J. Feline Med. Surg. [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Feline intervertebral disc disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ebeling R, Lorenz N, Zablotski Y … +2 more , Meyer-Lindenberg A, Kornmayer M
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Dec · PMID 41006947 · Full text
ObjectivesFeline intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), historically an uncommonly described problem, is being increasingly documented in the current literature. The objective of this systematic review was to consolidate ex...
ObjectivesFeline intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), historically an uncommonly described problem, is being increasingly documented in the current literature. The objective of this systematic review was to consolidate existing knowledge of feline IVDD, identify possible prognostic factors and assist by offering clearer guidelines when managing a feline spinal patient.MethodsA systematic search of two databases was conducted using keywords related to feline IVDD. Studies with cats diagnosed with IVDD, including treatment and outcome details, were reviewed. Prognostic factors were evaluated for their impact on overall outcomes.ResultsA total of 57 studies with 1113 cats were identified after the reviewing process and 23 studies with 93 cats remained for statistical analysis. Most cats (59%) had lumbar spine involvement, followed by thoracolumbar (31%) and cervical (5%) segments. Intervertebral disc extrusion was the most common diagnosis (65/93), followed by intervertebral disc protrusion (16/93) and acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (12/93). Deep pain perception was preserved in 87% of cats. Surgical intervention was performed in 75/93 cats while 17/93 were treated conservatively, with 1/93 being euthanased intraoperatively. Overall, 85% of cats had a positive outcome, 11% had a negative outcome and outcomes were undetermined in 4% of cases. Possible influencing factors analysed included breed, sex, age (in years and life stage), weight, affected spinal segment, number of affected discs, micturition status, treatment choice, deep pain perception and IVDD type. No statistically significant prognostic factors ( >0.05) were identified.Conclusions and relevanceAlthough no specific prognostic factors could be identified, the systematic review suggests that feline IVDD has a predominantly positive prognosis regardless of treatment choice. Given the low evidence level and small sample size, further multicentre, prospective studies with larger cohorts are required to establish reliable prognostic factors for feline IVDD.
Comparison of the feline Glasgow Composite Measured Pain Scale in a feline population without painful disease at home and in a veterinary hospital: a prospective clinical study.
Rega V, Brause S, Kästner SB … +1 more , Schütter AF
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 40999572 · Full text
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to compare the use of the feline Glasgow Composite Measured Pain Scale (CMPS-f) at home and in a veterinary hospital. The hypothesis was that pain-free cats would score higher in...
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to compare the use of the feline Glasgow Composite Measured Pain Scale (CMPS-f) at home and in a veterinary hospital. The hypothesis was that pain-free cats would score higher in the CMPS-f when in a stressful situation than when calm and relaxed; that is, healthy but stressed cats could appear to be in discomfort or pain.MethodsHealthy, non-painful adult cats owned by clinical staff were included in a prospective clinical trial with two observers (caregiver [CG] and researcher). Cats were scored by their CG at home (H), after arrival at the clinic (C1) and after a routine health check (C2). A researcher pain-scored the cats at C1 and C2 concurrently with the CG. Friedmann's test with Dunn's multiple comparison test was used. The level of significance was set to an alpha of 5%.ResultsData from 17 cats were included in the statistical analysis. Scores by the CG and researcher at C2 were higher compared with H ( <0.01 and <0.01, respectively) and C1 ( = 0.02 and <0.01, respectively). The mean increase in CMPS-f scores from H to C2 and from C1 to C2 was 5.8 and 4.1, respectively. At C2, the CMPS-f intervention level of 5/20 and above, indicating pain, was reached in 11/17 cats. There was no significant difference in the scores assigned by the CG and researcher within each time point.Conclusions and relevancePain scores recorded after examinations in the clinic were significantly higher than those recorded at home. This suggests that stress may lead to a misinterpretation of the CMPS-f, potentially affecting the recognition of pain in cats during clinical assessments.
Clinical field study evaluating the safety and efficacy of allogeneic uterine-derived mesenchymal stem cells for refractory feline chronic gingivostomatitis.
Williams VS, Schneider JL, Parrish RS … +7 more , Thompson CM, Wrightson C, Taechangam N, Sharif O, Soltero-Rivera M, Arzi B, Black L
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 40999564 · Full text
ObjectivesThe present study evaluated the safety and efficacy of intravenous, allogeneic uterine-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs) for client-owned cats with refractory feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS).Method...
