Iranian Journal Of Parasitology[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Prevalence of and spp. Co-Infection in Dust from Public Parks in Eastern Thailand.
Buppan P, Tuptaintong C, Takamwong T … +4 more , Charoenworawong A, Kosuwin R, Krainara S, Srimee P
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181209 · Full text
BACKGROUND: We investigated the prevalence and environmental factors associated with co-infection of and spp. in dust from public parks in Eastern Thailand, where industrial activity and air pollution may enhance patho...
BACKGROUND: We investigated the prevalence and environmental factors associated with co-infection of and spp. in dust from public parks in Eastern Thailand, where industrial activity and air pollution may enhance pathogen survival and pose public health risks. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2023, with 336 dust samples collected from public parks in seven provinces of Eastern Thailand. Samples were analyzed using microscopy and PCR for spp. detection, and co-infection with was confirmed by PCR. Environmental data, including temperature, humidity, PM and PM, were analyzed for associations with infection rates. RESULTS: The prevalence of spp. was 22.32%, with 75 samples positive microscopically and 43 confirmed by PCR. Of these, 57.33% showed co-infection with . Prachinburi province had the highest co-infection rate (75%). Temperature was significantly associated with co-infection rates (= 0.02), while humidity, PM and PM showed no significant correlations. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the prevalence of and spp. co-infection in Eastern Thailand's public parks, emphasizing its link to temperature. The findings underscore the role of dust as a pathogen reservoir and the need for public health strategies to reduce exposure risks.
Molecular Characterization of by Gene of India and Management of Its Infection in Cattle: A Case Report.
Kumar M, Debbarma A, Roy J … +3 more , Behera D, Lalrinkima H, Bhowmik P
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181208 · Full text
A 3-year-old cow which suffered from anorexia and high fever for the last 2 days was investigated at farmer door step. Detailed examination of cow showed high temperature (40.5 °C, pale conjunctival mucous membrane, incr...
A 3-year-old cow which suffered from anorexia and high fever for the last 2 days was investigated at farmer door step. Detailed examination of cow showed high temperature (40.5 °C, pale conjunctival mucous membrane, increased size of pre-scapular lymph nodes and severe tick infestation. Examination of blood smear showed the presence of spp. Haematological values showed low value of hemoglobin (4 gm/dl), TEC (2.3×10/μl), PCV (14%) with mild leukocytosis (14.5×10/μl). The biochemical values were almost within the normal reference range except for AST (88U/L). PCR amplification of the gene was done from genomic DNA which was isolated from cattle blood and the results showed amplification of approx. 270 bp. In silico analysis of the generated DNA sequence confirm the species of the parasite as and the phylogenetic inference of the generated sequence (MH178373) showed cladding with infecting domesticate bovines. This study proposed the use of heat-shock protein 70 () gene of species for inter-species characterization and phylogeny. Treatment with intra-muscular single dose of Buparvaquone (Intas Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd., India; 2.50mg kgalong with intra-muscular anti-pyrectic drugs Meloxicam and Paracetamol combination (Intas Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd., India;15 mg kg q24)for 2 days and oral preparation of haematinics (Intas Pharmaceutical Pvt. Ltd., India; 50 ml q24) for 10 days. This is the first report on molecular detection of infection from cattle in Tripura, as per available scientific literature.
Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by as the Initial Presentation of HIV Misdiagnosed as Scabies and Kaposi's Sarcoma: A Case Report.
Dadaboev A, Solmetova M, Shukurova M … +1 more , Kotamjani SS
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181207 · Full text
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is a rare and severe form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), particularly uncommon in Uzbekistan. Leishmaniasis remains a major opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals...
