Eur J Nutr [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Effects of energy-matched low- versus high-carbohydrate diets on glycaemic control, lipid profile, and body composition in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Anagnostou A, Larumbe-Zabala E, Fiore J … +2 more , Roberts J, Naclerio F
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41493485 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The comparative effects of energy-matched low-carbohydrate (LC) versus high-carbohydrate (HC) diets on metabolic and anthropometric outcomes in healthy adults remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect...
BACKGROUND: The comparative effects of energy-matched low-carbohydrate (LC) versus high-carbohydrate (HC) diets on metabolic and anthropometric outcomes in healthy adults remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of LC diets (≤ 44% of total daily caloric intake [TDCI] from carbohydrate) versus HC diets (≥ 45% TDCI) on fasting glycaemia, insulinaemia, blood lipids, and body composition in non-medicated, disease-free adults under energy-matched conditions. METHODS: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified through systematic searches of PubMed and secondary sources up to April 2025. Eligible studies compared energy-matched dietary interventions and reported pre- and post-intervention data for fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), blood lipids (total cholesterol [TC], HDL-cholesterol [HDL-C], LDL-cholesterol [LDL-C], triglycerides [TAG]), and/or body composition. Pooled effect sizes (Hedges' g) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Eighteen RCTs involving 905 participants met the inclusion criteria. LC diets produced greater reductions in FBG (g = - 0.364; 95% CI - 0.709 to - 0.019; P < 0.001) and FINS (g = - 0.190; 95% CI - 0.361 to - 0.014; P = 0.034) compared with HC. TAG decreased (g = - 0.379; 95% CI - 0.540 to - 0.219; P < 0.001), and HDL-C increased (g = 0.389; 95% CI 0.229 to 0.550; P < 0.001) under LC diets. HC diets led to a greater reduction in LDL-C (g = - 0.225; 95% CI - 0.406 to - 0.043; P = 0.009). No significant effects were found for TC. LC diets also reduced body mass (g = - 0.183; 95% CI - 0.349 to - 0.017; P = 0.031) and fat mass (g = - 0.304; 95% CI - 0.548 to - 0.059; P = 0.015) to a greater extent than HC, with no effect on fat-free mass. CONCLUSION: Under energy-matched conditions, LC confers modest advantages for glycaemia, HDL-C, and TAG, whereas HC better lowers LDL-C. Most effects do not depend on exercise status, offering evidence to guide carbohydrate intake recommendations in diets where total caloric intake remains unchanged.
Efficacy of leucine-rich high protein supplementation on body composition and muscle function among older adults with sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial.
Chung SX, Shahar S, Ajit Singh DK … +6 more , Malek Rivan NF, Abdul Karim N, Nik Fuad NF, Ong YQ, Arifin A, Abd Rahni AA
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41483327 · Full text
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of leucine-rich high protein supplementation on body composition, muscle function and gene expression among older adults with or at risk of sarcopenia residing in Klang Valley, Malaysia. M...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of leucine-rich high protein supplementation on body composition, muscle function and gene expression among older adults with or at risk of sarcopenia residing in Klang Valley, Malaysia. METHODS: A total of 47 participants were recruited into this 12-week double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Intervention group consumed 2 sachets of high protein supplement daily contributing to 50.6 g of protein/day and 6 g of leucine/day. Control group received placebo supplement. Body composition was assessed via anthropometry measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of left mid-thigh. Meanwhile, muscle function was assessed using short physical performance battery (SPPB). A total of 16 ml of full blood was collected pre- and post- study to assess participants' health profiling and changes in gene expression as determined by mitochondrial RNA activity derived from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The measurements were performed at 0, 6, and 12 weeks. RESULTS: Participants were mostly women (89.4%) with a mean age of 69.3 ± 7.1 years. Repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant intervention effect in body composition (anthropometry measurements and BIA) as well as muscle function (SPPB score). However, genes responsible for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production (GBA, MLYCD), cell proliferation (STAT5A) and DNA repair (BRCC3) were significantly up-regulated in intervention group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Leucine-rich high protein supplementation did not produce significant changes in body composition or muscle function in older adults with sarcopenia. However, it showed potential in improving gene expression. Further studies with a longer supplementation period and a larger sample size might be needed for noticeable changes, particularly for body composition.
An analysis of diet sustainability among different dietary patterns in the Portuguese adult and elderly population.
Rei M, Burke Á, O'Shea S … +3 more , Bennett AE, Kearney JM, Rodrigues SSP
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41483233 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Dietary patterns influence human and environmental health. Shifts toward convenience and ready-to-eat ultra-processed foods have contributed to the rising prevalence of malnutrition, chronic disease, and ecologi...
