Archives Of Clinical Neuropsychology[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Correction to: Can Research Findings be Used in Clinical Neuropsychology? Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Working Memory Intervention for Children.
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42325062 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Safety-critical odor identification failure and cognitive performance in older U.S. adults: a cross-sectional NHANES analysis.
Yazdi S
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42322651 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Olfactory dysfunction is linked to cognitive decline, but the cognitive significance of failing to identify safety-critical odors is unclear. METHOD: This cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examinat...
OBJECTIVE: Olfactory dysfunction is linked to cognitive decline, but the cognitive significance of failing to identify safety-critical odors is unclear. METHOD: This cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014 study examined associations between missed smoke/natural gas odors and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Animal Fluency, and Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Delayed Recall scores among 1677 adults aged ≥60 years using survey-weighted regression. RESULTS: After demographic and clinical adjustment, each additional missed warning odor was associated with lower DSST (β = -4.77; 95% CI: -6.78 to -2.76), Animal Fluency (β = -0.96), and CERAD scores (β = -0.68). The DSST association remained significant after adjustment for general olfactory performance (β = -4.06; p = .022). Among participants missing ≥1 warning odor, 447/511 (87.5%) reported no smell problem. CONCLUSIONS: Safety-critical odor failure may capture cognitive information beyond global olfactory performance.
Does performance invalidity undermine replication? Evidence from an undergraduate student participant sample.
Mascarenhas MA, Zakzanis KK
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42315172 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: Performance invalidity is well-documented in clinical and forensic neuropsychology, yet its potential influence on data quality in psychological research has received little attention. This raises concerns for...
OBJECTIVE: Performance invalidity is well-documented in clinical and forensic neuropsychology, yet its potential influence on data quality in psychological research has received little attention. This raises concerns for reproducibility, particularly given widespread use of undergraduate students as research participants. The present study examined whether incorporating Performance Validity Tests (PVTs) into a research protocol provides a practical method for improving data quality and interpretation. METHOD: As part of a larger replication initiative, PVTs were embedded into a direct replication of a 2008 prescribed optimism study. 87 undergraduate students were classified as credible or non-credible based on PVT performance, and analyses were repeated within subgroups. RESULTS: The effect replicated successfully across the sample (d = 0.98), consistent with the original study (d = 0.93). 17.2% of participants failed one or more PVTs. The credible subgroup yielded a larger effect (d = 1.02) than the full sample, whereas the non-credible subgroup produced a smaller effect (d = 0.87), and a directional reversal in the secondary analysis - a pattern inconsistent with prior literature and suggestive of systematic noise that disengaged responding may introduce into data. Further, credible and non-credible subgroups differed significantly on the primary outcome despite being demographically and experimentally equivalent. CONCLUSIONS: Performance invalidity occurs at a non-trivial rate in undergraduate research samples and can influence study outcomes. Incorporating PVTs into research protocols offers a practical, scalable safeguard to improving data quality and transparency, highlighting how neuropsychology's established tools could contribute solutions to reproducibility challenges in psychological science.
The relationship between subjective cognitive complaints and objective cognitive assessment in severe mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ince-Guliyev E, Hoşgelen EI, Bora E
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42302271 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: The study aims to examine the relationship between subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) and objective cognitive performance (OCP) in severe mental disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (B...
OBJECTIVE: The study aims to examine the relationship between subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) and objective cognitive performance (OCP) in severe mental disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). METHOD: Systematic literature searches were conducted using Web of Science and PubMed, including articles published until September 2025. Studies were included if they assessed both SCC and OCP using validated instruments in individuals diagnosed with SCZ, BD, or MDD and were peer-reviewed English research articles. A series of meta-analyses was conducted using random-effects models to examine the associations between SCC and composite OCP scores, as well as the subdomains of objective cognition. Analyses were repeated for each diagnosis. RESULTS: The sample included 49 articles with 5,007 participants. Our analyses yielded a small but statistically significant correlation between SCC and global OCP (r = -0.145). Domain-wise associations indicated correlations between SCC and OCPs in processing speed, attention/vigilance, working memory, and verbal learning/memory (correlation coefficients ranged from -0.107 to -0.172). In diagnosis-specific analyses, individuals with SCZ showed significant associations in all domains except executive function. In contrast, the associations were restricted to only a few cognitive domains in other disorders, specifically processing speed and working memory in BD, and processing speed and attention/vigilance in MDD. CONCLUSIONS: Although significant, the strength of these associations was small, suggesting that SCC explains only a limited proportion of the variance in OCP. This suggests that while SCC cannot substitute for objective testing, it provides complementary information that reflects patients' experiences of cognitive dysfunction.
