Zhao XY, Sun YM, Gao YK
… +5 more, Lu ZZ, Huang C, Kong YY, Jia JD, You H
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Oct · PMID 41167765
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Liver fibrosis is a key histologic marker of long-term outcome in chronic liver disease. Non-invasive tests (NITs) have been shown to have predictive value, but the superiority of "dynamic" versus "static" assessment rem...Liver fibrosis is a key histologic marker of long-term outcome in chronic liver disease. Non-invasive tests (NITs) have been shown to have predictive value, but the superiority of "dynamic" versus "static" assessment remains controversial. This article systematically reviews the latest evidence to elucidate the association between longitudinal changes in NITs and hepatic adverse events and assess the incremental contribution of dynamic monitoring to the model. Additionally, it reveals that the dynamic monitoring of NITs is truly superior to single evaluation, but the evidence is limited and the heterogeneity is significant. Dynamic modeling approaches for NITs require a shift from traditional parameter estimation to time-series machine learning. Future studies should make breakthroughs in disease stratification, modeling method innovation, data quality improvement, and prediction ability assessment so as to promote the transition of NITs from "static risk label" to "dynamic individualized engine," which can truly serve clinical decision-making.
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Oct · PMID 41167764
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Liver fibrosis is a key pathological process in the progression of chronic liver disease, and its early stage and accurate diagnosis are crucial for improving patient prognosis. In recent years, the non-invasive diagnosi...Liver fibrosis is a key pathological process in the progression of chronic liver disease, and its early stage and accurate diagnosis are crucial for improving patient prognosis. In recent years, the non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis has gradually shifted from the traditional model based on conventional serological indicators to an evaluation system that integrates new biomarkers and multi-omics technologies. This article systematically reviews the evolution of the serological evaluation system for non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis, introduces the application progress of serological models, novel biomarkers, and the introduction of multimodal integration and artificial intelligence technology, and analyzes their advantages and limitations, with aim of providing novel ideas for achieving accurate diagnosis and assisting in clinical management of patients.
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Oct · PMID 41167763
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Portal hypertension is a major complication of cirrhosis. The current gold standard for diagnosis is the hepatic venous pressure gradient, but it possesses limitations such as invasiveness. In recent years, non-invasive...Portal hypertension is a major complication of cirrhosis. The current gold standard for diagnosis is the hepatic venous pressure gradient, but it possesses limitations such as invasiveness. In recent years, non-invasive tests have made significant progress in terms of evaluating and prognostication of portal hypertension. This article reviews the diagnostic value and related research advancements of different non-invasive tests in assessing portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis.
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Oct · PMID 41167762
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Liver fibrosis is a common pathological process in various chronic liver diseases. Early-stage and accurate diagnosis, as well as assessment of the degree of liver fibrosis, is crucial for the management of chronic liver...Liver fibrosis is a common pathological process in various chronic liver diseases. Early-stage and accurate diagnosis, as well as assessment of the degree of liver fibrosis, is crucial for the management of chronic liver diseases. Conventional imaging techniques for liver fibrosis (elastography and magnetic resonance elastography) still have the drawback of low sensitivity in detecting early-stage fibrosis. In recent years, emerging imaging omics based on ultrasound and magnetic resonance have improved the diagnostic accuracy and visualization stage of liver fibrosis. The emergence of artificial intelligence technology has also provided more options for the technological advancement of liver fibrosis imaging. This article aims to review the emerging liver fibrosis imaging technologies in recent years and compare their diagnostic performance with ultrasound elastography, shear wave elastography, and magnetic resonance elastography recommended by the current domestic and international guidelines and to pinpoint simultaneously the limitations and challenges that still exist in liver fibrosis imaging while reflecting the technological advances.
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Oct · PMID 41167761
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Liver fibrosis is a common pathological process associated with multiple chronic liver diseases. Recent advancements have significantly improved the non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis. This article focuses on the...Liver fibrosis is a common pathological process associated with multiple chronic liver diseases. Recent advancements have significantly improved the non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis. This article focuses on the exploration of hot topics, namely how noninvasive indicators can evaluate liver fibrosis reversal and predict clinical outcomes. Concurrently, it indicates that attention should be paid to the dynamic changes of noninvasive indicators, and population screening efforts should be strengthened to achieve early diagnosis and treatment of liver fibrosis so as to improve long-term clinical outcomes.