ObjectivesThe present study evaluated the safety and efficacy of intravenous, allogeneic uterine-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs) for client-owned cats with refractory feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS).MethodsThis was a 90-day prospective, multi-site, baseline-controlled, clinical trial involving 46 cats with refractory FCGS after partial- or full-mouth extractions. Cats received two doses of 20 million UMSCs, 14 days apart. Effectiveness was evaluated at days 14, 28, 60 and 90 using owner-reported assessment of overall response (ORA), client-specific outcome measures (CSOM) of quality-of-life improvement and veterinarian-assessed global oral lesion score (GOLS) tissue healing. Safety assessments included clinical observations and clinical pathology.ResultsTreatment success rates at days 28, 60 and 90 were 61.4% (27/44), 76.3% (29/38) and 78.8% (26/33) for CSOM; 65.9% (29/44), 73.7% (28/38) and 75.8% (25/33) for ORA; and 31.8% (13/44), 47.5% (18/38) and 45.5% (15/33) for GOLS. CSOM and GOLS on day 14 after a single dose were 52.3% (23/44) and 25.0% (11/44), respectively. Cats treated within 6 months of tooth extraction had greater improvement in GOLS. There were no statistically significant differences in outcomes between cats with partial- or full-mouth extractions. Adverse events were generally mild and transient, with most related to underlying disease. All six serious adverse events were either unlikely to be due to, or in one case inconclusively attributed to, UMSC therapy.Conclusions and relevanceRepeated intravenous UMSC therapy was well tolerated and demonstrated clinically meaningful improvement in quality of life in cats with refractory FCGS within 2 weeks of treatment. In addition, oral lesions continued to improve over time. These results support the safe and effective use of UMSCs for this life-threatening condition.
Evidence for chronic inflammation in cats with cardiomyopathies.
Kroficˇ Žel M, Song KH, Nemec Svete A … +1 more , Domanjko Petricˇ A
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 40999563 · Full text
ObjectivesThe study aimed to investigate the extent and type of inflammation using the complete blood count (CBC) and selected CBC-derived inflammatory markers (neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio [NLR], monocyte:lymphocyte rati...
ObjectivesThe study aimed to investigate the extent and type of inflammation using the complete blood count (CBC) and selected CBC-derived inflammatory markers (neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio [NLR], monocyte:lymphocyte ratio [MLR] and systemic inflammation response index [SIRI]) in cats with cardiomyopathy stages American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) B and ACVIM C vs healthy cats. The second aim was to find any differences in CBC and CBC-derived inflammatory markers between cardiogenic pleural effusion and cardiogenic pulmonary oedema.MethodsFor comparison between the control, ACVIM B and ACVIM C groups, one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) or Quade's non-parametric ANCOVA, with age included as a covariate, was used. The independent -test or Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison of data between cats with pulmonary oedema and those with pleural effusion. A value of ⩽0.05 was considered significant.ResultsA total of 66 cats with cardiomyopathy (33 ACVIM B and 33 ACVIM C) and 24 healthy cats were included in the study. Cats in the ACVIM C group had a significantly higher white blood cell concentration than those in the ACVIM B control groups. Cats in the ACVIM C group had significantly higher neutrophil concentration, NLR, MLR and SIRI than healthy cats. Cats in the ACVIM B group had a significantly higher NLR and SIRI than healthy cats. Cats with pulmonary oedema and cats with pleural effusion did not differ significantly in any of the investigated CBC and selected CBC-derived inflammatory markers.Conclusions and relevanceThese results support the presence of inflammation in feline cardiomyopathies, particularly in the ACVIM C stage. With the parameters used, no differences in the extent or type of inflammation between cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and pleural effusion was demonstrable.
Long-term outcome of ectopic ureter treatment in four female cats.
Lemmon EA, Clarke DL, Aronson LR
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Sep · PMID 40994049 · Full text
Case series summaryThe objective of this study was to report the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and outcome of ectopic ureter treatment in four female cats. Medical records of cats diagnosed with ectopic ur...
Case series summaryThe objective of this study was to report the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and outcome of ectopic ureter treatment in four female cats. Medical records of cats diagnosed with ectopic ureter between 2016 and 2021 were reviewed. Cats were included if they had a confirmed diagnosis of an extramural (three cases) or intramural (one case) ectopic ureter and underwent either surgical correction using an intravesicular end-to-side neoureterocystostomy technique or cystoscopic laser ablation. Information obtained from the medical records included history, signalment, clinicopathological data, imaging findings, treatment performed, postoperative complications and long-term clinical follow-up. Four female cats with unilateral ectopic ureters were identified, all of which (4/4) presented with urinary incontinence, with half (2/4) also having recurrent urinary tract infections. Pre-treatment diagnostics revealed three cases of extramural and one case of intramural ectopic ureters.Relevance and novel informationSurgical correction was performed using intravesicular end-to-side neoureterocystostomy for the three cats with an extramural ectopic ureter and cystoscopic laser ablation for the cat with an intramural ectopic ureter. Long-term follow-up showed no recurrence of urinary incontinence or of lower urinary tract signs after ectopic ureter treatment (median follow-up 1705 days). This study demonstrates that both intravesicular end-to-side neoureterocystostomy and cystoscopic laser ablation are effective and safe long-term treatment options for cats with unilateral ectopic ureters.
