Horm. Metab. Res. [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
The Application of Assay- and Age-Specific Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Reference Intervals Decreases the Diagnosis of Normocalcaemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Improves Diagnostic Concordance of PTH Assays.
Khalil H, Fenn J, Sanders A … +3 more , Ford C, Gama R, Kalaria T
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Aug · PMID 40921159 · Publisher ↗
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) assays are not standardized and therefore PTH results are interpreted using manufacturer-provided assay-specific reference intervals. Assay-specific PTH reference intervals, however, do not acco...
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) assays are not standardized and therefore PTH results are interpreted using manufacturer-provided assay-specific reference intervals. Assay-specific PTH reference intervals, however, do not account for between-assay differences and lead to discordance in the diagnosis of normocalcaemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NCPHPT). PTH increases with age independent of vitamin D, renal function, phosphate and ionized calcium. The observed variations in age-nonspecific PTH reference intervals may, in part, be attributed to the varying proportions of individuals from different age sub-sets included in the direct sampling reference interval studies. We assessed the impact of recently derived age-specific reference intervals for Abbott and Roche PTH assays on the diagnosis and diagnostic concordance of previously identified NCPHPT individuals. Of the 46 NCPHPT individuals identified using elevated Abbott PTH, only 16 (35%) were concordant for NCPHPT whereas 30 (65%) had normal PTH when samples were analysed by the Roche method and results were interpreted using the manufacturer-provided reference intervals for both methods. However, interpreting results using the method-specific age-related PTH reference intervals resulted in 31 (67%) individuals having a concordant normal PTH, eight (17%) having concordant NCPHPT and only seven (15%) remaining discordant (NCPHPT by Abbott and normal by Roche methods). Application of assay- and age-specific reference intervals decreases the diagnosis of NCPHPT and improves diagnostic concordance between PTH assays. We suggest that the diagnosis of NCPHPT should be based on assay- and age-specific PTH reference intervals. Until PTH assays are harmonized, subsequent PTH measurements for NCPHPT patients should ideally be performed using the same assay.
Mechanisms of Action of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment.
Tao Q, Lv P, Dong X … +3 more , Li W, Luo Y, Huang G
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Dec · PMID 40907562 · Publisher ↗
Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects the quality of life of patients significantly. Traditional treatments have certain limitations; however, cellular therapy has demonstrated remarkable positive effects, such as improved bl...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects the quality of life of patients significantly. Traditional treatments have certain limitations; however, cellular therapy has demonstrated remarkable positive effects, such as improved blood glucose and lipid levels, repaired pancreatic and renal structure, and improvements in diabetic complications. A type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model was constructed, and rats were divided into six groups. Four groups were further formed to evaluate the antiinflammatory effects of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. The antiinflammatory effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were demonstrated using inflammatory factors and M2 macrophages, a type of antiinflammatory macrophage. Western blotting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining were performed to further elaborate the mechanism of action of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. We confirmed that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells could efficiently treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. We conducted an ameliorative fasting blood glucose test and an oral glucose tolerance test and assessed the recovery of liver and renal function using biochemical factors (such as TC, TG, BUN, and Ccr, among others). The antiinflammatory effect of the treatment was demonstrated by the increased expression of biomarkers in M2 macrophages and reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α. The regulatory mechanism was involved in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. The apoptosis of pancreatic tissues in type 2 diabetes mellitus was also inhibited by umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, contributing to relief from type 2 diabetes mellitus symptoms. In conclusion, our findings confirmed that efficient type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment using human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells was related to antiinflammatory effects mediated via TLR4/NF-κB signaling inhibition and apoptosis attenuation in pancreatic tissues.
Adverse Event Profile Differences Between Metyrapone and Osilodrostat: A Pharmacovigilance Study of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.
Xia C, Hu L, Fan Y … +2 more , Liu J, Gan Y
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Aug · PMID 40825365 · Publisher ↗
Metyrapone and osilodrostat are both steroidogenic inhibitors targeting the 11β-hydroxylase, yet their safety profile has not been comprehensively analyzed. The objective of this study is to compare the adverse events (A...
