Eur J Nutr [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Association between dietary inflammatory potential and cognitive performance in children.
Kim CS
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41653314 · Full text
PURPOSE: Diet-related inflammation has been implicated in neurodevelopmental processes, yet evidence linking dietary inflammatory potential to objectively measured cognitive performance in children remains limited. This...
PURPOSE: Diet-related inflammation has been implicated in neurodevelopmental processes, yet evidence linking dietary inflammatory potential to objectively measured cognitive performance in children remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary inflammatory potential and cognitive performance—specifically attention, processing speed, executive function, and cognitive flexibility—in school-aged children. METHODS: A total of 100 community-dwelling children aged 6–11 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake data were collected using three-day food records, from which nutrient intakes were analyzed to calculate the Children’s dietary inflammatory index (C-DII) scores. Based on the C-DII scores, participants were categorized into quartiles. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Children’s color trails test (CCTT), comprising two cognitive domains: CCTT-1 (attention and processing speed) and CCTT-2 (executive function and cognitive flexibility). Associations between C-DII and cognitive outcomes were examined using generalized estimating equation models and ordinary least squares regression models. RESULTS: Higher C-DII scores were associated with distinct dietary intake patterns, despite no significant differences in overall dietary quality scores across quartiles. After adjustment for confounding factors, intakes of fruits, fish and shellfish, eggs, legumes, and oils showed significant decreasing trends across increasing C-DII quartiles (all P for trend < 0.05). At the nutrient level, saturated fat intake increased with higher C-DII scores (P for trend < 0.05), while intakes of dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids decreased significantly across quartiles (all P for trend < 0.05). In quartile-based analyses of cognitive outcomes, no individual CCTT metrics showed statistically significant associations with C-DII after false discovery rate correction, and no significant linear trends were observed. However, at the domain level, a significant overall association was observed between C-DII and CCTT-1 performance (domain omnibus P = 0.022), whereas no significant association was found for CCTT-2 (domain omnibus P = 0.057). CONCLUSION: In this exploratory study, dietary inflammatory potential was associated with attention and processing speed at the cognitive domain level in children. These findings suggest that diet-related inflammation may be linked to specific aspects of cognitive performance in children; however, future studies with larger samples using comprehensive cognitive assessments are warranted.
Relationships between consumption of theobromine in cocoa products and cardiovascular risk factors in 2015-2020 National health and nutrition examination survey.
Ponsuporn W, Naumovski N, McKune AJ … +4 more , Khemacheewakul J, Leksawasdi N, Rachtanapun P, Taesuwan S
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41632311 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Cocoa is a significant source of theobromine, a bioactive compound proposed to provide cardiovascular protection. However, relatively few studies have provided conclusive evidence of the potential beneficial hea...
PURPOSE: Cocoa is a significant source of theobromine, a bioactive compound proposed to provide cardiovascular protection. However, relatively few studies have provided conclusive evidence of the potential beneficial health effects. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the consumption of cocoa products containing theobromine and cardiovascular risk factors in the U.S. population sample using 2015-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 8531 individuals aged 20-70 years and 3808 people in a fasting sub-sample. Theobromine and cocoa product intake levels were obtained from 24-h dietary recalls and linked to the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies database. Primary outcomes included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, serum total, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, glycohemoglobin, insulin, plasma glucose, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Linear regression models were applied to analyze the associations between theobromine or cocoa product consumption and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: The consumption of cocoa was not associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors compared to non-consumption. The amounts of cocoa consumed were inversely associated with glycohemoglobin levels (mean ± SE, - 0.04 ± 0.02% per 100 g, P = 0.04). Theobromine intake (vs. no intake) was positively associated with serum insulin (1.85 ± 0.85 μU/mL; P = 0.03). Theobromine levels consumed were inversely associated with glycohemoglobin (- 0.05 ± 0.03% per 100 mg, P = 0.04), serum triglycerides (- 5.4 ± 2.73 mg/dL, P = 0.05), and hs-CRP levels (- 0.26 ± 0.12 mg/L, P = 0.04). These associations were also mostly observed in people with healthier profiles. CONCLUSION: Increased cocoa consumption is associated with reduced glycohemoglobin levels, while higher theobromine intake is associated with reduced triglyceride, glycohemoglobin, and hs-CRP levels compared to a lower intake. The positive link between theobromine intake, as opposed to no intake, and serum insulin required further investigation. Overall findings support the inclusion of cocoa-derived compounds in healthy diets.
Modulation of inflammasome components in patients with heart failure using oral nutritional supplements: investigating the molecular mechanisms beyond the clinical benefit.
Herrera-Martínez AD, Hermán-Sánchez N, G-García ME … +8 more , Muñoz-Jiménez C, Pérez-Gómez JM, Montero-Hidalgo AJ, López-Aguilera J, González-Manzanares R, Gálvez-Moreno MÁ, Molina-Puerta MJ, Luque RM
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41632188 · Full text
PURPOSE: Inflammation is a key contributor to the pathogenesis and progression of heart failure (HF), correlating with increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the molecular impact of a 24-week nut...