He N, Zhang XY, Lyu BB
… +3 more, Wang ZY, Hao S, Zhang FN
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873083
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The incidence rate of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in our country has risen rapidly and has developed into the largest chronic liver disease with the rise of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Alth...The incidence rate of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in our country has risen rapidly and has developed into the largest chronic liver disease with the rise of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although obesity is closely related to the occurrence of MAFLD, there are still some MAFLD patients whose body mass index does not meet the criteria for obesity or overweight, which is referred to as lean MAFLD. With the continuous advancement of pathological mechanisms and clinical diagnosis and treatment technologies, relevant research on lean MAFLD has made certain progress. This article reviews the epidemiological status, pathological mechanisms and clinical diagnosis and treatment of lean MAFLD in detail.
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873082
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Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated liver injury is a special type of drug-induced liver injury, and its clinical management has already become an emerging topic in recent years. This article focuses on a series of is...Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated liver injury is a special type of drug-induced liver injury, and its clinical management has already become an emerging topic in recent years. This article focuses on a series of issues that have attracted much attention in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated liver injury, including the clinical type and severity assessment, the role of liver biopsy, differentiation from autoimmune hepatitis, glucocorticoid dose selection, second-line immunosuppressant selection and timing, opportunistic infection prevention, hormone efficacy prediction, and hormone reduction and course of treatment. In addition, this article analyzes the relevant key points and proposes the current issues at the same time that have not yet been resolved, combined with the latest research progress at home and abroad.
Zhang J, Li Y, Ye Q
… +4 more, Yan NN, Yu HY, Wang FM, Di FS
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873079
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To explore the demographic composition of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and the role of energy metabolism in the progression of MAFLD in order to provide theoretica...To explore the demographic composition of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and the role of energy metabolism in the progression of MAFLD in order to provide theoretical support for improving the prognosis of MAFLD. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Ninety-four cases with T2DM combined with MAFLD admitted to the Endocrinology Department of Tianjin Third Central Hospital from July 2014 to July 2019 were selected. Patients were divided into three groups: non-metabolic associated steatohepatitis (MASH) group (25 cases), borderline MASH group (49 cases), and MASH group (20 cases) according to the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS). Patients were further divided into two groups: non/mild fibrosis (F0-1) group (74 cases) and the significant fibrosis (F2-4) group (20 cases) in accordance with liver fibrosis scores. The differences in general clinical and biochemical indicators, body composition, and energy metabolism indicators among the groups were compared. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore factors affecting liver inflammation and fibrosis severity degree in patients with MAFLD. The visceral fat area (VFA) and body fat percentage (PBF) were significantly higher in the MASH group than in the non-MASH group (<0.05), while the skeletal muscle mass index and body mass index (SMI-BMI) were significantly lower in the MASH group than in the marginal MASH group (<0.05) during the comparison of body composition and substrate metabolism at different stages of MASH. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly higher in the fibrotic group than in those in the no/mild fibrosis group (<0.05) when comparing clinical and biochemical indicators, body composition, and substrate metabolism at different stages of fibrosis. The skeletal muscle mass (SMM), SMI-BMI, SMM-Weight, resting energy expenditure (REE), and fat oxidation rate (FAT) were significantly lower in the fibrotic group than those in the no/mild fibrosis group (<0.05). The respiratory quotient and carbohydrate functional ratio (%CHO) were significantly higher in the fibrotic group than in the no/mild fibrosis group (<0.05). Correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between the NAS score, reflecting the severity of liver inflammatory lesions, with VFA and PBF (=0.258 and 0.323, <0.05); while the F score was positively correlated with the respiratory quotient, %CHO, and VFA (=0.292, 0.303, and 0.239, <0.05), and negatively correlated with REE, the energy ratio from fat, FAT, SMM, SMI-Weight, and SMI-BMI (=-0.209, -0.214, -0.333, -0.240, -0.250, and -0.305, <0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that SMI-Weight and FAT were independent factors affecting the progression of liver fibrosis. The reduction of skeletal muscle, particularly because of energy metabolism, is a factor affecting the progression of fibrosis in MAFLD.
