Current Cardiology Reviews[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
AI-driven Approach to Treat Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Review on Integration of AlphaFold in Cardiovascular Genomics.
Mubeen H, Khan M, Rana IK … +4 more , Amir S, Shahid S, Shoaib MW, Iqbal A
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jul · PMID 42393899 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The constantly evolving nature of diseases has put humanity in a never- ending struggle for survival, adapting to each disease and fighting the silent battles with strength. Similarly, the complex cardiovas...
INTRODUCTION: The constantly evolving nature of diseases has put humanity in a never- ending struggle for survival, adapting to each disease and fighting the silent battles with strength. Similarly, the complex cardiovascular system needs constant monitoring to prevent potential complications of inflammation, disrupted immune responses, blockages, heart attacks, angina, and other life-threatening conditions that end up triggering acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Its symptoms range from mild to severe and are typically challenging to identify, so early detection is crucial for successful treatment and prevention. To obtain a more precise and critical understanding of the potential genetic factors contributing to developing ACS, researchers use advanced and innovative approaches, like AlphaFold and artificial intelligence. METHODS: Comprehensive knowledge about the integration of AlphaFold (AF) and artificial intelligence (AI) has been provided in this study, as it has completely changed how proteins interact by reliably predicting their three-dimensional structures from the order of their amino acids. Additionally, the role of immune cells in the progression of ACS has been discussed, along with therapeutic measures to treat ACS with next-generation sequencing (NGS). RESULTS: The results have shown ischemia, plaque rupture, erosion, and thrombus formation to be the primary causes of ACS. These factors make the immune system's optimal function even more complicated, making it harder for researchers to find effective treatments for ACS patients. DISCUSSION: The AlphaFold and AI have provided significant insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ACS, highlighting the complex interplay between genetic factors and immune responses. CONCLUSION: This article has explored the potential of AlphaFold and AI in understanding the immunological mysteries of ACS, aiming to aid future therapeutic studies and reduce cardiovascular disease burden.
Cardiovascular Risk Assessment: A Review of Current Models and Emerging Determinants, including Biomarkers, Genetics, and Artificial Intelligence.
Baqal O, Shafqat A, Habib E … +8 more , Ibrahim R, Humayun Z, Wang W, Abdalla H, El-Shaer A, Nambi V, Virani SS, Fernandes RI
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jun · PMID 42381136 · Publisher ↗
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. While advances in treatment have improved outcomes, the greatest gains in public health will come from primary prevention. Risk stratification is...
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. While advances in treatment have improved outcomes, the greatest gains in public health will come from primary prevention. Risk stratification is the foundation of CVD prevention. Traditional tools, such as pooled cohort equations (PCEs) and SCORE2, do not capture non-traditional risk factors and individual variability, driving efforts to refine existing approaches. We critically discuss emerging risk determinants for primary CVD prevention. Coronary artery calcium scoring can reclassify CVD risk but has limitations related to cost, access, and unvalidated improvements in clinical endpoints. Biomarkers such as apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein(a) may identify residual risk beyond LDL-C, particularly in patients with lipid discordance, but remain underused due to uncertain thresholds and the lack of prospective triallevel outcome data. Trials of colchicine in primary prevention have yielded mixed results, making the role of targeting inflammation unclear in CVD prevention. Polygenic risk scores can stratify genetic risk but face challenges in sensitivity, specificity, and generalizability. Multiomics approaches, while offering the promise of deeper phenotyping, lack established clinical applications and consensus on when their use is appropriate. Artificial intelligence may allow better prediction across cohorts but requires broader validation. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, a marker of inflammation and age-related CVD risk, lacks evidence supporting routine screening or intervention in younger, asymptomatic individuals. The proliferation of new risk stratification tools poses a key challenge: determining when additional data meaningfully alter clinical decisions. Until robust outcome-based evidence emerges, risk enhancers should guide, but not dictate, therapy in selected patients.
Decoding the Genetic Architecture of Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Review on Integrated Medical Modeling.
Mubeen H, Masood A, Rana IK … +3 more , Shahid S, Amir S, Saleem A
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jun · PMID 42333850 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Genetic mutations contribute significantly to the complexity of understanding Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Convolutional Neur...