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is a rare and severe form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), particularly uncommon in Uzbekistan. Leishmaniasis remains a major opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals, especially in those with HIV, where co-infection with spp. can result in atypical clinical manifestations, delayed diagnosis, and poor treatment response. This is a retrospective descriptive case report of a single pediatric patient. We report the first known case of DCL in an HIV-infected pediatric patient in Uzbekistan. A 14-year-old boy presented with multiple, non-ulcerative, progressively worsening skin lesions on the face and extremities over six months. Although he had no travel history to known endemic areas, he resided in a region with reported local transmission. Physical examination revealed extensive infiltrative plaques and nodules. Laboratory investigations, including Giemsa staining and PCR, confirmed infection. Histopathological analysis showed both intravascular and extravascular amastigotes, and species identification revealed . Imaging ruled out visceral involvement. Given the patient's immunosuppressed status and the disseminated skin involvement, a diagnosis of DCL was established. Liposomal amphotericin B was initiated as first-line therapy. This case illustrates the diagnostic complexities of leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients, where initial misdiagnoses (e.g., scabies or Kaposi's sarcoma) may delay appropriate treatment. It highlights the critical need for heightened clinical suspicion, better diagnostic tools, and improved physician awareness in endemic and emerging transmission areas. In the context of rising HIV rates and growing domestic tourism to endemic zones, early screening and structured public health interventions are essential to reduce disease burden and improve patient outcomes in Uzbekistan.
The Recent Human Case of in Iran: Could Be a Sign of Re-Emerging Scenario?
Askari Z, Vafaei MR, Najafi F … +5 more , Alizadeh M, Gholami Z, Hanifian H, Kia EB, Mowlavi G
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181206 · Full text
Beef tape worm a zoonotic helminth of platyhelminth phylum, is reported here in a 28-year-old female patient from Tehran, Iran taking advantage of microscopic and molecular techniques. The occurrence of this infection ha...
Beef tape worm a zoonotic helminth of platyhelminth phylum, is reported here in a 28-year-old female patient from Tehran, Iran taking advantage of microscopic and molecular techniques. The occurrence of this infection has been recorded high in previous decades in Iran while its record nowadays looks rare in the country. Two 18s and Cox1 fragments were amplified and sequenced successfully using specific primers. This case underscores the potential for transmission in the region, warranting rigorous slaughterhouse inspections and enhanced public awareness efforts.
Synergistic Effects of Cold Atmospheric Multiple Plasma Jet and Amphotericin B on : An In-Vitro Study.
Rezaee E, Taghvaei H, Hatam G … +2 more , Zomorodian K, Sarkari B
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181205 · Full text
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the effects of Cold Atmospheric Multiple Plasma Jet (CAMPJ) on . METHODS: A plasma jet device was designed in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Ira...
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the effects of Cold Atmospheric Multiple Plasma Jet (CAMPJ) on . METHODS: A plasma jet device was designed in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, incorporating a high-purity air supply, an air flow controller, a DC power supply, a 9-10 Farad capacitor, an oscilloscope, and a cold plasma reactor. The CAMPJ was applied to promastigotes and amastigotes under various plasma conditions, including different flow rates, voltages, and exposure times. The effectiveness of CAMPJ was compared to amphotericin B and a combination of both therapies. Viability and cytotoxicity were assessed on and macrophage cell lines, using MAT assay, while apoptosis was quantified through flow cytometry. RESULTS: The optimal experimental conditions were identified as 2 million promastigotes in 500 μL of culture, a flow rate of 500 mL/min, a voltage of 8.6 kV, a distance of 1 cm, and an exposure time of 15 minutes. The CAMPJ showed limited cytotoxicity to macrophage cells. The CAMPJ treatment significantly reduced the viability of and induced apoptosis. CAMPJ-amphotericin B combination treatment significantly increased the treatment efficacy, when compared with the CAMPJ alone or negative controls. CONCLUSION: CAMPJ, alone or in combination with amphotericin B, effectively induces apoptosis in . CAMPJ might be a promising alternative or adjunct therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis, warranting further investigation in animal models and clinical settings.
Genetic Identification of in Slaughtered Domestic Animals from Two Northeastern Iranian Cities Using HRM and Sequencing Techniques.
Elyasi H, Hajari AH, Javaheri E
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181204 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Hydatidosis is one of the common parasitic diseases common to both humans and animals with global spread. The disease is very important from both public health and economic perspectives. The parasite presents...
