Curr. Eye Res. [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Topical CAY-10746, a Novel ROCK Inhibitor, Reduces Intraocular Pressure and Modulates the Trabecular Meshwork in Normotensive Rats.
Hao M, Dang Y, Lei F
Curr Eye Res · 2026 May · PMID 42095348 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the primary modifiable risk factor for glaucoma. Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitors lower IOP by targeting the trabecular meshwork (TM) to increase conventional aqu...
BACKGROUND: Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the primary modifiable risk factor for glaucoma. Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitors lower IOP by targeting the trabecular meshwork (TM) to increase conventional aqueous humor outflow. This study evaluates the IOP-lowering efficacy of CAY-10746, a novel ROCK inhibitor, and investigates its effects on TM structure and gene expression in normotensive rats. METHODS: Normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats received once-daily topical CAY-10746 (10 µM or 25 µM) or vehicle for 5 days. IOP was measured using rebound tonometry. The drug's effect on TM morphology was assessed with histological analysis, and changes in gene expression were profiled using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Cytotoxicity was evaluated on human TM cells. RESULTS: CAY-10746 was nontoxic to human TM cells at effective concentrations. Topical administration significantly lowered IOP in rats in a concentration-dependent manner. The 25 µM dose produced a robust IOP reduction for at least 8 h post-instillation ( < 0.001). Histological analysis revealed significantly increased porosity in the TM of treated eyes compared to controls ( < 0.05). RNA-Seq identified 762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the TM. Pathway analysis showed significant enrichment of DEGs related to the extracellular matrix, focal adhesion, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Key glaucoma-related genes, including FN1, RHO, and CYP1B1, were among those modulated. CONCLUSION: The novel ROCK inhibitor CAY-10746 effectively lowers IOP in normotensive rats. This effect is associated with structural changes (increased porosity) and modulation of gene expression pathways critical to TM function. These findings suggest CAY-10746 is a promising therapeutic candidate for glaucoma that warrants further investigation.
Effect of Acute Insulin Therapy on Retinal Layers in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.
Yıldız V, Batur M, Yıldız S … +3 more , Seven E, Tekin S, Demircan E
Curr Eye Res · 2026 May · PMID 42089451 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of acute insulin treatment on retinal layers in patients with diabetes mellitus using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: This study included 44 eyes of 44 pati...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of acute insulin treatment on retinal layers in patients with diabetes mellitus using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: This study included 44 eyes of 44 patients with diabetes. Retinal layers were measured in the macular area with SD-OCT before insulin treatment and 3 months after treatment. Retinal thickness was measured in three concentric circles and nine sectors with diameters of 1, 3, and 6 mm as specified in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) of each retinal layer using automated segmentation. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase in the central, inner 3 mm and outer 6 mm total retina (TR) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) thickness after treatment. There was also a statistically significant increase in thickness in the inner 3 mm and outer 6 mm subfields of outer nuclear layer (ONL). Furthermore, statistically significant thickening was observed in the inner retinal layer (IRL) outer subfield as well as the outer retinal layer (ORL) central and inner subfields after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin therapy may increase macular thickness in the acute phase, potentially worsening diabetic retinopathy.
Subclinical Corneal Neuropathy in Dry Eye Disease: A Driver of Ocular Surface Dysfunction?
Almaoui E, Calkins DJ, Wareham LK
Curr Eye Res · 2026 May · PMID 42080236 · Publisher ↗
Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent ocular surface disorder traditionally attributed to tear film instability, inflammation, and loss of ocular surface homeostasis. Despite advances in anti-inflammatory therapies and a...
Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent ocular surface disorder traditionally attributed to tear film instability, inflammation, and loss of ocular surface homeostasis. Despite advances in anti-inflammatory therapies and a more sophisticated understanding of pathophysiology, response to treatment is often poor and inconsistent, suggesting additional underlying mechanisms are at play. Here we explore a possible primary role of neuropathy in driving the pathogenesis of DED. Corneal nerves provide afferent feedback through the sensory ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. This information generates an efferent output through motor nerves, parasympathetic nerves of cranial nerve VII, and the sympathetic nerves of the superior cervical ganglion. Disturbances to this circuit lead to tear film dysfunction, loss of homeostasis, corneal epithelial cell and ECM degradation, which may perpetuate a cycle of degeneration. Recognizing DED as a subclinical neuropathy may guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies focused on restoring corneal nerve integrity, extracellular matrix stability, and epithelial homeostasis.