Cognitive rehabilitation in contemporary neuropsychological practice: an exploratory survey of service delivery, reimbursement, and perceived barriers.
Patel SS, Potvin JM, Ashish D … +2 more , Hollis S, DeLuca J
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42302270 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Contemporary clinical neuropsychologists primarily provide assessment and consultative services rather than direct intervention. This study examined the extent to which cognitive rehabilitation remains part of...
OBJECTIVE: Contemporary clinical neuropsychologists primarily provide assessment and consultative services rather than direct intervention. This study examined the extent to which cognitive rehabilitation remains part of contemporary neuropsychological practice and explored reimbursement pathways and perceived barriers to implementation. METHOD: An anonymous national survey was distributed to members of the National Academy of Neuropsychology through listserv and newsletter announcements. The survey included structured multiple-choice and open-ended questions assessing whether respondents provide cognitive rehabilitation, years of practice, clinical setting, insurance reimbursement patterns, and experiences with insurance denials. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize responses. RESULTS: Twenty-two respondents completed the survey. Eighteen (81.8%) reported currently providing cognitive rehabilitation services. Reimbursed Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes most commonly included 97129/97130 (54.5%) and 96116/96121 (45.5%), with additional endorsement of health and behavior intervention codes (96158/96159) and group therapy codes (97150). Insurance denial experiences were mixed, with most respondents reporting occasional or conditional denials rather than consistent rejection of claims. Respondents also described variability in session limits and billing approaches across practice settings and payer policies. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive rehabilitation was reported by a majority of respondents, though service models and reimbursement pathways varied considerably. Given the small, self-selected sample, findings should be interpreted as exploratory rather than representative of broader neuropsychological practice. Larger investigations are needed to clarify training expectations, billing practices, and interdisciplinary collaboration.
The Short Executive Function Scale: Psychometric properties and normative data in a U.S. population sample.
Karr JE, Fagle TR
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42275545 · Full text
Researchers and clinicians have growing interest in self-report questionnaires of executive functions, aiming to capture a more ecologically valid measurement of this multidimensional construct. This study examined the p...
Researchers and clinicians have growing interest in self-report questionnaires of executive functions, aiming to capture a more ecologically valid measurement of this multidimensional construct. This study examined the psychometric properties of the newly developed 15-item self-report Short Executive Function Scale (SEFS), which measures five executive-related abilities: Planning, Inhibition, Working Memory, Shifting, and Emotional Control. The goal of the current study was to replicate the five-factor model and create normative reference data to better interpret SEFS scores. Participants (n = 747; age: M = 47.1, SD = 16.2, range: 18-80; 50.6% female; 62.1% White) were recruited online from the general U.S. population via Prolific and completed the SEFS. The SEFS five-factor model had adequate fit, CFI = 0.913, RMSEA = 0.086 [90% CI: 0.079-0.094]. All scales showed acceptable reliability: Planning (ω = 0.68), Inhibition (ω = 0.74), Working Memory (ω = 0.67), Shifting (ω = 0.75), Emotional Control (ω = 0.78), and the Total Executive Function score (ω = 0.82). SEFS scores were examined in relation to sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., age, sex, education, and race/ethnicity) and positive screens for mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Sociodemographic variables had mostly small, non-significant relationships with SEFS scores, whereas group differences based on mental health screens were consistently medium-to-large (d range: 0.50 to 2.13, p < .001). Normative data were calculated based on healthy participants without neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, or neurological conditions. These results provide psychometric support for the SEFS in a general U.S. population sample and offer normative data for interpretation. The SEFS offers a quick and accessible approach to measuring self-reported executive functions.
Correction to: Montefiore Einstein Robust Geriatric Normative Project: Robust Age- and Regression-Based Demographic Norms for the Repeatable Battery for Neuropsychological Status and Select Neuropsychological Tests in Older Adults.
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42273743 · Full text
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Distinguishing depression from healthy controls using brain network features: A fNIRS and machine learning approach.
