J. Feline Med. Surg. [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Comparing the pharmacokinetics of GS-441524 after intravenous and oral administration of remdesivir in New Zealand cats with feline infectious peritonitis.
Renner KA, Kimble B, Cattin R … +2 more , Munday JS, Coggins S
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jan · PMID 41271601 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of GS-441524 after intravenous (IV) and oral administration of compounded remdesivir (RDV) at 30 mg/kg, respectively, in cats with clinical feline infect...
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of GS-441524 after intravenous (IV) and oral administration of compounded remdesivir (RDV) at 30 mg/kg, respectively, in cats with clinical feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and to determine the bioavailability of GS-441524 after oral administration of compounded RDV in this population.MethodsA total of 13 client-owned cats with a clinical diagnosis of FIP were prospectively recruited. To reflect real-world use, RDV (30 mg/kg) was administered via a 20-min IV infusion or orally (rounded up to capsule size). Plasma GS-441524 concentrations were measured at eight time points over 24 h after administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartment analysis followed by bioavailability calculation.ResultsPharmacokinetic analysis of GS-441524 after administration of oral RDV achieved a mean (±SD) of 1083.36 ± 634.19 ng/ml (coefficient of variation [CV] 59%, range 254.18-1834.73) at a mean time of 5.33 ± 3.93 h (range 2-12) with a mean elimination of 11.4 ± 8.00 h (range 4.58-27.01). In contrast, IV RDV administration produced a higher mean GS-441524 of 6262.54 ± 1118.01 ng/ml (CV 18%, range 5193.40-8134.39) at a mean 0.67 ± 0.26 h (range 0.5-1) with a mean elimination of 6.8 ± 5.55 h (range 3.18-17.85). The mean relative bioavailability of GS-441524 after oral RDV was 30.13%. Bioavailability (range 12-52%) and time to maximum plasma concentrations (2-12 h) were highly variable.Conclusions and relevanceThe oral bioavailability of the compounded RDV used in this study is low, highly variable and appeared lower in cats with effusive disease, although this difference was not statistically significant. Given the small non-randomised sample, results should be interpreted considering the study limitations. Despite the low bioavailability, survival rates in cats treated with oral RDV are comparable to published outcome studies with injectable RDV and oral GS-441524, indicating that oral RDV is a viable treatment option when GS-441524 is not available.
Clinical trial of molnupiravir with or without an oral immune stimulant as a first-line treatment of feline infectious peritonitis.
Černá P, Dow S, Hawley J … +2 more , Willis M, Lappin MR
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jan · PMID 41271599 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral molnupiravir (MPV; EIDD-2801) in cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), with a subset of cats being administered a k...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral molnupiravir (MPV; EIDD-2801) in cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), with a subset of cats being administered a known immune stimulant (liposome-toll-like receptor agonist complex [LTC] orally.MethodsA prospective, open-label longitudinal single-center clinical trial was conducted. Cats with FIP were enrolled and treated with oral MPV (10-21 mg/kg PO q12h) for 84 days. A subset of cats (41 cats with effusive FIP) was randomized to concurrently be administered the oral immune stimulant. Cats were evaluated at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks followed by a 12-week observation period.ResultsA total of 73 cats were included in the study and 77% of the cats survived to 6 months. The median total bilirubin concentrations were significantly different ( = 0.0007) between the survivors vs non-survivors. Relapses occurred in 12% of the cats (at 9-99 days after discontinuing treatment), and all achieved remission during a second course of treatment. Clinicopathologic features associated with FIP normalized during the study period; however, some cats showed decreased cholesterol levels and lymphocytosis during treatment. No adverse effects necessitated discontinuation of either treatment. No effects of the LTC were apparent in this study.Conclusions and relevanceMPV administered at 10-21 mg/kg PO q12h for 12 weeks is well tolerated and an effective treatment (77% success) for all forms of naturally occurring FIP, with a relapse rate of 12%. These results support those of other studies showing that MPV is an effective treatment for cats diagnosed with FIP. Additional studies will be required to determine if any benefits might be derived from the LTC treatment.
Cat owners' perceptions of multimodal environmental modification advice for obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis.
Cosford KL, Caney SM
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 41268956 · Full text
ObjectivesThe primary goal of this survey was to gain insight into cat owners' perspectives with respect to multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) advice for obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis (O-FIC). The seco...