UNLABELLED: Genetic mutations contribute significantly to the complexity of understanding Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), have been integrated as an advanced approach to uncover hidden mutation clues for early detection and prevention of life-threatening diseases, including ACS. INTRODUCTION: Genetic mutations play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ACS, complicating efforts to fully characterize its underlying biological mechanisms. These mutations contribute to atherosclerosis, leading to ACS, along with other genetic disorders, making it essential to explore them using advanced AI models. AIM OF THE STUDY: The study focuses on the impact of genetic mutations on ACS risk and on understanding these mutations using AI tools, such as ANN, CNN, and RNN. METHODS: An innovative Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based approach was used to investigate the key loopholes associated with ACS. AlphaFold and AI models, including ANN, CNN, and RNN, were utilized to analyze genetic data and biological processes related to ACS and other genetic diseases. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: AI models have simplified the interpretation of complex genetic data, revealing how ACS-related mutations contribute to atherosclerosis by affecting molecular pathways and mechanisms. CONCLUSION: Although challenges remain, the integration of AI in cardiac genetics offers promise for personalized medicine, providing timely solutions while maintaining ethical standards.
Prognostic Value of Ceramide-Based Lipid Scores in Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Failure: Insights From CERT1, CERT2, and Ceramide Ratios.
Senapati SG
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jun · PMID 42333849 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Residual cardiovascular risk persists despite optimal control of traditional risk factors. Ceramide-based lipid scores have emerged as novel biomarkers that may improve prognostic assessment in Cardiovascul...
INTRODUCTION: Residual cardiovascular risk persists despite optimal control of traditional risk factors. Ceramide-based lipid scores have emerged as novel biomarkers that may improve prognostic assessment in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and Heart Failure (HF). METHODS: The literature was reviewed using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, with all records up to October 2025 included. Terms like ceramide, ceramide ratios, CERT1, CERT2, lipidomics, cardiovascular disease, and heart failure were searched. The focus of the study was on prospective cohort studies, randomized trial substudies, and external validation analyses that linked ceramide-based scores to cardiovascular outcomes. Studies that only used experimental or preclinical models were excluded. If multiple papers came from the same group of patients, the most thorough or reliable ones were selected. Because of differences in how scores were constructed, tested, and reported, the findings were summarized qualitatively rather than conducted as a meta-analysis. Results In several studies, ceramide-based scores were consistently linked to worse cardiovascular outcomes, even after accounting for standard risk factors. CERT2 performed well in both people without heart disease and those with existing conditions. In the STABILITY trial, CERT2 predicted cardiovascular death (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.35-1.59) and hospitalizations for Heart Failure (HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.39-1.76). Adding ceramide ratios, especially C16:0/C24:0, to existing models improved risk prediction, with net reclassification improvements up to 0.17. On the other hand, higher C24:0/C16:0 ratios were linked to lower risks of death from any cause or from heart disease. These results were similar in older adults, people with diabetes, and community groups. DISCUSSION: Ceramide-based scores reflect metabolic risks that standard lipid tests do not show. They offer extra information for predicting outcomes in different clinical situations, including heart failure. CONCLUSION: Ceramide-based lipid scores, especially CERT2 and some ceramide ratios, provide extra value for predicting cardiovascular risk beyond traditional factors. However, most evidence so far only shows associations, not cause and effect, so their use in everyday clinical care is still under investigation. More studies in different groups and randomized trials are needed before these scores can be used regularly in practice.
Sudden Arrhythmic Death Presenting with Convulsive Syncope In A Young Man With Severe Coronary Atherosclerosis And Hyperthyroidism: A Case Report.
Ma C, Dong H, Song J … +4 more , Sun T, Pan M, Liu H, Sun C
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jun · PMID 42333848 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The classic symptoms of coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD), such as chest pain, are easily recognized in clinical practice. However, atypical manifestations like convulsive syncope can lead to misdiagnosi...
BACKGROUND: The classic symptoms of coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD), such as chest pain, are easily recognized in clinical practice. However, atypical manifestations like convulsive syncope can lead to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis, resulting in a poor prognosis. CASE PRESENTATION: We report an unusual case of a 36-year-old male who experienced recurrent convulsive episodes over 2 days. Initially, on the first day, the patient was diagnosed with epilepsy in the outpatient department, although the electroencephalogram revealed no abnormalities. He was admitted the following day after experiencing a recurrence of the same symptoms. Further investigation revealed severe hyperthyroidism and an electrocardiogram showing a short PR interval and T-wave inversions. The patient ultimately succumbed to sudden cardiac arrest after the final convulsive episode, with ventricular tachycardia documented on electrocardiogram monitoring. Post-mortem examination confirmed severe CAD, left ventricular hypertrophy, and thyroid hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: The most likely explanation for the patient's clinical presentation is a fatal arrhythmia arising from the synergistic effects of severe CAD, left ventricular hypertrophy, and hyperthyroidism, ultimately leading to cardiogenic syncope and sudden cardiac death. This case highlights that arrhythmias secondary to CAD can mimic epilepsy-like seizures and, therefore, need to be carefully distinguished from epilepsy.