Metyrapone and osilodrostat are both steroidogenic inhibitors targeting the 11β-hydroxylase, yet their safety profile has not been comprehensively analyzed. The objective of this study is to compare the adverse events (AEs) associated with osilodrostat and metyrapone based on the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). AEs were classified according to the System Organ Class (SOC) in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) version 26.1. Adverse event (AE) signals of osilodrostat and metyrapone were determined by calculating reporting odds ratios (ROR). A total of 1380 and 449 AE reports were retrieved from osilodrostat and metyrapone, respectively, involving 26 and 27 SOC categories. Unexpected AEs such as asthenia, decrease of blood potassium, myalgia, increase of blood pressure, abdominal distension, increase of blood testosterone, nephrolithiasis, and hunger were associated with osilodrostat. while metyrapone was linked with respiratory failure, deep vein thrombosis, interstitial lung disease, liver function test abnormal, and respiratory distress. Among osilodrostat-treated patients, those aged between 18 to 65 years old were more likely to develop adrenal insufficiency, fatigue, tachycardia, than those older than 65. Male patients treated with metyrapone have the significantly higher incidence of the increased blood corticotrophin, muscular weakness and acute respiratory distress syndrome compared to females. During treatment with osilodrostat and metyrapone, clinicians need to monitor the effects of AEs varied by gender and age and to pay more attention to new AE signals.
IgG4 Level in Thyroid Diseases.
Kirdok K, Ozdemir N, Guney SC … +2 more , Ecemis T, Hekimsoy Z
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Jul · PMID 40780255 · Publisher ↗
Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related diseases are a group of inflammatory conditions in which antibodies against IgG4 play a major role. IgG4-related diseases can affect thyroid gland. Our aim was to investigate whether ther...
Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related diseases are a group of inflammatory conditions in which antibodies against IgG4 play a major role. IgG4-related diseases can affect thyroid gland. Our aim was to investigate whether there is a difference in IgG4 levels among different thyroid disease groups and to examine the relationship between IgG4 levels and thyroid function tests, thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid volume. Our study included 151 patients and 48 healthy volunteers. The patients were divided into groups such as Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoantibody negative thyroid nodules, and control group. These four main groups were subdivided according to IgG4 level and IgG4/IgG ratio and included in the statistical evaluation. There was no statistically significant difference between IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in four main groups. The free T3, T4, and Hertel values in Graves' disease group were statistically significantly higher in the groups with IgG4≥135 mg/dl and IgG4/IgG ratio≥8%. Our study suggests that IgG4 may play an important role in the pathology of thyroid diseases and its elevation may exacerbate the course of Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy. Further research is needed to elucidate the clinical implications of IgG4 in thyroid disease management and progression.
Elevated Serum Creatine Kinase During the Treatment of Patients with Graves' Disease with Antithyroid Drugs: New Insights into an Old Issue.
Nagayama Y, Tachibana S, Fukuda T … +7 more , Katsuyama K, Tatsuyama D, Mori Y, Shindo H, Takahashi H, Sato S, Yamashita H
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Jul · PMID 40720958 · Publisher ↗
Serum creatine kinase (CK) elevation can occur in some patients with Graves' disease treated with antithyroid drugs (ATDs). This study retrospectively investigated clinical characteristics and biochemical data of patient...
Serum creatine kinase (CK) elevation can occur in some patients with Graves' disease treated with antithyroid drugs (ATDs). This study retrospectively investigated clinical characteristics and biochemical data of patients with Graves' disease who experienced serum CK elevation during ATD treatment. CK elevation was observed in 29.6% (37/125) of patients, with 11.2% (14/125) being symptomatic. This incidence is higher than previously reported (13.5%). There were no differences in pre-treatment characteristics between patients with and without CK elevation. The intervals between the initiation of ATD treatment or normalization of thyroid function and the onset of CK elevation were 11.3±8.0 and 5.8±6.6 weeks, respectively, and peak serum CK levels averaged 441.9±394.0 IU/l. Markedly elevated serum CK were accompanied by increased serum myoglobin levels. Serum CK elevation occurred either continuously or intermittently, or as a single episode during the course of treatment. Thyroid function at the time of CK elevation varied from hyperthyroid to normal to hypothyroid. In conclusion, serum CK elevation in patients with Graves' disease treated with ATDs is not uncommon, with symptomatic cases accounting for approximately 10%, and the frequency increasing to around 30% when asymptomatic cases are included. The characteristics observed in our patients suggest the involvement of alternative, as yet unknown mechanisms beyond the relative hypothyroidism theory and the ATD side-effect theory in the development of CK elevation during ATD treatment in patients with Graves' disease.
The Role of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Somatotropic Axis in Aging: Potential Therapeutic Applications and Risks.