Could Retinal and Optic Nerve Microcirculation Serve as Biomarkers for Dyslexia?
Barman Kakil Ş, Sarı SA, Hazar L
Curr Eye Res · 2026 May · PMID 42070144 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate retinal and optic nerve head microcirculation in children with dyslexia using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to explore whether retinal microvascular parameters differ between dy...
PURPOSE: To evaluate retinal and optic nerve head microcirculation in children with dyslexia using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to explore whether retinal microvascular parameters differ between dyslexic and typically developing children. METHODS: In this prospective cross-sectional study, thirty children with clinically diagnosed dyslexia and thirty age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent OCTA imaging using the RTVue XR Avanti system. Parameters assessed included vessel density in the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP, DCP), outer retinal and choriocapillaris flow areas, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) size, optic disk vascular metrics, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. Axial length was also measured to account for anatomical variability. Group comparisons and effect size analyses were performed, and correlations between axial length and OCTA metrics were examined. RESULTS: Children with dyslexia demonstrated significantly reduced vessel density in the DCP ( = 0.014), outer retinal flow area ( = 0.026), and peripapillary region ( < 0.001), while SCP and FAZ parameters were preserved. Temporal RNFL thickness was selectively decreased ( = 0.045). Axial length was comparable between groups ( = 0.064) and showed no significant correlation with microvascular parameters. Cohen's d values indicated the strongest effect size for peripapillary vessel density ( = 1.14). CONCLUSIONS: Children with dyslexia showed selective differences in retinal and optic nerve head microvascular parameters, particularly within deeper retinal layers and the peripapillary region. Given the cross-sectional design and modest sample size, these findings should be interpreted as exploratory and hypothesis-generating. Larger, longitudinal, and multimodal studies are required to confirm these observations and to clarify their potential research relevance.
Targeted Delivery of Engineered Exosomes and the Advances for Their Applications in Ocular Tissue.
Zhang J, Shi Y, Gao L … +2 more , Duan W, Liu Y
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 42051055 · Publisher ↗
Exosomes, a type of nanoscale vesicle produced by cells, are highly biocompatible and immunogenic. They play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication, which contain proteins, ribonucleic acid, and other materials tha...
Exosomes, a type of nanoscale vesicle produced by cells, are highly biocompatible and immunogenic. They play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication, which contain proteins, ribonucleic acid, and other materials that can be transported to the receipt cells. Exosomes possess significant potentials as diagnostic indicators for disorders and as delivery systems for tailored therapeutics. They also exhibit distinct distributions in the eye, contributing to the regulation of both physiological and pathological processes, and are intricately linked to the onset and progression of ocular diseases. Based on the distinctive anatomical characteristics of the eye, utilization of exosomes to deliver drugs in treating the ocular diseases has shown promising prospects. However, owing to the inadequate delivery efficacy of unmodified exosomes, they need to be tailored to be more effective. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the exosome distribution in the eye and their functions in the onset and progression of the ocular diseases as well as exosome-based therapies. A large portion of this review describes the methods of exosome cargo loading, targeted modifications and their applications in treating ocular diseases. The advancements of this field are anticipated to yield a considerable therapeutic impacts, markedly enhancing the probability of visual restoration.
Serum Cholinesterases as Indicators of Cholinergic Dysfunction in Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Çalışkan B, Demir Y
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 42046926 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to measure serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities in order to evaluate the potential role of the cholinergic system in exudative type age-related...
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to measure serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities in order to evaluate the potential role of the cholinergic system in exudative type age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: This case-control study involved 38 individuals diagnosed with exudative AMD and 41 healthy individuals with similar characteristics in terms of age and gender. The Ellman method was used to evaluate serum AChE and BChE activity after each subject underwent an ophthalmological examination. Multivariate logistic regression, ROC curve analysis, t-tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used in the statistical studies. RESULTS: Serum AChE activity levels were higher in the AMD-diagnosed group compared to the control group (1.155 ± 0.178 µmol/mL vs. 1.029 ± 0.150 µmol/mL; = 0.002). There was no statistically significant difference in BChE activity levels ( = 0.24). AChE activity showed moderate diagnostic performance according to ROC analysis (AUC = 0.697; 95% CI: 0.580-0.814; optimal threshold ≥1.106 µmol/mL; sensitivity 63.2%; specificity 70.7%). According to logistic regression analysis, AChE activity levels were considered an independent predictor of AMD (OR = 89.34; = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The increased serum AChE activity observed in exudative AMD suggests that the cholinergic system plays a role in retinal degeneration. AChE levels could be considered as potential AMD pathogenesis biomarkers and as a potential treatment target.