PURPOSE: Dietary patterns influence human and environmental health. Shifts toward convenience and ready-to-eat ultra-processed foods have contributed to the rising prevalence of malnutrition, chronic disease, and ecological harm. This study examined the associations between dietary patterns and diet sustainability among Portuguese adults. METHODS: Data from 2287 individuals aged 18-84 years were obtained from the last National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey (2015-2016). Three dietary patterns were identified based on food composition and processing: Traditional, Diet Concerns, and Unhealthy; while four dietary patterns were categorized according to food preparation location: At home by themselves, At home by relatives or friends, By food retail, and By restaurants/canteens. Diet sustainability was assessed using the Diet Sustainability Score (DSS), encompassing health-related nutritional, environmental, economic, and sociocultural dimensions. Linear regression models adjusted for sex, age, education and energy intake were used to estimate associations between dietary patterns and DSS. RESULTS: Traditional (β = 1.27, p < 0.001) and Diet Concerns (β = 1.60, p < 0.001) patterns were significantly associated with higher DSS compared to the Unhealthy pattern. In terms of food preparation location, only the By restaurants/canteens pattern was significantly associated with lower DSS (β = - 0.76; p < 0.001) compared to the At home by themselves pattern. Younger, urban, and more educated individuals were more likely to follow the Unhealthy or the By restaurants/canteens patterns. CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the need to consider what people eat, how and where food is prepared. Promoting traditional, minimally processed, and home-prepared meals may be essential to advancing sustainable diets, particularly among younger and urban populations.
Impact of antioxidants fortified eggs consumption on eye health in individuals with mild to moderate untreated eczema: a randomized controlled trial.
Hu W, Li S, Li X … +5 more , Chng ASM, Quek C, Chong Z, Khoo CM, Kim JE
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41417237 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Eczema is a systemic condition associated with an increased risk of eye diseases. Xanthophylls and other antioxidants are eye-beneficial, and eggs are an excellent source of xanthophylls, often fortified to enha...
PURPOSE: Eczema is a systemic condition associated with an increased risk of eye diseases. Xanthophylls and other antioxidants are eye-beneficial, and eggs are an excellent source of xanthophylls, often fortified to enhance their benefits. However, the effects of antioxidant-rich egg consumption on eye health in individuals with eczema have not been clinically validated. This study examined the effects of consuming regular eggs and antioxidant-fortified eggs on eye health in individuals with mild to moderate eczema via a 12 weeks, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Forty adults were randomized into two groups: the intervention group (n = 21) consumed two antioxidant-fortified eggs daily and the regular egg group (n = 19) consumed two regular eggs daily. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity (CS), photostress recovery time (PSR) and visual function questionnaire (VFQ25) were assessed every 3 weeks. Plasma levels of xanthophylls and fortified antioxidants, and nutrient intakes from the basal diet were assessed every 6 weeks. RESULTS: Over the 12 weeks period, significant time effects showed improvements in MPOD, CS primarily driven by the regular egg group, and PSR mainly in by the intervention group. Both groups showed increases in VFQ25 composite scores and plasma xanthophyll concentrations. However, no differences over time were observed in BCVA, plasma fortified-antioxidants concentrations, or basal diet antioxidant intakes were observed between groups. CONCLUSION: Daily consumption of two eggs improves eye health-related parameters, while antioxidant-fortified eggs provide additional benefits in PSR. Eggs may serve as a beneficial dietary strategy for improving eye health. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05913791.
Assessment of vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin B, vitamin K, folate, and choline status following 4 months of multinutrient supplementation in healthy vegans: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Zerback T, Koeder C, Weder S … +3 more , Sputtek A, Eckert GP, Keller M
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41417236 · Full text
PURPOSE: The aim of the MultiVeg study, a double-blind, randomised controlled trial (RCT), was to investigate the nutritional status of healthy vegans following 4 months of multinutrient supplementation. METHODS: A doubl...
PURPOSE: The aim of the MultiVeg study, a double-blind, randomised controlled trial (RCT), was to investigate the nutritional status of healthy vegans following 4 months of multinutrient supplementation. METHODS: A double-blind, RCT was conducted with 72 vegan adults (19-57 years) in Germany. Data on anthropometric parameters, dietary nutrient intake, and nutritional status were collected. The nutritional status of the participants was assessed at baseline and after 4 months. The results were compared between groups using ANCOVA. The results for vitamins and choline are presented here. RESULTS: After adjustment for baseline values, age, sex, and multiple testing, no significant between-group differences in biomarker concentration changes from baseline to 4 months were observed for vitamin A, retinol-binding protein, transthyretin, beta-carotene, methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, choline, total osteocalcin, carboxylated and undercarboxylated osteocalcin, and folate. In contrast, significant between-group differences in changes were observed for flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), serum vitamin B, holotranscobalamin, and the combined vitamin B status indicator (cB) after adjustment. CONCLUSION: A multinutrient supplement containing 82 µg of vitamin B per day significantly positively affected vitamin B blood biomarkers in healthy vegans. REGISTRATION: This study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00028151).