Oikonomakos I, Siow R, Bornstein SR … +1 more , Steenblock C
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40645768 · Publisher ↗
Aging is marked by a gradual decline in multiple physiological functions, increasing the risk of age-related disorders. Multiple factors have been identified as contributors to aging, many of which are regulated by the h...
Aging is marked by a gradual decline in multiple physiological functions, increasing the risk of age-related disorders. Multiple factors have been identified as contributors to aging, many of which are regulated by the hypothalamus. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) produced in the hypothalamus is a key regulator of growth hormone (GH) secretion. With aging, both GHRH and GH levels decline, leading to muscle loss, increased fat accumulation, metabolic dysregulation, and cognitive impairments. GH replacement therapy has been explored as a potential intervention to counteract these effects; however, its long-term use is associated with significant risks, including metabolic disturbances, cardiovascular complications, and potential cancer promotion. In contrast, studies suggest that GHRH-based therapies can improve body composition, muscle strength, cognitive function, and cardiovascular health while avoiding the risks linked to direct GH administration. Additionally, preclinical findings indicate that GHRH agonists may offer cardioprotective and immunomodulatory benefits. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the roles of GHRH and GH in aging, highlight the limitations of GH-based therapies, and discuss the potential of GHRH-based approaches in mitigating age-related decline and improving health span.
Oxidative Stress Parameters are Differentially Regulated in Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue by Western Diet and Intermittent Fasting.
Correia de Lima Junior N, Fernandes-Batista T, Ferreira-Serra L … +8 more , Paes-Dias AL, Matta-Pereira L, Hecht Castro Medeiros F, Pazos-Moura CC, Fortunato RS, Carvalho DP, Mundstock Dias GR, Ferreira AC
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Jun · PMID 40623419 · Publisher ↗
The consumption of Western diet, characterized by high sugar and saturated fat content, often leads to weight gain and promotes oxidative stress. Intermittent fasting has emerged as a potential strategy to combat obesity...
The consumption of Western diet, characterized by high sugar and saturated fat content, often leads to weight gain and promotes oxidative stress. Intermittent fasting has emerged as a potential strategy to combat obesity, but its effects on redox homeostasis in white adipose tissue compartments remain unclear. In this study, male Wistar rats were fed a regular or Western diet or subjected to an intermittent fasting regimen, consisting of 1-day fasting followed by 2 days of free access to food, over 12 weeks. Elevated superoxide anion levels were observed in visceral adipose tissue of both Western diet-fed groups, independent of the regimen, along with decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity and increased catalase activity, suggesting an adaptive response to mitigate oxidative stress. In the same tissue, superoxide dismutase activity was reduced, indicating that impaired dismutation might be responsible for the increment of superoxide levels. Intermittent fasting increased the expression of catalase and superoxide dismutase, but this effect was not observed at activity levels. Thus, our data suggest that Western diet impaired the beneficial effect of intermittent fasting on antioxidant activity in visceral adipose tissue. Interleukin-6 mRNA levels were increased by Western diet in visceral adipose tissue, but this effect was impaired by intermittent fasting, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of intermittent fasting. Redox balance in subcutaneous adipose tissue remained unchanged. In conclusion, intermittent fasting alone did not prevent the oxidative stress caused by Western diet in visceral adipose tissue, despite having an anti-inflammatory action.
Relationship Between the Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.
Wang M, Xu W, Shi H
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Jun · PMID 40623418 · Publisher ↗
Previous studies investigating the relationship between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a novel marker of insulin resistance (IR), and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population have reporte...
Previous studies investigating the relationship between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a novel marker of insulin resistance (IR), and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population have reported conflicting findings. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the association between the TyG index and CKD risk. Cohort studies estimating the multivariate-adjusted association between TyG index and CKD were attained by thoroughly retrieving five databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. A random-effects model was used to analyze the data. Eleven cohort studies comprising 86 038 participants without CKD at baseline were included. Results showed that higher TyG index were independently associated with a higher risk of CKD for highest versus lowest TyG index category [adjusted RR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.38-1.67, I=0%, p<0.001]. The results with the TyG index analyzed continuously showed consistent (adjusted RR per each unit increase of TyG index: 1.29, 95% CI 1.22-1.36, I=0%, p<0.001). Findings of sensitivity analysis, which ruled out one dataset at a time, was similar (adjusted RR for categorical variables: 1.48-1.60, all p<0.001; adjusted R for continuous variables: 1.28-1.38, all p<0.001). Subgroup analyses suggested study features including ethnicity, sex, mean age, source of subjects, and the quality scores of studies had no significant effect on the association (all p>0.05). To summarize, a higher TyG index may be independently associated with a higher incidence of CKD in people without CKD at baseline.