Bridging Dermatology and Cardiology: The Link between Skin Lesions and Cardiovascular Risk.
Simeone B, Dietrich E, Sarto G … +18 more , Greco ME, Forte M, Picchio V, Rocco E, Spadafora L, Bernardi M, Schirone L, Schiavon S, D'Ambrosio L, Vecchio D, Valenti V, Sciarretta S, Falco E, Peruzzi M, Greco E, Frati G, Proietti I, Potenza C
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jun · PMID 42316562 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Dermatological disorders are emerging as important indicators of systemic health and have drastic implications for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Skin and cardiovascular diseases share common pathophysiologi...
INTRODUCTION: Dermatological disorders are emerging as important indicators of systemic health and have drastic implications for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Skin and cardiovascular diseases share common pathophysiological mechanisms, including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. These overlapping pathways contribute to the increased cardiovascular (CV) risk observed in patients with inflammatory and genetic dermatological conditions, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS: This narrative review was conducted by evaluating current evidence from peer-reviewed literature on the association between dermatological disorders and cardiovascular risk. Particular attention was given to pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications relevant to both specialties. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Since systemic inflammation is a major risk factor for CVD, treatments that reduce the inflammatory burden represent promising strategies to prevent or mitigate cardiovascular complications in patients with dermatological conditions. Traditional therapies (e.g., methotrexate and statins) remain the gold standard to reduce CV risk. In addition, advances in the field of inflammation-such as inhibitors targeting IL-17 and IL-23 pathways-along with new systemic biomarkers and the development of targeted therapies, are paving the way for improved patient stratification and personalized approaches. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in optimizing patient outcomes and emphasizes the need for closer integration of dermatological and cardiological expertise. Future research should focus on clarifying molecular mechanisms, identifying therapeutic targets, and refining shared clinical guidelines. By bridging dermatology and cardiology, this review underscores the potential for earlier detection, better risk prediction, and integrated management of coexisting dermatological and cardiovascular conditions.
A Comprehensive Review on Thoracic Fluid Measurement Devices.
Jayasanthi M, Rajendiran G, Pavithra RD
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jun · PMID 42311020 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a chronic condition where the heart fails to pump enough blood, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and respiratory distress. Monitoring thoracic fluid levels is essentia...
INTRODUCTION: Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a chronic condition where the heart fails to pump enough blood, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and respiratory distress. Monitoring thoracic fluid levels is essential for managing CHF and other fluid-related disorders. Although invasive methods provide accurate measurements, they pose risks and discomfort, highlighting the need for non-invasive alternatives. This review explores advanced methods for thoracic fluid measurement, emphasizing non-invasive techniques. It assesses their accuracy, clinical relevance, and technological advancements, with a focus on improving reliability and usability. METHODS: A comprehensive review of literature was conducted to evaluate existing thoracic fluid measurement techniques. The study examines bioimpedance spectroscopy, imaging modalities, and computational approaches. Additionally, advancements in sensor technology, signal processing, and machine learning applications are discussed. Case studies and clinical trials are reviewed to determine real-world applicability. RESULTS: Non-invasive methods, particularly bioimpedance-based techniques, have shown significant improvements in accuracy and ease of use. Innovations in sensors and signal processing have enhanced measurement precision. DISCUSSION: Clinical studies suggest these methods offer a viable alternative to traditional invasive approaches. However, challenges such as patient variability and standardization still need to be addressed. CONCLUSION: Non-invasive thoracic fluid measurement techniques have great potential for improving patient care in CHF and fluid overload conditions. While advancements have strengthened their effectiveness, further research is necessary to refine these technologies and facilitate broader clinical adoption. This review provides insights to guide future developments in noninvasive monitoring systems.
Nanosecond Pulsed Field Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in a Patient with Cor Triatriatum Dexter and Atrial Septal Defect.
Gu Y, Li J
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jun · PMID 42304754 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is an emerging non-thermal energy modality that enables selective injury to cardiomyocytes while minimizing collateral damage to adjacent structures. In this case, we present the a...
