited by cost and tolerability. Bariatric surgery remains the most effective long-term intervention for severe obesity, while less invasive endoscopic procedures are expanding treatment options. Behavioral and psychological support plays a critical role in improving adherence across all interventions. CONCLUSION: Effective obesity management requires a personalized, multidisciplinary approach integrating sustainable lifestyle strategies with pharmacological or procedural therapies when appropriate. While recent therapeutic innovations have expanded treatment possibilities, long-term success depends on behavioral support, accessibility, and continued evaluation of safety and cost-effectiveness.
Expression Analysis of Selected microRNAs in Diabetes Mellitus Visceral Fat Tissues.
Al-Temaimi R, Ahmad R, Kapila K … +1 more , Al-Mulla F
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41960718 · Full text
PURPOSE: MicroRNA (miRNA) profiling of visceral adipose tissue in Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains limited. We compared the expression of obesity-associated miRNAs in visceral fat from individuals with T2DM versus...
PURPOSE: MicroRNA (miRNA) profiling of visceral adipose tissue in Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains limited. We compared the expression of obesity-associated miRNAs in visceral fat from individuals with T2DM versus metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and examined Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) as a candidate miR-543 target. METHODS: Visceral fat biopsies were obtained from adults with T2DM (n = 8) and MHO (n = 11). Thirteen miRNAs previously linked to obesity were quantified, and RKIP expression was evaluated at the mRNA level and by immunohistochemistry, including phosphorylated RKIP (pRKIP). RESULTS: Of the 13 miRNAs analyzed, miR-23a-3p and miR-543 were upregulated in T2DM (p = 0.032 and p = 0.009, respectively), whereas miR-320a-3p was downregulated (p = 0.009). RKIP mRNA levels did not differ between groups; however, in MHO adipocytes, RKIP mRNA correlated positively with miR-543 expression (r = 0.655, p = 0.034). Total RKIP protein was comparable between groups, while pRKIP was significantly higher in T2DM adipocytes (p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Posttranscriptional regulation in visceral adipocytes differs between T2DM and MHO. Increased miR-543 and elevated pRKIP in T2DM suggest a rapid shift in regulatory signaling consistent with enhanced lipolysis and a proinflammatory milieu. Further studies are warranted to delineate the pRKIP-associated pathways in adipose tissue remodeling in T2DM.
Patterns of Dietary Supplement Use for Weight Loss Among U.S. Adults With Obesity: NHANES 2007-2020.
Liu L, Tao H, Zhao H … +4 more , Wang J, Wang K, Xiong G, Nahata MC
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41949480 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Dietary supplements are commonly marketed for weight loss, yet contemporary national data remain limited on the prevalence of use, types of products used, and whether use is provider-recommended among U.S. ad...
BACKGROUND: Dietary supplements are commonly marketed for weight loss, yet contemporary national data remain limited on the prevalence of use, types of products used, and whether use is provider-recommended among U.S. adults with obesity. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2020. Participants included adults with obesity. They were asked about behaviors on dietary supplements for weight loss. We estimated survey-weighted prevalence overall and by survey cycle, assessed linear trends over time, and used survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression to examine associations with age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and poverty-income ratio. Among users, we described whether supplement use was recommended by healthcare providers and summarized supplement categories. RESULTS: Among 27,116 adults with obesity, 1706 reported using dietary supplements for weight loss. The survey-weighted prevalence of weight-loss supplement use was 5.9% and varied across survey cycles (p for trend = 0.003). Compared with adults aged 20-39 years, odds of use were lower among those aged 40-59 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.60, 95% CI 0.45-0.80) and ≥ 60 years (aOR 0.15, 95% CI 0.11-0.22). Females had higher odds of use than males (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.13-1.87). Education was positively associated with use, whereas poverty-income ratio was not significantly associated. The use differed by race/ethnicity, with non-Hispanic White adults having lower odds of use compared with Hispanic adults. Among users, 81% reported use without medical advice, and it was more common among males and younger adults. The most frequently used supplements included multivitamin-minerals (28.8%), botanical products (20.0%), and single vitamins (15.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 6% of U.S. adults with obesity reported using dietary supplements for weight loss, most without clinician recommendation and with significant demographic differences. Routine clinical assessment of supplement use and counseling regarding limited efficacy and potential safety concerns are warranted.
Association Between Metabolic and Endocrine Parameters With Visceral Adiposity Index-Defined Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Young Adult Males.