Correlation Between Coagulation Index and Hormone Levels in Patients with ACTH-Independent Cushing's Syndrome.
Li Y, Zhao X, Liu Y … +1 more , Zhang Y
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Jun · PMID 40623417 · Publisher ↗
The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between hormone levels and coagulation indicators in patients with Cushing's syndrome, providing insights into disease progression and treatment. We recruited 640 pati...
The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between hormone levels and coagulation indicators in patients with Cushing's syndrome, providing insights into disease progression and treatment. We recruited 640 patients diagnosed with ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome with adrenocortical tumors, conducting comprehensive physical and laboratory examinations, and analyzing data using logistic regression models. We found that compound F at 8 AM (F8AM) and ACTH had better correlation with coagulation characteristics. We revealed negative association between F8AM levels and PLT or APTT, while ACTH exhibited opposite trends. With F8AM increasing, Fbg declined significantly, while ACTH had the opposite association. In patients with Cushing's syndrome, chronic cortisol elevations may lead to consumptive coagulopathy, characterized by decreased PLT and Fbg levels, apart from the hypercoagulable state implied by decreased APTT.
Metabolic and Hormonal Profile of Insulin-Like Peptide 5 (INSL5) in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Prospective Analysis.
Cengiz D, Ademoğlu Dilekçi EN, Albayrak Ö … +1 more , Yis ÖM
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Jul · PMID 40592474 · Publisher ↗
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder with diverse metabolic and hormonal manifestations. Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5), a gut-derived hormone of the relaxin/insulin family, is expressed in...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder with diverse metabolic and hormonal manifestations. Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5), a gut-derived hormone of the relaxin/insulin family, is expressed in the central nervous system, colonic and reproductive tissues, but its clinical significance in PCOS remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate circulating INSL5 levels in PCOS and explore their associations with key hormonal and metabolic parameters. In this prospective cross-sectional study, 45 women with newly diagnosed PCOS and 35 age-matched healthy controls (18-35 years) were evaluated. Clinical characteristics, hormonal profiles, and metabolic markers - including serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and INSL5 - were assessed. INSL5 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Median serum INSL5 levels did not differ significantly between PCOS and control groups (12.5 vs. 15.5 ng/ml; p=0.103). However, within the PCOS group, INSL5 was inversely correlated with body mass index, insulin, HOMA-IR, total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fat mass, and free androgen index, and positively correlated with sex hormone-binding globulin (p<0.05 for all). AMH was significantly higher in the PCOS group and demonstrated a diagnostic cut-off of 5.04 ng/ml (AUC: 0.808; sensitivity: 75.6%; specificity: 74.3%). Although INSL5 did not show diagnostic utility for PCOS, its consistent associations with insulin resistance, androgenic activity, and lipid metabolism suggest a potential role in metabolic regulation. These findings support its relevance as a candidate marker for metabolic phenotyping and warrant further investigation into its physiological role within the PCOS spectrum.
Associations of Obesity, Vitamin D, Adjusted Total Calcium, and Parathyroid Hormone in US from NHANES.
Frank E, Adjei Boakye E, Stack BC
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Jul · PMID 40578598 · Publisher ↗
Evidence for obesity and vitamin D deficiency as components of a data phenotype for primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is critical to understanding primary hyperparathyroidism. This study examined the association between...
Evidence for obesity and vitamin D deficiency as components of a data phenotype for primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is critical to understanding primary hyperparathyroidism. This study examined the association between vitamin D, body mass index (BMI), albumin total calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, albumin adjusted calcium, and BMI with elevated PTH were evaluated, with elevated PTH being defined as>9.02 pmol/l. Outcomes were PTH (pmol/l), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/l), albumin adjusted calcium (mmol/l), and BMI. A weighted multivariable logistic regression model estimated the associations. A total of 9740 survey respondents were included in the study, 3.5% had elevated PTH. Mean vitamin D level was 57.7 (SD=22.6) nmol/l and BMI was 28.6 (SD=6.5) kg/m2. A one unit increase in BMI was associated with higher odds of elevated PTH [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.06] whereas a one unit increase in vitamin D (aOR=0.97; 95% CI: 0.96, 0.98) or calcium (aOR=0.51; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.89) had decreased odds of elevated PTH. Higher BMI and lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are components of the primary hyperparathyroidism data phenotype. A refined data phenotype may improve detection/management of pHPT.