BACKGROUND: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is an emerging non-thermal energy modality that enables selective injury to cardiomyocytes while minimizing collateral damage to adjacent structures. In this case, we present the application of PFA in a symptomatic, drug-refractory paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) patient complicated by incomplete cor triatriatum dexter (CTD) and atrial septal defect (ASD). CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old female was referred to the institution for palpitations, dyspnea, and dizziness persisting for more than 5 years after she was first diagnosed with paroxysmal AF. Computed tomography revealed that an enlarged right atrium was incompletely divided into two chambers by an abnormal membrane and an obvious defect in the middle of the atrial septum. The circular PFA catheter connected to the CardiPulse PFA System was advanced into the left atrium through the defective atrial septum without transseptal puncture. The ablation of pulmonary veins (PV) and superior vena cava (SVC) was performed using nanosecond PFA. The PV and SVC isolation was successfully achieved without any complications. Her symptoms improved after the ablation procedure, and no AF recurrence occurred during the 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrated the feasibility and safety of PFA as an ablation strategy for the AF patient with incomplete CTD and ASD.
Causality of the Metabolic Syndrome and its Ingredients on Cardiovascular Disease: A Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis.
Yang S, Yang H, Quan Z
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jun · PMID 42300315 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: It is well-established that metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its ingredients increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, evidence of the causal link at the genetic level is limited. The current st...
OBJECTIVE: It is well-established that metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its ingredients increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, evidence of the causal link at the genetic level is limited. The current study explored the causal relationship between MetS and its ingredients and six types of CVDs using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR), which may be helpful for the early prevention and screening of CVDs. METHODS: Several appropriate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected as instrumental variables for MetS. The random-effects inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was used as the dominant method. The threshold value was set at P<1.39E-03. MR-Egger and weighted median methods were utilized as additional tests to the MR analysis. Finally, methods such as Cochran's Q test were used to evaluate heterogeneity and pleiotropy. RESULTS: Analysis of data from subjects of European ancestry revealed that genetically predicted MetS has a significant causal link with myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure (HF). Significant causal effects were found between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and ischemic stroke (IS), MI, and coronary artery disease (CAD). Hypertension was causally associated with stroke, MI, CAD, and atrial fibrillation (AF). Meanwhile, a causal association was found between obesity and MI and CAD. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was causally associated with stroke and MI. Triglyceride was causally associated with MI and CAD. DISCUSSION: This study utilized 18 publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics and three commonly used MR methods. Through various sensitivity validations, the reliability was verified. The results revealed 15 significant causal relationships between MetS and its components and six types of CVDs. CONCLUSIONS: The two-sample MR study reveals causal associations between MetS and its ingredients and six types of CVDs. Thus, early prevention and management of MetS and its ingredients remain a cornerstone of CVD prevention.
Prevalence of Resistant Hypertension Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Sandeep M, L A, Tanguturi Yella SS … +5 more , Prasad MSD, Jain P, Shamim MA, Gandhi AP, Akshitha D
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jun · PMID 42300314 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Resistant Hypertension (RHTN) is defined as blood pressure remaining above target levels despite adherence to three or more antihypertensive agents of different classes, including a diuretic. RHTN was found...
INTRODUCTION: Resistant Hypertension (RHTN) is defined as blood pressure remaining above target levels despite adherence to three or more antihypertensive agents of different classes, including a diuretic. RHTN was found to be a significant prognostic factor for cardiovascular and renal complications among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the global prevalence of RHTN among patients with T2DM and to explore key demographic and clinical correlates. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted across multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, to identify studies examining the prevalence of resistant hypertension among patients diagnosed with T2DM. Data synthesis was accomplished using a random-effects model. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed utilising the I² statistic. Assessment of potential publication bias was performed through the Doi plot analysis and the Luis Furuya-Kanamori index (LFK index) methodology. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. The study was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024549125). RESULTS: Nine studies encompassing 159,082 participants from various regions worldwide were incorporated. The synthesis of data revealed a pooled prevalence rate of RHTN in individuals with T2DM of 14% (95% CI, 11-17%), accompanied by a substantial degree of heterogeneity (I2=98%). Meta-regression revealed that resistant hypertension among diabetic cases increased with increasing mean age [Beta = 0.02]. The Doi plot asymmetry and LFK index [-2.93] revealed publication bias. DISCUSSION: This review highlighted the significant prevalence of RHTN among the T2DM population. However, given the high heterogeneity, publication bias, and limited geographical representation, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Subgroup analysis also revealed no significant reduction in heterogeneity, underscoring the need for further qualitative studies to assess contextual factors. CONCLUSION: Meta-analysis revealed 14% of individuals with T2DM have RHTN, highlighting the need for routine screening along with personalised blood pressure management in this population. To strengthen clinical practice and improve comparability, future research should prioritise robust study designs and standardised diagnostic criteria.