Yuri G, Santillana N, Soto L … +3 more , Pereira A, Corvalán C, Cifuentes M
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41902704 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are defined by body mass index (BMI); however, this indicator does not address the wide variability that exists in metabolic health for a given BMI. This largely depends on adipose tiss...
BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are defined by body mass index (BMI); however, this indicator does not address the wide variability that exists in metabolic health for a given BMI. This largely depends on adipose tissue functionality and location, with larger visceral depots elevating inflammation and cardiometabolic risk. The visceral adiposity index (VAI) provides a closer approach to adipose tissue functionality; however, there are limited studies addressing its ability to identify differences in metabolic health among young adults with excess weight. We evaluated whether low versus high VAI (L-VAI vs. H-VAI) groups differ in body composition, endocrine and metabolic indicators, and indices of metabolic risk and adipose tissue function. METHODS: Fifty-two healthy adult males with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. Subjects were classified as L-VAI or H-VAI according to the VAI cutoff proposed for adipose tissue dysfunction (> 2.52). Weight, height, arterial blood pressure, body composition, and metabolic/endocrine parameters were compared in L-VAI versus H-VAI groups. RESULTS: Subjects in the H-VAI group (∼40%) showed greater truncal fat mass and lower adiponectin/leptin ratio (Ad/Lep), as well as greater indices of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR and triglyceride/glucose) and the metabolic syndrome severity score. Significant positive correlations were found between VAI and the cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome-related factors, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), uric acid, and HOMA-IR and an inverse association with adiponectin and Ad/Lep. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations indicate that VAI is a useful tool to assess cardiometabolic risk and adipose tissue functionality in young adult males with overweight and obesity.
Effect of Normal Level Endocrine Hormones and Hypothalamic Neuropeptides on Obesity in Women of Childbearing Age.
Tang Y, Zhang X, Fan L … +4 more , Li C, Guo Y, Du F, Wang W
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41823115 · Full text
AIMS: To explore the association of endocrine hormones and hypothalamic neuropeptides fluctuations within normal level with obesity in women of childbearing age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Laboratory data of women in childbe...
AIMS: To explore the association of endocrine hormones and hypothalamic neuropeptides fluctuations within normal level with obesity in women of childbearing age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Laboratory data of women in childbearing age with normal levels of endocrine hormones and hypothalamic neuropeptides in Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital between March 2022 and October 2022 were retrospectively collected. Included subjects were divided into obese group and normal weight group according to body mass index. RESULTS: 80 subjects were included in final analysis, including 37 in the obese group and 43 in the normal weight group. Within the normal range, the levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, follicle-stimulating hormone, neuropeptide Y, and orexin were positively correlated with body mass index, while the levels of estradiol and oxytocin were negatively correlated with body mass index; the levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, neuropeptide Y, and orexin were positively correlated with triglycerides, while proopiomelanocortin level was negatively correlated with triglycerides; neuropeptide Y level was positively correlated with total cholesterol, and cortisol level was negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Elevated levels of neuropeptide Y and orexin were independent risk factors for obesity (OR = 1.123, 95% CI = 1.023-1.232, p = 0.015; OR = 4.004, 95% CI = 1.174-13.656, p = 0.027), while increase in oxytocin level was an independent protective factor (OR = 0.833; 95% CI = 0.697-0.995; p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Among women of childbearing age, fluctuations in multiple endocrine hormones and hypothalamic neuropeptides within the normal range play a crucial role in regulating body weight and plasma lipids. Specifically, relatively higher levels of neuropeptide Y and orexin increase obesity risk, while elevated oxytocin levels reduce this risk. These identified biomarkers may offer candidates for subsequent mechanistic research and clinical interventions.
Mediating Effects of Lipid Biomarkers and Sex-Specific Moderation on the Associations Between Anthropometric and Dietary Factors With Insulin Resistance.
Saha BUF, Navti LK, Teta I … +4 more , Bey FY, Nantia EA, Bonglavnyuy TC, Sobngwi E
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41767035 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Various anthropometric and dietary indicators influence insulin resistance (IR), and lipid biomarkers may play a pivotal mediating role in these relationships. To investigate the mediating effects of lipid...