CGM-Based Real-World Data on the Transition from Glargine U100 to U300 in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes.
Tarçın G
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Jul · PMID 40506022 · Publisher ↗
This study aimed to compare continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) parameters in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) who transitioned from glargine U100 to glargine U300 to evaluate efficacy and safety. A to...
This study aimed to compare continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) parameters in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) who transitioned from glargine U100 to glargine U300 to evaluate efficacy and safety. A total of 52 participants aged 6-18 years using CGM were analyzed before and after transitioning from glargine U100 to glargine U300. For each individual, a 2-week CGM data collection was conducted after optimizing the glargine U100 dose. Participants then switched to glargine U300 at the same dose, with doses adjusted based on CGM graphs every three days. One week after the final dose adjustment, a second 2-week CGM period was recorded. Additionally, nighttime (00:00-08:00 h) data were analyzed, with glucose fluctuations measured by coefficient of variation (CV) and root mean squared error (RMSE). All parameters were compared between glargine U100 and U300. No significant differences were observed in glucose management indicator (GMI) or time in range (TIR) between glargine U100 and U300. However, glargine U300 was associated with significantly reduced hypoglycemia frequency and duration across 24-hour and nocturnal periods. Lower CV and RMSE values during nighttime further indicated reduced glycemic variability with glargine U300. An average 10% increase in basal insulin dose was required following the transition. The study provides real-world, CGM-based evidence suggesting that glargine U300 offers a safer, more stable option for managing T1D in children, particularly in reducing hypoglycemia. These findings highlight glargine U300's potential advantages in glycemic stability, supporting its use in pediatric diabetes care.
Correction: Asymmetric Dimethylarginine: A Never-Aging Story.
Jarzebska N, Bornstein SR, Tselmin S … +8 more , Julius U, Cellini B, Siow R, Martin M, Mookerjee RP, Mangoni AA, Weiss N, Rodionov RN
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40494545 · Full text
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Efficacy of Semaglutide Injection in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its Impact on C-Peptide Levels.
Xie S, Ye L, Yang A … +2 more , Li X, Yin Y
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Jun · PMID 40473254 · Publisher ↗
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating more effective therapeutic strategies. This study was to observe the impact of semaglutide on the C-Peptide levels and glycemic...
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating more effective therapeutic strategies. This study was to observe the impact of semaglutide on the C-Peptide levels and glycemic variability. This retrospective evaluation was conducted from January 2020 to January 2023 at our hospital, involving 172 patients diagnosed with T2DM. Patients were stratified into two groups: the observation group (86 patients) received semaglutide injections plus metformin, and the control group (86 patients) received only metformin. Treatment efficacy was assessed using changes in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2 h BG), and C-Peptide levels. Additional evaluations included changes in glycemic variability indicators such as standard deviation of blood glucose (SDBG), mean of daily differences (MODD), and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE). The observation group showed significantly greater improvements in glycemic control and C-Peptide levels compared to the control group. Specifically, the observation group achieved a significant reduction in HbA1c from 70 mmol/mol to 53 mmol/mol, FBG from 10.91 mmol/l to 6.12 mmol/l, and increased C-Peptide levels in both fasting and postprandial states. Improvements in glycemic variability were also more pronounced in the observation group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups. Semaglutide combined with metformin significantly enhances the efficacy of treatment in T2DM patients, with marked improvements in C-Peptide levels, glycemic control, and reduction in glycemic variability. This combination therapy not only offers superior glucose management but also appears to bolster pancreatic function.
Clinical Study on the Correlation Between Cortisol Secretion and Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension in Patients with Adrenal Tumors.
Jiao J, Cao X, Yi X … +3 more , Li G, Han F, Su Y
Horm Metab Res · 2025 May · PMID 40460854 · Publisher ↗
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between cortisol secretion and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension in patients with adrenal tumors. A total of 164 patients with benign adrenal tumors...