Noninvasive Detection of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction.
Li L, Tse G, Bazoukis G … +6 more , Rajan R, He S, Dong J, Dai F, Wang X, Liu H
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jun · PMID 42260784 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction (CMVD) can lead to myocardial ischemia and increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, early and accurate diagnosis of CMVD is essential for...
INTRODUCTION: Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction (CMVD) can lead to myocardial ischemia and increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, early and accurate diagnosis of CMVD is essential for effective intervention and management. However, because CMVD and obstructive coronary artery disease share similar clinical presentations, distinguishing CMVD remains challenging. METHODS: We conducted a narrative review by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted technical and clinical details from the included articles. RESULTS: This review elaborates on noninvasive tools for CMVD evaluation. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) quantifies Myocardial Blood Flow (MBF). Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) provides a quantitative myocardial perfusion reserve index. Myocardial computed tomography perfusion, in static or dynamic modes, enables concurrent anatomic and functional assessment. Echocardiography includes transthoracic Doppler-derived coronary flow reserve and myocardial contrast echocardiography for bedside perfusion evaluation. SPECT supports MBF quantification in selected settings. CMVD pathobiology is reflected in circulating biomarkers, with microRNAs showing promise. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and computational fluid dynamics can further assist in noninvasive CMVD diagnosis. DISCUSSION: Each imaging modality has distinct strengths and limitations. Blood biomarkers and computational models are promising for scalable clinical use, but require confirmation in prospective studies. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular imaging and circulating biomarkers reveal CMVD-related changes in anatomy, hemodynamics, and metabolism, while computational models can improve diagnostic precision. Future research should include large, multicenter, prospective studies, such as trials comparing the diagnostic accuracy of AI-enhanced CMR with the invasive gold standard, the index of microvascular resistance, to validate these methods and establish integrated, cost-effective diagnostic pathways for early CMVD detection across diverse cohorts.
Hybrid TEVAR with Carotid-Subclavian Bypass as a Frontier in Chronic Aortic Dissection Treatment in a Rural Area: A Case Report.
Fadilah A, Mayangsari V, Kurnianingsih N … +1 more , Kurniawan DA
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jun · PMID 42253257 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Managing chronic type B aortic dissection (cTBAD) is difficult when the anatomy of the arch makes standard TEVAR impossible and advanced devices are not available. This is often the case in rural areas where...
BACKGROUND: Managing chronic type B aortic dissection (cTBAD) is difficult when the anatomy of the arch makes standard TEVAR impossible and advanced devices are not available. This is often the case in rural areas where referrals take a long time. CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old male from rural Indonesia exhibited acute-on-chronic DeBakey III aortic dissection, complicated by critical right leg ischemia resulting from dynamic iliac obstruction. Prior instances of chest pain in 2019 were inaccurately diagnosed, postponing conclusive assessment. CT angiography showed cTBAD with an insufficient proximal landing zone in Ishimaru Zone 2. A staged hybrid strategy was used that combined a carotid-subclavian bypass with thoracic endovascular aortic repair using off-the-shelf devices. This method restored blood flow to the limbs, resulted in complete thoracic false-lumen thrombosis without endoleak, and led to a smooth recovery with good functional status. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates that hybrid arch debranching and TEVAR can offer a safe and long-lasting solution for complex cTBAD in resource-constrained rural centers, contingent upon meticulous planning and conventional imaging. It emphasizes the necessity for prompt identification of atypical chest pain, timely referral, and practical modification of endovascular techniques to accommodate local limitations to avert late malperfusion.
The Role of Firmicutes in Coronary Artery Disease: A Taxonomic-Level Meta-Analysis of Mendelian Randomization Studies.
Suchday P, Dhabuwala A, Adrejiya P … +6 more , Bajpai P, Shingala TS, Prajapati K, Patel V, Nunna K, Desai R
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Jun · PMID 42253256 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: The Gut Microbiome (GM) plays a critical role in cholesterol metabolism through the production of metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide and shortchain fatty acids, contributing to inflammatio...