EAT-Lancet reference diet and nutritional adequacy in children: examining the planetary health diet index for children (PHDI-C).
Fabios E, Zazpe I, Santiago S … +3 more , García S, Martínez-González MÁ, Martín-Calvo N
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41417229 · Full text
PURPOSE: The EAT-Lancet Commission introduced a Planetary Health Diet (PHD) in 2019 for individuals aged two years and older. Concerns exist regarding its ability to fulfill children’s specific micronutrient requirements...
PURPOSE: The EAT-Lancet Commission introduced a Planetary Health Diet (PHD) in 2019 for individuals aged two years and older. Concerns exist regarding its ability to fulfill children’s specific micronutrient requirements. The PHDI-C, an adapted version of the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI), was developed to better reflect the nutritional needs of growing children. However, its association with micronutrient adequacy in pediatric populations has not been fully examined. Our study investigates whether the PHDI-C is associated with micronutrient adequacy in children and compares its performance to the original PHDI. METHODS: This cross-sectional study compared the association of the PHDI and PHDI-C with nutritional adequacy in 945 children aged 4–5 years from the SENDO cohort. Dietary, lifestyle, and socio-demographic data were collected via parent-administered questionnaires. Dietary intake was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Scores for both indices were calculated and ranged from 0 to 150, and participants were categorized into tertiles. We calculated the intake of 20 micronutrients relevant to public health and micronutrient adequacy was assessed using the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-off points. Generalized estimating equation models were used to examine the relationship between both indices and the risk of inadequate micronutrient intake. RESULTS: Median scores were 63.0 and 62.3 for the PHDI and PHDI-C respectively. Higher PHDI and PHDI-C scores were associated with higher intakes of vitamins A, C, E, B1, B3, and B6, as well as folate, Fe, Mg, Se, Zn, Cr, and K, but lower intakes of vitamins B2, B12, and Ca, and I. After adjusting for potential confounders, higher PHDI-C scores were associated with fewer unmet EARs (p < 0.001). Children in the highest tertile of the PHDI-C had 55% lower odds (OR:0.45 95% CI: 0.22–0.94) of having ≥ 3 inadequate micronutrient intakes compared to the lowest tertile. For the original PHDI, children in the highest tertile had 30% lower odds (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.32–1.54). CONCLUSION: The PHDI-C is linked to better nutritional adequacy than the original PHDI. Further research is needed to validate the PHDI-C in terms of environmental sustainability.
An evaluation of changes in the sodium content of processed foods in Spain: assessing compliance with the 2025 WHO targets.
Hadid MC, Beltrá M, Borrás F … +1 more , Ropero AB
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41417227 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Millions of lives are lost each year as a consequence of high-sodium diets. In recognition of this, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a global target in 2013: a 30% relative reduction i...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Millions of lives are lost each year as a consequence of high-sodium diets. In recognition of this, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a global target in 2013: a 30% relative reduction in the mean population intake of salt/sodium by 2025. As most sodium intake in high-income countries comes from processed foods, reducing the sodium content of these products is crucial for achieving this goal. To the best of our knowledge, no country has conducted a comprehensive evaluation of changes in sodium content in processed foods covering the period up to the 2025 deadline. Therefore, this study evaluates long-term changes in the sodium content of a large sample of pre-packed processed foods available in Spain, comparing data from the final years of this commitment. METHODS: Data were obtained from the BADALI Food Database, developed at the Miguel Hernández University, Spain. The analysis compared the sodium content of processed foods during two periods: 2017–2021 and 2022–2025. RESULTS: A “matched-brands” analysis revealed a 4.8% increase in the sodium content of processed meat between the 2017–2021 and 2022–2025 periods. Using “unmatched-brands” and “matched-size” approaches, a more significant increase of 33.3% was observed for processed meat. In contrast, decreases were found for biscuits (14.3%) and snacks (10%). The proportion of items meeting the criteria for “sodium-free”, “very low in sodium”, “low in sodium”, with “no added sodium” claims was also compared between the two periods. Only three differences were noted. In the 2022–2025 period, the proportion of biscuits classified as “low in sodium” increased by 57.6%, while the number of biscuits with “no added sodium” was 4.4 times higher. In contrast, the proportion for canned vegetables decreased by 34.8%. Finally, when foods were classified as “high in sodium” using two international criteria, only two significant differences emerged. According to the Pan American Health Organization’s Nutrient Profile Model (PAHO-NPM), 11.1% fewer snacks were classified as “high in sodium” in the later period. Conversely, based on the Chilean front-of-pack labelling criterion (Chile-FOP), 18.4% more cheese products fell into this category. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study demonstrate a lack of substantial reduction in the sodium content of processed foods in Spain in recent years. It follows that, in the absence of more effective public health or regulatory interventions, a significant decrease in the prevalence of sodium-related health outcomes is improbable.