Cats and cannabinoids: past, present and future.
Niño Cital S, Wakshlag J, Kennedy A … +2 more , Tittle D, Petty M
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Sep · PMID 40968477 · Full text
The use of cannabinoids from hemp, which is classified as a cultivar of with up to 0.3% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol by USA federal definitions, is becoming increasingly popular in veterinary medicine. Owners frequently...
The use of cannabinoids from hemp, which is classified as a cultivar of with up to 0.3% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol by USA federal definitions, is becoming increasingly popular in veterinary medicine. Owners frequently ask about their utility in a variety of conditions, including predominantly osteoarthritis, behavioral management, cancer, dermatitis and seizure disorders. Cannabinoid clinical utility, particularly cannabidiol (CBD) in dogs, is gradually emerging, while evidence for its use in cats remains limited. Several newer publications around the pharmacokinetics of CBD and cannabidiolic acid in cats show dramatic differences in bioavailability, elucidating that not all formulations are similar regarding serum or plasma concentrations. To date, although the pharmacokinetics look favorable, there are a handful of clinical studies on feline acute/chronic pain states and fear/anxiety/stress, alongside some pre-clinical studies where there is a potential for clinical translation. These limited studies, combined with positive owner and veterinary practitioner anecdotes, suggest there may be more opportunities for further pilot investigations to refine dosing and product selection for more randomized, placebo-controlled studies across several morbidities in the future.
Longitudinal observation of chronic domestic cat hepadnavirus infection in cats with evidence of extrahepatic involvement.
Wardhani SW, Lacharoje S, Kasantikul T … +2 more , Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Sep · PMID 40944569 · Full text
ObjectivesDomestic cat hepadnavirus (DCHBV), belonging to the genus and closely related to the human hepatitis B virus (HBV), is detected in domestic cats; however, its disease progression and pathological impact remain...
ObjectivesDomestic cat hepadnavirus (DCHBV), belonging to the genus and closely related to the human hepatitis B virus (HBV), is detected in domestic cats; however, its disease progression and pathological impact remain unclear. This study investigates the longitudinal dynamics of DCHBV infection in naturally infected cats over a period of up to 310 days after detection, focusing on blood parameters and viral load fluctuations, liver pathology and extrahepatic dissemination.MethodsAmong 87 screened cats, four (4.6%) tested positive for DCHBV using quantitative PCR (qPCR). These cats were monitored longitudinally through repeated health checks, including viral load monitoring. After natural death, necropsy, histopathology, in situ hybridisation (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were conducted to assess lesion distribution and viral localisation. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were also performed on DCHBV-positive cases.ResultsThree of four DCHBV-positive cats exhibited persistent high viremia (>7 log genomic copies/ml) for over 6 months. Despite sustained viremia, liver enzyme levels showed variable trends, with some cases maintaining normal alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels. Histopathological analysis revealed various degrees of interface hepatitis, consistent with immune-mediated liver injury. DCHBV DNA was most abundant in the liver and confirmed through qPCR, ISH and IHC. Viral DNA was also detected in extrahepatic tissue, including the spleen, lung and salivary glands. Complete genome sequencing confirmed clustering within genotype A, with low genetic variability. Coinfection with feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) was noted in two cats, which may influence host immune responses.Conclusions and relevancePersistent viremia and liver inflammation suggest DCHBV may contribute to hepatic pathology, likely influenced by host immune responses and coinfections. However, because of the limited number of cases and the presence of FeLV coinfection in some cats, firm conclusions cannot be drawn. These findings provide a foundational basis that warrants confirmation and expansion in larger cohorts.
Complete vastus release to repair complex proximal femoral fractures: description and follow-up in four cats.
Rustemeyer L, Schmierer PA
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Sep · PMID 40937680 · Full text
Case series summaryFour domestic cats treated surgically for complex fractures of the proximal femur were included in this retrospective case series. Medical records from October 2021 to January 2023 were reviewed for ca...