BACKGROUND: Hydatidosis is one of the common parasitic diseases common to both humans and animals with global spread. The disease is very important from both public health and economic perspectives. The parasite presents with highly diverse genetic features, including a different genotype which affect the life cycle of the parasite, its transmission routes, pathogenicity, immunogenicity, response to drugs, epidemiology and disease control. Therefore, we aimed to identify the genotype of hydatid cysts isolated from slaughtered animals in Sabzevar and Neyshabour slaughterhouses by sequencing and high-resolution melting curve analysis. METHODS: Out of 35 hydatid cyst samples, including 19 from sheep (15 liver and 4 lung samples) and 16 from cattle (9 liver and 7 lung samples) were included in this study. After the extraction of protoscoleces and DNA, a high-resolution melting curve analysis method was used to identify the genotype of the samples using pre-determined G1, G3, and G6 standard samples. RESULTS: Out of 35 hydatid cyst samples, 89.5% G1 and 10.5% G6 were detected in sheep samples, and 93.7% G1 and 6.3% G6 were detected in cattle samples. Results showed in the Sabzevar City, dominant genotype there was G1 and gene considered a perfect biomarker in a molecular identification and phylogenetic study of this parasite. CONCLUSION: G1 was the most prevalent in samples of hydatid cysts (both sheep and cattle) in Sabzevar, while in Neyshabour samples, G1 and G6 were the most dominant types.
Evaluation of Apoptotic Effect of Transgenic Expressing MLLO-Bax-Smac Fusion Gene in Infected Macrophages, an In Vitro Study.
Aghaei M, Khanahmad H, Aghaei S … +8 more , Jalali A, Shahmoradi Z, Hashemi N, Sarmadi A, Aboutalebian S, Mohammadi MA, Hosseini SM, Hejazi SH
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181203 · Full text
BACKGROUND: In the leishmaniasis parasitic infection, parasite escapes from the immune system of host or prevents macrophage apoptosis. It seems generating transgenic parasites to express proapoptotic proteins can accele...
BACKGROUND: In the leishmaniasis parasitic infection, parasite escapes from the immune system of host or prevents macrophage apoptosis. It seems generating transgenic parasites to express proapoptotic proteins can accelerate the apoptosis of infected macrophage and prevent differentiation. Hence, we investigated the efficacy of transgenic expressing mLLO-BAX-SMAC in expediting macrophage apoptosis. METHODS: This study was performed at the Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (2022 to 2023), Isfahan, Iran. m-- coding sequence cloned in the pLexyNeo2 was entered into the genome using homologous recombination. PCR, Western blot, and hemolysis tests were used to confirm integration accuracy. In addition, the apoptosis percentage of transgenic - infected macrophages was assayed by flow-cytometry. RESULTS: The proper integration of the m fragment into the 18srRNA locus of and mLLO -BAX-SMAC fusion protein expression was approved. Furthermore, results of flow cytometry showed the mean percentage of apoptosis among the groups is different and transgenic leads to a decrease in the apoptosis time of infected macrophages compared to the wild type of and to an increase in the immune system response. CONCLUSION: The data suggest the transgenic can be used as an experimental model to expedite apoptosis of -infected macrophage.
Effectiveness of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) in Reducing Cutaneous Leishmaniasis among Military Personnel in Isfahan Province, Central Part of Iran.
Saneian M, Barati M, Hosseini-Shokouh SJ … +3 more , Dabbagh-Moghaddam A, Mohebali M, Mirabedini Z
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181202 · Full text
BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) in reducing the incidence of Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) among military personnel in Isfahan Province, Iran. METHODS: The ATSB so...
BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) in reducing the incidence of Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) among military personnel in Isfahan Province, Iran. METHODS: The ATSB solution was prepared and applied to vegetation located approximately 500 meters from residential areas to target and eliminate sand fly vectors. Clinical samples were subsequently collected from individuals with suspected CL. The number of CL new cases among military personnel in 2022 was compared with collected historical data from 2012 to 2021, including the number of CL new cases, demographic characteristics, and seasonal incidence patterns. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA to assess whether the intervention led to a significant reduction in disease occurrence. RESULTS: Following the application of ATSB, the new cases of CL among military personnel decreased from an average of 196 cases per year (2012-2021) to 55 cases in 2022. Seasonal analysis revealed a decline across all seasons, with the most notable reduction observed in autumn. Demographic analysis showed reductions in both male and female groups. However, statistical analysis using ANOVA indicated that the observed differences before and after the intervention were not statistically significant (=0.087). CONCLUSION: Despite a decline in CL case numbers in the studied areas, the reduction following ATSB application was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, ATSB may serve as a promising complementary approach for controlling CL in endemic regions. Further studies with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods are recommended to validate its effectiveness.