Effectiveness of Adjuvant Treatment with Argon Laser plus Standard Therapy in Refractory Infectious Keratitis.
Perez-Balbuena AL, Navarro-Naranjo PI, Hernandez-Chavarria C … +2 more , Gittins-Nuñez OA, Rodriguez-Perez JM
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42046242 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of argon laser phototherapy as an adjunctive treatment to standard medical therapy for refractory infectious keratitis. METHODS: We report the results of a retrospective interventio...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of argon laser phototherapy as an adjunctive treatment to standard medical therapy for refractory infectious keratitis. METHODS: We report the results of a retrospective interventional case series. Patients diagnosed with infectious keratitis with no clinical response to standard medical therapy who were referred for corneal photocoagulation with an argon laser at the Asociación Para Evitar La Ceguera (APEC) in Mexico City from May 2022 to March 2024, were included. Diagnosis was based on clinical and microbiological evaluations. Argon laser corneal photocoagulation was performed by applying sodium fluorescein, followed by laser using a wavelength of 530 nm, power of 900-950 mW, spot of 250 μm, and a pulse duration of 0.2 s. Survival analysis was performed to determine the difference in corneal epithelial healing time with and without the presence of hypopyon. RESULTS: Thirty eyes (30 patients) with a mean age of 49.9 ± 14.9 years (SD) were included. 66.7% were male. Fungal infections were found in 43.4% of patients, and Gram (+) bacterial infections in 20.0%. Hypopyon was present in 33.3% ( = 10). A total of 43.3% of eyes ( = 13) were treated with a combination of 5% natamycin, 0.5% netilmicin, and 1% voriconazole. Four eyes underwent surgical treatment with conjunctival flap (one eye) and penetrating keratoplasty (three eyes). The median preoperative uncorrected visual acuity was 2.00 ± 0.7 (logMAR), which improved to 1.30 ± 0.8 (logMAR) after treatment. No statistically significant association was found between the germ type and epithelialization time ( = 0.35). The presence of hypopyon was associated as a risk factor for delayed corneal epithelialization ( < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The use of argon laser photocoagulation plus standard topical treatment in patients with refractory infectious keratitis can be considered a safe and accessible adjuvant therapy in daily ophthalmic practice. The presence of hypopyon was associated with delayed corneal healing and could be considered a risk factor for severe complications.
Intraocular Distribution and Aqueous-Vitreous Correlation of TGF-β Isoforms and GDF-15 in Retinal Diseases.
Mieno H, Hashida M, Yoshii K … +5 more , Horikiri T, Urabe K, Mori K, Ueno M, Sotozono C
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 42021524 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate the intraocular distribution and correlation of transforming growth factor-β isoforms and growth differentiation factor-15 in paired aqueous humor and undiluted vitreous samples from patients with...
PURPOSE: To investigate the intraocular distribution and correlation of transforming growth factor-β isoforms and growth differentiation factor-15 in paired aqueous humor and undiluted vitreous samples from patients with various retinal diseases. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study included 51 eyes of 49 patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane ( = 27), other macular disorders ( = 12), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( = 12). Paired aqueous humor and undiluted vitreous samples were collected during surgery. Concentrations of transforming growth factor-β1, transforming growth factor-β2, transforming growth factor-β3, and growth differentiation factor-15 were measured using multiplex immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intraocular distributions were compared, and correlations between aqueous humor and vitreous cytokine concentrations were evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS: In patients with epiretinal membrane and other macular disorders, transforming growth factor-β1 and transforming growth factor-β2 concentrations were significantly higher in the aqueous humor than in the vitreous body, whereas growth differentiation factor-15 was more abundant in the vitreous. Conversely, in proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients, transforming growth factor-β1, transforming growth factor-β2, and growth differentiation factor-15 levels were significantly higher in the vitreous body. Across all disease groups, a strong positive correlation was observed between aqueous and vitreous growth differentiation factor-15 levels, while no significant correlations were found for any transforming growth factor-β isoforms. CONCLUSION: Transforming growth factor-β isoforms and growth differentiation factor-15 display distinct intraocular distribution patterns depending on retinal diseases. Notably, growth differentiation factor-15 showed a consistent aqueous-vitreous correlation across disease groups, suggesting that its concentration in the aqueous humor may partially reflect posterior segment conditions and may serve as an indicative marker.
Subfoveal and Peripapillary Choroidal Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis with Unilateral Optic Neuritis.
