J. Feline Med. Surg. [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Primary portal vein hypoplasia in cats: clinical findings, diagnosis and outcomes in five cases.
Bent N, Kearns S, Mouser P … +1 more , Ewing P
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jan · PMID 41395787 · Full text
Case series summaryA retrospective, single-center case series describes five cats with primary portal vein hypoplasia (PVH). This case series outlines clinical signs, diagnostics, treatments and prognosis in cats diagnos...
Case series summaryA retrospective, single-center case series describes five cats with primary portal vein hypoplasia (PVH). This case series outlines clinical signs, diagnostics, treatments and prognosis in cats diagnosed with primary PVH based on histopathology. Pathology records from cats that underwent liver biopsies were retrospectively searched to identify cats with histologic features of portal vein hypoperfusion. Patients with concurrent hepatic conditions such as portosystemic shunts, portal vein obstruction, arteriovenous fistulas and other hepatic conditions that complicate vasculature were excluded, leaving five cases for inclusion. In this case series, 3/5 cats were asymptomatic, with abnormalities detected on biochemistry or abdominal ultrasound, one cat presented with lethargy and one cat presented with gastrointestinal signs associated with a foreign body. Of the five cats in this series, four underwent treatment with follow-up biochemistry profiles. One cat in this study was a well-controlled diabetic and hyperthyroid, while one cat was newly diagnosed with hyperthyroidism after biopsies, which complicated liver enzyme interpretation. Treatment protocols were variable and encompassed management of concurrent metabolic disorders, use of hepatoprotective medications, hepatic encephalopathy therapy, antimicrobial treatment, copper chelation and immunosuppressive therapy. A larger case series or a prospective study is necessary to establish the optimal treatment plan, as there were no established standards for managing this condition for this cohort. Four cats with confirmed follow-up had an average survival time of 878.5 days after diagnosis, indicating a favorable prognosis.Relevance and novel informationPVH is a stereotypical microscopic finding in liver portal tracts, most often linked to portosystemic shunts. It can occur with any condition that reduces portal blood flow. In the absence of a shunt, arteriovenous fistula or portal vein obstruction, it is termed primary portal vein hypoplasia, which is poorly characterized in cats.
Comparative cadaveric study of needle and conventional arthroscopy techniques of the feline stifle joint.
Koecher-Vodnarek CA, Helm J, Schnabl-Feichter E
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Feb · PMID 41395778 · Full text
ObjectivesArthroscopy is a well-established diagnostic and therapeutic method for canine stifle pathology; however, its use in cats remains under-reported. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety...
ObjectivesArthroscopy is a well-established diagnostic and therapeutic method for canine stifle pathology; however, its use in cats remains under-reported. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of conventional arthroscopy (CA) and needle arthroscopy (NA) in feline stifles.MethodsPaired stifles from 20 feline cadavers without clinical or radiographic stifle pathology were randomly assigned to two equal groups: CA (1.9 mm, 30°) and NA (1.9 mm, 0°). Arthroscopy was performed by a board-certified surgeon using a three-portal method and predefined evaluation sequence, ending with medial meniscus assessment. In 10 randomly selected stifles from each group, an extra-articular distractor was applied before medial meniscus evaluation. Procedure duration, visualisation quality, surgical difficulty and cartilage lesions were recorded. Periarticular and iatrogenic articular cartilage injuries (IACIs) were assessed via dissection and India ink staining.ResultsNA yielded a lower mean surgical difficulty score, shorter mean arthroscopy duration and higher rate of complete medial meniscus visualisation than CA. No significant differences were found in absolute IACI (CA with distraction [CA-D]: 4.4 ± 2.8 mm; CA without distraction [CA-nD]: 5.4 ± 2.4 mm; NA with distraction [NA-D]: 3.9 ± 2.0 mm; NA without distraction [NA-nD] 3.6 ± 2.4 mm) or in percentage surface area affected (CA-D: 1.0 ± 0.6%; CA-nD: 1.3 ± 0.6%; NA-D 0.9 ± 0.4%; NA-nD 0.9 ± 0.6%).Conclusions and relevanceStifle arthroscopy was feasible using both conventional and needle arthroscopes in feline cadavers without stifle pathology and may be considered a minimally invasive tool for diagnosing feline stifle disease. NA in smaller patients may offer advantages over CA in terms of feasibility and procedure duration. Although not statistically significant, NA tended to result in fewer IACIs. IACIs per joint were comparable to values reported in dogs.
Spontaneous adult-onset primary hypothyroidism in 17 cats.
Cobucci GC, Teyssandier S, Tavares FM … +10 more , Rosa MM, Fracassi F, Geraldo Júnior CA, Dias Bueno CA, Palha de Brito Jardim M, da Silva Lourenço F, Miceli DD, García JD, Soler Arias EA, Peterson ME
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Feb · PMID 41395771 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe the clinical, laboratory and thyroid imaging features of 17 adult cats with spontaneous hypothyroidism diagnosed over a 4-year period in four countries.MethodsThis multicen...