ObjectivesThe primary goal of this survey was to gain insight into cat owners' perspectives with respect to multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) advice for obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis (O-FIC). The secondary goal was to describe the environmental management practices of cat owners.MethodsAn online survey of clients whose cats were managed medically for presumed O-FIC was completed.ResultsA total of 167 responses met the inclusion criteria. The proportions of cat owners receiving advice for MEMO varied with each aspect of environmental enrichment: diet (94%), water intake (86.2%), litter box (56.9%), private physical space (43.7%), social interaction (25.1%) and natural behavior (26.3%). For all these environmental enrichment categories, clients reported high compliance rates (88.9-97.6%), and veterinarians were the main source of advice. Cat owners indicated similar median satisfaction scores (with the thoroughness of advice), in the range of 77-82, for all aspects of environmental enrichment. Overall, respondents also reported encountering minimal challenges in terms of implementing MEMO and described their current management practices.Conclusions and relevanceCat owners report that certain aspects of MEMO are emphasized for O-FIC, such as diet and water intake. Recommendations for litter box management, private physical space, social interaction and natural behavior are aspects of environmental enrichment that are not as commonly provided to cat owners. If given MEMO recommendations, cat owners readily complied. Veterinarians were the main source of MEMO advice, suggesting that they are the key to providing recommendations pertaining to all aspects of environmental enrichment.
Biomechanical evaluation of three different fixation methods in tibial tuberosity transposition in cats.
Schwarzmann P, Park B, Irgang M … +2 more , Knell S, Forterre F
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 41267348 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare three different fixation techniques for tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT) in cats in a non-cyclic load-to-failure model. The objective was to determine whether there was a signif...
ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare three different fixation techniques for tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT) in cats in a non-cyclic load-to-failure model. The objective was to determine whether there was a significant difference between the maximum load at failure (MLF) and stiffness between a two-pin tension band wire construct (2PTBW), a two-pin construct with a maintained distal cortical attachment (2PDA) and a two-pin construct (2P), and to report the modes of failure of each group.MethodsTibiae from cat cadavers (n = 40) were allocated to one of four groups: 2PTBW, 2PDA, 2P and control (no surgery). The respective technique was performed on each tibia with a vertical alignment of the pins. Biomechanical testing was performed in a non-cyclic load-to-failure model; MLF, stiffness and mode of failure were recorded. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons.ResultsThe 2P group had a significantly lower MLF than the 2PTBW, 2PDA and control groups ( <0.05) and a significantly lower stiffness than the 2PDA and control groups ( <0.05). There was no significant difference between 2PTBW and 2PDA. The most common mode of failure in the 2PTBW group was vertical tearing of the tibial tuberosity, while in the 2PDA group, the distal cortical attachment fractured and the pins subsequently pulled out. The 2P group most commonly failed because of pin pull-out.Conclusions and relevanceThe 2PDA technique demonstrated similar strength to the 2PTBW technique in a load-to-failure model. The 2P technique was the weakest of the three. This study provides a foundation for further clinical research.
FelineVMA 2025 hybrid cats position statement.
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 41261812 · Full text
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Challenges using the Feline Grimace Scale in brachycephalic cats with ocular pain.
Marangoni S, Chow D, Garbin M … +5 more , St Denis K, Bosmans T, Bukhari SSUH, Vanore M, Steagall PV
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jan · PMID 41251310 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study investigated the inter-rater reliability, agreement and responsiveness of the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) in brachycephalic cats.MethodsA total of 28 brachycephalic cats (mean age 6.6 ± 4.4 years, mea...
ObjectivesThis study investigated the inter-rater reliability, agreement and responsiveness of the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) in brachycephalic cats.MethodsA total of 28 brachycephalic cats (mean age 6.6 ± 4.4 years, mean weight 4.2 ± 1.0 kg) undergoing ocular surgery were included in a prospective, randomised, blinded study. Cats presenting fear-anxiety behaviours were not enrolled. In total, 95 images of these cats were collected from video recordings pre- and postoperatively (before/after analgesia), scored by four raters using the FGS and compared with real-time scores. Limits of agreement (LoAs) and bias were evaluated using the Bland-Altman method (good or poor agreement if bias <0.1 or >0.1, respectively). Inter-rater reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC; <0.50 = poor, 0.50-0.75 = moderate, 0.76-0.90 = good and >0.90 = excellent reliability). Generalised linear mixed models evaluated responsiveness ( <0.05).ResultsInter-rater reliability (ICC) was poor for muzzle tension (0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36-0.58) and whiskers change (0.34, 95% CI 0.22-0.46), good for ear (0.81, 95% CI 0.74-0.86) and eye position (0.84, 95% CI 0.79-0.88), moderate for head position (0.71, 95% CI 0.59-0.79) and good for FGS total ratio scores (0.76, 95% CI 0.68-0.82). LoAs were in the range of -0.37 to 0.22 with a bias of -0.08, suggesting that some cats could have their scores affected in comparison with real-time scores. Mean FGS total scores decreased after analgesia pre- (0.56 ± 0.10 vs 0.38 ± 0.15; = 0.005) and postoperatively (0.60 ± 0.18 vs 0.36 ± 0.15; <0.001).Conclusions and relevanceThe FGS is a responsive pain-scoring instrument in brachycephalic cats with ocular pain, with good agreement and excellent inter-rater reliability for total ratio scores. Pain may be overestimated using image assessment in some brachycephalic cats.