Zhang K, Yang M, Xi M … +2 more , Si S, Zhang W
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42241449 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study aimed to investigate potential brain network biomarkers of depression by examining local connectivity features using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). METHOD: 31 depressed s...
OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study aimed to investigate potential brain network biomarkers of depression by examining local connectivity features using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). METHOD: 31 depressed students and 32 health controls were recruited. Data was collected from both groups during resting-state and verbal fluency task (VFT). RESULTS: In the frontopolar region, depressed participants exhibited increased network connectivity during the resting state, while decreased connectivity was observed during the VFT. The AUC values for all classifiers exceeded 0.7, with the random forest model showing the highest AUC value and exhibiting strong specificity and sensitivity in VFT. CONCLUSIONS: The identified local brain network features with group differences suggest potential biomarkers for distinguishing depressed students, providing valuable insights for understanding depression.
Neuropsychological functioning in clinically referred patients with sarcoidosis: a preliminary investigation.
Galioto R, Lambe J, Bhatia U … +7 more , Dhima K, Galvani E, Rhoads T, Moss B, Fienberg L, Culver DA, Kunchok A
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42241448 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Cognitive complaints are common among individuals with sarcoidosis, though little is known about objective cognitive performance in this group. This study examined performance on neuropsychological testing in...
OBJECTIVE: Cognitive complaints are common among individuals with sarcoidosis, though little is known about objective cognitive performance in this group. This study examined performance on neuropsychological testing in patients with sarcoidosis who had subjective cognitive complaints, comparing performance between individuals with and without neurologic involvement (i.e., neurosarcoidosis [NS]). METHOD: This is a retrospective, observational study of individuals with sarcoidosis who were referred for neuropsychological evaluation due to cognitive complaints. Mean test performances and rates of impairment on cognitive tests were examined and compared between individuals with NS and systemic sarcoidosis (SS). RESULTS: Thirty-seven individuals with sarcoidosis (n = 14 with NS) were included (Mage = 53.2 ± 10.0 years, Meducation = 14.5 ± 2.4 years, 83.8% White, 67.6% female), of whom 40.5% demonstrated cognitive impairment (CI; 2+ tests impaired). Impairments were most common on tests of verbal memory (24.2% immediate, 33.3% delayed), problem solving (25.8%), and verbal fluency (22.6%). All but one of the individuals with CI in the NS group had intracranial involvement. The main difference observed between NS and SS was worse performance on a measure of auditory attention/working memory, t(35) = -2.24, p = .03. CONCLUSIONS: CI was observed in nearly half of patients with sarcoidosis who had subjective cognitive complaints. Additional research is needed to better understand the potential physiological underpinnings.
Temporal perception, attentional bias, and moral reasoning in multiple sclerosis: a moderated mediation analysis.
Zikos L, Pinti A, Ranfaing S … +4 more , Kwiatkowski A, Donze C, Lenne B, Degraeve B
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42228912 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: This study examines the relationships between future time perspective, attentional biases, and moral judgment in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) compared to healthy controls, testing a preregistered mode...
OBJECTIVE: This study examines the relationships between future time perspective, attentional biases, and moral judgment in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) compared to healthy controls, testing a preregistered moderated mediation model derived from Socioemotional Selectivity Theory. METHOD: Ninety participants (45 relapsing-remitting pwMS, EDSS ≤4; 45 matched controls) completed neuropsychological assessments, a moral judgment task based on 20 validated dilemmas, two measures of future time perspective (the Future Time Perspective Scale and an implicit word-completion task), and a dot-probe task measuring attentional biases toward positive and negative stimuli. Logistic mixed-effects models and moderated mediation analyses were conducted. RESULTS: pwMS exhibited a significantly lower probability of utilitarian responses compared to controls (OR = 0.42, 95% CI [0.27, 0.67], p < .001), consistent with a stronger deontological preference. They also displayed a more limited future time perspective on both the explicit scale (p = .038) and the implicit task (p = .049), as well as reduced attentional engagement with negative stimuli (p = .024). In this sample, the associations between future time perspective, attentional biases, and moral judgment did not follow the hypothesized SST-derived pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight novel affective-motivational differences in pwMS, including a reduced future time perspective and diminished attention to negative cues. These results encourage further exploration of the cognitive-affective processes shaping moral reasoning in chronic neurological conditions.