Zhang MX, Wang L, Zhang X
… +2 more, Dong YC, Wang YC
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873078
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To explore the correlation between Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) so as to evaluate its predictive value for MAFLD. Six hundred and thirteen cases admitted t...To explore the correlation between Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) so as to evaluate its predictive value for MAFLD. Six hundred and thirteen cases admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University from June 2022 to August 2023 were selected and divided into the MAFLD group (=312) and the non-MAFLD group (=301) according to the diagnostic criteria of MAFLD. The clinical data differences between the two groups were compared. The MAFLD group was divided into a mild MAFLD group (=243) and a moderate to severe MAFLD group (=69) according to the liver/spleen CT value. The differences in body fat indices such as CVAI, visceral fat index (VAI), and visceral fat area (VFA) were compared between subjects with different degrees of MAFLD. The Spearman test was used to analyze the correlation between CVAI, VAI, and various clinical indicators. The subjects were divided into groups (Q1-Q4) according to the quartile levels of CVAI and VAI, and the distribution of MAFLD conditions among the groups was compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the occurrence risk of MAFLD at different CVAI and VAI levels. The receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the predictive value of CVAI, VAI, VFA, waist circumference, and body mass index for MAFLD. The DeLong test was used to compare the differences in the AUC of each predictive index. The prevalence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the levels of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, CVAI, VAI, VFA, subcutaneous fat area, waist circumference, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, and serum uric acid were higher in the MAFLD group than the non-MAFLD group (<0.05), while the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower than the non-MAFLD group (<0.001). The levels of CVAI, VAI, VFA, waist circumference, and body mass index were higher in the mild and the moderate to severe MAFLD group than those in the non-MAFLD group (<0.001). The detection rate of MAFLD gradually increased(=176.953, 133.659, <0.001) with the increase of CVAI and VAI levels. Correlation analysis showed that CVAI was positively correlated with VFA (=0.755, <0.001) and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (=0.579, <0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for various risk factors, the risk of MAFLD in the Q4 group of the CVAI subgroup was still 7.159 times that of the Q1 group (95%:3.126-16.392, <0.001), and the risk of MAFLD in the Q4 group of the VAI subgroup was still 4.667 times that of the Q1 group (95%: 2.187-9.962, <0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve results showed that the AUC of CVAI for predicting MAFLD was similar to that of VFA (0.822 . 0.826), and higher than that of VAI (AUC 0.772), waist circumference (AUC 0.796), and body mass index (AUC 0.755). The optimal critical value of CVAI for predicting the risk of MAFLD was 125.50, with sensitivity and specificity at 70.5% and 79.1%, respectively. The patient's risk of MAFLD increases with the rise of CVAI level, and CVAI has a favorable predictive value for the occurrence of MAFLD.
Fan HN, Ma YQ, Sun X
… +3 more, Huang K, Xing F, Liu CH
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873077
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To explore the predictive role of dynamic changes in serum Golgi protein 73 (GP73) and its inflammatory influencing factors on the reversal of hepatitis B virus-related liver fibrosis. Two hundred and seventy-eight pati...To explore the predictive role of dynamic changes in serum Golgi protein 73 (GP73) and its inflammatory influencing factors on the reversal of hepatitis B virus-related liver fibrosis. Two hundred and seventy-eight patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver fibrosis who received entecavir or combined Fuzheng Huayu tablets treatment and completed two liver biopsies (biopsy) in Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September 2014 to July 2019 were selected. The correlation between serum GP73 level and fibrosis stage (Ishak) and inflammation grade (HAI) was analyzed. The patients were divided into a fibrosis reversal group (Ishak decreased≥1 point) and a non-reversal group (Ishak score remained unchanged or increased), and an inflammation improvement group (ΔHAI≤-2) and a non-improvement group (ΔHAI>-2) according to the pathological changes of liver tissue before and after treatment. The cross-sectional value of GP73, its change value (ΔGP73), and the role of inflammatory influencing factors on the liver before and after treatment were evaluated for their predictive efficacy regarding liver fibrosis regression. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to explore the predictive value of serum ΔGP73 combined with liver stiffness change value (ΔLSM) for the reversal of hepatitis B virus-related liver fibrosis. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the data between the groups of quantitative data, and a paired t-test or rank sum test was used for the data before and after treatment. The test was used to compare the differences between the groups of enumeration data. Spearman and Pearson correlation methods were used for correlation analysis. The serum GP73 level was higher in the cirrhosis group than that in the group without significant fibrosis (<0.01). The GP73 level was higher in patients with moderate and severe inflammation than that in the mild group (<0.05). Pre-treatment serum GP73 was positively correlated with fibrosis stage (=0.248), inflammation grade (=0.318), and alanine aminotransferase level (=0.203) (<0.01). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for the predictive ability of post-treatment GP73 levels in the fibrosis reversal was 0.633 (95%: 0.573-0.689, sensitivity 62.68%, and specificity 59.56%). The decrease in ΔGP73 was significantly higher in the liver fibrosis reversal group (=142) than that in the non-reversal group (=136) [-39.22(-85.08,-14.31) ng/mL . -30.06(-61.29,-5.84) ng/mL, <0.01]. ΔGP73 was also associated with liver inflammation changes (AUROC=0.634, 95%: 0.574-0.690, sensitivity of 51.64%, specificity of 69.87%). Additionally, the predictive effectiveness of GP73 for fibrosis reversal improved after normalization of serum ALT (AUROC: 0.651 vs. 0.522 at baseline). ΔGP73 combined with ΔLSM had improved the AUROC predictive effectiveness from single indicators of 0.609 (ΔGP73) and 0.656 (ΔLSM) to 0.800 (95%: 0.662-0.899), with specificity increasing from 72.22% to 86.11%. Serum GP73 level is positively correlated with the degree of liver fibrosis and inflammation. Serum GP73 levels and ΔGP73 can predict the reversal of fibrosis, with liver inflammation being an important influencing factor following treatment. ΔGP73 combined with ΔLSM can significantly optimize the evaluation efficiency of liver fibrosis reversal.
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873076
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The Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver and Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada developed jointly the 2025 guidelines for the management of chronic hepatitis B in May 2025. The g...The Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver and Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada developed jointly the 2025 guidelines for the management of chronic hepatitis B in May 2025. The guidelines updated recommendations for universal adult HBV screening, vaccination, laboratory assessment, treatment, patient-centered care, early diagnosis, expanding antiviral treatment. Notably, the guidelines recommend reflex HDV testing and routine use of quantitative HBsAg for the decision of HBV management.
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873075
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The European Association for the Study of Liver (EASL) on May 8, 2025, published the updated clinical practice guidelines for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection (HBV), which proposes a comprehensive, e...The European Association for the Study of Liver (EASL) on May 8, 2025, published the updated clinical practice guidelines for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection (HBV), which proposes a comprehensive, evidence-based approach to clinical practice. The recommendations are divided into ten thematic chapters, including diagnosis, treatment goals, treatment indications, treatment options, hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance, management of special populations, HBV reactivation prevention, post-transplant care, HBV prevention strategies, problems to be solved, and future research directions.
Inherited Metabolic Liver Disease Collaboration Group, Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873074
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The Inherited and Metabolic Liver Disease Cooperative Group of the Hepatology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association organized experts in the relevant field to formulate the Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treat...The Inherited and Metabolic Liver Disease Cooperative Group of the Hepatology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association organized experts in the relevant field to formulate the Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Inherited Hyperbilirubinemia (2025 version), which includes Gilbert syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, and Rotor syndrome, based on advancements in clinical and basic research to assist clinicians in making rational decisions.
Liver Related Digestive Diseases Group, Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873073
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The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining host health and liver function, and gut microbiota transplant (also known as fecal microbiota transplantation) has shown potential clinical benefits in the treatm...The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining host health and liver function, and gut microbiota transplant (also known as fecal microbiota transplantation) has shown potential clinical benefits in the treatment of chronic liver disease. To help clinical professionals to quickly master and standardize the clinical application of gut microbiota transplant in chronic liver disease, the Group of the Liver Disease-related Gastroenterology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association organized experts in related fields to formulate the "Expert Consensus on the Clinical Application of Gut Microbiota Transplant in the Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease" such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer, including indications, contraindications, effectiveness, safety, donor selection, transplant routes, transplant precautions, prevention and treatment of adverse reactions, and other aspects to provide reference and guidance for clinicians to implement gut microbiota transplant.