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe the clinical, laboratory and thyroid imaging features of 17 adult cats with spontaneous hypothyroidism diagnosed over a 4-year period in four countries.MethodsThis multicenter case series included cats diagnosed with spontaneous hypothyroidism between 2021 and 2025. We collected data on cats' signalment, clinical signs, results of physical examination, routine laboratory and thyroid hormone testing, and thyroid imaging (scintigraphy, ultrasonography or CT). We also reviewed treatment data, including levothyroxine dosage, changes in serum thyroid hormone and creatinine concentrations, clinical progression and follow-up scintigraphy.ResultsCats were aged 2-14 years, with no breed predilection; 10 (58.8%) were male and seven (41.2%) female. Common clinical signs included lethargy, dermatologic signs (unkempt hair coat, increased shedding, dandruff, hair thinning), weight gain or obesity, and palpable goiter. The most common laboratory findings included azotemia (five cats), anemia (three cats) and worsening of pre-existing diabetes mellitus (two cats). A total of 13 (76.5%) cats had low serum thyroxine (T4), whereas all cats had high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations. Thyroid imaging confirmed undetectable or atrophic thyroid tissue in 10 (58.8%) cats and bilateral thyroid enlargement in seven (41.2%). After levothyroxine treatment (median 133 µg/cat/day) in 15 cats, serum total T4 concentration increased and TSH fell. Treated cats became more alert and active, goiter resolved, azotemia resolved or improved, and two achieved remission of concurrent diabetes mellitus.Conclusions and relevanceThis study broadens current knowledge of spontaneous hypothyroidism in adult cats, a condition that remains underrecognized in clinical practice. Atrophic hypothyroidism appears more common than previously recognized, although goitrous hypothyroidism was identified in more than 40% of cats. Spontaneous hypothyroidism should be considered in cats with unexplained azotemia and in diabetic cats with worsening glycemic control. Levothyroxine supplementation reliably improved or resolved clinical signs in all treated cats.
Pain and pain management in cats: an ever-evolving field.
Epstein ME
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Dec · PMID 41388959 · Full text
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Effect of trauma on the concentration of selected feline acute phase proteins.
Spada E, Zurlo A, Carnevale L … +7 more , Baggiani L, Giudice C, Manfredi M, Bassi J, Longo M, Proverbio D, Di Giancamillo M
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Feb · PMID 41388899 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate selected acute phase proteins (APPs) in 61 cats (mainly stray, domestic shorthair cats, aged 2 months to 17 years, 39 males and 22 females) presented with acute trau...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate selected acute phase proteins (APPs) in 61 cats (mainly stray, domestic shorthair cats, aged 2 months to 17 years, 39 males and 22 females) presented with acute trauma at a university teaching hospital.MethodsSerum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), ceruloplasmin and albumin were compared with APPs in a population of healthy cats with similar demographic data and in cats with trauma, considering demographic data, trauma type and localisation (craniofacial and/or vertebral and/or appendicular, thoracic, abdominal and localised, multiple or polytrauma), anti-inflammatory treatment and outcome (survival to discharge or death). APPs were correlated to age, rectal temperature, body weight, total leukocyte, neutrophil, band neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, total protein, albumin:globulin ratio, base excess and hospitalisation duration.ResultsIn cats with acute trauma, the median concentrations of SAA and Hp were significantly higher than in healthy control cats (90.5 vs 0.6 mg/ml and 130.7 vs 58.8 mg/dl, respectively; <0.0001) and showed a median 150-fold increase and 2.2-fold increase, respectively, relative to healthy cats. Albumin was significantly lower in cats with trauma compared with healthy cats (3.4 vs 3.8 g/dl, respectively; <0.0001) and in cats with vertebral trauma compared with cats with other trauma localisations. SAA showed a significantly positive correlation with length of hospitalisation ( = 0.488; = 0.0003) in 50 surviving cats, while albumin showed a significantly negative correlation ( = -0.426; = 0.0020), in addition to a negative correlation with band neutrophils ( = -0.329; = 0.0097). In 15 cats with trauma in which APPs were also evaluated at discharge, SAA was significantly lower than at admission.Conclusions and relevanceAcute trauma in cats is associated with significant increases in SAA and Hp and decreases in albumin. Testing SAA and albumin in cats with acute trauma may provide a useful prognostic indicator of length of hospitalisation, but no evaluated APPs are of prognostic value for survival.
Clinical evaluation of a modified perineal urethrostomy technique in 30 cats: a retrospective observational study.
