J. Feline Med. Surg. [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Effects of feline personality on pain assessment with two validated behaviour-based scales.
Cadariu A, Adami C
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40726071 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine whether feline personality would affect the scores obtained with the Glasgow Feline Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-Feline) and the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS), as well...
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine whether feline personality would affect the scores obtained with the Glasgow Feline Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-Feline) and the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS), as well as the mechanical thresholds (MTs), both pre- and postoperatively.MethodsCats scheduled for elective neutering were included in the study. After at least 12 h of acclimatisation, the cats' personalities were classified, based on the Feline-ality Assessment, as either 'independent' or 'social', always by the same investigator. Then, a second independent investigator assigned FGS and CMPS-Feline scores and measured the MTs with a mechanical algometer before (baseline) and after elective surgical neutering. Either a -test or Mann-Whitney statistics, depending on data distribution, was used to compare continuous variables between independent and social cats.ResultsA total of 29 cats undergoing either orchiectomy or ovariectomy were included in the study. Of them, 14 were classified as independent and 15 as social. Preoperatively, the independent cats had higher CMPS-Feline (2.8 ± 1.6; = 0.014) and FGS (0, range 2-1; = 0.025) scores than the social cats (1.3 ± 1.2 and 0, range 0-0, respectively). Postoperatively, CMPS-Feline ( = 0.011) and FGS ( = 0.009) scores were higher in the independent cats (3, range 3-5 and 2, range 1-3, respectively) than in the social cats (2, range 1-3 and 1, range 0-1, respectively). MTs did not differ between personality groups either preoperatively or postoperatively. Within personality groups, there were no differences between pre- and postoperative study variables.Conclusions and relevanceFeline personality affects the reliability of both the CMPS-Feline and FGS. This should be considered when these scales are used to assess perioperative pain in clinical cats and to titrate analgesic drugs to effect.
Quantitative assessment of mucosal fibrosis and its correlation with disease severity and outcome in cats with chronic enteropathy.
Dausend N, Cosgrove EJ, Giaretta PR … +3 more , Kass PH, Freiche V, Marsilio S
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40693384 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop a quantitative scoring method for the evaluation of mucosal fibrosis (MF) and assess its correlation with World Small Animal Veterinary Association scores, clinical abnormalities, di...
ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop a quantitative scoring method for the evaluation of mucosal fibrosis (MF) and assess its correlation with World Small Animal Veterinary Association scores, clinical abnormalities, disease severity, diagnosis and outcome in cats with lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) or low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma (LGITL).MethodsFormalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded small intestinal biopsy specimens from 13 cats with LPE and 14 cats with LGITL were included. MF was quantitatively measured in three separate areas (villi, apical crypts [ACs] and basal crypts) using an image processing program. The fractional fibrotic area (%FFA) was calculated based on the mean fibrosis scores in five representative fields. MF was also scored by a single board-certified pathologist on sequential slides stained with either hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or Masson's trichrome (MT) on a four-point scale in the areas described above. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the correlation between clinical and pathological variables, diagnosis and outcome.ResultsThe %FFA scores correlated well with fibrosis scores on MT stains ( = 0.52, = 0.01) but did not correlate with H&E stains ( = 0.29, = 0.14). The %FFA in the villi and AC area was negatively correlated with a modified Feline Chronic Enteropathy Activity Index in cats with LGITL ( = -0.57, = 0.04). A histopathologic diagnosis of LPE showed a weak correlation with MF in the AC area ( = 0.38, = 0.05). The survival time of cats with chronic enteropathy (CE) was weakly negatively correlated with MF ( = -0.38, = 0.05).Conclusions and relevanceMF is more effectively assessed using MT staining compared with H&E staining alone. Increased MF in the AC region may indicate a diagnosis of LPE. Although increased MF did not correlate with increased disease activity, it appears to be a negative prognostic factor for survival in cats with CE.
Cervical ventroflexion in cats: 86 cases (2003-2024).
Karpozilou A, De Stefani A, Liatis T
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40692342 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to characterise cervical ventroflexion in cats, investigate which diseases are associated with its occurrence and evaluate treatment outcome.MethodsThis retrospective, two-centre study...
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to characterise cervical ventroflexion in cats, investigate which diseases are associated with its occurrence and evaluate treatment outcome.MethodsThis retrospective, two-centre study spans the period from 2003 to 2024. The inclusion criteria consisted of complete medical records, presence of cervical ventroflexion, baseline clinicopathological testing and a diagnosis. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed for all cats. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to compare the feline hypokalaemic myopathy (FHM) group vs all other diagnoses.ResultsA total of 86 cats met the inclusion criteria. The most common diagnoses associated with cervical ventroflexion were FHM (42/86, 48.8%), hyperthyroidism (10/86, 11.6%), thiamine deficiency (9/86, 10.5%), immune-mediated polyneuropathy (6/86, 7%), cervical ischaemic myelopathy (5/86, 5.8%), acquired myasthenia gravis (3/86, 3.5%) and feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) meningoencephalomyelitis (3/86, 3.5%). Absence of additional neurological deficits ( = 0.020) was significantly associated with a diagnosis of FHM, whereas lateralisation of neurological signs ( = 0.004) was negatively associated with FHM. In most of the cats (65/86, 75.6%) that received treatment depending on the diagnosis, cervical ventroflexion had been reversible upon discharge.Conclusions and relevanceCervical ventroflexion is a neurological sign associated with either FHM when present as the sole sign, or another diagnosis when accompanied by additional neurological signs. It is usually reversible with treatment. This information may further assist clinicians in decision-making, especially when time or financial constraints exist.