INTRODUCTION: Various anthropometric and dietary indicators influence insulin resistance (IR), and lipid biomarkers may play a pivotal mediating role in these relationships. To investigate the mediating effects of lipid biomarkers on the relationships between anthropometric, dietary indicators, and IR, and the moderating role of sex in these associations. METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 169 participants. Parallel mediation models assessed the mediating effects of lipid biomarkers (triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol) on the relationships between anthropometric (BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio) and dietary indicators (at least one starchy staple, at least one fruit, consumed all five recommended food groups (ALL-5), global dietary recommendations (GDR) score, and noncommunicable disease risk/protect scores) and IR. Moderated mediation analyses evaluated the moderating effect of sex. Statistical analyses were bootstrapped. RESULTS: The cumulative effect of lipid biomarkers fully mediated the relationship between WHtR and IR (Indirect Coef. = 0.65; 95% CI [0.02, 1.70]). TG significantly mediated the associations between WHR and IR (indirect Coef. = 0.55; 95% CI [0.11, 2.63]), BMI and IR (indirect Coef. = 0.76; 95% CI [0.17, 2.27]), and WC and IR (indirect Coef. = 0.72; 95% CI [0.04, 2.63]). Furthermore, LDL-C (Indirect Coef. = 1.99; 95% CI [0.24, 9.61]) and HDL-C (Indirect Coef. = 0.55; 95% CI [0.03, 2.57]) mediated the relationships of starchy staple and fruit intake with IR, respectively. Sex moderated the direct effect of WC on IR (interaction Coef. = 5.11, = 0.002) but did not moderate the indirect pathways involving lipid biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: These findings elucidate the intricate interplay between body composition, diet, lipid biomarkers, sex, and IR, providing insights for developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies to combat IR.
Bariatric Surgery With or Without Concomitant Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Morbidly Obese Patients With Gallbladder Stone Disease: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.
Heikal MA, Negm AMR, Elghadban HM … +1 more , Aziz MA
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41767034 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Imagine a surgeon's critical decision: Should the gallbladder be removed now, along with the planned bariatric surgery, or risk the complication and necessity of a second surgery later? This clinical dilemm...
INTRODUCTION: Imagine a surgeon's critical decision: Should the gallbladder be removed now, along with the planned bariatric surgery, or risk the complication and necessity of a second surgery later? This clinical dilemma is central to treating morbidly obese patients, who face a high prevalence of gallstone disease exacerbated by rapid postoperative weight loss. The best approach to managing existing gallstones in bariatric candidates remains debated, with debate focusing on whether combining laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) with bariatric surgery is both safe and advantageous. In this pilot study, we provide randomized evidence to guide this decision. METHODS: In this prospective randomized controlled pilot study, 58 morbidly obese patients with ultrasound-confirmed gallstones were randomly assigned to two groups: Group I ( = 30) received bariatric surgery and LC; Group II ( = 28) had bariatric surgery only, with LC delayed for symptoms. The primary outcomes were clearly defined as operative time, intraoperative complications, and postoperative morbidity, providing a focused measure of safety and efficacy. Secondary outcomes included hospital stay, pain, and follow-up gallstone symptoms. RESULTS: Baseline demographics and comorbidities were similar across groups. Operative time was longer in Group I (98.93 ± 11.58 min) than in Group II (75.18 ± 11.26 min, < 0.001). An extra port was used in 20% of Group I patients, compared with none in Group II ( = 0.012). No significant differences were observed in bleeding, bile leakage, postoperative complications, or hospital stay. Group I reported higher pain scores ( < 0.001). During follow-up, 79.3% of Group II developed symptomatic gallstones, requiring later cholecystectomy. CONCLUSION: Concomitant LC during bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients with pre-existing gallstones is demonstrated to be safe and feasible, with acceptable increases in operative time and postoperative pain. The high rate (79.3%) of symptomatic gallstone development in patients who did not undergo concomitant cholecystectomy supports adopting routine concomitant LC to prevent future morbidity, thereby influencing clinical decision-making and standard practice. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04567890.
Long-Term Effects of Orlistat on Lipid Metabolism and Anthropometric Indices: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.
Khodadadiyan A, Khazraei Y, Kamali M … +10 more , Kolaei K, Aminzadeh P, Yazdanpanah G, Shams A, Feili M, Ghaffari M, Hosseini M, Bazrafshan M, Drissi HB, Arzhangzadeh A
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41737647 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Orlistat is a potent lipase inhibitor utilized as a preventive agent for obesity and fat absorption control. Existing literature presents conflicting findings regarding its impact on lipid parameters. METHODS...
