J. Feline Med. Surg. [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
High-rise syndrome in cats (part 1): epidemiology and risk factors.
Candela Andrade M, Slunsky P, Nerlich A … +2 more , Aguilera-Rojas M, Brunnberg L
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 May · PMID 40448315 · Full text
ObjectivesHigh-rise syndrome (HRS) is one of the most common causes of trauma in cats; however, significant inconsistencies remain in the literature regarding the relationship between fall height and injury severity, as...
ObjectivesHigh-rise syndrome (HRS) is one of the most common causes of trauma in cats; however, significant inconsistencies remain in the literature regarding the relationship between fall height and injury severity, as well as epidemiological patterns, including seasonal variations and architectural risk factors. Given these discrepancies, the aim of the present two-part study was to analyse a substantial population of cats to clarify these unresolved questions, providing a comprehensive assessment of injury patterns, survival rates and risk factors associated with feline high-rise falls.MethodsThis retrospective analysis included 1125 cases of cats treated for HRS at the Freie Universität Berlin's small animal clinic between 2004 and 2013. Eligible cases involved cats falling from at least the second floor of new buildings or the first floor of older buildings. Collected data encompassed breed, sex, age, weight, timing of accident, prior treatment, fall height, impact surface and environmental factors. The first part of this study focuses on epidemiological patterns and risk factors, while the second will analyse injury severity correlations.ResultsEuropean Shorthair cats accounted for 82% of cases, with an average age of 2.3 years and an average weight of 4.1 kg. Falls were evenly distributed between sexes. Seasonal peaks occurred in summer (77%) and most incidents took place at night (62.1%). The average fall height was in the range of 8-15 m, with the majority of cats landing on hard surfaces (74.2%). Repeat incidents (two separate falls) were documented in 1.4% of cases.Conclusions and relevanceThis study, with the largest sample of feline HRS cases, highlights the influence of seasonal, temporal and environmental factors on fall risks. The findings offer a critical basis for preventive strategies, including owner education, use of window barriers and prompt veterinary care, to mitigate the incidence and severity of HRS.
Evaluation of different constant rate infusions of dexmedetomidine in cats undergoing elective surgery.
Stabile M, Vicenti C, Piemontese C … +4 more , Acquafredda C, Lacitignola L, Crovace A, Staffieri F
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 May · PMID 40448310 · Full text
ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of three constant rate infusions (CRIs) of dexmedetomidine (DEX; 1, 2 and 3 µg/kg/h) on cardiovascular, respiratory and analgesic outcomes in cats undergoi...
ObjectivesThe objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of three constant rate infusions (CRIs) of dexmedetomidine (DEX; 1, 2 and 3 µg/kg/h) on cardiovascular, respiratory and analgesic outcomes in cats undergoing elective ovariectomy, aiming to identify an infusion rate that optimally balances analgesic benefits with minimal side effects.MethodsIn a randomised, controlled, blinded study, 73 healthy female cats were assigned to one of four groups: DEX1 (1 µg/kg/h), DEX2 (2 µg/kg/h), DEX3 (3 µg/kg/h) or a control group receiving saline solution (CTRL). Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane, and physiological variables, including heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR) and end-tidal CO, were measured at baseline and specific time points during surgery. Intraoperative analgesia was assessed based on rescue analgesia requirements, and recovery quality was evaluated postoperatively.ResultsDEX CRI reduced isoflurane requirements only in DEX3 at T30 compared with the other groups at the same time point. Blood pressure was higher in DEX3 at T15 and T30 compared with the other groups at the same times, while no differences were observed for HR across all groups at any time of the study. The percentage of cases that required rescue analgesia was significantly lower in the DEX3 group (33%) compared with the CTRL (80%), DEX1 (80%) and DEX2 (86%) groups, which were similar. Recovery quality was similar across the groups, with fewer signs of agitation and dysphoria in DEX2 and DEX3, though DEX3 showed a slightly prolonged recovery.Conclusions and relevanceThis study supports the use of DEX CRI in cats as a valuable and safe option for balanced anaesthesia. Among the doses tested, 3 µg/kg/h provided the most clinically evident intraoperative analgesic and isoflurane-sparing effects with an improved quality of recovery. High blood pressure was observed, which may be considered critical in the clinical setting. Further research is needed to explore rate adjustments for more extensive procedures.
Adverse events after fecal microbiota transplantation in nine cats: a case series.
Lee MA, Slead T, Suchodolski J … +2 more , Tolbert MK, Marsilio S
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 May · PMID 40443229 · Full text
This case series describes nine cases of fecal microbiota transplantation in cats and associated adverse events (AEs) from two tertiary referral hospitals. AEs were graded according to criteria established by the Veterin...