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between cortisol secretion and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension in patients with adrenal tumors. A total of 164 patients with benign adrenal tumors were recruited between January 2019 and December 2024. Cortisol levels were assessed using a 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test, classifying patients into three groups: non-functional adrenal tumors (group A, n=73), minimal autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS, group B, n=64), and MACS with confirmed Cushing's syndrome (group C, n=27). Statistical analyses compared the prevalence of hypertension and T2D across groups. Cortisol concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ELISA. Logistic regression identified factors influencing hypertension and T2D. The prevalence of hypertension and T2D was significantly higher in group C compared to groups A and B (p<0.05). Cortisol concentrations were higher in groups C and B than in group A (p<0.05), with group C showing the highest levels. Elevated cortisol in MACS patients was associated with increased hypertension risk (p<0.05) and higher rates of T2D (p<0.05). Age was a significant predictor, with a 9% increase in risk for each additional year. Cortisol secretion in adrenal tumor patients is linked to T2D and hypertension. As cortisol levels and age increase, so does the risk of these conditions, highlighting cortisol as a potential biomarker for managing these comorbidities.
Thyroid Gland and Pregnancy - Clinical Update.
Mladenovic V, Shah R, Medenica S … +6 more , Dutta P, Zankovic N, Aksam S, Ghosh J, Hussain M, Gluvic Z
Horm Metab Res · 2025 May · PMID 40460853 · Publisher ↗
Thyroid function undergoes significant alterations during pregnancy due to changes in hormone levels and higher metabolic demands. The thyroid gland in pregnancy enlarges by 10%; however, in iodine-deficient areas, this...
Thyroid function undergoes significant alterations during pregnancy due to changes in hormone levels and higher metabolic demands. The thyroid gland in pregnancy enlarges by 10%; however, in iodine-deficient areas, this growth might reach 40%. Elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in early pregnancy leads to increased thyroid hormone production. While triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do not cross the placenta, thyroxine (T4) does. Thyroid hormone demands peaks between weeks 16 and 20 of pregnancy and remains high until delivery. There is a rise in the levels of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), during the period of pregnancy, raising total T4 and T3 levels while TSH levels usually decrease. Pregnancy-related thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), carry the potential to impair the well-being of both the child as well as the mother. A range of 5-20% of women belonging to the reproductive age group have AITD, which can be associated with the possibility of infertility, miscarriages, and/or poor pregnancy outcomes. If improperly managed, overt hypothyroidism can cause severe complications such as developmental delay and preeclampsia. Effective management requires regular monitoring and appropriate treatment adjustment. Treatment for hypothyroidism involves levothyroxine, whereas cautious use of antithyroid medications is advised for hyperthyroidism. Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT), an autoimmune condition occurring after childbirth, requires careful management to address both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid phases. A comprehensive understanding and management of these conditions are critical for optimizing maternal and fetal health outcomes. Thyroid disorders are common in women of reproductive age group.
Asymmetric Dimethylarginine: A Never-Aging Story.
Jarzebska N, Bornstein SR, Tselmin S … +8 more , Julius U, Cellini B, Siow R, Martin M, Mookerjee RP, Mangoni AA, Weiss N, Rodionov RN
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40418971 · Full text
Human aging is intrinsically associated with the onset and the progression of several disease states causing significant disability and poor quality of life. Although such association was traditionally considered immutab...
Human aging is intrinsically associated with the onset and the progression of several disease states causing significant disability and poor quality of life. Although such association was traditionally considered immutable, recent advances have led to a better understanding of several critical biochemical pathways involved in the aging process. This, in turn, has stimulated a significant body of research to investigate whether reprogramming these pathways could delay the progression of human ageing and/or prevent relevant disease states, ultimately favoring healthier aging process. Cellular senescence is regarded as the principal causative factor implicated in biological and pathophysiological processes involved in aging. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and an independent risk factor for several age-associated diseases. The selective extracorporeal removal of ADMA is emerging as a promising strategy to reduce the burden of age-associated disease states. This article discusses the current knowledge regarding the critical pathways involved in human aging and associated diseases and the possible role of ADMA as a target for therapies leading to healthier aging processes.
Outcomes of 68Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4 PET/CT Guided Surgical Management of Insulinomas in MEN1: A Preliminary Study.
Ambulkar KS, Shah R, Lila A … +10 more , Sharma A, Barnabas R, Karlekar M, Memon SS, Sarathi V, Rege S, Verma P, Malhotra G, Lele V, Bandgar T
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Jun · PMID 40409292 · Publisher ↗
The data on the use of 68Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 PET/CT in localizing multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)-related insulinomas is evolving; however, surgical outcomes data are not available. We describe our cohort of p...