PURPOSE: Inflammation is a key contributor to the pathogenesis and progression of heart failure (HF), correlating with increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the molecular impact of a 24-week nutritional intervention on inflammasome-related components in HF patients, comparing a Mediterranean diet alone versus the same diet supplemented with hypercaloric, high-protein oral nutritional supplements (ONS) enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In a cohort of 38 patients, expression levels of inflammasome markers were assessed via microfluidic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at baseline and post-intervention. RESULTS: Some components, especially cytokines and apoptosis regulation components are overexpressed in patients with sarcopenia (NLRP1, NLRC4, CASP1, CASP5, CTSL, IFI16, TLR8, PSXR7, CCR1, CHUCK, MAPK14, CDKN1B). We observed a significant downregulation of Nod-like receptors NLRP12 and NLRP6, along with decreased expression of inflammasome activation components CASP5, TLR2, and TLR9 in the intervention group (p < 0.05). Additionally, cytokines and inflammation-related molecules such as CXCR1, CXCR2, TGFB, CCL2, and NF-κB showed reduced expression, while the inhibitor CHUCK increased (p < 0.05). Cell cycle regulators also shifted, with decreased CDKN2D expression (p < 0.05), suggesting potential effects on cellular senescence and DNA repair pathways. Notably, these molecular changes were absent in patients adhering solely to the Mediterranean diet. CONCLUSIONS: these findings suggest that supplementing a Mediterranean diet with hypercaloric, high-protein, EPA and DHA-enriched ONS induces molecular modifications in inflammasome pathways associated with cardiac remodeling. Therefore, targeted nutritional strategies may offer a promising adjunct to improve cardiac function and disease progression in HF patients.
Adherence to a paleolithic diet and paleolithic-like lifestyle is associated with lower colorectal cancer risk.
Jiang MM, Ou QJ, Fang YJ … +3 more , Lin FT, Tu KX, Zhang CX
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41591507 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Evidence regarding the associations between the paleolithic diet (PD) score, the paleolithic-like lifestyle (PLL) score, and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk remains limited. This study aimed to investigate these as...
PURPOSE: Evidence regarding the associations between the paleolithic diet (PD) score, the paleolithic-like lifestyle (PLL) score, and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk remains limited. This study aimed to investigate these associations in a Chinese population. METHODS: We analyzed data from 2792 CRC cases and 2785 matched controls in a large-scale case–control study. The PD score was constructed based on 14 dietary components, while the PLL score integrated the PD score with physical activity, body mass index, and smoking. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Nonlinear dose-response relationships were assessed using restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression. RESULTS: Participants in the highest quartile of PD adherence had a significantly lower CRC risk compared to those in the lowest quartile (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.62–0.86). A stronger inverse association was observed for the highest quartile of PLL adherence (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.47–0.66). These inverse associations were consistently observed across CRC subtypes (colon and rectal cancers). RCS analyses revealed linear inverse dose-response relationships (all Pnonlinear > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that adherence to a paleolithic dietary pattern and its associated lifestyle may offer protective benefits against CRC in Chinese.
Vitamin D status and type 2 diabetes incidence in Finnish adults-a longitudinal survey and register-based study using standardized serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D data.
Adebayo FA, Itkonen ST, Jääskeläinen T … +4 more , Härkänen T, Cashman KD, Erkkola M, Lamberg-Allardt C
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41579205 · Full text
PURPOSE: Improved vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; S-25(OH)D) has been recorded among Finnish adults. Whether this change lowers the risk of diabetes is unknown. Our study investigated the associations betwee...
PURPOSE: Improved vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; S-25(OH)D) has been recorded among Finnish adults. Whether this change lowers the risk of diabetes is unknown. Our study investigated the associations between improved vitamin D status and long-term type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence in the Finnish adult population. METHODS: Finnish adults aged ≥ 30 years (n = 3014) in a longitudinal setting (Health 2000/2011 surveys, H2000/H2011) were followed for 8.2 years (2011–2019), and T2D cases were derived from national registers. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models were used to assess the associations between S-25(OH)D and incident T2D. S-25(OH)D concentration measurements were standardized according to the Vitamin D Standardization Program protocol. RESULTS: During the follow-up, 214 T2D incident cases (7%) were recorded. Median (IQR) S-25(OH)D concentration increased from 47.6 (37.1; 57.4) nmol/L in H2000 to 67.2 (60.0; 74.8) nmol/L in H2011. Participants with new incident T2D had lower median (IQR) S-25(OH)D concentrations in H2011 than non-cases [63.97 (57.3; 73.8) vs. 67.2 (60.0; 74.8) nmol/L]. No association between S-25(OH)D concentrations in H2011 and T2D incidence in the whole study sample. Subjects with insufficient vitamin D status (< 50 nmol/L) in H2000 who were in the lowest tertile of S-25(OH)D in H2011 (< 62.8 nmol/L) had a higher T2D risk (adjusted HR 1.61 [95% CI 1.03–2.51]) than those in the highest tertile (> 71.6 nmol/L). Longitudinal changes in S-25(OH)D did not associate with T2D incidence in the whole study sample. CONCLUSION: The improved vitamin D status was not associated with T2D incidence in the general follow-up sample. However, vitamin D insufficiency in 2000 (< 50 nmol/L) combined with having S-25(OH)D in the lowest tertile in 2011 (< 63 nmol/L) increased T2D risk. Maintaining an optimal vitamin D status may be protective against T2D. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-025-03889-2.