This case series describes nine cases of fecal microbiota transplantation in cats and associated adverse events (AEs) from two tertiary referral hospitals. AEs were graded according to criteria established by the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (VCOG-CTCAE v2) for clinical trials. Cats received 5-6 g/kg donor feces 2-6 times for chronic enteropathy (n = 4) or therapy-resistant diarrhea (n = 5). AEs included lethargy (n = 7), vomiting (n = 5), diarrhea (n = 5), weight loss (n = 5), inappetence (n = 5), dehydration (n = 5), abdominal pain (n = 2), gastroenterocolitis based on ultrasound (n = 2) and anorexia (n = 1). Temperatures of up to 103.4°F were noted but did not meet the criteria for AEs (>103.5°F). Cats responded to antimicrobials (metronidazole, marbofloxacin), anthelmintics (fenbendazole), supportive care with fluids, ondansetron and mirtazapine (n = 5), gabapentin (n = 2), pradofloxacin (n = 1) or self-resolved (n = 1). Positive response to fecal microbiota transplantation for the presenting complaint was seen in eight cats (seven complete, one partial and transient).Relevance and novel informationFecal microbiota transplantation is increasing in usage among companion animals. Fecal microbiota transplantations in cats have been rarely described in the literature as have AEs after administration. This case series represents the first description of AEs after fecal microbiota transplantation in cats.
Comparison of outcomes in feline intermediate- to large-cell lymphoma treated with CMOP (cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, vincristine and prednisolone) instead of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone).
Lai NA, Nguyen SM, Todd JE … +5 more , Langova V, Bavcar S, Blaxill JE, Yu S, White JD
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 May · PMID 40443182 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the response rate, progression-free interval (PFI), survival time (ST) and adverse events in cats treated with cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, vincristine and prednisolone (CMOP) vs...
ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the response rate, progression-free interval (PFI), survival time (ST) and adverse events in cats treated with cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, vincristine and prednisolone (CMOP) vs cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone (CHOP) for intermediate- to large-cell feline lymphoma.MethodsMedical records of cats treated for intermediate- to large-cell lymphoma between 2015 and 2023 from three referral institutions within the larger Sydney metropolitan area were retrospectively reviewed. Cats were included if they had a confirmed diagnosis of intermediate- to large-cell lymphoma and had received either a CMOP or CHOP protocol as a first-line treatment. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine if PFI or ST differed significantly between treatment groups. A multivariate analysis was also conducted to determine whether differences in prognostic factors between the groups may have biased outcomes.ResultsA total of 123 cats were enrolled, with 41 cats in the CMOP group and 82 cats in the CHOP group. No significant differences were identified between the response rates (66% in both groups), median PFI (CMOP 69 days, CHOP 59 days) and median ST (CMOP 103 days, CHOP 80 days) of cats treated with CMOP instead of CHOP.Conclusions and relevanceCMOP is a well-tolerated and suitable substitute for CHOP for feline intermediate- to large-cell lymphoma. It is logistically easier to administer as it can be given as an intravenous bolus and carries less risk of catastrophic extravasation injuries.
Preliminary detection of haemoplasma in Thai cat blood samples using universal primers: identifying ' Mycoplasma haemominutum' and closely related species.
Bui TTH, Thongmeesee K, Wechtaisong W … +1 more , Tiawsirisup S
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 May · PMID 40433965 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study examined feline haemoplasmas (, ' Mycoplasma haemominutum' [Mhm] and ' Mycoplasma turicensis') infecting Thai domestic cats, using the 16S and 23S rRNA genes as genetic markers.MethodsBlood samples f...
ObjectivesThis study examined feline haemoplasmas (, ' Mycoplasma haemominutum' [Mhm] and ' Mycoplasma turicensis') infecting Thai domestic cats, using the 16S and 23S rRNA genes as genetic markers.MethodsBlood samples from 20 cats were obtained from a diagnostic laboratory and nucleic acids were extracted from each sample using a commercial kit. PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene was used to screen haemoplasmas in the samples. Positive PCR samples were further sequenced using the 16S and 23S rRNA genes. The sequences from each genetic marker were analysed using Nucleotide BLAST, phylogeny and genetic network analyses.ResultsAmong the 20 samples, five were infected with haemoplasmas. In the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, four sequences were assigned to Mhm and the remaining sequence was likely to be a closely related species of Mhm. In the 23S rRNA gene sequencing, four sequences from the same samples used for 16S rRNA gene sequencing were identified as Mhm and one sequence could be a putative novel haemoplasma species closely related to Mhm.Conclusions and relevanceOnly Mhm and its closely related species were identified in this study. Although Mhm has been recognised as a low-virulence parasite, cases of severe anaemia in cats infected with Mhm have been found. Thus, such cases could be confirmed via the analysis of 16S and 23S rRNA genes. Furthermore, molecular detection and genetic analyses of feline haemoplasmas in additional cat blood samples should be conducted using PCR assay and DNA sequencing based on universal primers of 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes to enable more specific identification.