Spectrum of veterinary care in feline diabetes mellitus.
Rand JS, Mott J, Kendall K … +1 more , Gilor C
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jan · PMID 41251300 · Full text
Approximately 10% of cats with diabetes mellitus (diabetes) are euthanased at diagnosis and a further 10% euthanased within the first year of treatment, despite diabetes being a treatable disease. This review presents a...
Approximately 10% of cats with diabetes mellitus (diabetes) are euthanased at diagnosis and a further 10% euthanased within the first year of treatment, despite diabetes being a treatable disease. This review presents a spectrum of veterinary care aimed at providing practitioners with a range of treatment options to discuss with owners, potentially helping to prevent euthanasia at the time of diagnosis. Barriers such as owner concerns about lifestyle impact, pet welfare and presence of comorbidities contribute to decisions to euthanase, while financial limitations can significantly restrict access to veterinary care for cats with diabetes. This highlights the urgent need to implement a spectrum of care approach for feline diabetes with the aim of reducing euthanasia rates and improving owner and cat outcomes.
iCatCare 2025 consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus in cats.
Taylor S, Cannon M, Church D … +5 more , Fleeman L, Fracassi F, Gilor C, Mott J, Niessen S
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 41224734 · Full text
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common feline endocrine disease. Developments in therapy mean there are now more options for treatment, including various types of insulin and novel oral medications. Use...
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common feline endocrine disease. Developments in therapy mean there are now more options for treatment, including various types of insulin and novel oral medications. Use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices has increased, providing more detailed information on affected cats. Selecting the appropriate treatment for DM, monitoring the cat's response and treating complications can present challenges, but these patients are nonetheless rewarding cases to manage for clinicians. AIM: The '2025 iCatCare consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus in cats' provide practical information on the management of complex as well as more routine cases. The importance of a team approach, involving veterinary professionals and the caregiver, is emphasised as this is likely to optimise patient outcomesClinical challenges:The pathogenesis of DM in cats, including absolute or relative insulin deficiency, can complicate management. Moreover, conditions such as hypersomatotropism, which is a prevalent underlying cause, as well as comorbidities that are common in affected populations of cats, warrant special consideration. Selecting the most appropriate therapy for the individual cat with DM relies on a thorough assessment of the case, including testing for comorbidities, if indicated, and excellent communication with caregivers. Treatment with either insulin or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors may be appropriate and should be combined with a diet and a monitoring regimen that are suitable and manageable for both cat and caregiver. Monitoring, to determine the response to treatment and to detect complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis or hypoglycaemia, may include placement of a CGM device. EVIDENCE BASE: These Guidelines have been created by a panel of experts brought together by the International Cat Care (iCatCare) Veterinary Society. Information is based on the available literature, expert opinion and the panel members' experience.
Distribution of neoplasia in Danish cats: data from the Danish Veterinary Cancer Registry.
Børresen B, Anker Heden M, Thuri Kristensen A
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jan · PMID 41222091 · Full text
ObjectivesThe Danish Veterinary Cancer Registry (DVCR) was founded at the University of Copenhagen (then the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University) in 2005 and has collected data from feline neoplastic cases ever...
ObjectivesThe Danish Veterinary Cancer Registry (DVCR) was founded at the University of Copenhagen (then the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University) in 2005 and has collected data from feline neoplastic cases ever since. To date, only canine data have been published. The objective of the current publication was to describe the distribution of neoplasms in Danish cats based on data from the DVCR.MethodsFeline DVCR data (2005-2023) were extracted in December 2023. Study parameters were age, sex, breed, tumour type, tumour biological behaviour, anatomical location and method for obtaining the diagnosis. Standard morbidity ratios (SMRs) were calculated using breed data from the Danish Cat Registry as the denominator.ResultsA total of 767 neoplasms were registered. More neoplasms were malignant (561, 73.1%) than benign (175, 22.8%). More neoplasms were registered in female cats (423, 55.8%) than in male cats (335, 44.2%). The mean (±SD) cat age was 10.4 ± 3.8 years. Malignant epithelial tumours were the most common type (259, 33.8%), followed by malignant lymphoma (141, 18.4%), benign epithelial (120, 15.6%) and soft tissue sarcomas (79, 10.3%). The most common anatomical location was skin including adnexal tissue (213, 27.8%), followed by haemolymphatic tissue (152, 19.8%) and mammary tissue (151, 19.7%). Domestic/European shorthair cats had SMRs less than 1.0, while all purebred cats with more than 15 registrations had SMRs greater than 2.0. The relative risk for having a mammary tumour was 2.08 for intact vs spayed female cats.Conclusions and relevanceIt was shown that Danish cats mainly get malignant tumours, and that skin and epithelial tumours were the most common. Overall, the results from the DVCR fit well with data from other recent European publications and will be helpful for informing owners and veterinarians about the occurrence of feline cancer in Denmark and comparable countries.