Conners Continuous Performance Test-3 performance in a sample of veterans assessed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence of questionable diagnostic utility.
Shura RD, Stern MJ, Varela JL … +2 more , Fannick EH, Canu WH
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42228911 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the Conners Continuous Performance Test-3 (CPT-3) in a veteran sample evaluated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: The study...
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the Conners Continuous Performance Test-3 (CPT-3) in a veteran sample evaluated for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: The study used retrospective data from an outpatient ADHD assessment clinic at a Veterans Affairs Health Care System; patients completed a psychological assessment for diagnostic clarity of ADHD. After excluding those with missing or invalid data, deferred or other/unspecified ADHD diagnosis, severe neurological issues, and stimulant use the day of the exam, the final sample was 241: 144 met criteria for ADHD, 61 met criteria for another psychiatric diagnosis, and 36 were categorized as "clinical" controls. Diagnostic accuracy and non-parametric tests were used to examine the CPT-3 Clinical Likelihood Estimate (CLE) and nine primary performance scores with respect to ADHD diagnosis. RESULTS: The CLE was not a good indicator of ADHD diagnosis, with an unacceptable AUC of 0.607 predicting ADHD status and 48.6% of those with ADHD identified as having a minimal likelihood of attention deficits. All nine primary CPT-3 scores were worse in those with ADHD than without, but differences were not clinically significant (d = 0.10-0.24). After controlling for psychiatric comorbidity, there were no differences across the ADHD and clinical control groups. Additionally, inattentive and combined presentations did not significantly differ in performance across all nine scores. CONCLUSIONS: The CPT-3 does not appear to be useful as a diagnostic tool when evaluating veterans for ADHD. There was no distinct ADHD subtype profile of score abnormalities.
The variable neuropsychological profile of Diets-Jongmans syndrome: a case series of four family members.
Donaldson S, Long B, Wolff B … +7 more , McKenzie C, Clark M, Mitchelson B, Milnes TS, Marshall-Cary C, Clarke D, Strikwerda-Brown C
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42186234 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Diets-Jongmans syndrome (DIJOS) is a genetic, autosomal dominant condition caused by variation in the KDM3B gene on chromosome 5q31. Intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) is typically described as a key fe...
OBJECTIVE: Diets-Jongmans syndrome (DIJOS) is a genetic, autosomal dominant condition caused by variation in the KDM3B gene on chromosome 5q31. Intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) is typically described as a key feature of the condition. This case series aimed to characterize the broader neuropsychological profile of DIJOS. METHODS: Four family members with genetically confirmed DIJOS underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Additional information was obtained through behavioral observations, review of available medical and educational records, and clinical interviews. RESULTS: All individuals presented with distinct cognitive profiles. Scores on intelligence measures for Cases 1-3 (aged 19, 21, and 46) ranged from Below Average to Average, though were predominantly within normative limits. Cases 1-3 displayed intact processing speed and verbal comprehension, weaknesses in working memory and aspects of executive functioning, and variable performance in perceptual reasoning and memory. By contrast, Case 4's (aged 15) data largely ranged from Exceptionally Low to Below Average, consistent with previously diagnosed IDD. All cases presented with learning difficulties, mental health symptoms, and features of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CONCLUSION: The cognitive profile of DIJOS is more variable than suggested by existing literature, with only 1 of 4 family members meeting DSM-5-TR criteria for IDD. Recognizing the clinical heterogeneity of DIJOS may aid in earlier detection and provision of more individualized supports. Future longitudinal studies will be important for examining the role of genetic as opposed to environmental contributors to clinical presentation and characterizing symptom trajectory across the lifespan.
Preliminary examination of symptom validity in veterans using the Rivermead post-concussion symptoms questionnaire.
Rolin SN, Davis JJ
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42186233 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPSQ) is commonly used post-concussive symptom measure. Simulation research has explored it as a symptom validity (SV) indicator. This project examined its...