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873072
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Liver cirrhosis as the terminal stage of chronic liver disease has seen many new insights and advances in its treatment strategies and perspectives in recent years. However, there are still many controversies about cirrh...Liver cirrhosis as the terminal stage of chronic liver disease has seen many new insights and advances in its treatment strategies and perspectives in recent years. However, there are still many controversies about cirrhotic portal hypertension management, prevention, therapy, and complications. This article summarizes the main key controversial points in the current treatment of liver cirrhosis from an evidence-based medicine perspective, including the use of non-selective β-blockers during decompensated stages, exploration of precise strategies for albumin, re-evaluation of the risks of statins, weighing the pros and cons of proton pump inhibitors, new understandings of anticoagulation therapy, breakthroughs in targeting gut microbiota, and nutritional support management. In addition, it combines the latest research data and guideline recommendations to explore future development directions so as to provide clinical practice reference.
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873071
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Cirrhosis caused by metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has become a major global health challenge. Genetics, metabolic disorders, viruses, and other factors jointly drive the progression of this disease. Th...Cirrhosis caused by metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has become a major global health challenge. Genetics, metabolic disorders, viruses, and other factors jointly drive the progression of this disease. The development of high-precision, non-invasive models for these diseases within the context of artificial intelligence is a novel direction for future diagnosis. Therapies that improve metabolism and antifibrosis should be strongly emphasized and urgently implemented to establish a standardized and unified endpoint evaluation system for anti-cirrhosis drug trials and therefore accelerate new drug development. This article systematically explores the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, and the latest diagnosis and treatment strategies, with the aim to provide a reference basis for clinical practice.
Li YQ, Feng Y, Wang XB
… +3 more, Shi K, Liu Y, Liu Y
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873070
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Liver cirrhosis is the terminal stage of chronic liver disease. Minimizing complications of liver cirrhosis and the occurrence of liver cancer has become an important goal for liver cirrhosis treatment. The primary etiol...Liver cirrhosis is the terminal stage of chronic liver disease. Minimizing complications of liver cirrhosis and the occurrence of liver cancer has become an important goal for liver cirrhosis treatment. The primary etiology leading to liver cirrhosis is chronic hepatitis B infection. "Dual-anti therapy" refers to the combination of anti-viral and anti-fibrosis treatment, which is the characteristic and advantage of the integration of Chinese and Western medicine. The article elaborates on the concept and strategies of "dual antibody therapy" based on evidence-based medicine and introduces the research progress in terms of representative anti-fibrotic Chinese patent medicines for reversing liver cirrhosis, reducing the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma, and loweri ng portal hypertension and its complications and others, revealing that dual antibody therapy can clinically facilitate dual reduction" (reducing both liver cancer and complications of cirrhosis). Additionally, it analyzes and summarizes the mechanism of action of anti-fibrotic Chinese patent medicines and prospects of a new model of liver cirrhosis treatment combining Chinese and Western medicine, thereby providing novel ideas for the prevention and treatment of clinical liver diseases.
Wang YP, Yang XH, Cai HY
… +4 more, Zhou P, Tang XP, Xu XY, Guan YJ
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40873069
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The 2021 version of the Baveno Ⅶ consensus on portal hypertension and the 2023 guidelines from the European Association for the Study of the Liver define recompensated cirrhosis as the restoration and stabilization of li...The 2021 version of the Baveno Ⅶ consensus on portal hypertension and the 2023 guidelines from the European Association for the Study of the Liver define recompensated cirrhosis as the restoration and stabilization of liver function, improvement of liver fibrosis, and absence of decompensated cirrhosis for a long time following effective treatment of the underlying etiology of cirrhosis. Recompensated cirrhosis has become an important research direction in the field with the gradually increasing number of these patients. Temporary recompensation, stable recompensation, and long-term recompensation are the three stages into which patients with cirrhosis are divided, based on varying recompensation stages. Clinical characteristics and prognosis are significantly different among different stages. Patients in the temporary compensation stage have significant fluctuations in their condition and poor stability, with a high risk of recurrent complications. The prognosis of patients in the stable recompensation stage is significantly affected by the cause and the type of initial decompensation event, while the condition of patients in the long-term recompensation stage is more stable, and the long-term prognosis is close to that of compensated cirrhosis. This article aims to summarize and explore the recompensation rates at different stages of liver cirrhosis, the occurrence risk of various complications and liver cancer, and long-term management and treatment following recompensation, providing new directions for future research in this field.