Presumptive intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusion in 12 cats: clinical presentation, MRI findings, treatment and outcome.
Heaselgrave T, De Risio L, Domínguez E … +9 more , Scarpante E, Mignan T, Alcoverro E, Spinillo S, Ferreira A, Samarani F, Espinosa P, Cagnotti G, Sánchez L
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40692340 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, MRI findings, treatment and outcome in cats presumptively diagnosed with intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusions.MethodsA retrospective review wa...
ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, MRI findings, treatment and outcome in cats presumptively diagnosed with intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusions.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of medical records and MRI data from cats presumptively diagnosed with intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusions. Long-term outcome (⩾6 months) was assessed through medical records, questionnaires completed by the owners or both.ResultsA total of 12 cats met the inclusion criteria. All presented with peracute or acute clinical signs, with nine having confirmed (n = 3) or possible (n = 6) external trauma based on history, physical examination or MRI findings. Seven cats were ambulatory and five were non-ambulatory. Eight cats presented with urinary incontinence; none exhibited faecal incontinence. Neuroanatomical localisation included the T3-L3 (n = 7) and L4-S3 (n = 5) spinal cord segments. MRI showed an intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusion at the following sites: T12-T13 (n = 1), T13-L1 (n = 1), L1-L2 (n = 2), L2-L3 (n = 2), L4-L5 (n = 3) and L5-L6 (n = 3). All cats underwent treatment and were discharged after a median hospitalisation time of 4 days (range 3-14). All non-ambulatory cats with available follow-up information (4/5) regained ambulation by the time of the short-term (<6 weeks) or long-term (⩾6 months) assessment. Moreover, all cats either retained or regained urinary continence by the time of discharge, the short-term (<6 weeks) or the long-term (⩾6 months) assessment. Overall, nine cats achieved a successful outcome and were considered functional pets at the short-term (<6 weeks) and/or long-term (⩾6 months) follow-up. Two cats were lost to follow-up, and one cat had perceived persistent generalised discomfort.Conclusions and relevanceMost cats presumptively diagnosed with an intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusion showed a favourable outcome with treatment in this study. This condition should be considered in cats presenting with peracute or acute signs of T3-L3 or L4-S3 spinal cord dysfunction, especially if there is a history or indication of trauma.
Osteoarthritis in cats: what we know, and mostly, what we don't know. . . yet.
Lefort-Holguin M, Delsart A, Frézier M … +8 more , Martin L, Otis C, Moreau M, Castel A, Lussier B, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Troncy E
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40685570 · Full text
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that is considered the primary source of chronic pain in cats, affecting well over a quarter of the feline population. Despite its prevalence, detection and diagnosis r...
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that is considered the primary source of chronic pain in cats, affecting well over a quarter of the feline population. Despite its prevalence, detection and diagnosis rates remain low, as many owners are unaware of the signs of feline OA. There is limited knowledge regarding the management of feline OA, with only 29 publications available, many of which lack rigorous methodology. Furthermore, most research focuses on the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, while proposed alternatives to alleviate feline OA pain - such as food restriction, weight loss, adjunctive musculoskeletal treatments with biologics, physiotherapeutic modalities and lifestyle changes - are primarily based on human clinical studies and veterinary research on other species, which introduces a high risk of bias. New promising avenues are being explored with anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibodies; however, the long-term effects of repetitive administration, optimal conditions for administration and specific indications have yet to be described. Research from the (GREPAQ) on pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies for feline OA suggests that a shift in the OA management paradigm may be warranted. An omega-3 enriched diet has demonstrated therapeutic efficacy comparable to standard pharmacological treatments, without side effects and with high compliance. In addition, it was equally effective for cats with severe OA as for those with moderate OA. By establishing a theoretical framework for feline OA management based on robust scientific evidence, veterinarians will be better equipped to select treatments tailored to the diagnosed (or suspected) manifestations and mechanisms of OA pain, ultimately improving the health and well-being of their feline patients. Future research should explore the concomitant use of different therapeutic approaches, as they may offer superior outcomes compared with a single treatment through additive or synergistic effects.
Standardized classification of synchronous gastrointestinal small cell lymphoma and gastrointestinal mast cell tumors in 15 cats.
Hohenhaus AE, Hudak D, Donovan TA … +2 more , Bertram CA, Daverio H
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40685558 · Full text
ObjectivesSynchronous primary tumors have been defined as two or more concurrent, yet independent tumors diagnosed within 6 months or less. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and clinic...