Harnessing generalized structural equation modelling to understand the pathway linking maternal and child factors to fruit and vegetable intake trajectories from toddlerhood to adolescence.
Zheng M, Toh JY, Tint MT … +8 more , Appannah G, Pang WW, Godfrey KM, Chong YS, Lee YS, Yap F, Eriksson JG, Chong MFF
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41579201 · Full text
PURPOSE: To identify longitudinal trajectories of fruit and vegetable intakes from toddlerhood to adolescence and examine integrative pathways with maternal and child factors in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort. METHOD: Data...
PURPOSE: To identify longitudinal trajectories of fruit and vegetable intakes from toddlerhood to adolescence and examine integrative pathways with maternal and child factors in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort. METHOD: Data of 817 mother-child dyads from the GUSTO Study was used. Group-based trajectory modelling examined intake trajectories of fruits and vegetables from ages 18months to 12years. Generalized structural equation modelling evaluated the integrative direct and mediational pathways linking maternal and child factors to fruit and vegetable intake trajectories. RESULTS: Two fruit intake trajectories: “High stable”(83.2%), “Low stable to decreasing”(16.8%) and three vegetable intake trajectories: “Consistently high”(78.8%), “Low to stable”(9.2%), “High decreasing”(12.0%) were identified. Malay ethnicity (vs. Indian) and boys (vs. girls) were directly and significantly associated with higher odds of adhering to the suboptimal “Low stable to decreasing” fruit intake (ORs 1.87 and 2.32) or “Low to stable/High decreasing” vegetable intake (ORs 3.49 and 1.80) trajectories, respectively. Every unit increase in maternal pregnancy diet quality score was significantly associated with 3–4% lower odds of following the suboptimal fruit or vegetable intake trajectory. Significant direct inverse associations were also observed between breastfeeding duration ≥ 6months (vs. <6months) or maternal university education and lower odds of following the suboptimal fruit or vegetable intake trajectory. Pregnancy diet quality partially mediated the association between maternal ethnicity and suboptimal fruit or vegetable intake trajectory. CONCLUSION: Interventions to promote child fruit and vegetable intakes should begin preconception or during pregnancy, prioritise Malay mothers, those with lower education, families with boys, and improve maternal diet quality while promoting breastfeeding.
Sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages consumption, body weight, and eating disorders symptoms: findings from a Danish cohort from childhood to early adulthood.
Valle-Hita C, Joensen A, Bjerregaard AA … +3 more , Babio N, Strandberg-Larsen K, Guasch-Ferré M
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41557151 · Full text
PURPOSE: This study assessed the associations between the consumption of sugar- (SSBs) and artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) and body weight from childhood through adolescence. Moreover, we examined the relationshi...
PURPOSE: This study assessed the associations between the consumption of sugar- (SSBs) and artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) and body weight from childhood through adolescence. Moreover, we examined the relationship between childhood weight status and the joint associations between SSBs and ASBs and weight status on eating disorders (ED) symptoms in early adulthood. METHODS: This study used the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) at the 11- and 18-year follow-up (DNBC-11 and DNBC-18). At age 11, children reported their consumption of SSBs and ASBs. Body weight was assessed using BMI based on information from DNBC-11 and DNBC-18. ED were derived from self-reported symptoms and national health registers. Multivariable logistic regression models were used. RESULTS: Children with a higher consumption of SSBs and ASBs at age 11 had higher odds of overweight or obesity at age 11 (OR: 1.43, 95%CI 1.24–1.64) and age 18 (OR: 1.20, 95%CI 1.00–1.43). Children with overweight (OR: 1.36, 95%CI 1.08–1.70) and obesity (OR: 2.08, 95%CI 1.09–3.97) at age 11 had higher odds of ED symptoms at age 18. Children with overweight or obesity who consumed SSBs and ASBs below and above the median at age 11 had higher odds of ED symptoms at age 18 than those with underweight or normal weight and a consumption below the median (OR: 1.41, 95%CI 1.04–1.92 and OR: 1.50, 95%CI 1.12–2.00, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: SSBs and ASBs consumption during childhood was associated with overweight and obesity in the short- and long-term. Childhood overweight or obesity was also related to later ED symptoms.
Development and evaluation of a nutrient-derived anti-inflammatory dietary index (NADI) among Chinese adults.
Yang Y, Cai S, Szili-Torok T … +9 more , Piao W, Huang K, Yang C, Xue H, Nan J, Li F, Yu D, Yuan C, de Borst MH
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41543748 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To develop and evaluate an anti-inflammatory dietary index based on the specific dietary culture and preference among Chinese adults. METHODS: A total of 6322 participants were included and were further separate...