Shirai K
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Feb · PMID 41384601 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a modified perineal urethrostomy (PU) technique using preputial mucosa in male cats with recurrent urethral obstruction, and to assess the a...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a modified perineal urethrostomy (PU) technique using preputial mucosa in male cats with recurrent urethral obstruction, and to assess the associated learning curve based on surgical proficiency and complication trends.MethodsA total of 30 male cats with recurrent urethral obstruction treated between 2019 and 2024 were retrospectively reviewed. The modified PU involved reconstruction of the urethral stoma using preputial mucosa with partial dorsal skin anastomosis to enhance tissue stability. Postoperative urinary function and complications were assessed at 10, 21 and 60 days, and up to 3 years in selected cases. Surgical proficiency was analysed through a cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis of operative time and complication incidence.ResultsAll cats resumed voluntary urination within 48 h of surgery, and none exhibited persistent dysuria or urinary incontinence. Minor wound dehiscence occurred in two (6.7%) cats, and one (3.3%) cat developed a stomal stricture that resolved with balloon dilation; however, no revision surgeries were required. No cases of peristomal dermatitis or increased bacterial cystitis were detected. The median surgical time decreased from 71 mins in early cases to 54 mins in later procedures, and the CUSUM curve demonstrated a consistent decline in complication frequency, indicating progressive procedural mastery. Compared with previously reported stricture rates in the range of 7-9% for conventional Wilson-type PU techniques, our findings suggest that this modified technique results in lower complication rates and enhanced reproducibility, even in primary care settings.Conclusions and relevanceThis modified PU technique incorporating preputial mucosa provides stable urinary patency, low complication rates and favourable cosmetic results. By minimising direct mucocutaneous tension and preserving mucosal integrity, this approach may reduce the risk of stomal stenosis and postoperative infection. The procedure demonstrates a short learning curve and appears to be a reliable, anatomically sound alternative for managing recurrent urethral obstruction in cats.
Use of pimobendan in cats: a practical evidence-based review.
Gordon SG, Saunders AB, Wesselowski S … +2 more , Malcolm EL, Watson A
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Dec · PMID 41384556 · Full text
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Cardiomyopathies are a common condition and the leading cause of congestive heart failure (CHF) in cats; however, to date there have been limited therapeutic options available. Commonly used therapeu...
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Cardiomyopathies are a common condition and the leading cause of congestive heart failure (CHF) in cats; however, to date there have been limited therapeutic options available. Commonly used therapeutics include diuretics for CHF and antithrombotics 2 to reduce the risk of arterial thromboembolism (ATE), which do not directly affect myocardial function. This review summarizes the evidence for the use of pimobendan, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor and calcium channel sensitizer, in feline cardiomyopathies. Potential benefits of pimobendan in cats include improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, reduced platelet aggregation, reduction in left atrial size, and improved left atrial and auricular systolic function.Drug details:Pimobendan is indicated for the treatment of CHF in conditions associated with systolic dysfunction (including dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and some cases with non-specific phenotypes) and has been used in the treatment of CHF secondary to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A dosage of pimobendan of 0.25 mg/kg PO q12h is generally well tolerated, and an approved oral solution is now available in the UK, EU, USA, Japan and Australia, which may facilitate administration in some cats; it should be noted, however, that pimobendan is not licensed for use in cats and marketing authorizations may vary between countries. Adverse events are uncommon with pimobendan but include gastrointestinal upset (anorexia, vomiting), transient changes in heart rate and possible worsening arrhythmias at higher doses. The use of pimobendan is contraindicated in cats with fixed obstructions of the left or right ventricular outflow tract (ie, congenital heart disease - pulmonic or aortic valvular stenosis). AUDIENCE: This article reviews the use of pimobendan in cats for primary care veterinarians and includes practical case examples that reflect the typical use and recommendations for usage of pimobendan by the authors.
Evaluation of species as a cause of endogenous uveitis in cats: a pilot study.
Jost HE, Henriksen ML, Hawley J … +1 more , Lappin MR
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Feb · PMID 41378760 · Full text
ObjectivesAlthough species infections can be associated with intraocular inflammation in dogs and horses, there is limited information regarding the role these agents play in feline uveitis. The primary objective of thi...
ObjectivesAlthough species infections can be associated with intraocular inflammation in dogs and horses, there is limited information regarding the role these agents play in feline uveitis. The primary objective of this study was to report the prevalence of antibodies to species and the presence of species DNA in samples from cats with endogenous uveitis. The secondary objective was to assess for coinfections with species, and eubacteria.MethodsSerum and aqueous humor (AH) samples from 37 cats diagnosed with endogenous uveitis that had been stored at -80°C were selected for this study based on sample availability. PCR assays for species, , species and 16S eubacterial rDNA were performed on AH. Sera were evaluated for antibodies to species (microscopic agglutination test [MAT]), species (IgG ELISA) and (IgM and IgG ELISA).ResultsAlthough sera from 2/37 (5.4%) cats were positive for antibodies to serovar Pomona by MAT (1:100 titers), all AH samples were negative for DNA of species. One AH sample was positive for DNA of a species but all were negative for DNA of and species. Serum antibodies to species (21/37, 56.8%), (7/37, 18.9%) or multiple agents (5/37, 13.5%) were common.Conclusions and relevanceAlthough the results of this study cannot be used to prove or refute species as a cause of endogenous uveitis in cats, the detection of specific antibodies to Pomona in the sera of two cats suggests that a larger cohort of cats should be tested to further evaluate the hypothesis. The AH of one cat was positive for the DNA of a species and future studies should investigate if post-streptococcal uveitis syndrome can also be found in cats.