A new perspective on the association between maternal folic acid supplementation across the perinatal period and cognitive and behavioral outcomes in children at age 4: findings from the MABC birth cohort study.
Qiang W, Fan T, Liu J … +6 more , Yan S, Gao G, Yu X, Gao H, Tao F, Zhu B
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41417222 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The associations between maternal folic acid (FA) supplementation across the perinatal period and childhood cognitive development and behavioral problems remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the relation...
PURPOSE: The associations between maternal folic acid (FA) supplementation across the perinatal period and childhood cognitive development and behavioral problems remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between maternal FA supplementation throughout the perinatal period and offspring's cognitive function and behavioral problems at age 4. METHODS: Based on the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort Study, pregnant women were recruited at their first antenatal visit from May 2013 to September 2014. Data on maternal FA supplementation before and during pregnancy were collected via questionnaires at up to four time points. At 4 years of age, children's behavioral problems were assessed using the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist for ages 1.5-5 (CBCL/1.5-5), with two summary scales analyzed. Cognitive development was evaluated using the Chinese version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition at 3.0-6.0 years old. RESULTS: Preconception FA intake was inversely associated with children's cognitive function [visual spatial index (VSI), adjusted regression coefficient (aB) = - 2.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) - 3.75, - 0.36]. Maternal FA supplementation during the second trimester was significantly associated with an increased risk of externalization problems [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.89, 95% CI 1.16, 7.19] and lower cognitive function [working memory index (WMI), aB = - 4.81, 95% CI - 8.66, - 0.96]. Furthermore, sex-specific associations were only observed among boys: preconception FA supplementation was negatively associated with cognitive indice (VSI, aB = - 3.71, 95% CI - 6.23, - 1.19); FA supplementation in the second trimester was significantly associated with an increased risk of externalization problems in boys (aOR = 3.39, 95% CI 1.07, 10.74) and lower cognitive function [fluid reasoning index (FRI), aB = - 6.64, 95% CI - 12.44, - 0.85; WMI, aB = - 6.66, 95% CI - 12.56, - 0.77]. No significant associations were observed in girls. CONCLUSION: Among 4-year-old children, particularly boys, maternal FA supplementation during the second trimester was associated with a higher risk of externalizing behavioral problems, while supplementation in both preconception and second trimester were linked to poorer cognitive development. Well-designed, larger-scale studies are needed to validate these findings.
Retraction Note: Renoprotective effects of vitamin D3 supplementation in a rat model of metabolic syndrome.
Wahba NS, Ghareib SA, Abdel-Ghany RH … +2 more , Abdel-Aal M, Alsemeh AE
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41417103 · Publisher ↗
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Ancient grain flour consumption as a novel therapeutic approach for irritable bowel syndrome.
Maurotti S, Ferro Y, Mazza E … +12 more , Tirinato L, Mare R, Frosina M, Mirarchi A, Noto FR, Doldo P, Colaci C, d'Avanzo N, Galluccio A, Greco S, Pujia A, Montalcini T
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41417098 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Climate change has revived interest in ancient grains for their sustainability and nutritional value. Less processed and more resilient than modern cereals, they have a lower environmental impact. Grains like...
BACKGROUND: Climate change has revived interest in ancient grains for their sustainability and nutritional value. Less processed and more resilient than modern cereals, they have a lower environmental impact. Grains like Triticum monococcum and Jermano wheat may benefit IBS patients due to their better digestibility. This study explores their use in functional pasta to manage IBS symptoms. METHODS: Forty-two IBS patients followed a 4-week low-FODMAP diet with either traditional gluten-free pasta or functional pasta (FP) made from emmer and rye flour. IBS symptoms were assessed using the IBS-SSS questionnaire at baseline and after intervention. In vitro, functional pasta extract (FPE) was tested on TNF-α-induced Caco-2 and T84 cells to evaluate its effects on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. RESULTS: Patients consuming FP showed a significant reduction in IBS-SSS scores compared to the control group (- 153 ± 124 vs. - 83 ± 85, p = 0.044). Additionally, 83% of those on FP reported a clinically significant reduction in symptom severity (IBS-SSS score ≥ 100) compared to 35% in the control group (p = 0.004). In Caco-2 and T84 cells, FPE has been shown to downregulate protein expression of the pErk1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways, thereby reducing inflammatory oxidative stress markers. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that consuming functional pasta made with ancient grains could enhance gut health and alleviate symptoms of IBS by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. This innovative dietary approach offers a promising natural alternative for improving the quality of life in IBS patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN12170245 Registered 13 june 2025-Retrospectively Registered, https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN12170245 .
Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: a large-scale case control study among Moroccan women.
Lamchabbek N, Mane N, Mrah S … +13 more , Elattabi C, Ourrad Z, Chimera B, Bour A, M'Rabet FZE, Najdi A, Mellas N, Bendahou K, Belyamani L, Boutayeb S, Faure E, Huybrechts I, Khalis M
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41417097 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. Previous studies have associated it with lifestyle factors, including diet, although findings on diet remain limited or inconsistent. In Mor...
PURPOSE: Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. Previous studies have associated it with lifestyle factors, including diet, although findings on diet remain limited or inconsistent. In Morocco, research on the role of dietary factors in BC risk is particularly scarce. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the association between dietary patterns and BC risk among Moroccan women. METHODS: A total of 2.800 women from Morocco participated in this case control study. Data were collected using a validated FFQ adapted to the Moroccan context, and Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify dietary patterns. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess BC risk across quartiles of adherence to each identified dietary pattern. RESULTS: PCA revealed four distinct dietary patterns. After adjusting for potential confounders, the "Sugary and Refined Carbohydrate Diet" was positively associated with higher odds of BC (OR = 7.71; 95% CI (5.79-10.26); p < 0.001). In contrast, the "Plant-Based and Mediterranean Diet" was inversely associated with BC risk (OR = 0.26; 95% CI 0.20-0.34; p < 0.001). For the dairy-rich diet, higher adherence showed lower BC odds in mid-quartiles, but the highest quartile was associated with higher odds after adjustment (OR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.41-2.29; p < 0.001). No significant associations were found for the Animal protein rich diet in relation to BC risk. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential risk of diets high in refined carbohydrates and the protective benefits of plant-based and Mediterranean diets in preventing BC.
Supplementation with resveratrol modified gut microbiota improving insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in subjects with obesity and insulin resistance.
Guevara-Cruz M, Sánchez-Tapia M, Velazquez-Villegas LA … +8 more , Torre-Villalvazo I, Guizar-Heredia R, Godínez-Salas E, López-Barradas A, Granados O, Torres-Villalobos G, Torres N, Tovar AR
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41359054 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: With the global burden of obesity and metabolic syndrome, new strategies to prevent some of its complications, in particular insulin resistance, are being evaluated. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the...
PURPOSE: With the global burden of obesity and metabolic syndrome, new strategies to prevent some of its complications, in particular insulin resistance, are being evaluated. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of resveratrol supplementation on insulin sensitivity, body composition, skeletal muscle metabolism, and gut microbiota composition in individuals with obesity and insulin resistance. METHODS: Thirty-two participants were randomized to receive either resveratrol or placebo for two months. At the beginning and end of the study body composition, an oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), serum biochemical and a fecal sample were obtained. At the end of the study a skeletal muscle biopsy was performed to assess by immunoblots the abundance of some proteins and to carry out histological analysis. RESULTS: There was an increase in lean mass in participants of the resveratrol group. Notably, serum insulin and triglycerides significantly decreased in the resveratrol group compared to placebo. OGTT testing revealed a significant reduction in insulin area under the curve only in the resveratrol group, indicating improved insulin sensitivity. At the molecular level, resveratrol intake increased in skeletal muscle adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α (PGC1α) expression, and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial function. Resveratrol significantly altered gut microbiota composition, increasing alpha diversity and some beneficial genera. Correlation analyses revealed inverse associations between enriched microbial genera and serum triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION: Resveratrol supplementation improved insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism associated with enhanced skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and favorable changes in gut microbiota composition.
Impact of fiber molecular structure on resistance to digestion using the infogest and rat small intestine extract protocols.
Boukid F, Méndez-Albiñana P, Sánchez-Baca A … +1 more , Villamiel M
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41351766 · Full text
PURPOSE: Dietary fibers differ in their molecular structure, which influences their breakdown under digestive conditions. This study investigates how fiber molecular structure affects resistance to digestion using in vit...