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: The Gut Microbiome (GM) plays a critical role in cholesterol metabolism through the production of metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide and shortchain fatty acids, contributing to inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and host gene regulation. This study aims to taxonomically characterize gut microbial profiles, evaluate their association with coronary artery disease, and explore the potential therapeutic implications of microbiome- mediated cardiometabolic pathways. METHODS: We pooled data from six Mendelian Randomization studies that utilized the MiBio- Gen consortium and CAD, and cardiovascular risk GWAS data from CARDIoGRAMplusC4D, FinnGen, and UK Biobank databases. Within the phylum Firmicutes, inverse variance weighted analysis was used to estimate the association between: (1) protective effects of Clostridiales vadinBB60 group, Genus Butyricicoccus, Genus Ruminococcus UCG010, Coprococcus 1, Intestinibacter, Ruminiclostridium 6, Anaerotruncus, and Family Acidaminococcaceae; and (2) causative effects of Clostridium innocuum group, Genus Turicibacter, Eisenbergiella, Holdemanella, Eubacterium, Coprostanoligenes group, Ruminococcaceae UCG005, and Genus Catenibacterium on CAD. RESULTS: Higher levels of phylum Firmicutes exhibit a statistically significant protective effect on CAD (OR: 0.880, 95% CI: 0.853-0.907), with low heterogeneity (I² = 20%, P = 0.857). Conversely, an increased abundance of Firmicutes also correlates with a higher risk of CAD (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06-1.14), showing low heterogeneity (I² = 20%, P = 0.90). Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results. DISCUSSION: The findings highlight a significant relationship between gut microbiome dysbiosis and adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, potentially mediated through inflammatory pathways, metabolic signaling, and microbial metabolite production. These results support the growing role of microbiome-targeted interventions as emerging strategies for cardiometabolic risk modification. CONCLUSION: Firmicutes exhibit both protective and causative effects on CAD. These findings highlight the complexity of the gut microbiome's role in cardiovascular diseases. Further detailed research on the mechanisms by which specific bacteria at the lower taxonomic levels exert this effect is imperative to understand this complex relationship and its clinical implications.
Clinical Risks and Underlying Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation after Myocardial Infarction.
Wei TP, Zhang XL, Wang WR … +2 more , Qian LL, Wang RX
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 May · PMID 42227509 · Publisher ↗
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) following Myocardial Infarction (MI) is a common clinical complication that significantly impairs patient prognosis and quality of life. This review examines the clinical risks and underlying pat...
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) following Myocardial Infarction (MI) is a common clinical complication that significantly impairs patient prognosis and quality of life. This review examines the clinical risks and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of post-MI AF. The pathophysiology of AF after MI involves multiple maladaptive processes, particularly atrial structural and electrical remodeling, which collectively establish the arrhythmogenic substrate. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms contributing to AF in the post-infarction setting. Furthermore, it was synthesized current evidence on pharmacological interventions targeting this substrate, highlighting four primary mechanisms of action: anti-fibrotic effects, modulation of calcium homeostasis, endogenous hormone regulation, and anti-inflammatory actions. Consequently, elucidating the complex and dynamic pathophysiological changes that drive atrial fibrillation after myocardial infarction may inform the development of targeted therapeutic strategies for post-infarction AF.
Clinical Application of Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease.
Echefu G, Ukwuani P, Ogedegbe J … +4 more , Sullivan R, Adeboye A, Kumbala D, Ibebuogu U
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 May · PMID 42163616 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease [CKD] is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, heart failure admission, chronic coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. The likeli...
INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease [CKD] is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, heart failure admission, chronic coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. The likelihood of this risk escalates with disease progression to more advanced stages. Therefore, early detection of cardiac disease, screening for risk factors, and implementing preventive and treatment options are essential in managing patients with advanced chronic renal disease. METHODS: Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA)8 was applied to report this narrative review. Databases including PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane, EMBASE, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were searched for relevant papers published up to March 2025. Cohort studies and randomized clinical trials on cardiac biomarkers in chronic renal disease, including dialysis, were included in the review. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Traditional and novel biomarkers enhance understanding of cardiorenal dysfunction through insight into endothelial dysfunction, hemodynamic alterations, myocardial fibrosis, inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling, presenting opportunities for personalized risk assessment. The integration of multimarker strategies could improve prognostic accuracy compared to traditional risk scores alone. The interpretation of these biomarkers in CKD can be complex, since their elevation does not necessarily indicate pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to cardiovascular disease alone, but rather decreased urine clearance with retention of solutes and/or overall chronic inflammation associated with CKD. A key concern regarding the therapeutic usefulness of these markers arises from the lack of targeted research and validation in randomized trials. CONCLUSION: This article reviews both established traditional, non-traditional, and emerging laboratory biomarkers for the screening of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Today: Integrating Myosin Inhibition with Established Strategies.
Seçkin Ö, Ünlü S
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 May · PMID 42152261 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to provide an up-to-date synthesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), integrating progress in imaging, genetics, and therapeutics (especially cardiac myosin inhibitors) while emphas...