Efficacy of oral remdesivir in treating feline infectious peritonitis: a prospective observational study of 29 cats.
Renner KA, Cattin R, Kimble B … +3 more , Munday J, White A, Coggins S
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 May · PMID 40424099 · Full text
ObjectivesThe primary aim of this prospective observational study was to document clinical progression, survival, remission and relapse in New Zealand cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) that were treated with...
ObjectivesThe primary aim of this prospective observational study was to document clinical progression, survival, remission and relapse in New Zealand cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) that were treated with compounded oral remdesivir with or without initial parenteral remdesivir therapy. The secondary aims were to determine the optimal monitoring protocols and report the adverse effects of treatment and complications associated with FIP.MethodsA total of 29 client-owned cats with a clinical diagnosis of FIP were prospectively recruited. Cats were administered oral remdesivir (30 mg/kg q24h), rounded up to the nearest capsule size as the sole treatment, or after initial parenteral remdesivir (15-30 mg/kg q24h). Rechecks were recommended at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 during treatment, and at 2 and 12 weeks after treatment. A full physical examination (including neurological and ophthalmic examination) and point-of-care ultrasound were performed at each recheck. A complete blood count and biochemistry panel were performed at weeks 4, 8, 12 and 24. Molnupiravir was offered as a rescue therapy for cats that relapsed.ResultsIn total, 25 (86%) cats entered remission and survived beyond 6 months (range 6-27). A total of 22 (75%) cats achieved remission within 84 days while receiving oral remdesivir. Three cats received subsequent molnupiravir rescue therapy to achieve remission. Five cats (20%) experienced relapse: four with non-effusive disease and one with effusive disease. Notably, 4/8 (50%) non-effusive cases relapsed, compared with only 1/20 (5%) with effusive disease.Conclusions and relevanceThis study demonstrates that oral remdesivir at a dose rate of 30 mg/kg q24h is an effective treatment for effusive FIP. The survival rate in non-effusive cats was significantly lower; therefore, an increased dose rate or frequency of administration should be considered in these cats. Oral remdesivir is a viable antiviral option where GS-441524 is unavailable.
Voluntary acceptance of nutrient-enriched water supplement and promotion of water intake in clinically dehydrated cats.
Peralta M, Nichelason A, Trepanier L
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 May · PMID 40384438 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of this prospective observational study was to quantitate voluntary consumption of a nutrient-enriched water (NW) supplement and assess any improvements in serum biochemical values, clinical hydration a...
ObjectivesThe aim of this prospective observational study was to quantitate voluntary consumption of a nutrient-enriched water (NW) supplement and assess any improvements in serum biochemical values, clinical hydration assessments or quality of life (QoL) parameters in clinically dehydrated feline patients.MethodsA total of 13 stable, clinically dehydrated pet cats, for which outpatient management was deemed clinically appropriate by the attending veterinarian, completed the study between May and December 2023. Cats were offered NW based on body weight, along with ad libitum water. Fluid intake was measured, and changes in blood urea nitrogen and other biochemical measures of hydration, body weight, clinical hydration and owner-perceived QoL) survey scores were assessed at baseline and at 48 h.ResultsVoluntary NW intake (median 38.9 ml/kg/day) was significantly higher than ad libitum drinking water consumption (13.7 ml/kg/day; = 0.005). Owners perceived the NW to be well accepted by their cats. Cats had a median total fluid intake of 47.2 ml/kg/day and every participating cat exceeded a target total fluid intake of 30 ml/kg/day. There were no changes in biochemical markers or body weight over 48 h of NW intake. Clinical assessments of hydration significantly improved ( <0.004), as did owner-perceived QoL ( = 0.001).Conclusions and relevanceClinically dehydrated pet cats voluntarily accepted the NW and consumed more NW than water. Median NW intake exceeded commonly prescribed feline subcutaneous fluid doses of 20 ml/kg/day, and both clinical hydration and owner-perceived QoL improved over the study duration. NW provides a well-tolerated, low-stress and voluntarily accepted method to promote fluid intake in feline patients.
Retrospective review of outcome following medical management of a congenital portosystemic shunt in 10 cats.
Lipscomb V, Anghileri-Jarman F, Taylor S
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 May · PMID 40384413 · Full text
Case series summaryThe objective of this case series was to describe the survival, cause of death, clinical signs and long-term quality of life (QoL) of cats treated medically for a congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS)....