The data on the use of 68Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 PET/CT in localizing multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)-related insulinomas is evolving; however, surgical outcomes data are not available. We describe our cohort of patients with MEN1-related endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (EHH), where 68Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 PET/CT was used to guide conservative surgery. A retrospective record review of MEN1-related EHH cases managed between 2000 and 2024 was performed for clinical features, imaging, and management. Outcomes were assessed for patients whose surgical extent was determined by 68Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 PET/CT versus conventional imaging (CECT and 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT). Five patients with a median age of 17 (15.5-18.5 years) with EHH underwent laparoscopic, single lesion enucleation based on 68Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 PET/CT. On preoperative imaging, CT identified culprit lesion in four, while 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT localized in one, and had one false positive uptake in non-functioning NET. The median duration of hospital stay was 6 (5.5-9) days. Over a median follow-up of 48 (3.5-84.5) months, none had EHH recurrence or exocrine/endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. On follow-up, one patient had an uneventful pregnancy and delivery. In the remaining 15, who underwent surgery based on conventional imaging, 12 (80%) required extensive surgery beyond enucleation, of which two needed intraoperative ultrasound localization. This group had a postoperative hospital stay of 11 (8-23) days, one recurrence after 84 months, and pancreatic insufficiency in 5 (33%). Our center observation suggests that GLP1R-based PET/CT-guided conservative insulinoma surgery in MEN1 patients is effective and safe and needs further validation.
Efficacy, Safety, and Future of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.
Katz G
Horm Metab Res · 2025 May · PMID 40409279 · Publisher ↗
GLP-1 receptor agonists have emerged as important therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but their comparative efficacy and broader applications remain subjects of ongoing research. The aim of the study...
GLP-1 receptor agonists have emerged as important therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but their comparative efficacy and broader applications remain subjects of ongoing research. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy, safety, and clinical applications of three GLP-1 receptor agonists - Semaglutide, Dulaglutide, and Exenatide - through systematic review and meta-analysis. A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science (2015-2023) identified 20 randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Primary outcomes included changes in HbA1c and body weight. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool. Semaglutide demonstrated superior efficacy with mean HbA1c reduction of 1.45% and weight loss of 1.44 kg. Dulaglutide showed consistent reductions in HbA1c (1.1%) and weight (1.2 kg). while Exenatide exhibited moderate effects. Meta-analysis revealed a significant pooled effect estimate favoring GLP-1 receptor agonists. with a mean HbA1c difference of -0.81 (95% CI: -0.92 to -0.70). Gastrointestinal side effects were most common, with Semaglutide showing the highest incidence. This meta-analysis establishes Semaglutide as the most effective GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight reduction, while Dulaglutide and Exenatide offer viable alternatives with fewer side effects. These findings support evidence-based decision-making in T2DM management and highlight the potential broader therapeutic applications of GLP-1 receptor agonists beyond diabetes care.
Expression Profiles of Glucocorticoid Receptor α- and β-Isoforms in Diverse Physiological and Pathological Conditions.
Chen X, He H
Horm Metab Res · 2025 Jun · PMID 40404135 · Publisher ↗
Through alternative splicing, two isoforms of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene are generated, termed GRα and GRβ. GRα is predominantly expressed and shows steroid binding activity, whereas GRβ is thought to be inact...
Through alternative splicing, two isoforms of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene are generated, termed GRα and GRβ. GRα is predominantly expressed and shows steroid binding activity, whereas GRβ is thought to be inactive as a result of its truncated ligand-binding domain. GRβ may only act as a dominant negative inhibitor when co-expressed with GRα. GRβ specifically binds RU486 and also exhibits intrinsic transcriptional activities to directly regulate the expression of a large number of genes via both GRα-dependent and GRα-independent mechanisms. Hypercortisolemia and hypocortisolemia show different effects on the expression profiles of GR isoforms. Inflammatory cytokines induce GRβ expression and lead to an increased GRβ/GRα ratio, which may be related to glucocorticoid resistance during inflammatory diseases. Because GRβ inhibits the activity of GRα, it has the potential to ameliorate glucocorticoid-induced abnormal metabolism, muscle loss or be used to treat tumors. While elevated GRβ expression has been found in some inflammatory diseases and may be relevant to glucocorticoid unresponsiveness, whether GRβ modulates glucocorticoid sensitivity in vivo is under debate because of its extremely low expression levels under physiological situations.
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