Ozbas C, Kirik F, Akbulut E … +3 more , Karakayali ZC, Tugcu B, Ozdemir MH
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 42001269 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate regional choroidal and retinal alterations in multiple sclerosis (MS) by simultaneously evaluating subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal vascularity index (CVI) together with peripapillary retinal...
PURPOSE: To investigate regional choroidal and retinal alterations in multiple sclerosis (MS) by simultaneously evaluating subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal vascularity index (CVI) together with peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in unilateral optic neuritis (ON) patients. METHODS: This prospective study included 31 MS patients with unilateral ON within the previous 12 months (clinically stable for ≥3 months), and 73 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) provided subfoveal and peripapillary scans. CVI was quantified using a standardized Niblack-based ImageJ binarization protocol, and peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured on optic disk-centered circular scans. Two masked observers measured CVI, and interobserver intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. Group comparisons were performed among ON-affected (ON+), unaffected fellow (ON-), and control eyes using age- and sex-adjusted generalized estimating equations (GEE). RESULTS: Subfoveal CVI differed among groups ( < 0.001) and was higher in both ON+ and ON- eyes than controls ( < 0.001 for both), with no difference between MS subgroups ( = 1.000). Peripapillary CVI did not differ in any quadrant (all > 0.05). Global RNFL thickness was reduced in both ON+ and ON- eyes compared with controls ( < 0.001). Temporal RNFL was thinner in both MS subgroups than controls ( < 0.001 for both). Superior, inferior, and nasal RNFL values were lowest in ON+ eyes ( ≤ 0.001 vs ON-; < 0.001 vs controls), while ON- and controls did not differ in the nasal quadrant ( = 0.168). Interobserver reproducibility was excellent (ICC 0.90-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Subfoveal CVI was higher within the standardized 3-12-month post-ON period, whereas peripapillary CVI remained comparable across groups despite marked RNFL thinning. Combined assessment of CVI and RNFL may provide complementary structural information regarding neurovascular changes in MS.
Impact of Background Noise on Visual Accommodation and Reading Performance.
Serrano-Matías AI, Vera J, Jiménez R … +1 more , Redondo B
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41996686 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Noise, considered the second leading cause of environmental pollution, negatively affects health and cognitive performance, while music may enhance concentration. This study evaluates how different auditory envi...
PURPOSE: Noise, considered the second leading cause of environmental pollution, negatively affects health and cognitive performance, while music may enhance concentration. This study evaluates how different auditory environments influence the dynamics of the accommodative response, reading performance and subjective perceptions during a sustained near-vision reading task. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy young adults participated in three randomized experimental sessions under pleasant (water sounds and preferred music), unpleasant (traffic noise and disliked music), and control (silence and classical music) auditory conditions. During each session, participants performed a 5-minute reading task at 50 cm while accommodative responses were recorded using the Grand Seiko WAM-5500 autorefractor. Perceived visual fatigue and reading performance were also assessed. RESULTS: The lag of accommodation was sensitive to the auditory stimuli ( = 0.015), where a higher lag of accommodation was observed for the unpleasant auditory condition compared to the control (corrected p-value = 0.017). No statistically significant differences were found for the variability of accommodation ( > 0.05). Reading performance showed statistically significant differences for the auditory conditions ( = 0.042), with a higher number of words read in the control condition compared to the unpleasant condition (corrected = 0.037). Symptoms showed a lower activation level, greater fatigue and less comfort in the unpleasant condition in comparison to the control condition ( = 0.037, = 0.039, < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These findings emphasize that for efficient reading and optimal visual performance, unpleasant sounds such as traffic noise should be avoided, and silence or classical music is preferable.
Impact of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments Spectacles Versus Single Vision Spectacles on Myopia Control and Astigmatic Changes in Adolescents.