Evaluation of the effect of Renaltec in cats with IRIS stage 2 and 3 chronic kidney disease.
Elzenbeck I, Teichmann-Knorrn S, Kölle P … +4 more , Zablotski Y, Suchodolski JS, Hartmann K, Dorsch R
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Mar · PMID 41378759 · Full text
ObjectivesChronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with accumulation of uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) in blood and tubular epithelial cells, which contribute to the progression of CKD. The aim of this pros...
ObjectivesChronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with accumulation of uremic toxins such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) in blood and tubular epithelial cells, which contribute to the progression of CKD. The aim of this prospective, randomised, two-centre clinical pilot study was to evaluate the effect of oral spherical carbonaceous adsorbent Renaltec (Porus One) on IS plasma concentration, progression of CKD, parameters of calcium/phosphate homeostasis (total calcium [tCa], phosphorus, fibroblast growth factor 23 [FGF-23]), urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) and faecal dysbiosis index (FDI) in cats with stable CKD International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 2 and 3 over a 6-month period.MethodsA total of 19 cats with CKD were randomly assigned to the Renaltec group (n = 10, eight stage 2, two stage 3) or control group (n = 9, eight stage 2, one stage 3). All cats received standard of care treatment according to IRIS guidelines. Cats in the Renaltec group received an additional 500 mg q24h of Renaltec administered mixed with food or a liquid cat treat. All cats were examined on day 0 (t0), after 3 months (t1) and after 6 months (t2). Statistical analysis was performed using generalised linear mixed models.ResultsAt t0, the Renaltec group cats had significantly lower tCa ( = 0.026) than the control group cats. At t1, there were no differences between the groups, while at t2, the Renaltec group cats had significantly lower IS ( = 0.045) and UPC ( = 0.001) than cats in the control group. Progression of CKD was noted in two cats from each group. The Renaltec group cats had a significantly lower FDI at t2 compared with t1 ( = 0.023) and t0 ( = 0.009).Conclusions and relevanceAdministration of Renaltec over 6 months was associated with the mitigation of parameters linked to CKD progression. Given the pilot nature of the study, these findings should be interpreted with caution and warrant further investigation.
Guidelines for nutritional management of feline diabetes mellitus: a proposed classification system integrating medical considerations.
Hookey T, Backus RC, Bjørnvad CR … +8 more , Davison LJ, Fleeman L, Fracassi F, German AJ, Gilor C, Gostelow R, Schoeman T, Flanagan J
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Mar · PMID 41369075 · Full text
The management of diabetes mellitus (DM) in cats can benefit from an integration of medical and nutritional strategies, based on an understanding of the dynamic nature of the disease, together with an appreciation of the...
The management of diabetes mellitus (DM) in cats can benefit from an integration of medical and nutritional strategies, based on an understanding of the dynamic nature of the disease, together with an appreciation of the interrelationships between nutritional status and clinical status. In this context, a new classification system for feline DM is proposed, comprising three clinical status categories: those at risk of developing DM, those with clinical DM and those in diabetic remission. The influence of individual dietary components (carbohydrate, protein, fat and water fractions) on clinical outcomes is discussed, followed by overarching principles for the dietary management of diabetic cats, based on both the limited scientific evidence and the clinical experience of the authors. Key aspects of nutritional assessment, the principles of therapeutic weight reduction and feeding practices are covered. Using the classification framework, recommendations for nutritional management are proposed for cats at risk of development of DM, cats with clinical DM and those in clinical remission. Successful implementation of these recommendations can be achieved by using a relationship-centred approach, where owner concerns are addressed and goals for management are agreed in partnership. It is hoped that these perspectives will help guide veterinary professionals in their clinical management decisions, thereby improving health outcomes in cats in all three categories of DM.
Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in cats: a retrospective single-centre analysis.
Guntersweiler I, Nolff MC
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Feb · PMID 41347712 · Full text
ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to describe the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) in a large feline population undergoing gastrointestinal (GI) surgery and to identify factors associated with the developm...
ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to describe the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) in a large feline population undergoing gastrointestinal (GI) surgery and to identify factors associated with the development of SSIs specific to GI surgeries in cats, with a special focus on the usage of peri- and postoperative antibiotic treatment.MethodsMedical records of cats undergoing GI surgeries were retrospectively analysed. Data collected included demographic data, type of surgery, indication, data from the anaesthesia protocol, antibiotic use and postoperative outcome. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with SSI.ResultsOf the 188 included patients undergoing GI surgery, 20 (10.6%) developed an SSI. Of these, 11 (55%) were classified as superficial incisional infections, four (20%) as deep incisional infections and five (25%) as organ/space infections. The absence of perioperative prophylactic antibiotic (PPA) administration was associated with the highest SSI rate (52.4%, 11/21), whereas significantly lower rates were observed in patients receiving PPAs alone (6.7%, 7/105), extended PPAs (7.1%, 1/14) or PPAs followed by continued antibiotic treatment (2.1%, 1/48). Prolonged antibiotic use after surgery in otherwise healthy animals showed no additional benefit in reducing SSI rates.Conclusions and relevanceWe found that PPA administration was associated with a significantly lower incidence of SSI in cats undergoing GI surgery, while extended PPA use was not associated with an additional benefit. These findings provide important guidance for evidence-based antibiotic use in feline soft tissue surgery and support efforts to minimise unnecessary antibiotic administration.
Femoral head and neck ostectomy via ventral approach in cats using a standardized three-dimensional-printed ostectomy guide.
Criscione MJ, Folk C, Tinga S
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Feb · PMID 41339264 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop a standardized ostectomy guide for ventral femoral head and neck ostectomy (vFHO) in cats. We aimed to assess the guide's accuracy for maximizing removal of a clinically acceptable a...
ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop a standardized ostectomy guide for ventral femoral head and neck ostectomy (vFHO) in cats. We aimed to assess the guide's accuracy for maximizing removal of a clinically acceptable amount of bone without sacrificing soft tissue attachments.MethodsCT scans of 18 cats with normal femoral morphology were obtained to determine ideal ostectomy planes and generate three-dimensional (3D)-printed femurs. A standardized ostectomy guide was designed, printed and used to perform the ostectomies on printed bones as well as on three cadavers via vFHO. Postoperative CT scans were obtained. Covariates including age, sex, neuter status, body weight, side and neck inclination, and version angles were recorded. Ostectomies were assessed by comparing actual vs ideal ostectomy angles and percentage of femoral head and neck removed using CT scan data, and by blinded evaluation of printed bones with vFHO. Mixed-effects models were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe ideal and actual ostectomy angles in the 3D-printed femur models were statistically equivalent ( <0.005), whereas the percentage of femur removed was not ( = 0.080) until two outlier specimens (smallest/youngest) were excluded, after which both measurements became statistically equivalent ( = 0.001). No covariates significantly influenced outcomes. Visual assessment by a blinded surgeon found 75% of ostectomies to be acceptable; unacceptable ostectomies had either over-removal of the greater trochanter or incomplete neck resection. Cadaveric testing confirmed the guide's usability, with practical application and adequate exposure via a previously described ventral approach.Conclusions and relevanceThis study demonstrated that although a standardized vFHO ostectomy guide in cats was practical to use and produced ostectomies statistically equivalent to ideal cuts, occasional over- or under-resection and the risk of damaging the greater trochanter preclude clinical application at this stage, highlighting the need for further design optimization.
Species attitudes of veterinary professionals: comparing preferences, confidence and education regarding dogs and cats.
Delmain D, Wood C, Rotch RW … +1 more , Shifrin N
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Feb · PMID 41339256 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate species-specific attitudes among veterinary professionals by comparing preferences, confidence, professional and personal experiences, and education related to cats and dog...
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate species-specific attitudes among veterinary professionals by comparing preferences, confidence, professional and personal experiences, and education related to cats and dogs, identifying disparities and potential contributing factors.MethodsA 60-item survey was distributed electronically to members of an American veterinary medical college. Five key categories were assessed to compare cats with dogs: Confidence, Preference, Professional Experience, Personal Experience and Education. Responses were rated on a scale of 1-10. Data from 287 participants (faculty, staff and students) were analyzed using paired and independent sample -tests to compare attitudes between species and potential influencing factors.ResultsDogs were rated significantly higher than cats across all five categories. Confidence in working with cats (mean 8.17) was lower than with dogs (mean 8.76; <0.001). Confidence with cats increased with experience, while confidence decreased with experience with dogs. Preference for cats (mean 4.80) was significantly lower than for dogs (mean 7.22; <0.001). Personal and professional experiences, as well as education regarding cats, were also rated significantly lower (all <0.001). Cat allergies were associated with reduced preference for cats, while dog allergies corresponded to increased confidence and experience with cats.Conclusions and relevanceVeterinary professionals exhibit overall less favorable attitudes toward cats compared with dogs, particularly in confidence, preference and educational exposure. These disparities may negatively impact feline welfare. Professional experience with cats is correlated with increased confidence, suggesting that these opportunities should be increased in veterinary training. Allergy status may also have a role in determining attitudes and confidence with small animal species. Recognition of species-specific biases and understanding of potential contributing factors are critical for improving veterinary education and feline welfare.