PURPOSE: To develop and evaluate an anti-inflammatory dietary index based on the specific dietary culture and preference among Chinese adults. METHODS: A total of 6322 participants were included and were further separated into a training (n = 4514) and a validation set (n = 1808). In the training set, we utilized reduced rank regression to derive a dietary index based on the intake of 33 food groups and five pre-identified anti-inflammatory nutrients. In the validation set, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured, and a total inflammation score (TIS) was constructed. Pearson partial correlation analysis and multivariate generalized linear regression were applied to explore the relationship between dietary indices and inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS: The derived dietary index, termed Nutrient-derived Anti-inflammatory Dietary Index (NADI), mainly characterized by a higher intake of fresh vegetables and fruits, mushrooms and fungi, soybeans, fresh eggs, and tea, alongside a lower intake of red meat, alcohol, and refined grains. NADI significantly correlated with several well-established dietary indices. Participants in the highest quintile of NADI had lower plasma levels of IL-1β (relative concentration [RC]: 0.67, 95% CI 0.58 ~ 0.77), hs-CRP (RC: 0.68, 95% CI 0.58 ~ 0.80), and TIS (RC: 0.43, 95% CI 0.31 ~ 0.59) compared with the lowest quintile in the fully adjusted model. Results were similar in subgroups and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: NADI effectively captures inflammation-related dietary quality and could serve as a valuable instrument for evaluating the impact of dietary inflammatory potential on health outcomes in Chinese adults.
Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical capacity and plasma markers of neuromuscular junction degradation in older adult men.
Qaisar R, Khan IU, Iqbal MS … +2 more , Ahmad F, Karim A
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41543624 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Fasting during Ramadan has several regulatory effects on body composition and physical performance. However, similar findings in the older adults with relevance to neuromuscular junction (NMJ) integrity remain e...
PURPOSE: Fasting during Ramadan has several regulatory effects on body composition and physical performance. However, similar findings in the older adults with relevance to neuromuscular junction (NMJ) integrity remain elusive. METHODS: We recruited men aged 55–71 for assessment of body composition, handgrip strength (HGS), short physical performance battery (SPPB), and plasma markers of NMJ integrity (c-terminal agrin fragment-22; CAF22) and neuronal injury (neurofilament light chain; NfL and brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BDNF). All participants were analyzed one week before Ramadan (Pre-Ramadan; Pre-R), one and three weeks into Ramadan (R1 and R2, respectively), and one week after Ramadan (Post-Ramadan; Post-R). RESULTS: We report improved gait speed, total SPPB scores, and reduced body fat at post-R compared to pre-R timepoint (all p < 0.05). HGS and SMI remained unchanged at R2 and post-R timepoints. We also observed a reduction in CAF22 and an increase in BDNF at R1, R2, and post-R timepoints, along with a decrease in NfL at R2 (all p < 0.05). Lastly, multiple regression analysis revealed that the reduction in CAF22 was significantly correlated with improvements in HGS and total SPPB scores at R1 and post-R, suggesting that the NMJ restoration may be associated with enhanced physical capacity during Ramadan fasting. CONCLUSION: While muscle mass and HGS remained unchanged, improvements in gait speed, total SPPB, and NMJ-related biomarkers suggest that Ramadan fasting may promote certain aspects of neuromuscular health in older adults.
Diabetes risk reduction diet and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer.
Mignozzi S, Rossi M, Garavello W … +6 more , Turati F, Bravi F, Polesel J, Bidoli E, Negri E, La Vecchia C
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41543610 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Diabetes has been associated with an increased risk of several neoplasms, including oral and pharyngeal cancer (OPC). We evaluated whether adherence to a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) was inversely associa...
PURPOSE: Diabetes has been associated with an increased risk of several neoplasms, including oral and pharyngeal cancer (OPC). We evaluated whether adherence to a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) was inversely associated with the risk of OPC. METHODS: We analyzed data from a multicentric case–control study conducted between 1991 and 2009 in Italy. The study included 942 OPC cases and 2492 controls. A food frequency questionnaire was used to gather information on subjects’ usual diet. A DRRD score was computed based on 8 dietary components: cereal fiber, coffee, total fruit, nuts, polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio, dietary glycemic index, red/processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages/fruit juices. Higher score corresponded to higher adherence to DRRD. Odds ratios (ORs) of OPC for the DRRD score were estimated using multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: We found an inverse association between DRRD and OPC risk. We found a 53% lower risk of OPC (OR: 0.47;95% CI: 0.35–0.64) for the highest versus the lowest quintile of the score. There was a 60% lower risk for oral cavity cancer (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.28–0.59) and 48% for hypopharyngeal cancer (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.29–0.94). The results were consistent across subgroups of sex, age and other selected covariates. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate a favourable role of adherence to a DRRD on the risk of OPC, which may involve additional factors besides the control of glucose metabolism.
Association between eating behaviours and food and beverage consumption in male and female children aged 3-6 years: The CORALS cohort.