ObjectivesSynchronous primary tumors have been defined as two or more concurrent, yet independent tumors diagnosed within 6 months or less. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence and clinical findings in cats with synchronous gastrointestinal (GI) small cell lymphoma (SCL) and GI mast cell tumor (MCT) at two referral hospitals. A secondary objective was to classify these tumors as distinct or mixed, and if mixed, categorize them histomorphologically as collision or combined tumors based on standardized definitions informed by literature review.MethodsThe databases of the Schwarzman Animal Medical Center (AMC) and University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna, Austria (Vetmeduni) were searched between January 2012 and December 2022 for cats with synchronous GI SCL and GI MCT. Clinical findings, treatment and outcome were abstracted from medical records. Biopsy or autopsy reports and, when available, slides and/or histopathology images indicating the presence of a synchronous GI SCL and GI MCT were reviewed by two board-certified pathologists.ResultsA total of 15 cats were diagnosed with synchronous GI SCL and GI MCT, representing 4.3% of 329 cats with GI SCL in the AMC population. This study identified 15 cats with a total of 18 synchronous tumors. Six cats had tumors classified as distinct tumors and six as combined. Three cats had both distinct and combined tumors. Survival in this group of cats was in the range of 8-1189 days.Conclusions and relevanceThis is the first report to classify synchronous tumors in cats as distinct and combined tumors. The results of this study indicate a wide range of survival times for cats with synchronous GI SCL and GI MCT, suggesting that despite the diagnosis of synchronous tumors, the outcome is similar to cats with either GI SCL or GI MCT.
Electrochemotherapy is effective in the treatment of early-stage feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
Foo M, Peura A, Toh YS … +1 more , Gramer I
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40685551 · Full text
ObjectivesFeline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a malignant tumour arising from squamous epithelium and accounts for 15% of all skin tumours, commonly involving the nasal planum, pinnae and eyelids. Electroc...
ObjectivesFeline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a malignant tumour arising from squamous epithelium and accounts for 15% of all skin tumours, commonly involving the nasal planum, pinnae and eyelids. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combines the application of short high-voltage electric pulses with intravenous or intralesional administration of cytotoxic agents to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of ECT with intravenously administered bleomycin in the treatment of different stages of cSCC (T1-T4).MethodsA total of 23 cats with cSCC located on the nasal planum (19/23), lip (1/23), eyelid (1/23), metacarpal pad (1/23) and temporal region (1/23) were included in this retrospective study. Cats were excluded if they did not have a histological or cytological diagnosis of cSCC or if records were incomplete. All cats were treated following a standard protocol with intravenous bleomycin before electroporation of cSCC lesions. Cats were staged according to the World Health Organization staging system: T1 (10/23), T2 (4/23), T3 (1/23) and T4 (8/23). Data on treatment adverse effects and response were collected.ResultsThe median follow-up after initial treatment was 136 days (range 7-1763). Common adverse effects were local effects in 13/23 cats consisting of erythema, desquamation (dry/moist), ulceration and crusting. Complete response (CR) was achieved in 65.3% of cases, partial response in 13%, stable disease in 8.7% and progressive disease in 13%. Eight cats received a second ECT treatment, with 4/8 cats achieving CR after the second treatment. The overall response rate was 78.3%. The recurrence rate was 26.7%, with a disease-free interval of 466 days.Conclusions and relevanceECT is effective in treating T1 and T2 cSCC and can be considered a relevant treatment alternative for these cases.
Quantification of defecation frequency in cats with and without chronic kidney disease.
George ZM, Quimby JM, Jones S … +2 more , Brusach KB, Rudinsky AJ
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40678920 · Full text
ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to objectively measure defecation frequency in cats with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cats with CKD are at higher risk for presenting with constipation. It was hypothe...
ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to objectively measure defecation frequency in cats with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cats with CKD are at higher risk for presenting with constipation. It was hypothesized that cats with CKD would defecate less frequently than healthy cats.MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted of healthy cats (n = 9) and cats with CKD (n = 9). Serum biochemistry, complete blood count, total thyroxine measurement, urinalysis and blood pressure measurement were performed in all cats to confirm their health status. The Petivity Smart Litter Box Monitor System was utilized to collect real-time defecation data. Data were collected via the Petivity app for 30 days, during which medical management and husbandry remained consistent. A Mann-Whitney U-test was performed to compare the total number of days without defecation between CKD cats and healthy cats over 14, 21 and 30 days.ResultsCats with CKD had significantly more total days without defecation than healthy cats over 14 days ( = 0.001), 21 days ( = 0.0004) and 30 days ( = 0.0003). The median total days without defecation over 14, 21 and 30 days was 5 (range 1-8), 7 (range 3-9) and 10 (range 5-13), respectively, for cats with CKD, compared with 0 (range 0-4), 2 (range 0-4) and 2 (range 0-7) for healthy cats. Cats with CKD had a lower mean number of defecation events per day over the 30-day study period (0.86 ± 0.22 defecations/study day) compared with the healthy cats (1.07 ± 0.13 defecations/study day) ( = 0.02).Conclusions and relevanceCats with CKD defecate less frequently than healthy cats. The use of litter box monitors could allow for earlier interventions and therapies, possibly preventing episodes of overt constipation.