OBJECTIVE: The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPSQ) is commonly used post-concussive symptom measure. Simulation research has explored it as a symptom validity (SV) indicator. This project examined its use in a clinical sample using archival data from the Federal Interagency TBI Research Informatics System. METHODS: The sample (N = 133; mean age = 39.6; 96% male) included veterans with (n = 91) and without (n = 42) history of mild TBI. SV status was determined via MMPI-2-RF overreporting scales (Fr, Fpr, Fs, FBSr, and RBS). We created three SV outcome variables: possible (one or more scales in the possible overreporting range), probable (two or more scales in the possible overreporting range), and definite overreporting (one or more scales, ≥100 T). Discrimination was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) with RPSQ total score predicting criterion SV status. RESULTS: RPSQ and MMPI-2-RF scores were not significantly different by mild TBI history. RPSQ total scores showed excellent discrimination in all three models (AUC = 0.84-0.85). RPSQ total score cutoffs that demonstrated acceptable specificity (≥ 90%) varied by criterion SV: possible (RPSQ ≥32), probable (RPSQ ≥35), and definite (RPSQ ≥37) overreporting. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide preliminary support for total score cutoffs on the RPSQ as SV indicators. Further research is warranted to cross-validate these cutoffs and extend findings to other populations.
A preliminary examination of the psychometrics and cognitive correlates of an abbreviated version of the verbal naming test administered via telephone.
Mehta DM, Thompson Kamar JL, Webber TA … +4 more , Penheiro R, Ridgely NC, González DA, Woods SP
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42184122 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Confrontational naming is an important part of many neuropsychological evaluations. Yet, data on the feasibility and psychometric properties of telephone-based confrontational verbal naming tests (VNTs) are qu...
OBJECTIVE: Confrontational naming is an important part of many neuropsychological evaluations. Yet, data on the feasibility and psychometric properties of telephone-based confrontational verbal naming tests (VNTs) are quite limited. The current study conducted a preliminary, exploratory examination of the psychometrics and correlates of an abbreviated version of the 50-item VNT administered via telephone. METHOD: Participants were 220 healthy adults, including 110 younger adults (ages 18-35) and 110 middle-aged to older adults (ages 50-85). Participants completed a 15-item version of the VNT as part of a broader telephone-based cognitive battery. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis suggested support for a 12-item model of the VNT (VNT-T12) with acceptable fit. VNT-T12 scores were negatively skewed and demonstrated good internal consistency. A quantile regression predicting VNT-T12 from domain-level cognitive variables showed that executive functions (e.g., verbal fluency) and fund of verbal knowledge were significantly and positively associated with VNT-T12 scores at most percentile ranges. The VNT-T12 scores were also significantly associated with race/ethnicity and English as a second language at higher quantiles of performance. Demographically-adjusted coefficients and an associated calculator are provided as a normative resource. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide mixed and preliminary support for the feasibility, psychometrics, and validity of a 12-item VNT administered via telephone. Future research on the psychometrics and validity of the VNT-T12 is warranted in samples with lower levels of education and in clinical populations.
Color Trails Test: regression-based norms for Russian-speakers.
Melikyan ZA, Bock JR, Agranovich AV
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42160734 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: The Color Trails Test (CTT) is widely used across cultures and necessitates culture-relevant norms due to cultural differences in the test performance. However, no norms exist for Russian-speakers. The study a...
OBJECTIVE: The Color Trails Test (CTT) is widely used across cultures and necessitates culture-relevant norms due to cultural differences in the test performance. However, no norms exist for Russian-speakers. The study aims to: (a) establish regression-based CTT norms for Russian-speaking adults, and (b) compare CTT T-scores for Russian-speakers derived using regression-based norms (RBNs) with the manual norms. METHOD: Community-dwelling healthy Russian-speaking adults were administered the CTT using standard procedures. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to establish RBNs. The participant data were used to calculate two sets of T-scores, using: (a) RBNs and the leave-one-out analysis, and (b) CTT manual norms. These two sets of T-scores were compared by t-test. RESULTS: The mean age of the 196 participants was 37 years [range: 18-86]; 108 (55%) were women, and 102 (52%) had at least university education. CTT completion time was associated with age and education, but not sex. CTT1 T-scores derived from regression-based were higher than manual norms (M difference = 2.39, SD difference = 5.51, p < .001). There was no difference between CTT2 T-scores. Regression-based norms identified fewer participants as performing below average (T ≤36): 7% vs. 18% for CTT1 and 7% vs. 10% for CTT2, p < .001. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed RBNs, developed from a representative sample of Russian-speaking adults, will enhance assessment accuracy and improve diagnostic outcomes.