Legal treatment of feline infectious peritonitis in the Netherlands.
Knies M, Smalbroek AI, Kamp AL … +10 more , Assink M, Onis-Jackson J, Hofman N, Bontekoning I, Lubbers M, Broens EM, Kooistra HS, Teske E, de Jong MK, van Geijlswijk IM
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Feb · PMID 41339255 · Full text
ObjectivesThe study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy, safety and outcomes of legally prescribed and compounded GS-441524, with or without prior remdesivir, in cats with confirmed or highly suspected feline infectiou...
ObjectivesThe study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy, safety and outcomes of legally prescribed and compounded GS-441524, with or without prior remdesivir, in cats with confirmed or highly suspected feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in the Netherlands. A standardised diagnostic and treatment protocol was used to evaluate clinical response, adverse effects and prognostic factors.MethodsThis prospective, multicentre study included 127 client-owned cats with FIP, enrolled between June and November 2023 from three Dutch veterinary clinics. Diagnosis followed American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP)/EveryCat guidelines, incorporating clinical findings, laboratory data, imaging, cytology and RT-qPCR performed on either fine-needle aspirates or effusion. Cats were treated for a minimum of 12 weeks with oral GS-441524, with some initially receiving intravenous remdesivir before transitioning to oral therapy. Dosing was based on disease form (effusive, non-effusive, ocular, neurological). Follow-up included physical examinations and clinicopathological monitoring. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression were used for data analysis.ResultsOf the 127 cats, 55.9% had effusive, 19.7% non-effusive, 16.5% ocular and 7.9% neurological FIP; 21.3% showed mixed forms. Most cats were aged under 2 years (87.4%), male (77.2%) and purebred (60.6%). Common clinical signs included lethargy (93%) and inappetence (83%). Overall survival was 78%. Ocular FIP had the highest survival (100%), while neurological FIP had the lowest (60%). Elevated serum bilirubin and creatinine concentrations at presentation were associated with reduced survival. Adverse effects were generally mild and transient, with vomiting (33%) and diarrhoea (29%) most commonly reported.Conclusions and relevanceThis study confirms that GS-441524, with or without prior remdesivir, is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for naturally occurring FIP. Clinical improvement was typically rapid; resolution of laboratory abnormalities took longer. These findings support the legal use of GS-441524 in feline practice and highlight the need for further research to refine treatment protocols.
Vaginal cytology in the queen: clinical and cytological correlations.
Pereira M, Campana F, Romagnoli S
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Feb · PMID 41328794 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to characterise vaginal cytological patterns and standardise its interpretation in female cats. Vaginal cytology has a broadly recognised value for oestrous cycle staging because of th...
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to characterise vaginal cytological patterns and standardise its interpretation in female cats. Vaginal cytology has a broadly recognised value for oestrous cycle staging because of the responsiveness of the vaginal epithelium to oestrogens causing changes in the cellular pattern. Unlike the bitch, vaginal cytology is not routinely used in queens.MethodsA total of 39 vaginal smears were collected from 31 intact queens using a simple and quick procedure with little, if any, physical restraint, analysed for cellularity, clearing, epithelial cell types and the presence of red blood cells or neutrophils. Queens were classified in different oestrous phases based on reproductive history and serum progesterone levels.ResultsThe 39 vaginal smears were classified as proestrus (n = 1), oestrus (n = 9), interoestrus (n = 10), dioestrus (n = 9) and anoestrus (n = 9). One vaginal smear was not allocated to any cycle phase because the queen was diagnosed with pyometra. Cellularity was poor in 21/39 smears, from which eight were from queens in oestrus. Cytological oestrus was characterised by 90% or more keratinised epithelial cells, unlike previously reported, and presence of clearing in a scarce to modestly cellular smear.Conclusions and relevanceProgesterone concentration is needed to differentiate interoestrus from dioestrus because of the mixed-cell population on vaginal cytology. Keratinised vaginal cells are consistently found in the anoestrus smears of queens and should not lead clinicians to assume the queen is cycling. Neutrophils can be present in the different oestrous cycles in cats without being associated with clinical signs of disease, unlike red blood cells. These findings demonstrate that vaginal cytology can be a useful tool in feline practice for managing reproductive presenting complaints.
Rapid detection and genomic characterisation of feline chaphamaparvovirus in southwestern China.
Chen W, Wu K, Xu J … +3 more , Yue H, Tang C, Chen X
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jan · PMID 41328789 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop a sensitive detection method and investigate feline chaphamaparvovirus (FeChPV) in cats from southwestern China.MethodsA SYBR Green I-based qPCR assay targeting the VP1 gene was esta...