Tensile strength testing in feline skin with different sizes of nylon suture material: a biomechanical in vitro study.
Joos D, Bartkowiak T, Jopek H … +1 more , Slunsky P
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40678853 · Full text
ObjectivesThis in vitro study aimed to evaluate the failure loads and failure types of sutured feline skin samples using different sizes of nylon (polyamide 6/6.6) suture material.MethodsA total of 88 skin samples from t...
ObjectivesThis in vitro study aimed to evaluate the failure loads and failure types of sutured feline skin samples using different sizes of nylon (polyamide 6/6.6) suture material.MethodsA total of 88 skin samples from the lateral thorax and abdomen of 11 cadaveric cats were harvested using an hourglass-shaped template. In total, 80 samples from 10 cats were bisected and sutured with three simple interrupted sutures using randomly assigned nylon suture sizes (2-0, 3-0, 4-0 and 5-0 USP). Control samples remained intact. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed using a universal testing machine. Failure load and failure type were recorded and analysed. Failure mechanisms were classified as either suture material failure or tissue failure, with tissue failure defined as linear tears perpendicular to the suture line at the penetration site.ResultsSuture size significantly influenced failure load. No significant reduction in force was observed between 2-0 and 3-0 ( = 0.089), but all other pairwise comparisons showed significant differences ( <0.05). Load to failure decreased by 25.7% between 3-0 and 4-0, and by 40.0% between 4-0 and 5-0. Suture failure rates increased as suture size decreased, with failure occurring in 4/20 samples for 3-0, 17/20 samples for 4-0 and all samples for 5-0. A strong correlation was found between suture failure and suture size ( = 1.000 and <0.001, Spearman's rank correlation), indicating a higher risk of breakage with smaller suture diameters. All 2-0 sutures failed because of tissue rupture.Conclusions and relevanceNylon 2-0 and 3-0 provided sufficient mechanical stability. Nylon 4-0 exhibited a high risk of suture breakage but may be suitable for thin-skinned areas with tension-relieving measures. Nylon 5-0 showed an unacceptably high failure rate and is not recommended for feline skin closure. Evidence-based suture selection guidelines could improve feline surgical outcomes.
Evaluation of factors associated with recurrence in 47 cats undergoing balloon dilation for nasopharyngeal stenosis.
Fujiwara-Igarashi A, Goto S, Ohshima T … +5 more , Sakanoue S, Taniguchi T, Tetsu H, Nakazawa Y, Endo Y
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40677230 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate factors associated with recurrence of clinical signs after balloon dilation in cats with nasopharyngeal stenosis (NPS).MethodsA retrospective multicentre study was conducted using d...
ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate factors associated with recurrence of clinical signs after balloon dilation in cats with nasopharyngeal stenosis (NPS).MethodsA retrospective multicentre study was conducted using data collected from the medical records of cats treated for NPS using balloon dilation. A total of 47 cats, each with a follow-up period of ⩾180 days, were included in the analysis of progression-free interval (PFI) and hazard ratio (HR) using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses.ResultsMultiple balloon dilations were planned for 26/47 cats. In total, 14 cats received three procedures and 12 cats received two. The dilations were performed at a median interval of 35 days (interquartile range [IQR] 29-39, range 15-127), regardless of transient recurrence. A single dilation was planned for the remaining 21 cats. Recurrence after the final balloon dilation occurred in 18/47 (38%) cats; in these cases, the median time from the final dilation to recurrence was 42 days (IQR 18-142, range 6-2303). The median PFI was 2303 days (range 6-2704), with 6-month and 1-year recurrence-free rates of 70% and 65%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that performing planned multiple dilations was the only variable associated with improved PFI (HR 0.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01-0.30; < 0.001). Specifically, cats undergoing planned multiple dilations had higher 6-month (92% vs 43%) and 1-year (88% vs 38%) progression-free rates than those undergoing a single dilation. No significant correlation was observed between PFI and the number of balloon dilation treatments.Conclusions and relevanceBalloon dilation repeated two or three times, regardless of any recurrence of signs, may assist in the long-term resolution of NPS in some cases.
Prevalence of hypocobalaminaemia and hypercobalaminaemia in a referral population of cats in the UK and its relevance to clinical presentation, diagnosis and prognosis.
Borgonovi S, Bayton W
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40657883 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypocobalaminaemia (B12 <400 pg/ml) and hypercobalaminaemia (B12 >1000 pg/ml), describe the clinicopathological abnormalities and the diagnostic imaging findings in...
ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypocobalaminaemia (B12 <400 pg/ml) and hypercobalaminaemia (B12 >1000 pg/ml), describe the clinicopathological abnormalities and the diagnostic imaging findings in a referral population of cats in the UK, and identify the underlying disease processes associated with both conditions.MethodsA retrospective study of cats that had their serum cobalamin concentration assessed between December 2016 and December 2023 at a single referral hospital; 216 cats were included. Patient outcome was established from the clinical records.ResultsA total of 76 (35%) cats had hypocobalaminaemia and 67 (31%) cats had hypercobalaminaemia. The most common diagnoses were chronic enteropathy (CE) in 39/76 (51%) hypocobalaminaemic cats and 39/67 (58%) hypercobalaminaemic cats ( = 0.001), and high-grade lymphoma in 14/76 (18%) hypocobalaminaemic cats and 11/67 (16%) hypercobalaminaemic cats ( = 0.438). The most common clinical signs were chronic vomiting in 36/76 (47%) hypocobalaminaemic cats and 24/67 (36%) hypercobalaminaemic cats ( = 0.005), hyporexia in 40/76 (53%) hypocobalaminaemic cats and 21/67 (31%) hypercobalaminaemic cats ( <0.001), and chronic diarrhoea in 12/76 (16%) hypocobalaminaemic cats and 21/67 (31%) hypercobalaminaemic cats ( = 0.001). The most common abnormalities identified on abdominal ultrasound were lymphadenomegaly and thickened intestines in 49/76 (64%) hypocobalaminaemic cats and 28/67 (42%) hypercobalaminaemic cats ( = 0.0025). Median survival time was 274 days in the hypocobalaminaemic group and 711 days in the hypercobalaminaemic group ( = 0.001). The hypocobalaminaemic cats exhibited significantly reduced survival time compared with hypercobalaminaemic cats (odds ratio 2.4 vs 0.4, respectively) ( <0.001).Conclusions and relevanceThis study suggests that cobalamin has limited diagnostic utility in differentiating between underlying disease processes; chronic diarrhoea and CE are more common in hypercobalaminaemic cats in contrast with the previous literature. Hypocobalaminaemia is associated with reduced survival in this cohort of cats; therefore, early cobalamin supplementation is recommended.
Exposure of urine of domestic cats to different substrates: impact on urine specific gravity.
Prueza de Almeida Luna Alves AP, Crivellenti LZ, Borin-Crivellenti S … +4 more , Akemi Tsuruta S, Ribeiro de Sousa LV, Souza Mendes V, Andrade YCC
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40616367 · Full text
ObjectivesUrine specific gravity (USG) is a crucial indicator of renal function and is integral in the monitoring of renal disease progression. Although USG is a readily quantifiable parameter, the process of urine colle...
ObjectivesUrine specific gravity (USG) is a crucial indicator of renal function and is integral in the monitoring of renal disease progression. Although USG is a readily quantifiable parameter, the process of urine collection in cats can induce stress. Utilizing both hydrophobic and non-hydrophobic substrates in litter trays may reduce this stress and enhance owner compliance with urine collection protocols. This study investigated changes in USG as a result of exposing urine to different substrates over different time periods. A second objective was to assess the impact of other urine parameters, including microhematuria, proteinuria, pyuria, glycosuria, crystalluria and cylindruria, on USG within the context of the substrates used.MethodsA total of 34 cat urine samples were exposed to different substrates (a hydrophobic substrate, waterproof sand and aquarium gravel). Urine absorption and USG values were evaluated 10, 30, 60 and 120 mins after exposure.ResultsThe use of aquarium gravel as a substrate was deemed unsuitable because it absorbed the urine samples, thereby hindering sequential evaluations. In contrast, the hydrophobic substrate (Kit4Cat) showed no significant influence on USG. The non-absorbent waterproof sand (Fantastic Sand) significantly increased the USG values of cat urine during exposure periods of 60 mins and 120 mins.Conclusions and relevanceThe hydrophobic substrate used in this study did not interfere with USG monitoring for up to 120 mins.
Physical rehabilitation of cats: 2. Treatment therapies and exercises.
Goldberg ME
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40605842 · Full text
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Physical rehabilitation (physiotherapy) involves restoring a patient's movement and function following an injury, illness or trauma. It can be used for acute and chronic conditions and, in some cases...
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Physical rehabilitation (physiotherapy) involves restoring a patient's movement and function following an injury, illness or trauma. It can be used for acute and chronic conditions and, in some cases, the techniques are used as a preventive treatment. Some therapies can also provide pain relief, which can be especially helpful when analgesic drugs are contraindicated in a patient. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the application of physiotherapy to small animals, and while physical rehabilitation has traditionally been used more commonly for canine than feline patients, as cats can benefit just as much as dogs, this trend is changing. A multidisciplinary team is involved and identifying when a cat is painful and prioritizing therapies accordingly is crucial. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Cats are not accustomed to regular handling or restraint and tend to become uninterested and frustrated quickly, which means they are often perceived as poor candidates for physiotherapy referral. As well as a cat's temperament, there are physical factors that may limit or exclude particular therapies; for instance, a cat's level of cardiovascular health. There can also be much variation with the success of different therapies - what works well in one individual might have no effect in another. AIMS: This article, the second in a two-part series, discusses individual therapies and exercises for physical rehabilitation. This follows on from Part 1, which discusses the most common painful conditions in cats that can benefit from physical rehabilitation, as well as the importance of prioritizing the type of therapy depending on the individual patient.