Comparison of thyrotropin concentrations measured by bulk acoustic wave technology and chemiluminescence in hyperthyroid cats and cats with non-thyroidal illness.
Brassard C, DeMonaco SM, Wilkinson AR … +2 more , Keebaugh AE, Bolton TA
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jan · PMID 41222090 · Full text
ObjectivesA thyrotropin (also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) assay using bulk acoustic wave (TSH-BAW) technology is a sensitive and specific test for diagnosing hyperthyroidism; however, the effect of variou...
ObjectivesA thyrotropin (also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) assay using bulk acoustic wave (TSH-BAW) technology is a sensitive and specific test for diagnosing hyperthyroidism; however, the effect of various types of non-thyroidal illness (NTI) have not been evaluated with this assay. The objectives of this study were to compare serum TSH concentrations using the TSH-BAW and a currently available TSH chemiluminescent immunoassay (TSH-CLIA) in hyperthyroid cats, cats with NTI and healthy cats, as well as to compare sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing hyperthyroidism.MethodsA prospective cross-sectional study was conducted comparing the TSH concentration of 37 hyperthyroid, 32 healthy and 32 NTI cats using the TSH-CLIA and TSH-BAW assays. The effect of disease severity was evaluated with hyperthyroidism and NTI.ResultsThe TSH-BAW had a lower sensitivity (78%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 62-90) and negative predictive value (89%, 95% CI 79-95) but higher specificity (97%, 95% CI 89-100) and positive predictive value (94%, 95% CI 79-99) than the TSH-CLIA. The median serum TSH concentration was significantly different between hyperthyroid cats and both healthy and NTI cats with both assays ( <0.01) but was not different between NTI and healthy cats (TSH-CLIA = 0.168, TSH-BAW = 0.673). Eight (21.6%) hyperthyroid cats had a detectable TSH-BAW but undetectable TSH-CLIA concentration, with seven (18.9%) having a TSH-BAW within the reference interval. A total of 12 (18.8%) non-hyperthyroid cats (four [12.5%] healthy cats and eight [25%] NTI cats) had an undetectable TSH-CLIA compared with only two (6%) cats (one [3%] healthy cat and one [3%] NTI cat) with the TSH-BAW assay. The proportion of cats with an undetectable serum TSH concentration was significantly higher with the TSH-CLIA than the TSH-BAW in NTI cats ( = 0.008). This was especially evident in NTI cats suffering from moderate to severe illnesses ( = 0.025).Conclusions and relevanceThe TSH-BAW has a high specificity for detecting hyperthyroidism and identifies a normal serum TSH concentration in non-hyperthyroid cats more often than the TSH-CLIA. However, a normal result cannot be used to rule out hyperthyroidism.
Effect of age on resistance to distraction after tracheal anastomoses with two suture patterns in cats.
Paschalidis GP, Politis CD, Savvas I … +4 more , Antonitsis PN, Terzopoulou ZN, Bikiaris DN, Papazoglou LG
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jan · PMID 41217017 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to assess the effect of age on the ability of tracheal anastomoses in 24 feline cadaveric tracheae that were performed with two suture patterns to sustain distraction.MethodsTracheae we...
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to assess the effect of age on the ability of tracheal anastomoses in 24 feline cadaveric tracheae that were performed with two suture patterns to sustain distraction.MethodsTracheae were obtained from 16 immature and eight adult cats and were divided into three groups. Each trachea underwent end-to-end annular ligament anastomosis using a simple continuous pattern with a 4/0 polypropylene suture on a round-body needle. In one immature group, three additional simple interrupted tension-relieving sutures were placed. The samples were tested with a tensiometer set at a drop head speed of 50 mm/min, and failure during distraction was defined by tissue pull-through or suture material failure. The force and elongation at failure were compared among groups.ResultsTracheal anastomoses in immature cats failed at lower mean forces (11.49 ± 1.30 N) compared with those with tension-relieving sutures and with adult cats (19.74 ± 4.55 N and 18.02 ± 1.28 N, respectively) ( <0.001). Tracheae from both immature groups sustained greater mean elongation (46.60 ± 0.06% and 46.53 ± 0.06%) compared with those from the adult group (33.85 ± 0.11%) ( = 0.017 and 0.09, respectively).Conclusions and relevanceTracheal anastomoses with tension-relieving sutures in immature cats and anastomoses in adult cats showed greater resistance compared with immature cats without tension-relieving sutures. Tracheae from immature cats showed greater elasticity compared with adult cats. Immature cats may resist longer tracheal resection than adult cats, but reinforcement techniques are necessary to improve resistance to tension.