Evaluation of Benzimidazole Resistance in Equine Cyathostomins in the Kermanshah Province of Iran Using Coprological Analysis and Allele-Specific PCR.
Jamshidpour R, Nabavi R, Moadab H … +3 more , Rezaie F, Chale AC, Sargison N
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181201 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Resistance to benzimidazole (BZ) by cyathostomin nematodes has become a major threat to equine health around the world. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of BZ drugs against small strongyle nematodes in horse...
BACKGROUND: Resistance to benzimidazole (BZ) by cyathostomin nematodes has become a major threat to equine health around the world. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of BZ drugs against small strongyle nematodes in horses of western Iran using coprological and molecular examination. METHODS: Faecal egg count reduction tests were performed on 398 horses kept in 16 stables in western Iran (Kermanshah Province), to detect benzimidazole resistance in small strongyle nematodes. Allele-specific PCR was used to identify the F200Y (TAC/TTC) SNP in the beta-tubulin gene codon in cyathostomin larvae. RESULTS: There was a 96.1%-98.3% (90% CI) reduction in faecal egg counts following mebendazole treatment and a 96.6% - 98.7% (90% CI) reduction in faecal egg counts following fenbendazole treatment. The allele-specific PCR showed BZ-susceptible homozygote genotypes in all examined samples (Two pools of 10 to 50 L of cyathostomin nematodes from each of the 18 selected horses). CONCLUSION: Benzimidazole resistance in equine small strongyles has been reported globally, and the results of the present study were unexpected. The probable reasons for the slow development of BZ-resistance are climatic conditions in the country that have significant negative effects on the ability of free stages of the resistant strongyle nematode to survive and develop.
Seroepidemiology of Chronic Toxoplasmosis in Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Northeastern Iran.
Berenji F, Nahayati M, Sani MA … +3 more , Zarean M, Sangani GS, Farash BRH
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181200 · Full text
BACKGROUND: is a common intracellular parasite implicated in chronic infections that may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The potential role of in triggering or exacerbating neuroinflammatory...
BACKGROUND: is a common intracellular parasite implicated in chronic infections that may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The potential role of in triggering or exacerbating neuroinflammatory processes has been suggested in several recent studies. We aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti IgG antibodies in MS patients compared to healthy individuals and to evaluate associated demographic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors. METHODS: In this cross-sectional case-control study at the Comprehensive MS Center of Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, 99 MS patients and 92 matched healthy controls were enrolled. Serum samples were tested for IgG using ELISA, and data on demographics, pet ownership, diet, untreated water consumption, COVID-19 history, and MS symptoms (muscle weakness, bowel dysfunction, balance disorders, speech disturbances, and attack frequency) were collected. Multivariate logistic regression assessed associations between T. gondii seropositivity, clinical symptoms, and environmental factors. RESULTS: seropositivity was significantly higher in the MS group (22%) compared to controls (8%) ( = 0.013). Pet ownership, particularly cat ownership, was identified as a significant risk factor (OR = 5.089, = 0.037). No significant associations were found between seropositivity and raw or undercooked meat consumption, unwashed vegetable intake, or history of COVID-19. Additionally, among clinical symptoms in MS patients, muscle weakness and bowel dysfunction showed significant positive associations with seropositivity. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest a potential link between chronic infection and MS, indicating that the parasite may play a role in modulating neuroinflammatory responses. Further longitudinal and multicenter studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate the impact of antiparasitic treatments in MS management.
In Silico Characterization and Epitope Mapping of Annexin Protein: Novel Insights for Vaccine Design.
Khodadadi A, Rastgoo MH, Ghiyasipour E … +10 more , Moradmandpaeinroudposhti R, Zandieh MA, Zahirinia F, Haghdadijoo M, Esfandani A, Rajabi R, Marashi A, Dadboud MA, Majidiani H, Rahmanian P
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181199 · Full text
BACKGROUND: A neglected zoonosis, cystic echinococcosis (CE) is the most common diseas in the developing nations worldwide. Vaccination is helpful in preventing the disease. Predicting main biochemical properties of the...