PURPOSE: Dietary fibers differ in their molecular structure, which influences their breakdown under digestive conditions. This study investigates how fiber molecular structure affects resistance to digestion using in vitro models. METHODS: High-, medium-, and low-molecular-weight (Mw) corn arabinoxylans, resistant maltodextrin, and inulin were characterized by carbohydrate composition following acid hydrolysis and analyzed for sugar release during simulated digestion using the standardized InfoGest protocol and rat small intestinal extract (RSIE). RESULTS: High-Mw corn arabinoxylan (208.8 kDa) remained largely stable, with minor, non-significant increases in glucose and galactose. Medium- (25.5 kDa) and low-Mw (2.5 kDa) arabinoxylans showed partial hydrolysis, with increases in trisaccharides and maltose and decreases in glucose and arabinose. Resistant maltodextrin (1.9 kDa) displayed significant increases in glucose, trisaccharides, and maltose. Inulin (0.75 kDa) remained mostly intact, with only partial decreases in fructose and sucrose. Sugar release during 4 h of simulated digestion followed these trends: high-Mw arabinoxylan released 11.1 mg/g, medium-Mw released 5.20 mg/g/h, low-Mw released 9.84 mg/g, resistant maltodextrin released 6.83 mg/g/h, and inulin released 59.9 mg/g. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that fiber structural variations critically influence the degree of hydrolysis during digestion and the resulting simple sugar release.
Self-reported lactose intolerance is inversely associated with calcium intake and bone mineral density: a cross-sectional data analysis from the Iwaki Health Promotion Project.
Kawata D, Nakano A, Ueno HM … +8 more , Tatara Y, Sasaki E, Ishibashi Y, Tamada Y, Mikami T, Murashita K, Nakaji S, Itoh K
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41351747 · Full text
PURPOSE: Self-reported lactose intolerance (LI) is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming lactose-containing foods and avoiding dairy products; however, few studies have investigated its prevalence and...
PURPOSE: Self-reported lactose intolerance (LI) is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming lactose-containing foods and avoiding dairy products; however, few studies have investigated its prevalence and nutritional significance in Asian populations. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the relationship between self-reported LI and bone health in Japanese adults. METHODS: A community-based nutritional survey, including self-reported LI and forearm bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, was conducted. In 843 healthy Japanese adults, as part of an annual medical checkup at the Iwaki Health Promotion Project 2023, self-reported LI prevalence was characterized based on the presence of subjective abdominal symptoms after consuming lactose-containing foods. Relationships among self-reported LI, dairy consumption, calcium intake, and BMD were analyzed. RESULTS: Participants with the self-reported LI (n = 191, 22.7% of the participants) had lower intakes of milk and calcium than those without self-reported LI (n = 652; 32.9 ± 83.8 vs. 63.4 ± 111.9 g/1000 kcal/d for milk and 243.7 ± 140.4 vs. 285.5 ± 162.3 mg/1000 kcal/d for calcium, respectively). The presence of self-reported LI was associated with the decreased BMD Z-score after adjustments with age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, vitamin D, and walking speed (β = –0.1615, P = 0.042), and comparison using propensity score matching revealed that self-reported LI was associated with a significant decrease in BMD parameters after the adjustments (β = − 0.2543, − 0.3903, and − 0.0148; P = 0.007, 0.010, and 0.023 for Z-score, T-score, and BMD itself, respectively). CONCLUSION: Self-reported LI is negatively associated with calcium intake and bone health in healthy Japanese adults. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: UMIN000040459 ( https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000046175 ). Registration date: May 20, 2020.
Does the provision of free medically tailored groceries high in fibre or healthy fats impact sodium and potassium intakes? Secondary data analysis of a randomised controlled trial with extended follow-up.
Hao Z, Peddie M, Ashton N … +3 more , Anderson L, Wang NX, Reynolds A
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41351703 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: We considered the secondary effects of medically tailored groceries high in fibre or healthy fats on sodium and potassium intakes. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a trial that evaluated free medically t...
PURPOSE: We considered the secondary effects of medically tailored groceries high in fibre or healthy fats on sodium and potassium intakes. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a trial that evaluated free medically tailored grocery provision on the cardiometabolic risk profile of adults recovering from an acute coronary event. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups for 12 weeks: usual care, usual care and groceries high in healthy fats, or usual care and high dietary fibre groceries. Sodium and potassium intakes were assessed using food diaries at baseline, at the end of the 12-week intervention, and at 3 months and 12 months follow-up. RESULTS: Data from all 309 participants were analysed (Usual care: 101; Healthy fats: 105; High fibre: 103). High fibre participants increased potassium intake (+ 279 mg (95%CI 0 to 558 mg)) when compared with Usual care during the intervention period, but this was not maintained during follow-up. There was a decrease in sodium intake for High fibre participants than Usual care at three (- 257 mg (95%CI - 512 to - 1 mg)) and twelve (- 357 mg (95%CI -644 to -71 mg)) months. Healthy fats participants also decreased sodium intakes compared with Usual care, but only at 12 months follow-up (- 342 mg (95%CI - 625 to - 57 mg)). CONCLUSIONS: Providing 12 weeks groceries high in unsaturated fats or dietary fibre to adults recovering from an acute coronary event reduced sodium intakes in trial follow up when compared with no grocery provision. An increase in potassium was observed only during the intervention for participants receiving high fibre foods.