Case series summaryThe objective of this case series was to describe the survival, cause of death, clinical signs and long-term quality of life (QoL) of cats treated medically for a congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS). Signalment, clinical signs, imaging, medical management and reason for not pursuing surgical treatment were obtained using medical records from two referral centres. Long-term outcome was obtained using a health-related quality of life (HRQoL) owner questionnaire. A total of 10 owners completed a HRQoL questionnaire that included frequency of clinical signs relating to having a shunt, QoL, behaviour, improvement in body condition score (BCS), and date and cause of death (where applicable). Five (50%) cats died or were euthanased because of their shunt. The median follow-up time for all 10 cats (from birth to death or questionnaire completion if still alive) was 26.5 months (range 8 months to 15 years). The mean CPSS score was 30/124 (range 13-57) and all cats medically treated for their CPSS had ongoing clinical signs. QoL scores and BCS were assessed as improved by eight (80%) and nine (90%) owners, respectively, following medical management of a CPSS.Relevance and novel informationThis is the first case series description of cats managed medically for a CPSS, which demonstrates that all cats medically treated for a CPSS had ongoing clinical signs in the long term, albeit with improved QoL, and that half of cats treated medically can be expected to die because of their shunt. Although this study adds to the current body of knowledge of CPSS management in cats, ongoing research should be conducted to increase the sample size and compare long-term CPSS and QoL scores in healthy cats to groups of cats treated either medically or surgically for a CPSS.
Fundoscopy in cats: a practical guide and common findings.
Giannakopoulou N, Blacklock B
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 May · PMID 40347093 · Full text
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Comprehensive examination of the feline fundus should be in every clinician's arsenal. It is an integral part of both the physical and ophthalmic examination, especially in senior cats and in the pre...
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Comprehensive examination of the feline fundus should be in every clinician's arsenal. It is an integral part of both the physical and ophthalmic examination, especially in senior cats and in the presence of intraocular inflammation and visual impairment. Fundoscopy provides critical insight into a wide range of systemic diseases, often leading to quicker diagnoses and better treatment outcomes. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Practice is needed to become proficient and take high-quality photos of the retina. Distinguishing between normal variants and pathological findings can be challenging initially. EVIDENCE BASE: This review includes information from published references of common retinal pathologies in cats, as well as the authors' extensive experience on performing fundoscopy. EQUIPMENT: The essential tools for fundoscopy include a direct and indirect ophthalmoscope, condensing lens and a focal light source. High-quality images of the fundus can be achieved with any smartphone. AUDIENCE: This review is aimed at veterinary clinicians and outlines all the steps and equipment needed to confidently perform fundoscopy. It also provides tips on how to capture photos of the fundus using a smartphone. Common findings are discussed in relation to different retinal pathologies.
Impact of interlaboratory differences on the measurement of serum creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine values: does this affect clinical decision-making?
Vanden Broecke E, Van Mulders L, Paepe D … +1 more , Daminet S
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Apr · PMID 40298305 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the impact of interlaboratory differences (in analysis technique and reference intervals [RIs]) on the measurement of serum creatinine (sCr) and serum symmetric dimethylarginine (sSDM...
ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the impact of interlaboratory differences (in analysis technique and reference intervals [RIs]) on the measurement of serum creatinine (sCr) and serum symmetric dimethylarginine (sSDMA) concentrations in cats and on classification by stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD).MethodsFor the interlaboratory discrepancy study, samples from 30 client-owned cats (healthy or diagnosed with CKD) with sCr in the range of 130-200 µmol/l and urine specific gravity <1.035 were retrospectively selected. A single batch of samples was analysed for sCr and sSDMA with one in-house laboratory machine and in three commercial laboratories. In addition, sCr values from 63 healthy cats aged ⩾10 years were used to calculate an age-specific RI for the in-house analyser.ResultsDespite a relatively good correlation (interclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.875), the in-house analyser consistently reported lower sCr values, while for sSDMA, systematically higher values were obtained in one commercial laboratory (ICC = 0.707). A total of 22/30 (73%) cases had at least one laboratory reporting inconsistent sSDMA values in relation to the RI, and 23/30 (77%) for sCr. For subsequent staging using sSDMA, at least 1/4 laboratories indicated a different stage in 22/30 (73%) cases. For sCr, all laboratories classified the cats as stage 2; however, the in-house analyser classified 8/30 (27%) cats as stage 1. The RI (71-212 µmol/l) provided by the company for sCr measurement on the in-house machine was subsequently recalculated, resulting in a considerably lower upper limit (163 µmol/l) and a significantly (adjusted value = 0.016) different proportion of cats with measurements outside the RI.Conclusions and relevanceClinicians must be careful when interpreting sCr and sSDMA values, as they may lead to discrepant outcomes due to interlaboratory variability. Moreover, age-specific RIs should be applied when available, facilitating the early detection of CKD in older cats.
Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in obese cats: a preliminary cadaveric study.