BACKGROUND: Orlistat is a potent lipase inhibitor utilized as a preventive agent for obesity and fat absorption control. Existing literature presents conflicting findings regarding its impact on lipid parameters. METHODS: This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024550889). A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials was conducted for studies published before January 19, 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating orlistat in adults (≥ 18 years) with dyslipidemia. Furthermore, the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations assessment tool was employed to analyze the certainty of evidence or each outcome. RESULTS: A total number of 1369 participants, with 682 in treatment and 687 in control categories, were included in our study. Orlistat reduced body mass index (BMI) (SMD [95% CI]: -0.30 [-0.58, -0.03], value (heterogeneity) = 0.026), and also it was associated with a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD (95% CI): -0.31 [-0.48, -0.13], value (heterogeneity) = 0.436). Changes in waist circumference (WC) and triglycerides (TGs) did not reach statistical significance in the primary analysis (WC: SMD [95% CI] -0.1562 [-0.3138; 0.0015], = 0.0%, -value (heterogeneity) = 0.7572; TG: SMD [95% CI] -0.1668 [-0.7979; 0.4642], = 97.7% value (heterogeneity) < 0.0001); however, after publication-bias adjustment using the trim-and-fill sensitivity analysis, meaningful reductions were discovered for WC (SMD (%95CI): -0.1712 [-0.3248; -0.0176], = 0.0%, value (heterogeneity) = 0.7696) and TG (SMD (%95CI): -0.8900 [-1.6619; -0.1181], = 97.9%, value (heterogeneity) < 0.0001). The secondary analysis demonstrated that follow-up duration accounted for 30% of TG heterogeneity, suggesting a small but significant decline in orlistat's TG-lowering effect over time (slope: -0.1239; 95% CI: -0.2355, -0.0123; value = 0.0295). No significant changes were observed in other parameters of the study. Besides, gastrointestinal issues were the most frequently reported adverse events among the studies. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that orlistat meaningfully reduces BMI but is associated with decreased HDL-C, which may be undesirable given HDL-C's protective role in cardiovascular health. Evidence for reductions in TG and WC is uncertain: the primary meta-analysis showed no statistically significant effects, whereas trim-and-fill sensitivity analysis suggested potential reductions. No significant short-term impact on TG was observed, though a modest reduction may emerge with prolonged use.
Intermittent Fasting May Enhance Resistance Training Effects on the Body Composition of Obese Males, Without Affecting Muscular Strength and Anabolic Index.
Farahmand Khoshkebijari A, Ebrahimi M, Jorbonian A
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41726214 · Full text
PURPOSE: This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) during resistance training (RT) on body composition, muscular strength, and the testosterone:cortisol ratio in obese mal...
PURPOSE: This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) during resistance training (RT) on body composition, muscular strength, and the testosterone:cortisol ratio in obese males. METHODS: Twenty obese males (aged 20-30, BMI 30-36 kg/m) were selected from eligible volunteers and randomly assigned to control (regular diet) and IF (4:3 IF) groups. All subjects participated in RT 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Forty-eight hours before and after the protocol, blood sampling and anthropometric measurements were done in a fasting state, and data were analyzed at a significance level of < 0.05. RESULTS: The IF/RT group lost twofold more weight and fat, had higher arm and chest measurements, and had less waist circumference than the C/RT group. The testosterone levels and muscle strength improved with RT, and there was no difference between the C/RT and IF/RT groups. CONCLUSION: It appears that intermittent fasting may enhance the efficacy of RT in obese males and is unlikely to have any detrimental effects on muscular strength or the anabolic index. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT): IRCT20190213042702N4.
Patient Education in Bariatric Surgery: Can Artificial Intelligence-Based Chatbots Bridge the Knowledge Gap?
Izadi A, Mosavari H, Hosseininasab A … +6 more , Jaliliyan A, Jafari A, Akhlaghpasand M, Rostami A, Moradi-Lakeh M, Eghbali F
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41695397 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The global obesity epidemic challenges health systems, driving people to seek metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS), especially laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Many MBS centers have limited resources f...