Physical rehabilitation of cats: 1. Common conditions benefiting from physiotherapy.
Goldberg ME
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40605838 · Full text
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Physical rehabilitation (physiotherapy) involves restoring a patient's movement and function following an injury, illness or trauma. It can be used for acute and chronic conditions and, in some cases...
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Physical rehabilitation (physiotherapy) involves restoring a patient's movement and function following an injury, illness or trauma. It can be used for acute and chronic conditions and, in some cases, the techniques are used as a preventive treatment. Some therapies can also provide pain relief, which can be especially helpful when analgesic drugs are contraindicated in a patient. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the application of physiotherapy to small animals, and while physical rehabilitation has traditionally been used more commonly for canine than feline patients, as cats can benefit just as much as dogs, this trend is changing. A multidisciplinary team is involved and identifying when a cat is painful and prioritizing therapies accordingly is crucial. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Cats are typically not accustomed to regular handling or restraint and tend to become uninterested and frustrated quickly, which means they are often perceived as poor candidates for physiotherapy referral. As well as a cat's temperament, there are physical factors that may limit or exclude particular therapies; for instance, a cat's level of cardiovascular health. There can also be much variation with the success of different therapies - what works well in one individual might have no effect in another. AIMS: This article, the first in a two-part series, discusses the most common painful conditions in cats that can benefit from physical rehabilitation, as well as the importance of prioritizing the type of therapy depending on the individual patient. Part 2 discusses individual therapies and exercises for physical rehabilitation.
Percutaneous cholecystostomy drain placement in cats: feasibility and safety of an ultrasound- and fluoroscopy-guided method.
Ordobazari J, Pfeiffer C, Leandro AW … +3 more , Quadflieg I, Volk HA, Karbe GT
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40605824 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of percutaneous ultrasound- and fluoroscopy-guided cholecystostomy drain placement.MethodsAn experimental cadaveric study was conducted on...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of percutaneous ultrasound- and fluoroscopy-guided cholecystostomy drain placement.MethodsAn experimental cadaveric study was conducted on 16 cat cadavers weighing between 2.5 and 6.4 kg. Two drain systems were tested for percutaneous ultrasound- and fluoroscopy-guided placement: the nephrostomy component of a subcutaneous urethral bypass system (SUB-nephrostomy drain) and a paediatric percutaneous access set (paediatric-nephrostomy drain). Ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis was performed via the 8th-12th intercostal space. Using a Seldinger technique, a guidewire was advanced into the gallbladder over which the drains were then passed under fluoroscopic control. Protocol modification was required mid experiment. Gallbladders were filled via catheterisation of the common bile duct before cholecystocentesis. After fluoroscopy-confirmed cholecystostomy drain placement, CT scans were performed to assess drain position, iatrogenic organ injuries and leakage. Leak pressure testing was performed followed by anatomic dissection. Organ injuries were recorded and classified as minor, moderate or severe.ResultsSUB-nephrostomy drain placement was performed in 15 cats and placement into the gallbladder was feasible in two: one was passed before and one after technique modification. Paediatric-nephrostomy drain placement was tested in one cat. The gallbladder could not accommodate the drain size, placement was not feasible and the device was not further tested. A CT scan of the two cats with drain placement showed a moderate amount of free peritoneal contrast, no pleural space penetration and one liver injury. Leakage occurred at a pressure of 4.5 cm HO. For all drains, injuries recorded during anatomic dissection were to the liver, pleural space and gallbladder. The majority of injuries were classified as minor.Conclusions and relevancePercutaneous placement of cholecystostomy drains was not feasible with the method and devices tested. Further studies are needed to investigate alternative techniques in cats.
A retrospective descriptive study of colorectal large or intermediate cell lymphoma in cats managed with surgical resection and/or medical management.
Holenova K, Odatzoglou P, Taylor F
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jun · PMID 40579833 · Full text
ObjectivesThe current standard-of-care treatment for feline gastrointestinal intermediate- or large-cell lymphoma is systemic chemotherapy. There is some evidence that feline lymphoma patients with a solitary gastrointes...
ObjectivesThe current standard-of-care treatment for feline gastrointestinal intermediate- or large-cell lymphoma is systemic chemotherapy. There is some evidence that feline lymphoma patients with a solitary gastrointestinal mass may benefit from excisional surgery followed by chemotherapy; however, most studies of feline gastrointestinal lymphoma combine various stages and anatomical sites of the disease. Studies indicating different behaviour of feline gastrointestinal lymphoma depending on its anatomical location have been published, and significantly longer survival times have been seen in canine colorectal lymphoma. The aim of the present study was therefore to describe the signalment, treatment and outcome of cats with intermediate- or large-cell lymphoma in the colorectal region.MethodsThe medical records of three veterinary hospitals were retrospectively searched for cats diagnosed with a colorectal intermediate- or large-cell lymphoma. The data were collected and subjected to a univariate analysis, and median values were calculated for each of the variables of interest. Median survival times were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.ResultsA total of 11 cats were included in the study, with the most common presenting signs being haematochezia, hyporexia, diarrhoea and weight loss. Different treatment strategies and their combinations were used, leading to an overall median survival time of 177 days, with a difference seen between chemotherapy only (29 days) and a combination of surgery and chemotherapy (972 days). Two cats treated with both surgery and chemotherapy were alive at more than 20 months after diagnosis.Conclusions and relevanceThis is the first study to describe specifically cases of cats with intermediate- to large-cell colorectal lymphoma. Even though the number of cases was limited because of the rarity of the disease, the data indicate multimodal treatment might be beneficial in these cases.