Case series summaryFour domestic cats treated surgically for complex fractures of the proximal femur were included in this retrospective case series. Medical records from October 2021 to January 2023 were reviewed for cats presenting with high-energy trauma resulting in comminuted proximal femoral fractures. All cats underwent surgical stabilisation using a lateral approach extended by complete release of the vastus lateralis muscle to improve visualisation and access. Follow-up included physical and radiographic evaluation and completion of the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI). The modified approach facilitated better visualisation and implant placement. The mean surgical time was 76 mins. Bone healing was observed in three cases with available follow-up, with FMPI scores indicating complete recovery. One case required revision surgery. Minor complications were resolved. Two cats died later from unrelated trauma.Relevance and novel informationComplete release of the vastus lateralis muscle enhanced exposure and facilitated successful treatment of complex proximal femoral fractures in cats without direct approach-related complications. This technique may be beneficial when standard exposure is insufficient in feline proximal femoral fractures.
Evaluation of health-related quality of life in cats with chronic kidney disease.
Lorbach SK, Quimby JM, Nijveldt E … +3 more , Paschall RE, Scott EM, Reid J
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Sep · PMID 40937630 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and integrate these results with clinical data to identify factors associated with d...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and integrate these results with clinical data to identify factors associated with decreased HRQoL.MethodsCaregivers completed a validated HRQoL tool (VetMetrica) and clinical data (history, laboratory work, physical examination findings, etc) were collected. Vitality, comfort and emotional wellbeing (EWB) scores were compared between groups using non-parametric analyses as appropriate.ResultsData from 24 healthy cats and 68 cats with CKD were collected. Cats with CKD had significantly lower median vitality, comfort and EWB scores (vitality: 41.7, range 4.3-64; comfort: 36.1, range 21.2-59.6; EWB: 44.6, range 1.6-58.8) than healthy cats (vitality: 56.5, range 40.7-64; comfort: 59.6, range 34.2-59.6; EWB: 58.7, range 45.1-58.8) ( <0.0001 for all analyses). Cats with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 3 and 4 CKD had lower median EWB scores (30.8, range 1.6-54.4) than IRIS stage 1 and 2 CKD (47.3, range 11.2-58.8) ( = 0.04) and lower vitality scores (38.2, range 4.3-54.0) in comparison with IRIS stage 1 and 2 CKD (43.1, range 12.8-64.0) ( = 0.04). Cats with anaemia had lower median EWB scores (25.9, range 10.4-54.4) than those without (46.6, range 1.6-58.8) ( = 0.005), and haematocrit was positively correlated with EWB ( = 0.005, = 0.33). Cats with abnormal appetite had lower median EWB scores (29.1, range 1.6-56.7) than cats with normal appetite (48.1, range 11.2-58.8) ( = 0.001). Cats with constipation had lower median comfort scores 29.5 (range 21.2-59.5) ( = 0.0003) and lower median EWB scores (22, range 1.6-58.8) ( = 0.008) than those without (comfort: 37.1, range 25.3-59.6; EWB: 47.9, range 11.2-58.8).Conclusions and relevanceCats with CKD have decreased HRQoL. Several modifiable clinical factors are associated with this decreased HRQoL.
Complex partial seizures with orofacial involvement in 35 cats: MRI changes, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies and survival.
Flegel T, Matiasek K, Füsser M … +10 more , Becker LF, Böttcher IC, Dietzel J, Gutmann S, Kalliwoda T, Loderstedt S, Tästensen C, Weiß V, Schulte LP, König JE
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Sep · PMID 40916498 · Full text
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) antibodies and the pattern of MRI changes in cats with complex partial seizures with orofacial involvement (C...
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) antibodies and the pattern of MRI changes in cats with complex partial seizures with orofacial involvement (CPSOFI), as well as to investigate whether there are factors influencing survival that could be used as prognostic markers in those cats.MethodsCats with CPSOFI were identified retrospectively. The following data were retrieved from the hospital database: signalment, age at first seizure and presentation, the presence of antibodies against VGKC (leucine-rich glioma inactivating factor 1 (LGI1), contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2)) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis findings. Brain MRI scans were evaluated for T2 and/or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hippocampal hyperintensity and hippocampal contrast enhancement by a radiologist. The correlation between being positive for VGKC antibodies and MRI hippocampal hyperintensity was investigated.ResultsSerum antibodies against VGKC were found in 31.4% of cats, with 10/11 positive cats having antibodies against LGI1 and 1/11 against CASPR2. MRI T2/FLAIR hippocampal hyperintensities and T1 contrast enhancement were seen in 57.1% and 27.1% of cats, respectively. There was a weak correlation between those antibodies and MRI changes (phi coefficient 0.12). The following factors did not influence survival on multivariable regression analysis either for all cats together or when the cats that died were evaluated separately: age at first seizure, breed, sex, T2/FLAIR hippocampal hyperintensity, being positive for VGKC antibodies and prednisolone treatment.Conclusions and relevanceThere are no consistent findings on MRI or on testing for VGKC antibodies in all cats with CPSOFI. None of the factors investigated can be used to predict outcomes.