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to provide an up-to-date synthesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), integrating progress in imaging, genetics, and therapeutics (especially cardiac myosin inhibitors) while emphasizing individualized care for obstructive and nonobstructive disease. METHODS: This narrative review discusses contemporary literature on HCM, including epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnostic tools, and management. Particular emphasis is placed on multimodality imaging (echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance), risk stratification methods, and trial evidence for mavacamten and aficamten. RESULTS: Over the past two decades, earlier diagnosis and better risk assessment have helped reduce HCM-related mortality. In obstructive HCM, cardiac myosin inhibitors have shown consistent benefits on symptoms, LV outflow tract gradients, and functional capacity. By contrast, nonobstructive HCM remains harder to treat, and some patients progress to advanced heart failure. Biomarkers, strain parameters, and CMR fibrosis quantification may support longitudinal monitoring. DISCUSSION: Myosin inhibition has changed the therapeutic landscape for obstructive HCM and may extend beyond symptom relief, but long-term safety and broader applicability remain unclear. The expanding use of advanced imaging and biomarkers is key to individualized decision-making and risk assessment. CONCLUSION: HCM is not static; with careful follow-up and multidisciplinary care, outcomes are increasingly favorable. Integrating newer biologic therapies with established management remains a priority, while access and unmet needs (particularly in non-obstructive HCM) still require attention.
Role of Thiamine in Pediatric CHD: Effects on LV Function and MMP-9/TIMP-1.
Amelia P, Siregar HS, Tobing TC … +6 more , Djer MM, Pasaribu AP, Ramayani OR, Amin MM, Rusda M, Sari DK
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 May · PMID 42152260 · Publisher ↗
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) represents the predominant form of congenital anomaly and occurs in approximately 0.8% of live births. Surgical correction is the definitive method used to treat CHD; however, postoperative...
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) represents the predominant form of congenital anomaly and occurs in approximately 0.8% of live births. Surgical correction is the definitive method used to treat CHD; however, postoperative complications can increase the risk of mortality and morbidity. Transcatheter closure has emerged as an alternative therapy for some CHD with left-to-right shunts, providing outcomes comparable with those of surgical correction. This narrative review was conducted to synthesize existing literature on the effect of thiamine supplementation in pediatric patients undergoing transcatheter closure for left-to-right shunt CHD. Thiamine deficiency in pediatric heart disease can weaken the heart by reducing its energy supply. Conversely, harmful changes to the heart's structure are linked to a specific enzyme balance. Since evidence suggests thiamine can correct this imbalance, thiamine supplementation may represent a therapeutic strategy to improve heart structure and function after treatment. In individuals with systolic heart failure, supplementation with thiamine has been associated with an enhancement in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF). Thiamine acts directly on cardiomyocytes, enhancing energy production and improving cardiac function. Therefore, thiamine administration during transcatheter closure is expected to stabilize the Matrix Metalloproteinase- 9 (MMP-9) and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) levels, which may enhance or improve left ventricular function and dimensions.
Comprehensive Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Synergistic Roles of Lifestyle and Community Interventions.
Nawabi AQ, Uludag K, Dong H … +1 more , Juan LC
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 May · PMID 42152259 · Publisher ↗
Among cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease (CHD) represents a major public health challenge, being a leading cause of mortality worldwide. While significant advancements in surgical and pharmacological treatme...
Among cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease (CHD) represents a major public health challenge, being a leading cause of mortality worldwide. While significant advancements in surgical and pharmacological treatments have improved patient outcomes, primary prevention through modifiable lifestyle factors remains paramount. This review aims to synthesize recent literature highlighting the critical role of dietary habits, physical activity, and psychological interventions as integral elements in the comprehensive management of CHD. A thorough narrative review was conducted using major scientific databases. Our review shows that certain dietary patterns enhance cardiac and vascular health by positively influencing blood pressure, improving cholesterol levels, and stabilizing plasma glucose levels. Engagement in regular, moderate-intensity physical activity has been linked to improved cardiac function and a decreased risk of developing CHD. Furthermore, psychological interventions were identified as beneficial in promoting adherence to healthy behaviors and mitigating stress, a recognized cardiovascular risk factor. The findings reviewed support the integral role of a multifaceted lifestyle approach in effective CHD management. Adoption of healthy dietary patterns, consistent engagement in physical activity, and attention to psychological well-being collectively offer a powerful strategy for mitigating CHD risk and promoting sustained cardiovascular health.