Body stalk anomalies and their relationship to amniotic band disruption complex in six cats.
Martín-Alguacil N, Cozar JM, Avedillo L
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jun · PMID 40552739 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the appearance of body stalk anomalies (BSAs) and amniotic band disruption complex (ABDC) in cats (), classify these congenital conditions using a system originally deve...
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the appearance of body stalk anomalies (BSAs) and amniotic band disruption complex (ABDC) in cats (), classify these congenital conditions using a system originally developed for humans and pigs, and provide new insights into the aetiopathogenesis.MethodsSix cats suspected of having BSAs and/or ABDC were examined. The classification system for BSA, which includes eight types, was applied to these cases. Detailed observations were made regarding physical deformities, presence of amniotic adhesions and degree of impairment. A comparative analysis with similar conditions in pigs and humans was carried out to highlight differences and similarities.ResultsTwo of the eight BSA classifications used in human and porcine congenital anomalies were detected in the six cats. In the studied cases, the degree of severity was lower than in pigs. The abnormalities associated with BSAs were attributed to the effect of amniotic bands on already formed organs or to the disruption of organ development, leading to a cascade of abnormal events.Conclusions and relevanceThis study is the first to describe and classify BSAs and ABDC in cats and provides valuable insights into these congenital anomalies. The findings highlight significant differences and similarities between cats and other species, particularly pigs. Understanding the aetiopathogenesis of these conditions is essential to improve clinical management and prognosis. Surgical correction and supportive care can improve the quality of life of affected cats, depending on the severity of the condition. Continued research and collaboration are essential to advance the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of BSAs and ABDC in cats, with wider implications for congenital anomalies across species.Plain language summaryThis study aims to explore body stalk anomalies (BSAs) and amniotic band disruption complex (ABDC) in cats (). It classifies these conditions using a system developed for humans and pigs and seeks to understand their causes and management in cats. Six cats with suspected BSAs and/or ABDC were examined. The classification system for BSA, which includes eight types, was applied to these cases. Observations focused on physical deformities, amniotic adhesions and the severity of the conditions. Comparisons were made with similar conditions in pigs and humans. Two of the eight BSA classifications used in human and porcine congenital anomalies were detected in the six cats. In this study, the severity of the condition in cats was lower compared with pigs. The abnormalities were caused by amniotic bands affecting already-formed organs or disrupting organ development, leading to a series of abnormal events. This is the first study to describe and classify BSAs and ABDC in cats. It provides new insights into these congenital conditions and highlights differences and similarities with other species. Surgical correction and supportive care can help affected cats, depending on the severity of their condition. Continued research and collaboration are essential for better prevention, diagnosis and treatment of BSAs and ABDC in cats, with broader implications for congenital anomalies in other species.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in feline nasal malignant epithelial tumours.
Diop N, Canonne AM, Huet H … +2 more , Reyes-Gomez E, Béguin J
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jun · PMID 40519042 · Full text
ObjectivesCyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a pivotal enzyme in the cyclooxygenase family, plays a critical role in carcinogenesis. While its expression is well documented in various neoplasms in humans and dogs, data on COX-2 e...
ObjectivesCyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a pivotal enzyme in the cyclooxygenase family, plays a critical role in carcinogenesis. While its expression is well documented in various neoplasms in humans and dogs, data on COX-2 expression in feline neoplasms, particularly nasal malignant epithelial tumours, is limited. This study aimed to evaluate COX-2 expression in feline nasal malignant epithelial tumours through immunohistochemistry. We hypothesised that these tumours would exhibit COX-2 expression, consistent with findings in humans and dogs.MethodsFormalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy samples from feline nasal malignant epithelial tumours were retrospectively analysed for COX-2 expression by immunohistochemistry. Biopsies from cats previously treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were excluded. Immunohistochemistry was performed with a monoclonal rabbit antibody, with feline renal macula densa cells serving as the positive control. The immunoreactive score (IRS) combined a semiquantitative estimation of immunolabelled neoplastic cells with labelling intensity. Scores in the range of 0-1 were classified as negative, 2-3 as low, 4-8 as intermediate and greater than 8 as high COX-2 expression levels.ResultsA total of 18 feline nasal biopsies (nine adenocarcinomas, seven carcinomas, one squamous cell carcinoma and one mucinous carcinoma) were included. Clinical signs included nasal discharge, sneezing, epistaxis and inspiratory dyspnoea. COX-2 expression was not detected in any case (IRS = 0). Follow-up data were available for 7/18 cats. The overall median survival time after diagnosis in our cohort was 667 days (range 0-1642).Conclusions and relevanceIn contrast to canine nasal malignant epithelial tumours, COX-2 expression was not observed in feline nasal malignant epithelial tumours. These results suggest species-specific differences in COX-2 expression in nasal malignant epithelial tumours. Further studies evaluating other carcinogenesis pathways, such as vascular endothelial growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor, seem crucial to better understand feline nasal malignant epithelial tumours and to improve their therapeutic management.