BACKGROUND: A neglected zoonosis, cystic echinococcosis (CE) is the most common diseas in the developing nations worldwide. Vaccination is helpful in preventing the disease. Predicting main biochemical properties of the annexin (ANX) and its possible B-cell and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-binding epitopes as a viable vaccine candidate was the goal of the current study. METHODS: This study was done in Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran. Predictions about transmembrane domain, subcellular localization, post-translational modification (PTM) sites, physico-chemical, antigenic, and allergenic profiles, secondary and 3D structure, tertiary model refinement, and validations were done using online servers. RESULTS: The cytoplasmic 79.05 kDa protein was non-allergenic, hydrophilic (GRAVY: -0.490), stable (instability: 39.30), with improved thermotolerance (aliphatic: 80.07) and 122 post-translational modification sites. The secondary structure mostly included helices and extended strands. The 3D model was generated using Robetta server (confidence: 0.59) and was refined and validated subsequently. Shared B-cell epitopes were discovered using ElliPro, ABCpred and SVMTriP servers with antigenicity, allergenicity, and solubility screening. Moreover, multiple human and mouse MHC-binding epitopes were predicted and screened in ANX. CONCLUSION: This work offers a foundation for further investigation regarding designing an effective vaccination against CE. Further empirical research using examined protein alone or in conjunction with other antigens/epitopes is needed in the future.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Diyala Province from Eastern Part of Iraq during the Period of 2011 to 2021.
Hamad EM, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181198 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease endemic in Iraq. However, epidemiological data from Diyala Province are limited. Diyala province is located in eastern of Iraq, on the border with...
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease endemic in Iraq. However, epidemiological data from Diyala Province are limited. Diyala province is located in eastern of Iraq, on the border with Iran, and adjacent to Kermanshah Province, Iran. We investigated the prevalence and distribution of CL in Diyala Province from 2011-2021. METHODS: Anonymous patient records on 25,474 confirmed CL cases in Diyala during 2011-2021 were analyzed to determine demographic, temporal, and geographic distributions. RESULTS: Overall, 52% of cases occurred in females and 48% in males. The 5-14 yr age group had the highest burden (33%) while infants <1 year had the lowest (5%). Annual cases peaked at 4,425 in 2015 but declined to 2,158 by 2021. Among districts, Khanaqeen had the most cases (28%) while Mansouriyah had the least (10%). Monthly cases peaked in winter (November-February) and were lowest in summer (June-August). CONCLUSION: A high burden of CL was observed in Diyala during 2011-2021, with the highest risk among children. Significant geographic and seasonal variations were also evident. These findings can inform prevention and control strategies. The prevalence in this province in 2019 was 126 per 100000.
Infection in Thailand (2013-2024): A Comprehensive Epidemiological Analysis: A Narrative Review.
Khampoosa P, Haruay S
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181197 · Full text
This study provides a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of prevalence in Thailand from 2013 to 2024, revealing significant regional disparities and key demographic risk factors. We provided a consolidated analysis...
This study provides a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of prevalence in Thailand from 2013 to 2024, revealing significant regional disparities and key demographic risk factors. We provided a consolidated analysis of prevalence in Thailand, encompassing data from 2013 to 2024 by reviewing findings from international databases (PubMed, Google Scholar), and local Thai publications. The studies reported a striking average prevalence of 11.39% in the Northern region, with alarmingly high rates reaching 46.55% in Sukhothai's Satchanalai District, where children aged 1-4 years accounted for 83.33% of cases. In contrast, the Southern region showed a much lower average prevalence of 1.82%, influenced by hygiene practices, parental education, and sibling presence. The Central region's average prevalence of 4.74% was associated with age, gender assigned at birth, and parental education. Housing conditions, including inadequate sanitation and overcrowding, consistently exacerbated transmission across all regions. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted public health interventions, including routine screenings for young children, enhanced hygiene education, and improved sanitation infrastructure, to combat infections throughout Thailand effectively. Reporting this epidemiological evidence is crucial for informing and guiding effective public health policies and interventions, ultimately contributing to the reduction of burden and improved population health.
Morphological and Molecular Analysis of with spp.