Sodium-glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Association with Risk of Heart Failure Hospitalization in Preserved and Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction, Regardless of Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Mendiratta A, Banga A, Garg P … +6 more , Bansal V, Klaassen J, Reddy RA, Nazir A, Abdel Sayed J, Duffee D
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 · PMID 42117353 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: There are strong guidelines regarding the importance of SGLT-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in reducing mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection (HFrEF). However, the role of SGLT2i in the mana...
INTRODUCTION: There are strong guidelines regarding the importance of SGLT-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in reducing mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection (HFrEF). However, the role of SGLT2i in the management of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) remains ambiguous. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of SGLT2i randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in HFpEF and HFmrEF, with and without diabetes was conducted (Prospero ID - CRD42023464479). Databases including Clinicaltrials.gov, PubMed, Biomed Central, Scopus, and Science Direct were searched from 2018 to 2024. Hospitalization due to heart failure (HFH) with HFpEF and HFmrEF was the primary outcome analyzed, followed by a subgroup analysis of HFH in HFpEF only. Secondary outcomes analyzed included cardiovascular (CV) death, all-cause mortality, and serious adverse effects. RESULTS: In seven RCTs involving 31,057 participants, meta-analysis using random effects models showed that SGLT2i treated patients had a statistically significant reduction in HFH risk (OR=0.74, p<0.00001) compared to placebo or standard of care (SOC). A subgroup analysis, in HFpEF only patients, also showed a statistically significant reduction (OR=0.72, p<0.0001) in HFH odds. Statistical analysis of secondary outcomes showed a statistically non-significant difference in CV death risk (OR=0.92, p=0.13), all-cause mortality (OR=0.94, p=0.13), and any serious adverse events (OR=0.92, p=0.10). DISCUSSION: This meta-analysis demonstrates that SGLT2i significantly reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalization in patients with preserved and mildly reduced ejection fraction, regardless of diabetes status. While reductions in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, as well as serious adverse events, were observed, these did not reach statistical significance. These findings align with emerging evidence suggesting a broader cardioprotective role for SGLT2i across the heart failure spectrum, although further studies are needed to clarify their mortality benefit and long-term safety in HFpEF and HFmrEF populations. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis found a significant reduction in HFH with the use of SGLT2i in patients with HFpEF and HFmrEF. Secondarily, there was a statistically non-significant reduction in allcause mortality, CV death risk, and serious adverse events with the use of SGLT2i.
Association between Prediabetes and Stroke in Hospitalized Geriatric Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Contemporary Population-Based Analysis.
Went TR, Sampath S, John JR … +8 more , Singh S, Sharma A, Kotian N, James A, Reddy Bollampalli RP, Shah P, Desai R, Ghani MU
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 Apr · PMID 42003006 · Publisher ↗
The association of prediabetes (pDM) with stroke risk in non-diabetic geriatric patients with AF is unclear. This analysis examined the relationship among pDM, AF, and stroke, highlighting the need for targeted intervent...
The association of prediabetes (pDM) with stroke risk in non-diabetic geriatric patients with AF is unclear. This analysis examined the relationship among pDM, AF, and stroke, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and risk management in this population. </P> Methods: We identified all non-diabetic geriatric admissions with AF using the 2019 National Inpatient Sample and ICD-10-CM coding. Patients were categorized into pDM+ and pDMgroups. The primary outcomes were stroke incidence and sex disparities in stroke risk. </P> Results: Among 218,130 geriatric AF admissions, 3,525(1.6%) had pDM. The pDM+ cohort was younger (median 75 vs 77 years), and had higher rates of hypertension (50.2 vs 43.6%), hyperlipidemia (66.4 vs 53.7%), obesity (30.2 vs 13.6%), and peripheral vascular disease (15.3 vs 9.9%). Adjusting for baseline characteristics, stroke risk was higher in the pDM+ cohort (1.4% vs. 0.8%, OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.06-3.77; p=0.033). In subgroup analyses, males showed a stronger association (OR 5.48, 95% CI 1.43-21.02; p=0.013). </P> Discussion: pDM exists as an underrecognized stroke risk factor in elderly patients with AF. Male patients showed a stronger association between pDM and stroke, warranting additional investigation to understand underlying biological and clinical contributors. Identifying pDM enables earlier detection of vulnerable patients and developing preventive strategies. Incorporating pDM into risk models could improve patient risk assessment and support individualized treatment planning. </P> Conclusion: Geriatric patients hospitalized with AF and concomitant pDM had approximately twofold higher odds of in-hospital stroke, with a male preponderance. These findings support early identification of pDM in AF patients to enable the development of tailored interventions that mitigate stroke risk.
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