Garbin M, Monteiro BP, Steagall PV
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Apr · PMID 40298299 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of adipose tissue in the abdominal wall of obese cats and compare the injectate spread and spinal nerve staining after ultrasound-guided transver...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of adipose tissue in the abdominal wall of obese cats and compare the injectate spread and spinal nerve staining after ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block using lean (LBW) vs actual body weight (ABW).MethodsFour cat cadavers with a body condition score ⩾8/9 were included. Cat 1 was dissected to identify the TAP and describe abdominal fat distribution. Cats 2 and 3 received a two-point ultrasound-guided TAP injection of 0.25 ml/kg/point based on LBW and ABW, respectively. In cat 4, both hemiabdomens were randomly injected with the two volumes. Subsequent anatomic dissection assessed injectate distribution and the number of thoracic (T) and lumbar (L) spinal nerves stained ⩾1 cm circumferentially.ResultsThe mean weight of the cats was 7.5 ± 0.3 kg and they had a body condition score of 9/9. A thick layer of hypoechoic adipose tissue was observed ventral to the costal arch, between the rectus and transversus abdominis muscles, and a second thinner layer between the obliquus internus and transversus abdominis muscles. After crossing the adipose tissue, the ventral branches of spinal nerves lie in the fascial plane, superficial to the transversus abdominis muscle. LBW- and ABW-based injectate volumes stained the ventral branches from T12 to L1 and T11 to L1, respectively.Conclusions and relevanceTwo separate layers of adipose tissues are localized superficially to the transversus abdominis muscle in obese cats. Identifying the transversus abdominis muscle and adipose layers is crucial for the success of the TAP block. Injectate volumes based on ABW may provide wider staining of thoracolumbar spinal nerves than LBW. Further randomized clinical trials are needed in obese cats using locoregional anesthesia.
Cystoscopy-assisted urolith retrieval via a perineal urethrostomy stoma in male cats.
Cantrall R, Langlois DK, Antezana A … +1 more , Spinner M
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Apr · PMID 40243255 · Full text
ObjectivesWe sought to characterize cystoscopy-assisted urolith retrieval via a perineal urethrostomy stoma (CUPU) initially in a cadaveric model and then in clinical cases. We hypothesized that a CUPU would provide a re...
ObjectivesWe sought to characterize cystoscopy-assisted urolith retrieval via a perineal urethrostomy stoma (CUPU) initially in a cadaveric model and then in clinical cases. We hypothesized that a CUPU would provide a reasonable alternative to the traditional approach of performing a cystotomy after perineal urethrostomy in male cats with complex or recurrent urolithiasis-associated urethral obstruction (UO).MethodsA perineal urethrostomy (PU) was performed in 20 male cat cadavers. A randomly assigned number of synthetic calculi (SynC) was placed retrograde into the urinary bladder, and an endoscopist blinded to the SynC number, performed CUPU using a flexible ureteroscope and basket retrieval device. Procedure characteristics were summarized with descriptive statistics. After completion of the cadaver phase, two male cats with naturally occurring complex or recurrent urolithiasis-associated UO that warranted PU were recruited to undergo CUPU. Clinical features and outcomes of these cases were described.ResultsFour cadavers were excluded because of urethral tearing during SynC placement. A narrow urethral lumen precluded ureteroscope passage in two cadavers. In the 14 remaining cadavers, a median of 7.5 SynC (range 3-9) were placed in the urinary bladder. The CUPU median procedural time was 13.2 mins (range 6.1-24.0) and all 99 (100%) SynC were successfully retrieved from the 14 cadavers. Scope-associated tearing of the urethra or surgical site was not observed in any cadavers. Two client-owned cats with struvite urolithiasis-associated UO underwent a PU followed by CUPU. All uroliths were successfully retrieved, and periprocedural complications were not observed. Both cats had normal stoma sites 4 weeks postoperatively and neither cat had owner-reported dysuria 3 months postoperatively.Conclusions and relevanceThis study highlighted that CUPU is a feasible procedure with the potential to obviate the need for abdominal surgery in some cats with cystolithiasis and urolithiasis-associated UO that warrant PU.
Evaluation of the performance of topical products containing Ophytrium and chlorhexidine digluconate in cats with local cutaneous bacterial and/or overgrowth.
Dropsy H, Cozar A, De Jaeger X … +6 more , Billy C, Noli C, Cristante R, Leymarios F, Deschamps V, Gatellet M
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Apr · PMID 40237697 · Full text
ObjectivesThe application of Ophytrium and chlorhexidine (DOUXO S3 PYO Shampoo and Pads; Ceva Santé Animale) in cats for managing cutaneous microbial imbalances was analysed.MethodsClient-owned cats with microbiota imbal...