Hypersomatotropism in diabetic cats in Australia.
Kennedy A, White J, Lam A … +1 more , Kenny P
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 41215559 · Full text
ObjectivesHypersomatotropisim is an excessive production of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland, typically secondary to a pituitary tumour, which causes insulin-resistant diabetes and the clinical syndrome o...
ObjectivesHypersomatotropisim is an excessive production of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland, typically secondary to a pituitary tumour, which causes insulin-resistant diabetes and the clinical syndrome of acromegaly. Studies have shown the prevalence of hypersomatotropism among diabetic cats in the UK, Switzerland and the Netherlands to be in the range of 17.8-26%. The prevalence of hypersomatotropism in Australia is not known. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of hypersomatotropism in diabetic cats in Australia.MethodsResidual serum samples from cats with increased fructosamine or increased blood glucose and a clinical history of diabetes were submitted for the measurement of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Hypersomatotropism was defined as an IGF-1 of 1000 ng/ml or more. The prevalence and associated confidence interval were calculated (Jeffrey's method). Clinicopathological features between diabetic cats with and without hypersomatotropism were compared.ResultsSerum samples from 87 cats were included in the final analysis. IGF-1 was above 1000 ng/ml in 14 cats. The absolute prevalence of IGF-1 was 16%; therefore, the prevalence of hypersomatotropism (IGF-1 levels >1000 ng/ml) in an Australian population is estimated to be in the range of 9.5-24.9%. No significant difference was detected between breed (pedigree vs domestic), sex, age nor location (metropolitan vs regional) in cats with and without hypersomatotropism. Glucose and fructosamine concentrations did not differ between cats with and without hypersomatropism ( = 0.9 and = 0.57, respectively).Conclusions and relevanceHypersomatotropism is an increasingly recognised condition in the feline population as a major contributor to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of hypersomatotropism in Australian diabetic cats is 16%, which is similar to results from other countries. Clinical features cannot be used to distinguish diabetic cats with and without hypersomatotropism, so screening using a validated IGF-1 assay is necessary.
Feline leukemia virus lifetime study: whole blood samples increase detection of low positive cats with extended long-term survival.
Beall MJ, Moore D, Turner S … +1 more , Levy JK
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 41215536 · Full text
ObjectivesThousands of cats in the USA are newly diagnosed with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) each year, and known FeLV-infected cats are increasingly adopted from shelters. This study investigated optimal sample types to...
ObjectivesThousands of cats in the USA are newly diagnosed with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) each year, and known FeLV-infected cats are increasingly adopted from shelters. This study investigated optimal sample types to identify FeLV-infected cats and predictors of long-term survival in a cohort of FeLV-positive cats followed for up to 8 years after diagnosis.MethodsPreviously, 127 FeLV p27 antigen-positive cats were enrolled in a prospective study. Whole blood, plasma and serum were collected at enrollment and monthly for 6 months. All sample types were tested on SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo Test (SNAP) monthly, and results from microtiter plate ELISA (PetChek) for p27 antigen and a quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) for proviral DNA were used for confirmation and classification of infection status (high positive, low positive or cryptic/negative). After the 6-month testing phase, cats entered a lifetime survival monitoring phase. Owner-reported status in the current study extended previous survival results by 4 years.ResultsTesting anticoagulated whole blood on SNAP at enrollment identified five and nine more FeLV-infected low positive cats (n = 29) than plasma or serum, respectively. Although some low positive (n = 11) cats demonstrated variable test results on SNAP with plasma and serum, others (n = 17) were SNAP positive with all three sample types and classified as low positive based on PetChek and qPCR results. After an additional 4 years of monitoring, low positive cats had not reached a median survival, with 19/29 (66%) cats still alive compared with 2/90 (2.2%) high positive cats.Conclusions and relevanceAnticoagulated whole blood on SNAP was a sensitive indicator of FeLV infection relative to plasma and serum and therefore should be the preferred diagnostic sample for FeLV antigen testing. Combining the results of whole blood antigen testing, PetChek and qPCR identified cats as high positive, low positive or cryptic/negative, with high positive cats having higher risk for early mortality. Use of these diagnostic tools facilitates the management of FeLV as a chronic condition.