Retrospective study of biochemical profile changes in 93 cats with different hepatobiliary diseases.
Kam A, Maddison JE, Szladovits B
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jun · PMID 40470580 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aims to assess hepatic clinicopathological changes in cats with different hepatobiliary diseases and to assess whether specific serum biochemistry changes can help differentiate these diseases.Method...
ObjectivesThis study aims to assess hepatic clinicopathological changes in cats with different hepatobiliary diseases and to assess whether specific serum biochemistry changes can help differentiate these diseases.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on serum biochemistry data from 93 cats with hepatobiliary diseases and 80 control cats. Of the 93 cats with definitive diagnoses of hepatobiliary diseases, 22 had cholangitis, 14 had hepatic lipidosis, 18 had primary hepatic neoplasia confirmed via Tru-cut or laparotomic wedge biopsy and 39 had congenital portosystemic shunting (CPSS) confirmed by abdominal ultrasound. The biomarkers analysed were alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl-transferase (GGT), total bilirubin and albumin.ResultsCats with hepatobiliary disease had significantly higher enzyme activities, total bilirubin concentrations and lower albumin concentrations compared with controls ( <0.01). Comparison between diseases showed that there were no differences in hepatobiliary biomarkers between cholangitis and neoplasia, despite cholangitis being an abnormality of bile ductules and neoplasia affecting hepatic parenchymal cells. GGT activities in cats with hepatic lipidosis showed no difference compared with controls. A significant increase in ALP activity was observed in CPSS cases ( <0.01); however, this difference disappeared when the analysis was restricted to age-matched controls.Conclusions and relevanceThis study provides the most recent corroboration of previous findings on clinical pathology changes in feline hepatobiliary disease, supporting research conducted over a decade ago with new data from a different geographical location. For example, the observation that a significant increase in ALP without an increase in GGT is highly suggestive of hepatic lipidosis, aligning with findings from a 1993 study conducted in North America. In addition, this study reinforced the importance of serum biochemistry as a useful tool in differentiating cats with hepatobiliary disease from those without; however, it also reaffirmed previous conclusions that serum biochemistry alone is insufficient for a definitive diagnosis, which instead must be based on a combination of patient history, clinical signs and ancillary diagnostic tests, such as ultrasound and tissue biopsy.
High-rise syndrome in cats (part 2): injury patterns and survival rate.
Candela Andrade M, Slunsky P, Nerlich A … +2 more , Aguilera-Rojas M, Brunnberg L
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 May · PMID 40448334 · Full text
ObjectivesThis two-part study investigates the relationship between risk factors, injury patterns and survival rates in cats affected by high-rise syndrome (HRS). By identifying key prognostic and predictive factors, suc...
ObjectivesThis two-part study investigates the relationship between risk factors, injury patterns and survival rates in cats affected by high-rise syndrome (HRS). By identifying key prognostic and predictive factors, such as age, fall height and impact surface, we aim to enhance veterinarians' ability to provide accurate prognoses and optimise patient management. In addition, this study seeks to address inconsistencies in the literature by re-evaluating the influence of these factors on injury severity and survival outcomes.MethodsWe analysed medical records and radiographs from 1125 cases of feline HRS treated at the Freie Universität Berlin's small animal clinic between 2004 and 2013. All cases involved falls from a minimum height of 4 m. Data collected included sex, age, body weight, fall height, impact surface, injury details, prior treatment, time to veterinary presentation (>4 h or <4 h), radiographic findings and survival outcome.ResultsAmong the 1125 HRS cases, circulatory shock was observed in 48.6%, craniocerebral injury in 2.8%, thoracic trauma in 58.3%, orofacial lesions in 51.1% and blunt abdominal trauma in 14.6%. Musculoskeletal injuries were common, with limb fractures occurring in 47.2% of cases and pelvic fractures in 11.1%. The overall survival rate was 87%, while 13.3% of cats died or were euthanased as a result of trauma severity or poor prognosis. Significant correlations were found between injury severity, age, impact surface and fall height.Conclusions and relevanceThis study includes the largest sample of HRS cases in cats to date, providing essential insights for veterinarians and pet owners regarding prognosis and treatment protocols. Although survival rates are high, euthanasia as a result of severe trauma and financial constraints remains a concern. The identified risk factors and injury patterns can help veterinarians provide more accurate and individualised prognoses, ultimately improving patient care and opening new avenues for future research, such as the importance of preventive measures at home and the role of treatment protocols for initial stabilisation before referral.
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