Maneschy I, Ortega-Ramirez AD, Jimeno-Martínez A … +18 more , Gil-Campos M, Leis R, Babio N, Navas-Carretero S, Pastor-Villaescusa B, Vázquez-Cobela R, Salas-Salvadó J, De Miguel-Etayo P, Martínez JA, Llorente-Cantarero FJ, Picáns-Leis R, Pallas NF, Rupérez AI, Jurado-Castro JM, de la Torre-Aguilar MJ, Gheorghita I, Moreno LA, Miguel-Berges ML
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41543589 · Full text
PURPOSE: Eating behaviours influence food intake and long-term eating habits. This study aimed to assess the association between specific eating behaviour traits and the consumption of food and beverage in children aged...
PURPOSE: Eating behaviours influence food intake and long-term eating habits. This study aimed to assess the association between specific eating behaviour traits and the consumption of food and beverage in children aged 3 to 6 years, based on data from the CORAL study. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Spanish CORAL study, a 10-year longitudinal cohort including 1407 participants (699 boys, 708 girls; 4.8 ± 1.0 years). Eating behaviours were assessed using the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) and dietary intake was measured using a validated COME-Kids Food and Beverage Frequency Questionnaire. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to identify dietary patterns. Associations were analysed with multivariable linear regression adjusted for covariates. RESULTS: In both sexes, higher Enjoyment of Food scores were associated with greater consumption of fish, fruits, vegetables, pulses, whole grains, and lower consumption of sweets. In contrast, higher Food Fussiness scores were associated with lower consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, and pulses, and higher intake of sweets. PCA revealed five dietary patterns per sex, explaining 36.62% of the variance in boys and 36.07% in girls. Enjoyment of Food and Food Fussiness were the traits most strongly associated with distinct dietary patterns (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Eating behaviour traits are clearly associated with diet quality in early childhood. Enjoyment of Food supports healthier eating, while Food Fussiness may compromise it. These findings may inform early prevention strategies to encourage healthy eating habits and reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity.
Co-benefits and trade-offs between environmental impact and diet quality: insights from observational dietary data in a Swedish population.
Hallström E, Håkansson N, Sonesson U … +2 more , Åkesson A, Wolk A
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41543585 · Full text
PURPOSE: This study characterises food and nutrient intake in self-reported diets with varying environmental impacts and evaluates their adherence to dietary guidelines and nutritional adequacy, exploring co-benefits and...
PURPOSE: This study characterises food and nutrient intake in self-reported diets with varying environmental impacts and evaluates their adherence to dietary guidelines and nutritional adequacy, exploring co-benefits and trade-offs between environmental impact and diet quality. METHODS: Dietary data were from two population-based cohorts (n = 30 000) of Swedish adults aged 56–70 years. Environmental impact was assessed using an aggregated score based on six environmental indicators. Adherence to dietary guidelines and nutritional adequacy was evaluated against the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. RESULTS: In line with the dietary guidelines, diets with a lower environmental impact had lower intake of red meat, processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, high-fat dairy products, saturated fat, sodium and alcohol, alongside higher intake of whole grains, fibre and polyunsaturated fat. Contrary to the dietary guidelines, lower-impact diets had higher intake of sweets and snacks and lower intake of vegetables, fruits and berries, nuts and seeds, and seafood. While lower-impact diets had a lower intake of protein and most vitamins and minerals, adherence to macronutrient recommendations was generally higher, and micronutrient intake was adequate, except for selenium and vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights both co-benefits and trade-offs between environmental and health goals. To prevent negative health effects from diets with lower environmental impact, it is essential to limit foods with low nutritional value (e.g., sweets and snacks) and promote healthy plant-based foods. Potential risks associated with a lower micronutrient intake should be considered, particularly for groups with special requirements, such as children, adolescents, fertile and pregnant women, and the elderly.
Impact of habitual seaweed consumption on iodine nutrition and thyroid function: a non-randomized pre-post clinical study.
Aakre I, Vogt EC, Myrmel LS … +8 more , Lundebye AK, Helland OB, Henjum S, Dahl L, Markhus MW, Sleire SN, Løkken SJ, Rosendahl-Riise H
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41543576 · Full text
PURPOSE: Macroalgae, also called seaweed, may serve as a dietary iodine source, although some species contain high iodine levels and may increase the risk of excessive intake. This non-randomized pre-post clinical trial...
PURPOSE: Macroalgae, also called seaweed, may serve as a dietary iodine source, although some species contain high iodine levels and may increase the risk of excessive intake. This non-randomized pre-post clinical trial aimed to assess iodine status, estimated iodine intake and thyroid function in habitual seaweed consumers (pre-intervention), and after a six-week cessation period of seaweed consumption (post-intervention). METHODS: Habitual seaweed consumers (n = 49) were recruited by convenience sampling from the two largest cities in Norway. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), urinary creatinine, iodine intake and thyroid function were assessed pre- and post-intervention. The thyroid function was assessed biochemically by measuring TSH, fT3, fT4 and TPO antibodies in serum. Seaweed intake was assessed using a seaweed specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS: The median (p25-p75) UIC and estimated iodine intake was 270 (185–970) µg/L and 658 (330–1516) µg/ day at pre-intervention and decreased substantially to 87 (52–138) µg/L and 189 (142–264) µg/ day post-intervention. Median estimated iodine intake pre-intervention exceeded the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for iodine, whereas post-intervention the estimated iodine intake was substantially decreased to well below the UL. The median serum TSH decreased significantly after cessation of seaweed consumption (from pre- to post-intervention). The largest decrease in TSH was seen in participants with the highest estimated iodine intakes pre-intervention. CONCLUSION: Ingestion of seaweed with high iodine content could potentially pose a risk of exceeding the tolerable upper intake level for iodine. Cessation of seaweed resulted in a significant decrease in TSH in this study.