CT features and short-term outcome in cats presenting with pyothorax.
Rei IL, Paran E, Wilson H … +2 more , Pilot M, Major AC
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Sep · PMID 40905300 · Full text
ObjectivesThe purpose of this retrospective, descriptive study was to assess CT findings and short-term outcome of cats with pyothorax presented to a referral hospital.MethodsThoracic CT studies of 41 cats with pyothorax...
ObjectivesThe purpose of this retrospective, descriptive study was to assess CT findings and short-term outcome of cats with pyothorax presented to a referral hospital.MethodsThoracic CT studies of 41 cats with pyothorax comprising pre-contrast lung and soft tissue reconstructions and post-contrast soft tissue reconstructions were blindly reviewed by two European College of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging (ECVDI) board-certified radiologists and a third-year ECVDI resident, referencing a predetermined list of imaging features. Clinical outcomes, including treatment options, survival to discharge and length of hospitalisation, were recorded.ResultsAll cats (100%) had pleural effusion. Common imaging findings included intrathoracic lymphadenomegaly (85%), pleural thickening (85%), presence of pannus (81%) and evidence of pneumonia (49%). Pulmonary abscessation was suspected in 22% of cats and foreign bodies in 12%. Of the 41 cats, 20 were managed medically, 20 underwent surgery and one had unsuccessful medical treatment followed by surgical intervention. The median duration of hospitalisation was 7 days, and 36 cats survived to discharge.Conclusions and relevanceThis study demonstrates that cats with pyothorax commonly have marked changes on CT that involve multiple thoracic compartments. Our study population highlights that feline pyothorax can have a good short-term outcome when managed either medically or surgically.
Sedative and echocardiographic effects of intranasal or intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine in healthy cats.
Liu Z, Yang H, Li S … +4 more , Tian J, Yang Z, Xu X, Li M
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Sep · PMID 40905275 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the sedative and echocardiographic effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) administered via intranasal (IN) and intramuscular (IM) routes in cats.MethodsThis randomised, bl...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the sedative and echocardiographic effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) administered via intranasal (IN) and intramuscular (IM) routes in cats.MethodsThis randomised, blinded crossover study involved eight healthy adult cats. Cats were randomly allocated to receive DEX 10 μg/kg via either the IN or IM routes. Sedation, mechanical nociception and muscle relaxation were subjectively assessed and physiological variables recorded at baseline and at 5 min intervals for up to 40 mins after drug delivery. Echocardiography was performed 15 mins after delivery.ResultsIn both treatment groups, sedation assessment scores significantly increased compared with baseline values ( <0.05). At 25-35 mins after delivery, only the IN group exhibited a significant decrease in mechanical nociception scores compared with baseline ( = 0.041, = 0.042, = 0.026). DEX delivery via both routes resulted in significant reductions in pulse rate ( <0.05). In the IM group, mean arterial blood pressure measurements 35-40 mins after delivery were significantly lower than baseline ( = 0.012, = 0.012). Fractional shortening significantly decreased in both the IN and IM groups compared with baseline ( = 0.016 and = 0.049, respectively). Both routes caused reductions in cardiac systolic function, with no significant difference between the two routes. Vomiting occurred in half of the IN group (4/8) and in all cats of the IM group (8/8), with a significantly lower incidence in the IN group ( = 0.046).Conclusions and relevanceIN delivery of-DEX provided comparable sedation, increased tolerance to mechanical nociception and muscle relaxation effects while causing fewer adverse effects than IM-DEX. Both routes similarly reduced cardiac contractile function. Thus, IN-DEX at a dose of 10 μg/kg is a viable alternative to IM-DEX for sedation in healthy cats.
Antibody responses to feline leukaemia vaccination: exploring the effect of sex, boosting schedule, site of administration and vaccine type.
Westman ME, Parr Y, Martin C … +14 more , Wuestner E, Pan S, Norris JM, McDonald M, Dunbar D, Weir W, Hall E, Nakamura M, Atkin N, Hajjar R, Meggiolaro MN, Hughes D, Malik R, Hosie MJ
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Sep · PMID 40905267 · Full text
ObjectivesHistorically, vaccines have been administered in the dorsal interscapular region of cats (the 'scruff' of the neck) owing to easy access to the subcutaneous space. In response to concerns about sarcomas develop...