Content, bio-accessibility and intake of iodine from seaweed-containing food products available in The Netherlands.
Melse-Boonstra A, Bossink R, Sollie V … +2 more , den Berg KB, Verhagen N
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41351699 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Consumption of seaweed products has become increasingly popular in certain consumer segments, but the high iodine content of some of these products is of concern. We aimed to 1) assess the amount of iodine prese...
PURPOSE: Consumption of seaweed products has become increasingly popular in certain consumer segments, but the high iodine content of some of these products is of concern. We aimed to 1) assess the amount of iodine present in a selection of seaweed products; 2) determine iodine bio-accessibility from these products; and 3) estimate the daily intake of iodine from seaweed-containing products by Dutch consumers. METHODS: Seaweed products were purchased and analysed for iodine content by ICP-MS. Bio-accessibility (solubility) of iodine was determined by a static in vitro digestion model (INFOGEST), which mimics human digestive processes. Data on dietary intake of iodine from seaweed and other food products were collected from 80 regular consumers of seaweed products with an online food frequency questionnaire over the last month. RESULTS: Iodine content of the seaweed products ranged from < 0.1 to 7910 µg/g of fresh weight (3.5 to 36,975 µg/serving). Bio-accessibility of iodine ranged from 24 to 56%, and was higher in products that were processed to a higher degree. Median daily iodine intake of the respondents was 270 µg/day (range: 68-16,544 µg/day), with 25% of seaweed consumers exceeding the upper limit (UL) for iodine intake of 600 µg/day over the last month. CONCLUSION: Iodine content was very high in several of the seaweed products, which was also reflected by the high proportion of seaweed consumers who structurally exceeded the UL. In vitro data suggest relatively low bioavailability of iodine from seaweed products, but this remains to be confirmed by in vivo studies.
Effects of conventional yogurt, probiotic-enriched yogurt, and isolated probiotic on bone and heart parameters in a chronic kidney disease experimental model.
Coutinho-Wolino KS, Brito ML, do Nascimento CS … +15 more , Trigueira PC, Lima ALM, de Araujo JR, Autran LJ, Abboud RS, Carvalho TS, Reis GDS, Nakao LS, Sanz CL, Mafra D, Magliano DC, da Silva EM, da Cruz AG, Guimarães JT, Stockler-Pinto MB
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41351641 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effects of three interventions (conventional yogurt; probiotic yogurt, and isolated probiotic) on bone and heart parameters in a chronic kidney disease (CKD) model. METHODS: male Wistar rats were...
PURPOSE: to evaluate the effects of three interventions (conventional yogurt; probiotic yogurt, and isolated probiotic) on bone and heart parameters in a chronic kidney disease (CKD) model. METHODS: male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Nephrectomized Group (Nx, n = 8); Nx + Yogurt Group (NxY, n = 8); Nx + Probiotic-enriched Yogurt Group (NxPY, n = 8) and Nx + Probiotic Group (NxP, n = 8). Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05 (10 -10 log CFU/mL) was used as a probiotic. Cardiac electrical activity was measured by electrocardiogram, and body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Additional measurements included bone biomechanical and atherogenic parameters, histomorphometry of the heart and aorta, hypertrophy, oxidative stress, inflammation parameters, and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) levels. RESULTS: The NxPY group presented improvements in tibia parameters such as maximum strength (p = 0.02), maximum tension (p = 0.02), and breaking tension (p = 0.04) than the Nx group. On the other hand, NxY and NxP did not affect bone parameters. The NxPY group showed lower heart relative weight than the NxP group (p = 0.007). In the electrocardiogram, NxPY demonstrated shorter T wave duration (p = 0.002), QT (p = 0.006), and QTc (p = 0.003) interval duration compared to NxP. NxP worsened cardiac electrical activity as the increase in T wave duration (p = 0.03), QTc interval (p = 0.02), ST segment amplitude (p = 0.01), and raised cardiac hypertrophy including heart weight corrected for tibia length (p = 0.04) compared to Nx. Meanwhile, no significant difference was found between the NxY and Nx groups. Also, there were no significant differences in pCS levels among the groups Nx, NxY, NxPY and, NxP. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to compare these effects and revealed that supplementation of Lactobacillus acidophilus La‑05-enriched yogurt improved bone parameters, while isolated probiotic impaired electrical conduction and aggravated hypertrophy in the heart. On the other hand, conventional yogurt did not affect bone or heart parameters. These findings may help guide future clinical studies and recommendations, mainly about dairy products and probiotics in CKD.
Temporal meal patterns in relation to diet quality and body mass index: findings from a cross-sectional analysis.