ObjectivesThis study aimed to develop a sensitive detection method and investigate feline chaphamaparvovirus (FeChPV) in cats from southwestern China.MethodsA SYBR Green I-based qPCR assay targeting the VP1 gene was established and validated. It was then applied to 87 feline diarrhoeic faecal samples (2021-2023). Near-full-length genomes of positive samples were sequenced for phylogenetic, structural and selection analysis.ResultsThe qPCR assay showed high sensitivity (50.9 copies/μl) and reproducibility (coefficient of variation <4.0%). FeChPv was detected in 22/87 (25.3%) cats with diarrhoea. Four strains shared 97.6-99.5% identity with global isolates and formed a distinct clade within Asian lineages. A consistent valine-to-isoleucine mutation at VP1-340 was identified under positive selection, which can induce conformational changes.Conclusions and relevanceWe provide a reliable tool for the detection of FeChPV and reveal unique evolutionary features of local strains, supporting further research into its pathogenesis and spread.
Pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine after bilateral maxillary and caudal inferior alveolar nerve blocks using two injection volumes in adult cats.
Steagall PV, Monteiro BP, Garbin M … +3 more , Benito J, Ruel HL, Cagnardi P
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jan · PMID 41328786 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study described the pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine after bilateral maxillary and caudal inferior alveolar nerve blocks in adult cats under general anaesthesia.MethodsA total of 10 healthy adult cats (mean...
ObjectivesThis study described the pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine after bilateral maxillary and caudal inferior alveolar nerve blocks in adult cats under general anaesthesia.MethodsA total of 10 healthy adult cats (mean ± SD weight 4.8 ± 0.8 kg) were included in a randomised, prospective trial. The anaesthetic protocol consisted of acepromazine-methadone-propofol-isoflurane. Each cat randomly received 0.2 (BUPI2) or 0.3 ml (BUPI3) of bupivacaine 0.5% per site (4 and 6 mg per cat, respectively) (n = 5/group). Blood was collected before (time 0) and at 2, 7, 20, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480 and 600 mins after all dental blocks. Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine were described using a non-compartmental analysis.ResultsMean doses of bupivacaine were significantly different (BUPI2: 0.88 ± 0.14 mg/kg; BUPI3: 1.22 ± 0.21 mg/kg). For BUPI2 and BUPI3, mean maximum bupivacaine plasma concentrations (max) were 825 ± 299 and 926 ± 197 ng/ml at 5.0 ± 2.7 and 9.6 ± 5.8 mins (time to peak concentration); mean area under the curve to the last measured concentration was 142 ± 36 and 180 ± 60 min*µg/ml; mean clearance was 5.4 ± 0.8 and 7 ± 5.7 ml/min/kg; mean elimination half-life was 245 ± 54 and 278 ± 90 mins; and mean residence time to the last measured concentration was 185 ± 13 and 182 ± 33 mins, respectively. Concentrations of bupivacaine were detected up to 600 mins (72 ± 22 ng/ml in BUPI2 and 104 ± 55 ng/ml in BUPI3).Conclusions and relevanceBilateral maxillary and caudal inferior alveolar nerve blocks using two volumes and doses of administration produced below those reported to cause toxicity in cats. Further studies are warranted to investigate the pharmacodynamics of dental blocks in cats.
2025 FelineVMA feline oral health and dental care guidelines.
Lobprise H, St Denis K, Anderson JG … +3 more , Hoyer N, Fiani N, Yaroslav J
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 41319038 · Full text
Oral and dental diseases are commonplace in cats, imposing a responsibility on primary care veterinarians to provide high quality oral healthcare for their feline patients. While patient assessment begins with an examina...
Oral and dental diseases are commonplace in cats, imposing a responsibility on primary care veterinarians to provide high quality oral healthcare for their feline patients. While patient assessment begins with an examination of the conscious cat, further assessment under anesthesia is necessary for the purposes of radiography and treatment, making anesthesia an essential component of feline dentistry. Because feline patients with oral and dental diseases, as well as those convalescing from surgery, generally experience pain, multimodal perioperative analgesia and anesthesia are standard features of oral and dental care. The '2025 FelineVMA feline oral health and dental care guidelines' are coauthored by a Task Force of board-certified veterinary specialists and a veterinary technician specialist in dentistry convened by the Feline Veterinary Medical Association (FelineVMA). These experts have compiled evidence-guided recommendations for optimal oral health and dental care, including therapeutic interventions, in general feline practice. The focus is on the most commonly encountered oral and dental diseases in cats. These include periodontal disease, early-onset gingivitis, tooth resorption, endodontic disease and tooth trauma, feline chronic gingivostomatitis, developmental abnormalities such as malocclusion, and oral masses and growths, as well as various miscellaneous conditions. An extensive bibliography provides additional resources that extend beyond the topics reviewed in these Guidelines. Caregivers should be active participants in their cat's oral and dental healthcare. Veterinary team members can empower their patients' caregivers by educating them on signs of oral and dental disease in their cats and by providing home care guidance for maintaining oral and dental health. In any high-performing practice that cares for cats, the entire practice team are advocates for oral and dental care, and are knowledgeable about the principles of prevention and treatment of this important assortment of diseases.