ObjectivesHistorically, vaccines have been administered in the dorsal interscapular region of cats (the 'scruff' of the neck) owing to easy access to the subcutaneous space. In response to concerns about sarcomas developing at injection sites (feline injection site sarcomas [FISSs]), and a possible association between feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) vaccination and the development of FISS, alternative FeLV vaccination sites such as the distal left hindlimb and tail have been proposed by influential vaccination bodies and various key opinion leaders. There is a dearth of evidence, however, to demonstrate the development of a comparable immune response after FeLV vaccination in these sites.MethodsThis field study was undertaken to investigate the FeLV anti-surface unit (SU) antibody response in FeLV-uninfected cats inoculated with one of three different FeLV vaccines (Fel-O-Vax 5, Fel-O-Vax Lv-K or Leucogen FeLV), administered in one of three different anatomical locations ('scruff', left distal hindlimb or tail). Kittens were sampled at three different time points, 1 month apart (T0, T1, T2) and again 12 months later (T12). Testing with a published anti-SU ELISA to detect FeLV-A and FeLV-B antibody responses to vaccination was performed. Antigen p27 testing, PCR testing to detect FeLV proviral DNA and neutralising antibody (NAb) testing to identify any FeLV-infected or FeLV-exposed animals were also performed.ResultsA total of 125 kittens were recruited and allocated into one of nine vaccine groups, with 105 kittens completing the initial course of vaccinations and blood draws, and 83 cats returning for T12 sampling. No progressive or regressive FeLV infections were detected in the entire kitten or adult cohorts. A total of 14 (11%) kittens and two (2%) adults tested FeLV NAb-positive. Females had higher (approximately 1.6-fold) post-vaccinal FeLV-A and FeLV-B antibody concentrations compared with males ( = 0.003 and 0.009, respectively). An anamnestic response ('booster' effect) was observed, with FeLV-A and FeLV-B antibody levels higher at T2 (day 56) after two primary vaccine doses than at T1 (day 28) after one dose ( = 0.004 and <0.001, respectively). No biologically significant differences in FeLV antibody concentrations were found between the different sites of vaccination or vaccine formulations. Tail injections produced fewer vaccine 'non-responders' against FeLV-A at T2 than scruff and hindlimb vaccination ( = 0.020), possibly because tail injections were actually intramuscular, due to a lack of subcutaneous space in the tail.Conclusions and relevanceFeLV vaccines can be administered in the scruff, left hindlimb or tail of cats, with comparable antibody responses observed across all sites. This result will assist veterinarians in making evidence-based recommendations about possible sites for FeLV vaccinations.
Outcomes of paracostal herniorrhaphy in cats: a retrospective study (2019-2024).
Mertz V, Garcia M, Bernard F
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Aug · PMID 40856090 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to report the outcome and complications associated with the treatment of paracostal hernias in cats and to determine the prevalence of concurrent diaphragmatic hernia.MethodsA r...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to report the outcome and complications associated with the treatment of paracostal hernias in cats and to determine the prevalence of concurrent diaphragmatic hernia.MethodsA retrospective, descriptive study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of cats that underwent paracostal hernia repair between January 2019 and January 2024. The collected data, including presentation, clinical signs, surgical findings, blood parameters, imaging techniques used for diagnosis and postoperative outcomes, were retrospectively reviewed. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed.ResultsA total of 19 cats were included (median age 2 years, range 2 months to 10 years). Clinical signs upon admission included tachypnoea (9/19 cats), weakness (7/19 cats) and ataxia or paralysis (4/19 cats). Radiography was the primary diagnostic tool, identifying 89.5% of the cats with paracostal hernia. Concurrent diaphragmatic hernias were present in 63% of the cases. Postoperative complications occurred in nine cats, including major complications (3/19 cats) leading to immediate postoperative mortality.Conclusions and relevanceConsidering the prevalence of diaphragmatic hernias observed, this study highlights the importance of visualising the diaphragm during paracostal hernia surgery. Although major complications resulted in early death, most patients recovered without short-term complications. These findings emphasise the need for careful postoperative monitoring and highlight the favourable prognosis associated with paracostal hernia repair in cats.
Spontaneous late-onset myoclonic epilepsy in cats: 15 cases (2015-2023).
Liatis T, Karpozilou A, De Stefani A
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Aug · PMID 40847614 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe spontaneous late-onset myoclonic epilepsy (SLOME) in older cats.MethodsA retrospective, two-centre study was conducted on cats diagnosed with spontaneous (non-audiogenic) h...