Ecological momentary assessment suggests greater sensitivity to clinical change in a compensatory strategy pilot clinical trial.
Luna C, Chilton RC, Cook DJ … +1 more , Schmitter-Edgecombe M
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42160733 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is increasingly used in psychological clinical trials to capture outcomes. This brief report compared EMA measures of everyday functioning and cognition with traditional m...
OBJECTIVE: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is increasingly used in psychological clinical trials to capture outcomes. This brief report compared EMA measures of everyday functioning and cognition with traditional measures administered pre- and post-intervention in a pilot clinical trial with older adults (OAs) experiencing cognitive concerns. METHOD: Sixty-two OAs enrolled in a remote trial; 39 met EMA compliance at baseline, and 26 both pre- and post-intervention. EMA included smartwatch-delivered Likert questions and a cognitive task collected 4x daily for 1 week; traditional measures included questionnaires and neuropsychological tests. RESULTS: EMA mean scores correlated significantly with corresponding traditional measures at baseline, supporting convergent validity. Limited associations between EMA-derived variability and standardized measures suggest EMA captures unique, dynamic aspects of functioning. EMA measures showed small-to-moderate effect sizes (Hedges' gs > 0.22) for improved mean scores and reduced variability; traditional measures did not. CONCLUSIONS: EMA may offer unique insights about functional stability beyond traditional measures.
A psychometric comparison of automated neuropsychological assessment metrics with laptop and tablet administration.
Arrieux J, Ivins B, Ingram MV … +1 more , Sloley S
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42154611 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Determine whether Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics administered with laptop and tablet platforms produces comparable scores. The study quantified the direction and magnitude of differences using...
OBJECTIVE: Determine whether Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics administered with laptop and tablet platforms produces comparable scores. The study quantified the direction and magnitude of differences using a clinically relevant analytical approach. METHOD: Randomized, within-subjects, counterbalanced, repeated-measures study with 302 active-duty service members. Participants completed the 10-subtest battery in two consecutive sessions (Tablet-Laptop, Laptop-Tablet, Tablet-Tablet, and Laptop-Laptop). Analyses included between-group comparisons, within-subject change, and Reliable Change Index base rates. RESULTS: Laptop scores were significantly higher than tablet scores on 9 of 10 subtests, with effect sizes from d = 0.11 to 1.15. Within-subjects analyses indicated a consistent pattern of performance declines in the Laptop-Tablet Group and improvements in the Tablet-Laptop Group. Reliable Change Index base rates showed that 73% of participants in the Laptop-Tablet Group reliably declined on ≥2 subtests versus 10% in the Tablet-Laptop Group. After correcting tablet controller timing artifacts, effects on fast reaction time (RT) tasks were substantially attenuated, while effects on learning-, memory-, and accuracy-based subtests remained significant with large effect sizes. The Laptop-Tablet Group decline rate decreased from 73% to 57% but remained 4 times the same-platform reference rate. CONCLUSION: Tablet and laptop scores may not be interchangeable. Hardware timing corrections attenuated effects on fast RT subtests but did not reduce effects on accuracy-based measures, indicating factors beyond RT measurement error contribute to cross-platform differences. Interpreting tablet-based administration with laptop-based normative data or baselines could misclassify examinees. Until validated tablet-specific interpretive criteria are established, cross-platform comparisons should be avoided.
Montefiore Einstein Robust Geriatric Normative Project (MERGER-NP): standardized regression-based formulas and multivariate base rates for evaluating cognitive change.
Freilich BM, Holtzer R
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42149681 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: This study extends the Montefiore Einstein Robust Geriatric (MERGER) norms by developing and validating standardized regression-based (SRB) change formulas for a co-normed neuropsychological battery in a robus...