ObjectivesThe application of Ophytrium and chlorhexidine (DOUXO S3 PYO Shampoo and Pads; Ceva Santé Animale) in cats for managing cutaneous microbial imbalances was analysed.MethodsClient-owned cats with microbiota imbalance characterised by overgrowth, bacterial overgrowth or both were recruited. The cats were either washed with shampoo, when possible, considering the localisation of the affected zones and the cooperation of the cat, or treated with topical pads on day 0 (D0), and then received daily pad applications for either 2 weeks (D14) or 3 weeks (D21). Microorganisms were assessed on D0, D7, D14 and D21 using quantitative cytological counts, and pruritus was graded by the owner using a pruritus visual analogue scale for cats (VAScat). Satisfaction questionnaires were collected from both the veterinarians and owners on D14 and D21 (end of follow-up [EOF]).ResultsAmong the 10 cats that completed the study, cytological resolution, defined as a mean number of bacteria per oil immersion field (OIF) ⩽2 and/or a mean number of yeasts per OIF ⩽1, occurred on D7 and at EOF in 60% and 90% of animals, respectively. Median yeast count per OIF decreased significantly from D0 (6.7) to EOF (0.0). Similarly, the median bacterial count decreased significantly from D0 (18.0) to EOF (0.0). Median highest values assigned using the VAScat decreased significantly from D0 (4.3) to EOF (1.4). Overall, the veterinarians assessed the cytological and clinical improvement as satisfactory, good or excellent in nine cases. The protocol was considered efficient and practical by nine (90%) owners and the pads were considered easy to use by all 10 (100%) owners.Conclusions and relevancePads and an optional shampoo containing Ophytrium and chlorhexidine were well tolerated. These products were effective in achieving cytological resolution and improving clinical signs and discomfort in cats with microbiota disturbances, yielding high satisfaction levels in veterinarians and owners.
Assessment of longitudinal systolic function using tissue motion annular displacement in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a prospective case-control study.
Glaewketgarn N, Surachetpong SD
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Apr · PMID 40237117 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate left ventricular (LV) longitudinal systolic function in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and healthy control cats using tissue motion annular displacement (TM...
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate left ventricular (LV) longitudinal systolic function in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and healthy control cats using tissue motion annular displacement (TMAD).MethodsThe study included 26 control cats and 21 HCM cats. All cats underwent assessment using two-dimensional echocardiography, M-mode echocardiography, pulsed-wave Doppler, tissue Doppler imaging techniques, longitudinal strain and TMAD.ResultsGlobal TMAD and percentage (%) global TMAD were not influenced by breed, sex, age or heart rate. Mean global TMAD and % global TMAD significantly decreased in the HCM group (2.86 ± 0.86 mm and 11.46% ± 3.37%, respectively) compared with the control group (3.95 ± 0.89 mm and 16.12% ± 2.94%, respectively) ( <0.001 for both), suggesting LV longitudinal systolic dysfunction in HCM cats. LV fractional shortening showed no difference between the control (52.76% ± 11.63%) and the HCM groups (59.80% ± 13.51%) ( = 0.061). Global TMAD and % global TMAD were significantly correlated with global longitudinal strain ( <0.001). The intraclass correlation coefficient of global TMAD and % global TMAD was considered moderate.Conclusions and relevanceGlobal TMAD and % global TMAD were significantly decreased in cats with HCM compared with the control group, and were sensitive and repeatable techniques for evaluating LV longitudinal systolic dysfunction in cats with HCM.
Owners' experiences of caring for cats with chronic kidney disease in the UK.
Elliott J, Reyes-Hughes H, Hibbert A … +2 more , Blackwell E, Finch NC
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Apr · PMID 40235283 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to describe current practices in the management of feline chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the experiences and emotions of caring for a cat with CKD, reported by UK cat owners....
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to describe current practices in the management of feline chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the experiences and emotions of caring for a cat with CKD, reported by UK cat owners.MethodsA survey study was conducted of UK owners of cats with CKD that included multiple-choice, Likert scale and open questions reported using descriptive statistics.ResultsResponses from 100 UK owners of cats with CKD were included in the study. Of the owners, 73% had knowledge of their cat's International Renal Interest Society stage and 76% were feeding their cat a renal diet, with 70% reporting that veterinary recommendation had influenced this decision. Of the owners, 35% were administering phosphate binders, 26% natural supplements and 25% antiproteinuric therapies to their cat. Of concern was the high number of owners reporting feelings of anxiety (99%) as well as other negative emotions associated with caring for their cat with CKD. Extreme worry, anxiety or concern were high at both the time of CKD diagnosis and survey completion, related to disease prognosis (72% and 50%, respectively) and cats' quality of life (63% and 46%, respectively). Many owners agreed that their daily routine had changed a lot since their cat was diagnosed with CKD (66%) and that caring for their cat negatively impacted or restricted their own life (37%).Conclusions and relevanceAlthough owners' knowledge and understanding of their cat's CKD and appropriate management was generally in line with expert guidelines, the finding that many owners reported experiencing feelings of anxiety associated with caring for their cat, suggesting caregiver burden, was concerning. This highlights the impact that veterinary professionals, including veterinary nurses, may have in providing greater education and support to enhance the relationship and communication with owners of cats with CKD, thus helping to alleviate anxiety and ensure ongoing successful CKD management.