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe spontaneous late-onset myoclonic epilepsy (SLOME) in older cats.MethodsA retrospective, two-centre study was conducted on cats diagnosed with spontaneous (non-audiogenic) head myoclonus between 2015 and 2023.ResultsA total of 15 cats were included. Breeds included domestic shorthair (11/15, 73%) and one each (7%) of domestic longhair, Somali, Burmese and Russian Blue. Of the 15 cats, eight (53%) were castrated males and seven (47%) were spayed females. All cats were older, with a median age at presentation of 13.2 years (range 8.9-17). The median duration between the first episode and presentation was 5.5 months (range 1-24). All cats (15/15, 100%) presented with spontaneous, non-audiogenic myoclonus of the head, some of which had additional thoracic limb (3/15, 20%) or full body (1/15, 7%) involvement. Myoclonus frequency was progressive, with multiple daily or weekly episodes in half of the population (7/15, 47%). Two cats (2/15, 13%) had concurrent generalised tonic-clonic seizures. Eight cats (53%) had advanced imaging that was normal in all but three (37%) cats with concurrent brain atrophy, otitis media/externa and a pituitary mass. A diagnosis of SLOME was made in all cats. Levetiracetam (7/15, 47%) and phenobarbital (1/15, 7%) were administered, and all cats had a positive response, displaying either resolution or significant reduction in frequency of the myoclonus at a median follow-up time of 128 days (range 30-300).Conclusions and relevanceSLOME is a novel epileptic seizure phenotype prevalent in older cats, unrelated to audiogenic triggers, and occasionally accompanied by generalised tonic-clonic seizures. Levetiracetam could result in dramatic improvement.
Evaluation of local anesthetic blockade in cats undergoing castration in a high-quality, high-volume spay/neuter setting: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial.
Berliner EA, Stone ME, Boulting S … +1 more , Scarlett J
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Aug · PMID 40847607 · Full text
ObjectivesThe objective of this prospective study was to compare the nociceptive blunting and analgesic efficacy of two different local anesthetic solutions (lidocaine and a mixture of lidocaine plus bupivacaine) and a p...
ObjectivesThe objective of this prospective study was to compare the nociceptive blunting and analgesic efficacy of two different local anesthetic solutions (lidocaine and a mixture of lidocaine plus bupivacaine) and a placebo for cat castrations in a high-quality, high-volume spay/neuter (HQHVSN) clinic as an adjunct to standard HQHVSN anesthetic protocols.MethodsA total of 88 healthy, shelter-owned male cats presenting to an HQHVSN clinic in the northeastern USA between August 2019 and October 2020 were enrolled in this blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Cats were randomized to receive an intratesticular injection of saline placebo (SP group; n = 32), lidocaine 1 mg/kg (L group; n = 34) or a mixture of lidocaine 1 mg/kg and bupivacaine 1 mg/kg (LB group; n = 22) before routine castration. Other than the use of randomized local anesthetic blocks, all standard HQHVSN protocols for anesthesia and surgery were followed. Measured variables included perioperative heart rates, surgeon satisfaction with anesthetic depth, surgeon satisfaction with tissue quality, postoperative pain scores and the rate of incisional complications.ResultsTreatment groups did not differ in demographic characteristics or baseline heart rate. Percent increase in intraoperative heart rate was significantly larger in cats in the SP group than in the L ( <0.001) and LB groups ( <0.001); the L and LB groups did not differ from each other ( = 0.457). Surgeon-reported unsatisfactory anesthetic depth occurred more frequently in the SP group ( = 2.68, = 0.044). Surgeon satisfaction with tissue quality, postoperative pain scores and incision complication rates were statistically similar between groups.Conclusions and relevanceThis study is the first to assess the efficacy of local anesthesia for feline castration in an HQHVSN environment, where sustainable operations require delivering humane care with optimal efficiency and resource management. Despite the brief interval between intratesticular anesthetic administration and auto-ligation of the second testicle (median 5 mins, interquartile range 3-7), local anesthesia significantly reduced nociception compared with placebo and did not increase the incidence of incisional complications. These perioperative advantages support incorporating local blocks into multimodal anesthesia and analgesia protocols in HQHVSN clinics.
Survey study based on the assessment and management of pain in cats by veterinary professionals after elective sterilization procedures.
Basra G, Ballash G, Matusicky M … +2 more , O'Neil K, Muñoz KA
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Aug · PMID 40847606 · Full text
ObjectivesEffective pain management is essential for feline patients, particularly those undergoing elective procedures such as ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and orchiectomy. Despite the availability of objective validated pa...