Feline chronic pain management: the importance of a team approach for optimal outcomes.
Monteiro BP, Taylor S, Dowgray N … +2 more , Eyre K, Gruen M
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 41215486 · Full text
This article reviews the importance of a team approach in feline chronic pain management for optimal outcomes. It discusses the role of different stakeholders and the importance of collaboration, communication and strate...
This article reviews the importance of a team approach in feline chronic pain management for optimal outcomes. It discusses the role of different stakeholders and the importance of collaboration, communication and strategies for improved experiences for cats and caregivers on their journey. Chronic pain is maladaptive and negatively impacts on all domains of animal welfare. It can occur by itself, but most commonly is secondary to other chronic conditions. Ensuring that cats suffering from chronic pain are managed effectively requires a collaborative approach between all stakeholders, including client care staff, veterinarians, veterinary nurses or technicians, veterinary support staff and clinic management, as well as the cat and the caregiver. The journey starts with clinical signs displayed by the cat and perceived by the caregiver, and ends, for most cases, with end-of-life considerations. Diagnosis of chronic pain and design of a treatment plan result from a partnership between the caregiver and veterinary team. Management of chronic pain is focused on maintaining quality of life while empowering caregivers to be part of the healthcare team, avoiding adverse effects from medication and balancing comorbidities. The journey for cats and their caregivers is influenced by numerous factors, including the clinical condition of the cat and the caregiver's response to different burdens, but mostly by the care they receive from the clinic and veterinary teams involved in the process. Empathetic communication is paramount and helps to optimise the cat's care while supporting caregivers.
Capromorelin promotes weight gain in cats with unintended weight loss: a randomized, masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Wofford JA, Milliken MacKinnon A, Heinen E
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 41204815 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of capromorelin to manage weight loss in cats with unintended weight loss, as occurs in chronic kidney disease (CKD), in a randomized, masked, placeb...
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of capromorelin to manage weight loss in cats with unintended weight loss, as occurs in chronic kidney disease (CKD), in a randomized, masked, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical field study.MethodsA total of 176 client-owned cats with existing CKD and unintended weight loss of 5% or more were enrolled. Cats were randomized 2:1 to receive capromorelin or a vehicle placebo orally once daily for 55 days. Changes in body weight and safety parameters were monitored throughout the study.ResultsBody weight increased progressively with time in the capromorelin group and decreased in the placebo group. For the effectiveness population data sample (n = 112), mean change in body weight from day 0 to day 55 was +5.18% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.45-6.91) with capromorelin and -1.65% (95% CI -3.82 to 0.55) with placebo. The treatment effect (capromorelin minus placebo) from day 0 to day 55 was +6.81% (95% CI 4.21-9.42) with <0.0001, representing +0.25 kg (95% CI 0.15-0.35) body weight. Hypersalivation was observed only in the capromorelin group ( <0.0001). For all other adverse events (AEs), there was no significant difference between the treatment groups: in the capromorelin group 96/118 (81.4%) cats and in the placebo group 41/58 (70.7%) cats had at least one reported AE ( = 0.3650).Conclusions and relevanceCapromorelin was safe and effective, and provides a valuable new option to maintain or increase body weight in cats with CKD.
Comparison of continuous glucose monitoring profiles during the day and night in healthy and diabetic cats.
Schuppisser C, Ferri F, Reusch CE … +2 more , Glaus T, Zini E
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 41204810 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aimed to detect hypoglycaemia episodes and evaluate glucose dynamics and glycaemic variability in insulin-treated diabetic and healthy cats using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). Blood...
ObjectivesThis study aimed to detect hypoglycaemia episodes and evaluate glucose dynamics and glycaemic variability in insulin-treated diabetic and healthy cats using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). Blood glucose curves are useful for managing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM) but may miss the nadir and peak.MethodsA CGMS with a 7-day recording period (range 2.2-22.2 mmol/l) was implanted in six healthy and 10 insulin-treated diabetic cats to obtain 24-h glucose curves. For each cat, mean, minimum and maximum glucose concentration, SD and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated for the daytime and night-time.ResultsMost diabetic cats removed sensors prematurely, but 24-h curves were obtained in all; the only adverse effect of the device was mild local skin irritation. In healthy cats, nights had higher SD (0.6 mmol/l [range 0.2-0.8] vs 0.4 mmol/l [range 0.2-0.6]; = 0.037) and CV (13% [range 5-23] vs 10% [range 4-16]; = 0.041) compared with the days; mean, minimum and maximum glucose concentration showed no diurnal-nocturnal differences. In diabetic cats, no differences were observed for mean, minimum and maximum glucose concentrations, SD and CV. Hypoglycaemia episodes (<3.5 mmol/l) occurred in five healthy and four diabetic cats, either during the day or night. Compared with well-controlled diabetic cats, those with moderate to poor control had higher mean and maximum glucose concentrations during the 24 h and had higher SD during the day than at night.Conclusions and relevanceContinuous glucose monitoring revealed increased nocturnal glycaemic variability in healthy cats but not in diabetic cats. Furthermore, cats with moderately to poorly controlled DM had higher diurnal glycaemic variability than those well controlled. Low glucose concentrations occurred in both groups and at any time, emphasising the benefit of 24-h glucose curves in diabetic cats.