Mostafazadeh M, Mikaeili F, Teimouri A … +5 more , Sadjjadi SM, Sharifi Y, Shirani M, Sarvestani AS, Sharifdini M
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181196 · Full text
BACKGROUND: (rodent pinworm), a common nematode in the colon of rodents, has rarely been reported in humans. The morphological identification of some pinworm species is difficult, especially in those cases where only fr...
BACKGROUND: (rodent pinworm), a common nematode in the colon of rodents, has rarely been reported in humans. The morphological identification of some pinworm species is difficult, especially in those cases where only fragments of worms are recovered. We aimed to identify isolates of spp. in rodents using morphological and molecular approaches, and to compare them with human METHODS: This study was carried out on 10 adult worms collected from BALB/c mice and five adult from humans. Morphological features using existing keys and PCR-sequencing of ITS1 and 5.8s regions were applied to identify spp., and its comparison with . RESULTS: The total length of esophagus, the length and width of esophageal bulb, and the length and width of the right and left cephalic alae of were larger than . These parameters demonstrated significant morphological differences between and . PCR successfully produced amplicons of approximately 414 bp for and 473 bp for The molecular method identified the Oxyurid nematodes isolated from BALB/c mice as . The pairwise comparison revealed no differences in nucleotide sequences among isolates, and the sequences were identical and exhibited 100% homology. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated genetic and morphological differences between and . Since laboratory mice () are the specific hosts for , controlling these animals is critical to maintaining public health.
Preparation and Development of an Immunochromatographic Test for Early Detection of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Preliminary Study.
Azambakhtiar A, Nabian S, Mohebali M … +3 more , Taheri M, Zarei Z, Hosseini-Safa A
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181195 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), caused by (), is a serious parasitic disease. Domestic dogs in endemic regions act as primary reservoirs for the parasite. Early diagnosis, control, and regular screening...
BACKGROUND: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), caused by (), is a serious parasitic disease. Domestic dogs in endemic regions act as primary reservoirs for the parasite. Early diagnosis, control, and regular screening of dogs are essential for effective disease management. This study aims to develop a practical, low-cost immunochromatographic test (ICT) for detecting specific anti- antibodies in domestic dogs. METHODS: Overall, 93 canine serum samples were collected from endemic and non-endemic areas of CVL in Iran. Rabbit anti-canine antibodies were conjugated with gold nanoparticles, and strips were coated with antigens. A drop of serum was added to each strip, and a positive result was indicated by two red lines. The validity of ICT for the detection of CVL in the field was determined with comparing to direct agglutination test (DAT) as gold serological test on 40 sera with anti- antibodies at titers ≥1:320 considered as positive control as well as 53 sera with no anti- antibodies including 10 collected from healthy dogs and 43 from other infectious diseases considered as negative control sera. RESULTS: A sensitivity of 82.5% (CI 95%.78.1-86.9) and specificity of 90.5% (CI 95%. 87.7-92.5) were found at a 1:320 cut off titer when DAT confirmed cases were compared with negative control. The agreement (0. 871) was found between ICT and DAT using kappa analysis. CONCLUSION: A relatively good agreement was found between ICT and DAT. Further researches on test validation with larger populations in endemic and non-endemic areas of CVL, is recommended.
Molecular and Pathological Detection of in Aborted Fetuses of Sheep and Goats in East Azerbaijan Province, Northwest Iran.
Shahbazi P, Khordadmehr M, Sadri H … +4 more , Shirazi J, Hakimnejad A, Moazzen M, Mousavi F
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181194 · Full text
BACKGROUND: is recognized as one of the most important causes of abortion in small ruminants globally. This study was conducted to evaluate in aborted fetuses of sheep and goats in East Azerbaijan Province, northwest I...