Evaluation of urinary kidney injury molecule-1 in cats with chronic kidney disease.
Kornya M, Defarges A, Bienzle D
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Apr · PMID 40231639 · Full text
ObjectivesKidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein on proximal renal tubular epithelial cells that is increased in the urine of cats with acute kidney injury. The utility of measuring urine KIM-1...
ObjectivesKidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein on proximal renal tubular epithelial cells that is increased in the urine of cats with acute kidney injury. The utility of measuring urine KIM-1 in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the relationship with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage are unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution of KIM-1 concentrations in cats with different stages of CKD and investigate the relationship between urine KIM-1 and urine specific gravity (USG), urine protein and serum urea, creatinine, phosphorus, potassium and symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations.MethodsA total of 74 cats with CKD were recruited prospectively from a first-opinion feline-only practice. Blood and urine samples were collected from all cats. The stage of CKD was determined as per IRIS guidelines. Urine KIM-1 concentration was determined with a previously validated lateral flow assay. KIM-1 was reported as a test:control ratio. The distribution of KIM-1 values in cats with CKD was determined, and the correlation between KIM-1 and other determinants of renal function was calculated. Urine KIM-1 was normalized to a USG of 1.035 and the analysis was repeated.ResultsCats with CKD had a median urine KIM-1 value of 0.1544 (range 0.038-0.540). The median KIM-1 values in cats with IRIS stage 1, 2, 3 and 4 CKD were 0.152 (range 0.113-0.512), 0.165 (range 0.038-0.540), 0.150 (range 0.037-0.448) and 0.140 (range 0.067-0.448), respectively. There were no differences in urine KIM-1 values relative to IRIS stage. Urine KIM-1 values were correlated with USG ( = 0.482; = 0.005). An analysis of KIM-1 values normalized to USG resulted in similar findings.Conclusions and relevanceUrine KIM-1 values in cats with CKD were similar to those previously described in healthy cats. There was a moderately strong correlation between urine KIM-1 concentration and USG. Sequential measurement of KIM-1 in cats with progressive CKD may be informative.
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis: a thorough systematic review of associated factors.
Sánchez-Vallejo M, Vélez-Velásquez P, Correa-Valencia NM
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Apr · PMID 40231602 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to systematically compile and analyze the available evidence from studies that have explored factors associated with feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS).MethodsAn electronic...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to systematically compile and analyze the available evidence from studies that have explored factors associated with feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS).MethodsAn electronic search was conducted using four databases (OVID/MEDLINE, PubMed, SciELO, Redalyc), as well as proceedings from the European Veterinary Dentistry Forum and the Veterinary Dental Forum, when available. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were predetermined and maintained throughout the systematic process, focusing exclusively on articles published in peer-reviewed journals.ResultsA total of 17 articles met the definitive inclusion criteria. All were published in English, in 11 journals, and between 1984 and 2023. The relevant articles reported a global frequency of FCGS of 10.9% (747/6881 cats). Six studies reported the exploration of factors inherent to the cat (eg, age, sex, reproductive status), two reported the exploration of factors related to the cats' environment, feeding and management (eg, type of confinement, number of cats in the household, vaccination status) and 15 reported the exploration of factors related to infectious agents (eg, feline calicivirus [FCV], feline leukemia virus [FeLV], feline herpesvirus type 1 [FHV-1], species, subspecies ) and microbiome profiling.Conclusions and relevanceAlthough the specific etiology of FCGS remains unknown, factors involved in the disease suggest that oral microbiome dysbiosis and the presence of infectious agents such as , species and , as well as FCV and FHV-1, play crucial roles in its pathogenesis. In addition, factors involving the cat's immune status, including coinfection with feline immunodeficiency virus and FeLV, have been associated with an increased risk of developing FCGS. Microbial dysbiosis and the alteration of local and systemic immune responses emerge as key elements that perpetuate chronic inflammation. Furthermore, the relationship with non-infectious factors must be considered to understand the complex origin of the disease.
Influence of hospital-induced stress on blood glucose concentrations, serum concentrations of cortisol, thyroxine and bile acids, and behaviour in cats.
Koomgun K, Thengchaisri N, Surachetpong W … +5 more , Nantasanti Assawarachan S, Prompinichpong K, Thongbai A, Steiner JM, Sattasathuchana P
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Apr · PMID 40230085 · Full text
ObjectivesStress-induced transient hyperglycaemia may complicate the diagnosis of disease-related hyperglycaemia in cats during hospital visits. This study aimed to define the optimal acclimatisation period for reliable...