Detection of intracellular bacteria in feline inflammatory cardiac, hepatic and renal diseases: a retrospective study using fluorescent in situ hybridisation.
Rolph MJ, Bolfa P, Cavanaugh SM … +2 more , Hilchie D, Rolph KE
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Mar · PMID 41190701 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aims of the present study were to determine whether bacteria are present in feline cardiac, hepatic and renal tissues where inflammation has been identified and to compare the location of any bacteria with...
ObjectivesThe aims of the present study were to determine whether bacteria are present in feline cardiac, hepatic and renal tissues where inflammation has been identified and to compare the location of any bacteria with areas of inflammation within those tissues. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) facilitates visualisation of intracellular bacteria in tissues. There is little research looking at the role of intracellular bacteria in inflammatory disease within feline medicine.MethodsStudy group (SG) cases were selected from Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine's pathology archive for 2012-2022. A total of 23 cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Three sequential sections were assessed with FISH (using eubacterial and non-eubacterial probes) and haematoxylin and eosin staining. Control group (CG) cases were selected from the same archive (n = 6) where death was trauma related; no other disease states were noted and the same three tissues were available for testing. Known bacteria-positive sections were included with each batch of slides processed to confirm successful hybridisation.ResultsOf the SG cases, 52.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 30.6-73.2) demonstrated bacteria within some or all tissues tested, and 78.3% (95% CI 56.3-92.5) demonstrated the presence of inflammatory cells (ICs) in one or more tissues. Of the IC-positive SG cases, 61.1% (95% CI 35.7-82.7) demonstrated bacteria using FISH; the presence of bacteria in either the liver or kidney was frequently associated with the presence of ICs in 77.7% (95% CI 40.0-97.2) and 80% (95% CI 28.4-99.5) of cases, respectively. Among these, IC distribution did not match bacterial distribution. Of the CG cases, 83.3% (95% CI 35.9-99.6) were negative for ICs. Notably, in the IC-negative CG cases, two (40%) were positive for bacteria using FISH (95% CI 5.3-85.3). The Pearson χ test demonstrated a χ value of 0.71 ( = 0.40).Conclusions and relevanceDespite this pilot study being limited by a small sample size, bacteria were successfully detected within formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of feline heart, liver and kidney. We demonstrated that bacteria may not co-locate with all instances of inflammation, suggesting the need for greater vigilance for the presence of fastidious bacteria and/or low-grade infection.
Perineal findings associated with urethral ruptures on plain lateral radiographs in cats.
Milne J, Sparks T, Brash R … +3 more , de Almeida Coelho M, Natsiopoulos T, Holdsworth A
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 41187063 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine if there were any characteristic features of urethral ruptures (URs) on plain radiographs of cats.MethodsA retrospective, multicentre, case-control study was conducted. Ra...
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine if there were any characteristic features of urethral ruptures (URs) on plain radiographs of cats.MethodsA retrospective, multicentre, case-control study was conducted. Radiographs including the perineum of 22 cats with UR and 70 cats without UR were blindly assessed by two reviewers, scrutinising for features including a perineal bulge, heterogeneous perineal tissue and visibility of the urinary bladder.ResultsA significant association was identified between URs and a perineal bulge ( ⩽0.003), resulting in a sensitivity of 95.5% and a specificity in the range of 38.6-47.1%, and between the presence of URs and a larger perineal bulge size ( <0.001). URs secondary to traumatic accidents were associated with a larger perineal bulge than those secondary to iatrogenic rupture. Cats with URs were more likely to have heterogeneous perineal tissue ( <0.001). There was a significant association between pelvic fractures and a perineal bulge ( ⩽0.001), but not between pelvic fractures and URs ( = 0.783). Binary logistic regression revealed associations between the reviewers' suspicion for a UR and the reviewers' recommendation for a lower urinary tract contrast study (LUTS) and a confirmed UR ( <0.001). There was no significant association between an invisible urinary bladder and the presence of a UR ( ⩾0.243).Conclusions and relevanceIdentification of a perineal bulge or heterogeneous perineal tissue in a cat may raise suspicion for a UR, especially in the absence of musculoskeletal injury, which is crucial in reducing time to diagnosis and, therefore, treatment. However, because of the low specificity, correlation with the clinical findings and confirmation or exclusion via a LUTS remains necessary. Visibility of a urinary bladder does not exclude UR.