Global burden of dietary-related mortality in working-age population, 1990-2021: trends and disparities across 204 countries and territories.
Lin XL, Song YM, Huang XJ … +17 more , Zhang QW, Yang SJ, Yang LY, Li Z, Chen GF, Li ZY, Liu QR, Ji ZG, Zhai SJ, Zeng RT, Xiao YF, Han RJ, Yang YX, Chen JJ, Liang W, Li XB, Deng WY
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41543575 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Diet heavily influences global non-communicable disease burden, yet research on working-age population (WAP) dietary patterns and mortality across socioeconomic contexts remains sparse. This study assessed globa...
PURPOSE: Diet heavily influences global non-communicable disease burden, yet research on working-age population (WAP) dietary patterns and mortality across socioeconomic contexts remains sparse. This study assessed global, regional, and national trends in dietary risks and associated mortality over three decades in WAP. METHODS: Using the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database, we estimated mortality attributable to 15 dietary risk factors in 204 countries and territories. We analyzed deaths and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) across sociodemographic index (SDI) quintiles, examining temporal trends and health disparities. RESULTS: Dietary consumption patterns among WAP were suboptimal worldwide. In 2021, the global diet-related mortality rate in this population increased by 28.85%, whereas ASMRs fell by 35.1%. Six countries (India, China, Indonesia, USA, Pakistan, and Russian Federation) accounted for 57.91% of total mortality. The leading dietary risks associated with highest mortality were low intake of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and high sodium consumption. Adverse trends in mortality linked to high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages were observed, particularly in middle and low-middle SDI regions. Mortality related to high consumption of red and processed meats showed an upward trend in lower SDI regions. The COVID-19 era witnessed a moderate rise in diet-related mortality among WAP, with significantly higher ASMRs observed in wealthier regions. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary factors significantly contribute to health burden on WAP. Our findings have critical implications for addressing unhealthy dietary practices and reducing diet-related mortality within this population.
Do 6-9-year-old children in Denmark adhere to national dietary recommendations and are there sociodemographic disparities? The Generation Healthy Kids study.
Holmegaard F, Eilersen AG, Lauritzen L … +7 more , Mølgaard C, Liu MR, Stark KD, Landberg R, Krølner RF, Toft U, Damsgaard CT
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41543554 · Full text
PURPOSE: Diet in childhood is important for growth, brain development, and long-term health. Thus, assessing children’s adherence to dietary recommendations and identifying sociodemographic groups with low adherence is o...
PURPOSE: Diet in childhood is important for growth, brain development, and long-term health. Thus, assessing children’s adherence to dietary recommendations and identifying sociodemographic groups with low adherence is of great public health relevance. We investigated dietary intake, adherence to recommendations, and sociodemographic differences in a large cohort of Danish children. METHODS: We analyzed baseline data from 1094 children aged 6–9 years from 23 schools across Denmark participating in the Generation Healthy Kids study. Diet was assessed by three-day dietary records and food frequency questionnaires for fish and supplements, focusing on key food groups, macronutrients, and iron. Fasting blood samples were collected from n = 347 and analyzed for nutritional biomarkers of fish, wholegrains, and iron for validation. RESULTS: Overall adherence to dietary recommendations showed a mean ± SD score of 4.6 ± 1.0 out of 7.0. However, < 15% adhered to the recommendations for fruit + vegetables, fish, and meat, and < 33% to recommendations for saturated fat (SFA) and iron. Adherence decreased with age and shorter parental education, due to lower intakes of fruit + vegetables and dairy with age, and lower wholegrain and higher meat intake with shorter parental education. Also, rural children had lower adherence and consumed less fruit + vegetables and more added sugar and SFA than urban. Non-Danish descendants consumed less wholegrains and sugar than Danish, and weight status was not associated with adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Danish children had relatively good dietary adherence, but intakes of fruit + vegetables, fish, meat, SFA, and iron remain a concern. Attention should be given to children of older age, short parental education, and rural backgrounds.
Association of dietary choline intake in late pregnancy with the early neurobehavioral development of offspring.