BACKGROUND: The global obesity epidemic challenges health systems, driving people to seek metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS), especially laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Many MBS centers have limited resources for patient education, creating knowledge gaps that lead patients to search online. AI chatbots, such as ChatGPT, can provide reliable medical information, though concerns about accuracy and completeness remain. METHODS: The study involved four fellowship-trained minimally invasive surgeons (MISs), nine fellows (MIFs), and two general practitioners (GPs) in the MBS multidisciplinary team from March 1, 2024, to March 30, 2024. Seven AI chatbots were selected, including ChatGPT 3.5 and 4, Bard, Bing, Claude, Llama, and Perplexity, based on their public availability on December 1, 2023. Forty patient questions regarding LSG were sourced from social media, MBS organizations, and online forums. Experts and chatbots answered these questions, with their responses evaluated for accuracy and comprehensiveness on a 5-point scale. Statistical analyses compared groups' performance. RESULTS: Chatbots demonstrated a higher overall performance score (2.55 ± 0.95) compared to the expert group (1.92 ± 1.32, < 0.001). Among chatbots, ChatGPT-4 achieved the highest performance (2.94 ± 0.24), while Llama had the lowest (2.15 ± 1.23). Expert group scores were highest for MISs (2.36 ± 1.09), followed by GPs (1.90 ± 1.36) and MIFs (1.75 ± 1.36). The readability of chatbot responses was assessed using Flesch-Kincaid scores, revealing that most responses required reading levels between the 11th grade and college level. Furthermore, chatbots exhibited fair reliability and reproducibility in response consistency, with ChatGPT-4 showing the highest test-retest reliability. CONCLUSION: AI chatbots generated accurate and comprehensive answers to common bariatric patient questions, suggesting promise as a scalable aid for patient education. However, readability often exceeds recommended levels, performance varies by model, occasional inaccuracies occur, and medicolegal considerations remain unresolved. Accordingly, chatbots should complement clinician counseling, and future work should improve readability and reliability and evaluate real-world safety and impact.
Safety and Cost-Effectiveness of Early Discharge Following Bariatric Surgery in an Underserved Urban Population.
Chepkunov D, Chung D, Odumah O … +2 more , Ahmed L, Suman P
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41659761 · Full text
This study evaluated the safety and economic impact of discharging bariatric surgery patients on Postoperative day (POD) 1 compared to the institutional POD 2 discharge protocol. A retrospective review of 115 patients wh...
This study evaluated the safety and economic impact of discharging bariatric surgery patients on Postoperative day (POD) 1 compared to the institutional POD 2 discharge protocol. A retrospective review of 115 patients who underwent laparoscopic or robot-assisted sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) revealed no significant differences in complications or readmissions between the groups. Discharge on POD 1 demonstrated a cost difference of approximately $1571. Our findings support the safety, feasibility, and financial benefits of implementing POD 1 discharge as standard practice for bariatric patients in underserved urban populations.
Correction to "Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Obesity Management in Adults With and Without Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review".
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41641176 · Full text
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/jobe/3897161.].
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/jobe/3897161.].
Body Roundness Index and Body Shape Index as Predictors for All-Cause Mortality Beyond Body Mass Index: Findings From a National Cohort Study.
Kimura Y, Inoue N, Yasunaga H
J Obes · 2026 · PMID 41623543 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: Body mass index (BMI) has been criticised for its inability to differentiate between fat and nonfat tissues and to reflect body fat distribution. Body Roundness Index (BRI) and A Body Shape Index (ABSI) are no...
OBJECTIVE: Body mass index (BMI) has been criticised for its inability to differentiate between fat and nonfat tissues and to reflect body fat distribution. Body Roundness Index (BRI) and A Body Shape Index (ABSI) are novel indices addressing these limitations, yet their mortality risk-stratification utility remains understudied in Asian populations. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study using a nationally representative Japanese claims database (2014-2022), we analysed 778,812 individuals who underwent healthcare checkups. Anthropometric indices were categorised into five groups based on restricted cubic spline curve-derived cutoffs. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for demographic factors, lifestyle variables and comorbidities, assessed associations between these categorical variables and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Among participants (mean [standard deviation] age of 62.8 [9.6] years and 445,250 [57.2%] women), 14,690 deaths occurred during a median [interquartile range] follow-up of 4.53 [3.28-6.23] years. While BMI and BRI showed U-shaped relationships with all-cause mortality, ABSI demonstrated a J-shaped relationship. Significant differences in mortality risk compared with the reference category were observed in three categories for BMI, four categories for BRI and four categories for ABSI. CONCLUSIONS: BRI and ABSI identified mortality risk differences across more categories than BMI, indicating that these indices may provide additional insights beyond BMI for mortality risk assessment.
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