ObjectivesStress-induced transient hyperglycaemia may complicate the diagnosis of disease-related hyperglycaemia in cats during hospital visits. This study aimed to define the optimal acclimatisation period for reliable blood glucose measurements and determine the effect of hospital stress on physiological (heart rate [HR] and respiratory rate [RR]), behavioural (Cat Stress Score [CSS]) and metabolic (glucose, cortisol, total thyroxine [TT4] and bile acids [BA]) variables in cats.MethodsA total of 10 healthy cats were evaluated at home and during hospitalisation. Blood glucose was measured hourly for 10 h after withholding food. HR, RR and CSS were determined at T01, T04 and T10. Serum cortisol, TT4 and BA were evaluated at T01 and T10.ResultsStress-induced hyperglycaemia was observed in the hospital. The acclimatisation cut-off time for the cats' return to euglycaemia was 6 h. Cats with hyperglycaemia had a higher CSS than cats with euglycaemia ( <0.001). Elevated HR, RR, CSS, glucose and cortisol concentrations were observed in cats at the hospital compared with those at home ( <0.001), while BA concentrations were significantly lower at the hospital ( <0.001). Significant interactions between time and place were identified for CSS, cortisol, BA concentrations ( <0.001) and glucose ( 0.009). Notably, CSS and concentrations of cortisol remained stable when the cats were at home but decreased over time in the hospital. Conversely, BA concentrations were stable during the period in the hospital but decreased over time at home. There was a moderate positive correlation for serum cortisol and CSS (ρ = 0.6621; <0.001) and for blood glucose (ρ = 0.4999, <0.001).Conclusions and relevanceStress from hospital visits impacts clinical and laboratory results in cats. Our study would suggest that healthy cats that experience stress-induced hyperglycaemia should be acclimatised for at least 6 h before re-evaluation. Similar studies in sick cats should be conducted.
Feline immune-mediated skin disorders: Part 1.
Banovic F, Gomes P, Trainor K
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Apr · PMID 40219649 · Full text
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Cutaneous immune-mediated diseases in cats can present with clinical signs of erythema, hair loss, scaling/crusting and erosions with or without pruritis, mimicking many differential diagnoses such a...
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Cutaneous immune-mediated diseases in cats can present with clinical signs of erythema, hair loss, scaling/crusting and erosions with or without pruritis, mimicking many differential diagnoses such as hypersensitivity dermatitis and infections (eg, parasitic and fungal dermatitis). Veterinarians are encouraged to become familiar with the characteristic clinical features of various immune-driven skin disorders to permit early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Diagnosis and therapeutic management of feline immune-mediated skin diseases can be challenging. Although immune-mediated skin diseases in cats are rare, these can be associated with severe systemic clinical signs, which can lead to poor quality of life and owners electing euthanasia. AIMS: In the first of a two-part article series, the clinical presentations of feline immune-mediated skin diseases related to the pemphigus complex, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and thymoma- and non-thymoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis are reviewed and differential diagnoses, diagnosis and therapeutic approach are discussed. In Part 2, the equivalent is discussed for erythema multiforme, f Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis spectrum, plasma cell pododermatitis, proliferative and necrotizing otitis externa, pseudopelade, alopecia areata and auricular chondritis. EVIDENCE BASE: The information in this article is based on a review of the existing veterinary literature.
Feline immune-mediated skin disorders: Part 2.
Banovic F, Gomes P, Trainor K
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Apr · PMID 40219647 · Full text
Practical relevanceCutaneous immune-mediated diseases in cats can present with clinical signs of erythema, hair loss, scaling/crusting, and erosions with or without pruritus, mimicking many differential diagnoses such as...
Practical relevanceCutaneous immune-mediated diseases in cats can present with clinical signs of erythema, hair loss, scaling/crusting, and erosions with or without pruritus, mimicking many differential diagnoses such as hypersensitivity dermatitis and infections (eg, parasitic and fungal dermatitis). Veterinarians are encouraged to become familiar with the characteristic clinical features of various immune-driven skin disorders to permit early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.Clinical challengesDiagnosis and therapeutic management of feline immune-mediated skin diseases can be challenging. Although immune-mediated skin diseases in cats are rare, these can be associated with severe systemic clinical signs, which can lead to poor quality of life and owners electing euthanasia.AimsIn the second of a two-part article series, the clinical presentations of the feline immune-mediated skin diseases erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis spectrum, plasma cell pododermatitis, proliferative and necrotizing otitis externa, pseudopelade, alopecia areata and auricular chondritis are reviewed and differential diagnoses, diagnosis and therapeutic approach are discussed. In Part 1, the equivalent is discussed for feline immune-mediated skin diseases related to the pemphigus complex, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and thymoma- and non-thyoma-associated exfoliative dermatitis.Evidence baseThe information in this article is based on a review of the existing veterinary literature.
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