Weng Y, Liu Y, Qin Y … +3 more , Zhang A, Dong H, Chen Z
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41543550 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the level of dietary choline intake among pregnant women during late pregnancy and its association with the early neurobehavioral development of their offspring. METHODS: This study was a prospe...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the level of dietary choline intake among pregnant women during late pregnancy and its association with the early neurobehavioral development of their offspring. METHODS: This study was a prospective cohort study. Convenience sampling was employed to recruit pregnant women hospitalized in the Obstetrics Department of the Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University from November 2023 to December 2024. The semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary choline intake and other nutrient intakes among pregnant women during late pregnancy. The infants were evaluated at 1, 3 and 6 months of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Revised in Chinese Cities (BSID-CR). In addition, the potential relationship between maternal dietary choline intake and infants' intelligence score, motor score, Mental Development Index (MDI), and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) were analyzed by generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: A total of 256 mother-infant pairs were included in the analysis. Maternal dietary choline intake during late pregnancy was 343.35 (332.20, 354.73) mg/d, with only 1.56% of the pregnant women meeting the Adequate Intake (AI). Mothers and infants were categorized into four groups (Q1 to Q4) based on the quartiles of energy-adjusted dietary choline intake, ranging from low to high. Generalized estimating equations indicated that the four groups exhibited statistically significant differences in the changes in infants' intelligence scores (Waldχ = 12.842, P = 0.005), motor scores (Waldχ = 8.981, P = 0.030), MDI (Waldχ = 13.447, P = 0.004), and PDI (Waldχ = 12.209, P = 0.007). After adjustment for confounding factors, the four groups showed statistically significant differences in the changes in intelligence scores (Waldχ = 11.873, P = 0.008), MDI (Waldχ = 11.710, P = 0.008), and PDI (Waldχ = 10.318, P = 0.016), while no significant differences were found in the changes in motor scores (Waldχ = 6.609, P = 0.085). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal dietary choline intake was significantly associated with intelligence scores, MDI and PDI in infants. Additionally, the dietary choline intake of pregnant women in late pregnancy was notably insufficient. It is recommended that medical staff should pay attention to the choline intake of pregnant women and develop nutrient intervention programs to enhance the health of both mothers and infants. However, no causal inferences can be made from this study.
Association between serum folate and T cell subsets in a population-based study.
Stoß LV, Meisinger C, Rohm F … +2 more , Linseisen J, Freuer D
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41543541 · Full text
PURPOSE: Folate, also called vitamin B9, plays a key role in various cellular processes that support T cell proliferation and function, which in turn regulate adaptive immune responses. Nonetheless, the associations betw...
PURPOSE: Folate, also called vitamin B9, plays a key role in various cellular processes that support T cell proliferation and function, which in turn regulate adaptive immune responses. Nonetheless, the associations between serum folate concentrations and specific T cell subsets remain underexplored. METHODS: Data of the population-based MEIA study were analyzed including 594 participants aged 19–75 years in Augsburg study region, Germany. Serum folate concentrations were measured (right-censored at 20 ng/mL) and immunophenotyping of T cells via flow cytometry was performed in fresh blood samples. Associations between folate concentrations and T cell subsets were analyzed using a multivariable two-stage regression model to account for censoring. RESULTS: Positive associations were noted with Effector Memory CD8 + T cells ([Formula: see text]= 0.39; 95% CI [0.09;0.70]), CD8+ CD27- CD28+ T cells ([Formula: see text]= 1.02; 95% CI [1.00; 1.03]), and CD8+ CD27+ CD28- T cells ([Formula: see text]= 1.01; 95% CI [1.00; 1.03]), negative associations were observed with Central Memory CD8+ T cells ([Formula: see text]= − 0.29; 95% CI [− 0.47; − 0.10]) and naïve CD8+ T cells ([Formula: see text]= − 0.33; 95% CI [− 0.63; − 0.04]). Although these associations did not retain statistical significance after adjustment for multiple testing, they were fully supported by sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary evidence linking serum folate to specific T cell subsets, particularly within CD8 + populations. While findings are suggestive, they emphasize the potential importance of adequate folate levels for immune health. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to confirm these associations and explore the role of folate in immune function.
Can vegetables intake pattern mediate the relationship between fast-food and cognitive performance in adolescents? The Cogni-Action project.
Peña-Jorquera H, Martínez-Flores R, Espinoza-Puelles JP … +3 more , Landaeta-Díaz L, López-Gil JF, Cristi-Montero C
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41524951 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Vegetables play a crucial role in mitigating metabolic disorders. However, no studies have investigated the potential mediating role of vegetable intake in the inverse association between fast-food intake a...
INTRODUCTION: Vegetables play a crucial role in mitigating metabolic disorders. However, no studies have investigated the potential mediating role of vegetable intake in the inverse association between fast-food intake and cognitive performance in adolescents. Furthermore, sex differences in this mediation pathway remain unclear. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1296 Chilean adolescents (50% girls; 10–14 years old). Cognitive functioning was assessed using eight cognitive tasks, from which a Global Cognitive Performance (GCP) score and four cognitive domains were derived: cognitive flexibility (CF), inhibitory control (IC), working memory (WM), and fluid reasoning (FR), using principal component analysis. Vegetable and fast-food intake were evaluated using the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index questionnaire. Mediation analyses were conducted using a Generalized Linear Model with 5000 bootstrapped samples. RESULTS: Fast-food consumption was inversely associated with cognitive performance (r = -0.140; p < .001). Considering full sample, vegetable mediated this relationship for GCP (β = -0.29; 95%CI -0.42, -0.18), CF (β = -0.20; 95%CI -0.32, -0.08), WM (β = -0.18; 95%CI -0.32, -0.06), and FR (β = -0.12; 95%CI -0.24, -0.00). No significant mediation was found for IC (p = .228). In boys, mediation was observed for GCP (β = -0.29; 95%CI -0.49, -0.12) and WM (β = -0.23; 95%CI -0.46, -0.04), while no significant mediation was found for CF, IC, or FR. For girls, mediation was found for GCP (β = -0.28; 95%CI -0.46, -0.13) and CF (β = -0.21; 95%CI -0.39, -0.06), whereas no significant mediation was found for IC, WM, and FR. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that consuming at least two servings of vegetables per day may play a mediating role in the inverse association between fast-food consumption and cognitive performance, highlighting sex differences across cognitive domains.