BACKGROUND: is recognized as one of the most important causes of abortion in small ruminants globally. This study was conducted to evaluate in aborted fetuses of sheep and goats in East Azerbaijan Province, northwest Iran. METHODS: A total of 62 aborted fetuses were collected from sheep and goat flocks from 2023-2024. The tissue samples following a systematic necropsy were obtained from the brains, livers, and lungs for histopathology and molecular studies. The conventional PCR method using specific primers was performed for molecular evaluations. Additionally, the formalin-fixed tissue samples were routinely conducted for histopathological examinations. RESULTS: was present in 40.32% (25/62) of the aborted fetus. In more detail, one, 7, and 15 positive samples were found in the lungs, livers, and brains, respectively. Additionally, one fetus was positive in both the liver and brain, and one fetus was positive in both lung and liver tissues. Histopathological studies demonstrated moderate to severe hyperemia and focal hemorrhage associated with focal to multifocal gliosis, nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis, focal to multifocal mononuclear hepatitis, and nonsuppurative pneumonia. Notably, the tissue cysts were observed in the livers, but not in the lungs and brains. CONCLUSION: The detection of genome in the aborted fetuses with high prevalence rate indicates that this infection plays a notable role in the abortion of sheep and goats in East Azerbaijan. Therefore, fundamental management is necessary for the prevention and control of the disease in this region, particularly regarding zoonotic potential.
Molecular Detection of Spp. Infection and Haemato-Biochemical Alterations Associated with It in Domestic Cats.
Namrata N, Shekhar P, Kumar M … +6 more , Kumar A, Kp S, Kumar P, Singh VK, Kumar R, Kumari A
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 41181193 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Cytauxzoonosis is a tick borne hemoprotozoal disease of wild and domestic felids. Its epidemiology and clinical importance is less appreciated in India. The aim of this study was to diagnose the disease in do...
BACKGROUND: Cytauxzoonosis is a tick borne hemoprotozoal disease of wild and domestic felids. Its epidemiology and clinical importance is less appreciated in India. The aim of this study was to diagnose the disease in domestic cats and identify the associated clinico-haemato-biochemical changes. METHODS: Three hundred ninety domestic cats, presented at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Bihar Veterinary College and three private clinics in Bihar, India were screened, out of which 90 cats showing symptoms of cytauxzoonosis were included in microscopic and molecular examination. The clinical, haematological and biochemical findings of the positive cats were recorded. RESULTS: The microscopic and molecular prevalence was 26.66% (24/90) and 37.77% (34/90) respectively. Lethargy, fever, anorexia, tachypnea and tachycardia were the most common clinical findings. The significant haematological changes recorded were decreased haemoglobin, haematocrit, TEC and thrombocytopenia. The significant biochemical changes were increased ALT and AST activities, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoproteinaemia with hypoalbuminemia and increased BUN concentration. CONCLUSION: The infection of sp. has reached the domestic cats of Bihar, India which was earlier thought to be endemic in North America. The clinical manifestations and hemato-biochemical changes are somewhat similar to other hemoprotozoan diseases. Molecular diagnosis is inevitable for confirmation of infection. Further studies are required to reveal the vector responsible for transmission of the parasite in India.
Prevalence of Intestinal Microsporidia in Patients with Intellectual Disabilities in Rehabilitation Centers of Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran.
Kamrani F, Omidian M, Turki H … +2 more , Agholi M, Sarkari B
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 40747513 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of intestinal microsporidia in patients with intellectual disabilities in the rehabilitation centers of Hormozgan Province in south of Iran, usi...
BACKGROUND: The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of intestinal microsporidia in patients with intellectual disabilities in the rehabilitation centers of Hormozgan Province in south of Iran, using microscopic and molecular methods. METHODS: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 119 stool samples obtained from patients with intellectual disabilities. Acid-fast trichrome staining was used to detect parasites. Moreover, all of the stool samples were assessed for the presence of microsporidia DNA by the PCR method. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 29 (±12.3) years. All stool samples were examined for microsporidia infection, and only one case of was detected in one of the samples. The results of the nested-PCR test on 119 stool samples showed one case of infection with , corresponding to a prevalence of 0.84%. The nested-PCR test for detected no infections in any of the stool samples. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of microsporidia among patients with intellectual disabilities in Hormozgan rehabilitation centers is low and limited to .
In Vitro Antimalarial Activity of Chloroquine-Crocus Sativus Conjugated to Chitosan Nanocomposits against 3D7 and K1 Strains of .
Khezri A, Nateghpour M, Motevali Haghi A … +4 more , Elmi T, Rahimi Foroushani A, Shafii Ardestani M, Hanifian H
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 40747512 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The use of nanocarriers in combination with other treatments shows significant promise in addressing drug-resistant diseases, particularly malaria. Given the high prevalence of drug-resistant malaria, researc...