ObjectivesEffective pain management is essential for feline patients, particularly those undergoing elective procedures such as ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and orchiectomy. Despite the availability of objective validated pain scales and multimodal analgesia, there is significant variability in pain management practices across veterinary practices.MethodsThe aim of this prospective study was to assess the current use of objective pain scoring systems, analgesic protocols and owner education in the management of pain for feline patients undergoing OVHs and orchiectomies. An anonymous online survey was distributed to veterinarians and veterinary technicians in Ohio, evaluating pain management practices that included an analysis of the use of pain scoring systems, perioperative analgesia and the education provided to owners on ways to evaluate pain in their cats at home.ResultsOnly 20.5% of respondents used objective pain scoring systems preoperatively. Three hours postoperatively, 23% of respondents reported using an objective pain scoring system and only 14.2% reported using objective pain scoring systems before discharge. While opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were the most commonly used analgesics, female cats were more likely to receive analgesia during recovery compared with male cats ( = 0.01). In addition, 80.5% of OVH patients were discharged with pain medications, compared with 54.9% of orchiectomy patients ( <0.001). Only 8.8% of respondents provided owner education on objective pain scales for use at home, while 76.1% offered education on recognizing subjective pain cues.Conclusions and relevanceThese findings highlight significant gaps in the implementation of objective pain scoring systems and a lack of owner education on the use of objective pain scoring tools, underscoring the need for greater adoption of objective pain assessment tools and more comprehensive owner education. Future research should focus on identifying barriers to the use of pain scoring systems and evaluating the long-term impact of improved pain management on recovery outcomes and welfare.
Feline enteropathogens and molecular diagnostics: benefits, limitations and clinical applications.
Cattaneo G, McCallum KE
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Aug · PMID 40776806 · Full text
Practical relevanceFeline enteric disease is a commonly encountered presentation in clinical practice. Interpretation of the clinical relevance of enteropathogens is often misunderstood and can lead to inappropriate case...
Practical relevanceFeline enteric disease is a commonly encountered presentation in clinical practice. Interpretation of the clinical relevance of enteropathogens is often misunderstood and can lead to inappropriate case management or overtreatment.Clinical challengesThe approaches to enteric disease, and the enteropathogens responsible, have proven to be an ever-emerging and challenging area within feline medicine. There are often many difficulties regarding diagnosis, interpretation of results and indications to treat. It is important to understand the aetiopathogenesis of disease, population predispositions and the principles underlying diagnostic testing, including its benefits and limitations, to appropriately manage these cases in clinical practice. Diagnostic testing and treatment should be carried out in a targeted manner only where indicated to do so.Evidence baseThis review provides extensive summaries of the most pertinent feline enteropathogens and diagnostic methods available, as well as their limitations, with a particular focus on molecular testing. The authors have provided their substantiated opinion on how best to approach these cases.Global importanceAn enhanced understanding of feline enteric disease is required not only for improved management of these veterinary patients but also particularly relates to the critical topic of antibiotic stewardship and judicious use of antibiotics, which form the mainstay of treatment for many enteropathogens, but are often used inappropriately in healthy cats testing positive for organisms that are not implicated in enteric disease.AudienceThe target audience for this review encompasses general and specialist practitioners, alongside researchers within this field.
Medial humeral epicondylitis: a retrospective case series of nine cats (17 elbows).
Baldeon M, Perry KL
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40735978 · Full text
The aim of this study was to describe the clinical findings, diagnostic results and response to both non-surgical and surgical therapy in cats with medial humeral epicondylitis (MHE). The medical records of one instituti...
The aim of this study was to describe the clinical findings, diagnostic results and response to both non-surgical and surgical therapy in cats with medial humeral epicondylitis (MHE). The medical records of one institution were searched for cats with a radiographically confirmed diagnosis of MHE where non-surgical therapy alone or both non-surgical and surgical therapy had been trialed. Nine cats (17 elbows) were included. None of the cats had a history of outdoor access. Orthopedic examination revealed pain upon palpation over the medial epicondyle (n = 15), elbow pronation/supination (n = 7) or carpal flexion (n = 7) and palpable mineralization distal to the medial epicondyle (n = 7). Epicondylitis was radiographically graded as mild (n = 8), moderate (n = 7) or severe (n = 2). CT was performed in 10 elbows and revealed additional information in seven, including intra-articular mineralized bodies in five elbows. Ultrasound was performed in four elbows and revealed fluid surrounding the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. After non-surgical management, four cats showed no response, four showed a partial response and one showed a complete response. Cats with less advanced radiographic changes appeared to show more favorable responses. Four cats (seven elbows) underwent surgical treatment with ulnar neuritis being evident in all. Lameness resolved postoperatively in three cats (five elbows). An insidious onset of moderate-grade lameness associated with pain on palpation caudodistal to the medial epicondyle should increase the index of suspicion for MHE and prompt assessment for the presence of palpable mineralization and pain on carpal flexion. Ulnar neuritis is common in cats with MHE and they frequently present with free articular mineralized bodies. Radiographs can only detect advanced or chronic stages of MHE, by which time non-surgical management is likely to be ineffective. Earlier diagnosis using ultrasound may improve the prognosis after non-surgical management.
FelineVMA meeting the physical and emotional needs of indoor cats position statement.
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Jul · PMID 40726093 · Full text
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