Choline supplementation in preterm infants: effects of four different supplements on choline plasma concentrations.
Böckmann KA, Bernhard W, Minarski M … +4 more , Shunova A, Schwarz J, Poets CF, Franz AR
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41524941 · Full text
PURPOSE: Current nutritional practices for preterm infants result in lower choline plasma concentrations than in a fetus matched for postmenstrual age. Choline is needed for growth and metabolism by membrane formation an...
PURPOSE: Current nutritional practices for preterm infants result in lower choline plasma concentrations than in a fetus matched for postmenstrual age. Choline is needed for growth and metabolism by membrane formation and plasma transport of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) via phosphatidylcholine (PC), and for methylation processes via betaine. Especially high concentrations of PUFA-PC are present in brain, eye, liver and lung; therefore, choline deficiency may contribute to developmental disorders of these organs. We studied short-term effects of four enterally administered choline compounds on plasma concentrations of choline-related parameters in preterm infants. METHODS: Prospective study (June 2022–February 2024) in 32 enterally fed preterm infants (28.0–32.0 weeks gestation). Participants were randomized to receive an additional 30 mg/kg/d choline-equivalent in 6–8 doses with their meals for 48 h. Supplements: choline chloride, choline bitartrate, alpha-glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) or egg-PC (of which GPC and PC are natural components of human milk). Blood was taken before meals < 72 h before start, 3 h or 6 h after start, and 3 h or 6 h after end of supplementation. Plasma concentrations of choline, betaine and PC were quantified by tandem mass-spectrometry. RESULTS: Choline plasma concentrations and areas-under-the-curve (0–54 h) were similar between supplements. GPC increased choline concentration most rapidly (6 h, p = 0.01), and all supplements increased choline plasma concentrations at 51–54 h after start of supplementation, compared to baseline. There were no differential effects on betaine or PC plasma concentrations. CONCLUSION: Choline chloride, choline bitartrate, GPC and egg-PC increase choline plasma concentrations after 48 h of supplementation to a similar extent and are similarly suited for long-term choline supplementation. STUDY REGISTRATION: This study was registered at the Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien (DRKS) (German Register for Clinical Studies), DRKS00020502.
A multifaceted lifestyle program for weight loss in overweight adults: evidence from a randomised clinical trial.
Gill H, Lankatillake C, Zafiris E … +1 more , Pillidge C
Eur J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41524907 · Full text
PURPOSE: Obesity and associated metabolic disorders represent a major global health challenge. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a Multifaceted Lifestyle Program (MLP, combining dietary advice...
PURPOSE: Obesity and associated metabolic disorders represent a major global health challenge. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a Multifaceted Lifestyle Program (MLP, combining dietary advice and supplementation with dietary fibre, probiotics and chromium) on weight, body composition and markers of metabolic health in overweight adults. METHODS: Fifty-seven overweight adults (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2, aged 19–65 years) participated in an 8-week intervention trial, with 50 completing the study. Participants were randomised into three groups (A–C): A: placebo (rice powder; control); B: MLP + BioPB (an equal part blend of carrageenan, konjac and cellulose); and C: MLP + P (psyllium fibre). The primary outcome was changes in anthropometric and metabolic health indices at 4 and 8 weeks. The secondary outcome was the effect of the different fibres. RESULTS: At week 4, participants receiving MLP + P and MLP + BioPB exhibited significant reductions (p < 0.001) in body weight (− 4.8 kg; and − 5.1 kg, respectively), BMI (− 1.7 kg/m2 and − 1.7 kg/m2, respectively), body fat mass (− 3.7 kg and − 4.2 kg) and visceral fat scores (− 1.9 and − 2.4). Some lean tissue mass loss was also evident. These changes were sustained for 4 weeks post-intervention. MLP + P and MLP + BioPB showed differing effects on blood lipids and inflammatory markers: reductions in cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were greater and more persistent in the MLP + BioPB group, whereas the CRP levels (high CRP levels are linked to inflammation and metabolic disorders) were significantly reduced in the MLP + P group only. Significant improvements were also observed in the liver and kidney functions. No notable changes were observed in any parameters in the control group. CONCLUSION: The MLP, incorporating fibre supplementation, produced clinically significant improvements in body weight, BMI and body fat in overweight adults, offering a practical strategy for managing obesity. Importantly, the type of dietary fibre used had distinct metabolic effects, underscoring the need for tailored fibre interventions to optimise metabolic health.
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