BACKGROUND: The use of nanocarriers in combination with other treatments shows significant promise in addressing drug-resistant diseases, particularly malaria. Given the high prevalence of drug-resistant malaria, research into innovative therapies is crucial. This study focuses on a nanoform of chitosan, a biodegradable polymer, combined with (saffron) and chloroquine to enhance their antimalarial effects. METHODS: Saffron extract and chloroquine were separately conjugated with chitosan, followed by confirmation tests to determine conjugation efficiency. Both chloroquine-resistant and sensitive strains of were cultured to calculate the IC50 values of various treatments in vitro. This study was conducted at the School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran in 2024. RESULTS: Confirmation tests (FTIR, DLS, Zeta potential, TEM) verified proper drug conjugation to nanocomposites, with observed nanosize, the percentage of conjugation was 64.4% for chloroquine and 42.9% for saffron. Toxicity and hemolysis tests confirmed safe doses. The IC50s values for Chloroquine, Nanoparticle-Chloroquine, Saffron, and Nanoparticle-Saffron were 0.3, 0.8, 42.5, and 6.24 μg/ml, respectively, for the sensitive strain, and 5, 1, 12.5, and 3.12 μg/ml, respectively, for the resistant strain. Combination therapy with the fixed ratio method showed synergistic effects. Statistical analysis revealed synthesized nanocomposites' superior inhibition of growth compared to non-nano. Significant differences were observed in some cases (< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Utilizing nanocarriers and combination therapy is an appropriate strategy for addressing drug resistance. Saffron's anti-malarial effects on were notably increased when linked to chitosan nanocomposites. Furthermore, employing a fixed ratio technique enhanced the therapeutic effectiveness of saffron when combined with chloroquine and chloroquine-nanocomposites across all concentrations.
The Current Status of Medical Parasitology in Iran: Developing a Roadmap, Structural Mapping, and Proposed Scenarios for the Future of This Field.
Sadjjadi SM, Mohebali M, Sharifi I … +19 more , Dalimi Asl A, Haghighi A, Rafiei A, Rezaeian M, Edrissian G, Keshavarz Valian H, Rokni MB, Fallah M, Yousefi Darani H, Razmjoo E, Saraei M, Haniloo A, Hooshyar H, Heidari AE, Gholami S, Mahami Oskouei M, Kheirandish F, Mohammadzadeh T, Sharifi Y
Iran J Parasitol · 2025 · PMID 40747511 · Full text
BACKGROUND: We aimed to review and analyze the status of Medical Parasitology course including current problems and challenges on human resources, infrastructure, research capacities, educational and investigative priori...
BACKGROUND: We aimed to review and analyze the status of Medical Parasitology course including current problems and challenges on human resources, infrastructure, research capacities, educational and investigative priorities in Iran, and to develop a roadmap and future development in this field. METHODS: A questionnaire was prepared to obtain information on Medical Parasitology departments in the country followed by field visits in many cases to collect data on the status of the faculty members, laboratory experts, physical spaces, laboratory equipment, microscopic slides, training Parasitology techniques, research projects and theses, published articles and books, access to Parasitology journals, books and e-books during 2022-2023. A roadmap and future development for Medical Parasitology in Iran and the formulation of a desirable status concerning short term to long-term goals was compiled. RESULTS: While prominent strengths such as capable research laboratories, experienced faculty, suitable educational spaces, active research centers, the existence of centers for keeping and working with laboratory animals, international and national collaborations are seen in a number of medium to large centers, shortcomings related to expert human resources, lack of educational equipment and slides, the need to upgrade especially in practical subjects, journal clubs, and lab meetings, research infrastructure such as laboratory animal houses, budget for theses and research projects urgently need attention. Among 132 universities, faculties, and educational-research centers training personnel in allied medical sciences disciplines, a considerable number lack Parasitology specialists. CONCLUSION: Iran has a strong foundation in Medical Parasitology. However, using non-permanent faculty paid per course in medical education undermines quality and strains resources, exacerbating shortages. Universities must implement tailored strategic plans for parasitology, regularly updated to strengthen education, research, and health services, ensuring sustained excellence in training and public health contributions.
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