OBJECTIVE: This study extends the Montefiore Einstein Robust Geriatric (MERGER) norms by developing and validating standardized regression-based (SRB) change formulas for a co-normed neuropsychological battery in a robust sample of older adults. We also examine their clinical utility for differentiating mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia and provide multivariate base rates of decline. METHODS: Standardized regression-based equations were derived from a subsample of MERGER participants (n = 320) using backward regression to predict Time 2 scores from Time 1 performance and relevant demographic factors. Equations were validated in an independent subset (n = 100) and applied to 63 individuals with MCI and 32 with dementia who completed at least two study visits but were excluded from normative analyses. Clinical utility was examined by comparing predicted and observed performance across diagnostic groups. Categorical and multivariate base-rate analyses were used to establish clinically meaningful thresholds. RESULTS: Baseline performance was the strongest predictor of follow-up scores, with demographic factors adding measure-specific variance. SRB equations performed well in the validation sample. Exploratory clinical validation analyses indicated that decline was uncommon in cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants but more frequent in MCI and dementia, particularly on memory and executive tasks. Multivariate analyses showed that decline on ≥3 measures was rare in CU participants but observed in nearly half of participants with MCI and most individuals with dementia. CONCLUSIONS: MERGER SRB change formulas offer a practical, individualized method for tracking cognitive change in older adults. Incorporating multivariate base rates of decline further improves differentiation between normal aging, MCI, and dementia, supporting more accurate longitudinal interpretation and clinical decision-making.
Rethinking apathy assessment in neurological disorders: conceptual and clinical challenges.
de Noreña-Martínez D, Ríos-Lago M, Adrover-Roig D … +1 more , Sánchez-Cubillo I
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42139178 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Apathy is a prevalent and clinically consequential neuropsychiatric syndrome across neurological disorders, yet its assessment remains conceptually and methodologically challenging. This narrative review synth...
OBJECTIVE: Apathy is a prevalent and clinically consequential neuropsychiatric syndrome across neurological disorders, yet its assessment remains conceptually and methodologically challenging. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the measurement of apathy, with particular emphasis on apathy-specific instruments validated in neurological populations and on the theoretical and practical factors that constrain their clinical utility. METHOD: Literature was identified through PubMed searches, citation tracking, and review of influential consensus statements and neurocognitive models. Instruments were critically examined with regard to their conceptual foundations, psychometric properties, and ecological validity in clinical neuropsychological contexts. RESULTS: Despite broad agreement that apathy is a multidimensional construct, many widely used instruments retain predominantly unidimensional structures or show limited alignment with contemporary models, contributing to suboptimal discriminant validity-particularly in relation to depression-and inconsistent agreement across self-, informant-, and clinician-based assessments. Additional sources of bias include contextual and sensorimotor constraints, such as institutional environments and motor disability, which may inflate behavioral ratings and obscure primary motivational deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Recent advances, including dimensional and context-sensitive approaches, represent promising developments; however, improving diagnostic precision and clinical decision-making requires integrating standardized rating scales with complementary paradigms targeting core motivational processes, such as effort-based decision-making, reward anticipation, and emotional responsiveness. Greater conceptual consensus, clearer construct boundaries, improved cross-cultural adaptation, and more consistent reporting practices are essential to enhance comparability across studies and to support clinical neuropsychologists involved in differential diagnosis, longitudinal monitoring, and treatment planning in neurological populations.
Cueing to facilitate naming in MAPT-associated behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a preliminary report.
Barker MS, Mejia A, Zheng EZ … +6 more , Rizer S, Reid SM, Holmes Iii U, Manoochehri M, Huey ED, Cosentino S
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 May · PMID 42119153 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: Naming deficits have been documented in carriers of pathogenic MAPT mutations with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). We aimed to examine the benefits of phonemic cueing to facilitate naming i...
OBJECTIVE: Naming deficits have been documented in carriers of pathogenic MAPT mutations with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). We aimed to examine the benefits of phonemic cueing to facilitate naming in MAPT-bvFTD. METHOD: MAPT mutation carriers with incipient bvFTD (N = 6) completed a test of confrontation naming during their very mild disease stage, and again ~2 years later. The proportion of correct responses with and without phonemic cueing was calculated. MAPT-bvFTD naming performance was compared to Alzheimer's disease (AD) (N = 6) and semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) (N = 14). RESULTS: Phonemic cueing facilitated naming in the MAPT-bvFTD and Alzheimer's groups at the mildest disease stage, and the utility of cues declined over time for both groups. Cueing provided minimal benefit in svPPA, even at the mildest disease stage. CONCLUSIONS: Phonemic cueing confers some benefit in MAPT-bvFTD at the very early stages of disease, similar to AD, but in contrast to svPPA.
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