Schultz J, Lindroos AK, Tillman I … +2 more , Moraeus L, Lemming EW
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41342947 · Full text
PURPOSE: Although recent studies suggest associations between temporal meal patterns, diet quality, and health outcomes such as obesity and cardiometabolic risk, the evidence remains inconclusive, highlighting the need f...
PURPOSE: Although recent studies suggest associations between temporal meal patterns, diet quality, and health outcomes such as obesity and cardiometabolic risk, the evidence remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate meal patterns, including meal frequency, breakfast skipping and timing of energy intake (late or early), and their associations with diet quality and body mass index. METHODS: The study was completed as a secondary analysis of two cross-sectional, national dietary surveys, Riksmaten Adults 2010-11 (n = 1796) and Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17(n = 2967). Meal patterns were reported for 3-4 days using two different web-based methods. Among adolescents, weight was measured using standardised methods, whereas adults provided self-reported weight. Diet quality was evaluated with the Swedish Healthy Eating Index 2025. RESULTS: Meal patterns differed according to weight status, where adults with obesity or adolescents with overweight or obesity reported a lower meal frequency and more often skipped breakfast. A low eating frequency, breakfast skipping, and a late energy distribution were negatively associated with diet quality. A high meal frequency (OR 0.44 CI 0.28-0.68) and a late energy distribution (OR 0.70 CI 0.57-0.85) were associated with a decreased risk for overweight or obesity in adolescents. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that there may be a benefit in having a higher eating frequency and consuming breakfast, with regard to diet quality and weight.
The gut microbiome mediates the association between a flavonoid-rich diet and MASLD in a population-level analysis.
Bell W, Jennings A, Bondonno NP … +9 more , Franke A, Bang C, Both M, Kassubek J, Müller HP, Borggrefe J, Lieb W, Kühn T, Cassidy A
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41342934 · Full text
PURPOSE: A growing body of evidence suggests diets rich in flavonoids may protect against metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) development and progression. As the gut microbiome is important i...
PURPOSE: A growing body of evidence suggests diets rich in flavonoids may protect against metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) development and progression. As the gut microbiome is important in the biotransformation of flavonoids to their constituent bioactive metabolites, studies on the potential mediating role of the gut microbiome in the association between dietary flavonoid intakes and MASLD are warranted but lacking. Thus, this study aims to examine the associations between a diet rich in flavonoids and MASLD, and assess the potential mediating role of the gut microbiome. METHODS: In a cross-sectional analysis (n = 531), using the FlavoDiet score (FDS), we assessed the association between a flavonoid-rich diet and MASLD (ascertained by magnetic resonance imaging) using multivariable logistic and linear regression. Additionally, we used mediation analysis to identify and assess potential 16S-derived gut microbiome mediators. RESULTS: Each doubling of the FDS was associated with a 27% lower odds of MASLD (OR: 0.73 [95% CI 0.54-0.98], p = 0.04) after multivariable adjustment. 9.2% of this association was mediated by a greater abundance of the genus Eisenbergiella (indirect effect ß = - 0.006 [95% CI - 0.019, to - 0.000], p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that a flavonoid-rich diet is associated with better liver health, and that the abundance of the Eisenbergiella taxa may in part explain the association between a flavonoid-rich diet and MASLD.
Intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective UK biobank cohort study.
Zhang S, Xia B, Kang Y … +9 more , Wang Y, Liang Z, He Q, Wang X, Xie P, Mi N, Yuan J, Wei F, Zhang Z
Eur J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41324749 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: One-carbon metabolism (OCM) nutrients are essential for methylation processes and may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but prospective evidence remains limited. This study aimed t...
OBJECTIVES: One-carbon metabolism (OCM) nutrients are essential for methylation processes and may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but prospective evidence remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary OCM nutrients and RA risk, and their interactions with genetic and lifestyle factors. METHODS: A total of 189,440 participants from the UK Biobank were included. Dietary intake was assessed using repeated 24-hour recalls. Nutrient levels were estimated based on McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods and the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the independent and joint associations of OCM nutrients, genetic risk, and RA risk. Nonlinear associations were examined using restricted cubic spline. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 13.43 years, 1,751 RA cases were identified. Participants in the highest quartile of OCM nutrient intake had a significantly lower risk of RA compared to those in the lowest quartile. The hazard ratios (95% CI) for methionine, folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 were 0.84 (0.74-0.97), 0.88 (0.76-1.00), 0.88 (0.78-0.98), and 0.84 (0.73-0.96), respectively. High OCM intake combined with low genetic risk was associated with a > 40% lower risk of RA. Additionally, significant interactions were observed between OCM nutrient intake and both smoking and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: Higher intake of OCM nutrients was associated with a reduced risk of RA and showed a joint effect with genetic risk. Individuals with certain lifestyle factors may benefit more from dietary OCM nutrient intake.
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