Change in insulin-like growth factor type 1 concentration after radioactive iodine treatment in cats with hyperthyroidism.
Shin D, Chae Y, Yun T … +2 more , Kang BT, Kim H
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Dec · PMID 41170923 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate changes in serum insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) concentrations in cats with hyperthyroidism before and after radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment, as well as investigate th...
ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate changes in serum insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) concentrations in cats with hyperthyroidism before and after radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment, as well as investigate the correlation between thyroid volume and serum IGF-1 concentrations.MethodsA total of 13 cats with hyperthyroidism and 14 healthy controls were included. Serum total thyroxine (TT4)/thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and IGF-1/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) concentrations were measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay and ELISA, respectively, at presentation and 6 months after RAI treatment. The results were compared with thyroid volume measured using scintigraphy. Data are presented as median (interquartile range [IQR]) and analysed using non-parametric tests.ResultsSerum TT4 concentrations significantly decreased from 9.30 µg/dl (IQR 6.49-12.7) to 2.23 µg/dl (IQR 1.34-2.94) after RAI treatment ( <0.001), while TSH levels increased from 0.021 ng/ml (IQR 0.021-0.021) to 0.125 ng/ml (IQR 0.050-0.257) ( = 0.002). IGF-1 levels significantly increased from 329 ng/ml (IQR 240-479) to 572 ng/ml (IQR 402-1038) after RAI treatment ( = 0.011), while IGFBP-3 levels did not differ. Serum creatinine concentrations significantly increased from 1.3 mg/dl (IQR 1.2-1.6) to 2.0 mg/dl (IQR 1.7-2.3) after RAI treatment ( = 0.006). No correlation was observed between IGF-1 and any variable, except IGFBP-3 ( = 0.587; = 0.039) in the pretreatment group. IGF-1 and body weight were significantly positively correlated after RAI treatment ( = 0.696; = 0.011) but not before. In healthy cats, IGF-1 was negatively correlated with serum TT4 ( = -0.627; = 0.019).Conclusions and relevanceThe increased serum IGF-1 concentrations after RAI treatment may reflect the restoration of anabolic status in cats with hyperthyroidism. In this study population, no correlation was found between thyroid volume and serum IGF-1 concentrations.
Gallbladder sludge in cats: associations with bile culture, liver enzymes and cholangiohepatitis in 166 cases.
Lee KLH, Guess SC, Villarino NF … +2 more , Haines JM, Ambrosini YM
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Oct · PMID 41170742 · Full text
ObjectivesTo determine the clinical relevance of gallbladder sludge (GBS) in cats by assessing its association with neutrophilic cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis (NC/CH), bile culture results, serum biochemical abnormaliti...
ObjectivesTo determine the clinical relevance of gallbladder sludge (GBS) in cats by assessing its association with neutrophilic cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis (NC/CH), bile culture results, serum biochemical abnormalities and ultrasonographic findings suggestive of pancreatitis or small intestinal thickening.MethodsA retrospective review was performed on 166 cats that underwent percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis. Data collected included ultrasonographic presence of GBS, bile culture and cytology results, liver enzyme activities, total bilirubin concentration and final diagnosis of NC/CH. Statistical associations were evaluated using Fisher's exact test and odds ratios (ORs).ResultsGBS was identified in 107/166 (64%) cats. There was no significant association between GBS and positive bile culture, bactibilia or NC/CH ( >0.84), nor with elevated alkaline phosphatase activity or total bilirubin ( >0.8). Cats with GBS were more likely to have normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity compared with GBS-negative cats (OR 0.42; = 0.025). Among GBS-positive cats, the presence of concurrent pancreatitis or intestinal thickening did not significantly increase the likelihood of NC/CH. A non-significant association was observed between elevated ALT activity and NC/CH in GBS-positive cats (OR 2.53; = 0.135).Conclusions and relevanceGBS is a frequent ultrasonographic finding in cats but does not reliably predict biliary infection or inflammation. These findings suggest that GBS should not be used in isolation to guide antimicrobial therapy or bile sampling. Clinical judgment and supporting diagnostic data remain essential in evaluating suspected hepatobiliary disease.
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