Early blood RNA clearance and protein fraction profiles predict treatment outcomes in cats with effusive feline infectious peritonitis.
Takano T, Kamiyoshi T, Shiozumi C … +2 more , Satake C, Doki T
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jan · PMID 41294213 · Full text
ObjectivesThe present study retrospectively examined effusive feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) cases to investigate whether baseline viral RNA loads and serum biomarkers are associated with treatment responses and to...
ObjectivesThe present study retrospectively examined effusive feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) cases to investigate whether baseline viral RNA loads and serum biomarkers are associated with treatment responses and to identify early prognostic indicators that will guide clinical decision-making.MethodsA total of 15 cats with effusive FIP that presented to a primary care veterinary hospital in Japan between August 2024 and August 2025 were included. The diagnosis was based on the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases guidelines, combining clinical presentation, laboratory findings and feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA detection by RT-qPCR. Antiviral treatment included GS-441524, remdesivir, molnupiravir or adjunctive nirmatrelvir. Cats were retrospectively classified as high-responders (HRs), low-responders (LRs) or non-responders (NRs), based on the blood FCoV gene RNA load 2 weeks after treatment initiation. LR and NR cats were combined (LR/NR, n = 10) in analyses. Viral RNA loads in ascitic fluid and blood, routine haematology, acute-phase proteins and serum protein fractions were compared between groups.ResultsAt treatment initiation, the LR/NR group had significantly higher blood gene RNA loads ( <0.01) and ascitic fluid RNA loads ( <0.05) than the HR group. In contrast, no intergroup differences were detected in gene loads. Routine haematological markers revealed higher total protein, globulin (Glb) and lactate dehydrogenase in the LR/NR group, and no significant differences in albumin (Alb), total bilirubin or serum amyloid A. A serum protein fraction analysis showed distinct profiles: the HR group had higher albumin:globulin ratios and higher Alb, alpha (α)1-, α2- and beta-Glb fractions, while the LR/NR group had a markedly higher gamma (γ)-Glb fraction. The persistence of blood viral RNA 2 weeks after treatment initiation, together with opposing changes in the α2- and γ-Glb fractions, emerged as promising predictors of treatment outcomes.Conclusions and relevanceBaseline blood gene RNA loads and serum Glb fractions have potential as early prognostic indicators of therapeutic responses in effusive FIP. Some of these results support the utility of combining viral and host biomarkers to improve outcome predictions and treatment monitoring.
Prospective investigation of feline bocavirus persistence and shedding in naturally infected cats from varied household settings.
Lohavicharn P, Kitnitchee M, Kasantikul T … +3 more , Tummaruk P, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S
J Feline Med Surg · 2025 Nov · PMID 41272961 · Full text
ObjectivesFeline bocavirus (FBoV) is a single-stranded DNA virus of the genus , family . First identified in 2012, it comprises three species - FBoV-1, FBoV-2 and FBoV-3 - and is globally distributed. Although associated...
ObjectivesFeline bocavirus (FBoV) is a single-stranded DNA virus of the genus , family . First identified in 2012, it comprises three species - FBoV-1, FBoV-2 and FBoV-3 - and is globally distributed. Although associated with gastrointestinal disease in cats, its pathogenesis and shedding patterns remain unclear. This study investigated the shedding dynamics of FBoV in naturally infected cats with gastrointestinal signs.MethodsA longitudinal sampling approach was employed in three separate multi-cat households, involving seven symptomatic cats across multiple time points. Initial FBoV screening was performed using conventional PCR and three singleplex TaqMan-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were developed to detect and quantify FBoV-1, FBoV-2 and FBoV-3. The established singleplex qPCR assays were used for subsequent monitoring. Coinfection with other enteric viruses, particularly feline coronavirus (FCoV), was also evaluated.ResultsFBoV-1 and FBoV-2 were detected in multiple cats from house A, with coinfection observed in 5/9 (55.6%) cats and FBoV-1 alone in 1/9 cats. In contrast, only FBoV-1 was identified in cats from houses B and C. FCoV was frequently codetected in all households. qPCR revealed significant variation in viral load over time and across sample types. Positive viral detection persisted for 10-14 days after the resolution of clinical signs in most cases. Notably, one hospital-resident cat continued to present FBoV-1 for up to 65 days.Conclusions and relevanceThis is the first study to characterise FBoV load, and possibly shedding dynamics, in naturally infected cats using route-specific sampling and species-specific quantification. Findings demonstrate that FBoV can be present well beyond the clinical phase of illness, highlighting the possible risk of prolonged transmission or shedding in multi-cat environments. These insights are important for understanding FBoV pathogenesis and developing effective feline disease control strategies.
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