Hu S, Zheng Y, Guo D … +2 more , Lin H, Deng J
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41986099 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacles versus Single Vision Spectacles (SVS) on myopia control and astigmatic changes in adolescents with myopia. METHODS: This retros...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacles versus Single Vision Spectacles (SVS) on myopia control and astigmatic changes in adolescents with myopia. METHODS: This retrospective study included 153 myopic children aged 7-14 years who attended our clinic between January 2022 and March 2023 (86 in the DIMS group and 67 in the SVS group), with a follow-up duration of one year. Axial Length (AL) and Corneal Astigmatism (CA) were measured using the OA-2000. Cycloplegic refraction was used to obtain Spherical (S), Cylinder Angle (C), and Spherical Equivalent (SE). Total astigmatism (TA) and corneal astigmatism J0/J45 components were calculated using Thibos' vector analysis. Pre- and post-treatment changes were analyzed using paired t-tests, while between-group comparisons were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test, independent-samples t-test, and general linear model. RESULTS: After one year of wear, the DIMS group exhibited significantly less myopic progression than the SVS group in both Spherical Equivalent and axial elongation, ΔSE: -0.39 ± 0.39 D vs. -0.72 ± 0.47 D; ΔAL: 0.23 ± 0.15 mm vs. 0.37 ± 0.22 mm; < 0.01. No significant differences were observed in total astigmatism or corneal astigmatism between groups, ΔTA: -0.22 ± 0.07 D vs. -0.16 ± 0.06 D; ΔCA: -0.16 ± 0.06 D vs. -0.12 ± 0.01 D; > 0.01. However, the DIMS group showed significantly greater increases in oblique components of total and corneal astigmatism compared with the SVS group after one year ( < 0.05; Table 1, Figure 1 and Figure 2). CONCLUSIONS: DIMS lenses effectively slow myopic progression in adolescents by reducing Spherical Equivalent shift and suppressing axial elongation. Compared with SVS lenses, DIMS wear reduces horizontal/vertical astigmatic components but may increase oblique total and corneal astigmatism over long-term use. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring directional astigmatic changes during DIMS intervention, particularly in children with high baseline or oblique astigmatism.
Natural History and Progression of Untreated Keratoconus: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Tsai TH, Hsu JH, Tsai CL … +3 more , Shao SC, Hsiao CH, Lin KK
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41978273 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the natural history of untreated keratoconus by incorporating advanced diagnostic parameters and extended follow-up periods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We...
PURPOSE: To perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the natural history of untreated keratoconus by incorporating advanced diagnostic parameters and extended follow-up periods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus from inception to September 25, 2025. Eligible studies followed untreated keratoconus eyes for ≥6 months and reported longitudinal changes in conventional and/or advanced progression metrics. Outcomes were pooled using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to explore heterogeneity and identify predictors of progression. RESULTS: Ninety-two studies encompassing 30,342 untreated keratoconus eyes were included; 47 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. A significant progressive increase in maximum keratometry (Kmax) was observed over time (mean change: 0.28 D at <12 months, 0.62 D at 12 months, and 1.21 D at >12 months; all < .05). Mean keratometry (Kmean), steep keratometry, flat keratometry, and thinnest corneal thickness also showed significant deterioration beyond 12 months. Meta-regression demonstrated that younger age and higher baseline Kmean predicted greater Kmax progression; in Pentacam-based analyses, each 1-D increase in baseline Kmean predicted a 0.54-D increase in Kmax at 12 months ( < .001), while each 10-year increase in age reduced Kmax progression by 1.46 D ( < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Untreated keratoconus shows time-dependent progression, with younger age and steeper baseline Kmean associated with faster worsening. Compared with Kmax, baseline Kmean may be a more reproducible predictor of subsequent progression. A multidimensional monitoring approach incorporating both conventional and advanced metrics may improve risk stratification and support timely intervention.
Development and Validation of a Disabling-Glare Mapping Device for Quantifying Dysphotopsia-Related Effects.
Worsch F, Pohlan V, Stachs O … +3 more , von Handorff C, Reiß S, Sperlich K
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41969046 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Positive dysphotopsia (PD) refers to disturbing light phenomena, associated with spectacles, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, or refractive surgery, which reduce visual comfort and vision aid acceptance. Curr...
PURPOSE: Positive dysphotopsia (PD) refers to disturbing light phenomena, associated with spectacles, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, or refractive surgery, which reduce visual comfort and vision aid acceptance. Current methods lack high accuracy in quantifying the size and shape of PD. To address this issue, a mapping device was developed and validated. METHODS: Participants fixated a glare source centrally mounted in front of a 40" plasma screen (3 m distance) with one eye, under scotopic conditions. A white stimulus moved outward randomly in 36 directions from the central point. Upon it becoming visible, the participants pressed a button and the position was recorded. The set of positions forms a polygon representing PD size and shape. To determine measurement uncertainty, 10 repeated measurements were performed on six healthy participants (median age 23 years). To assess feasibility, measurements were performed in 18 participants (median age 22 years) wearing monofocal and multifocal soft contact lenses in random order. RESULTS: Repeated measurements yielded a mean 95% confidence interval of the mean disabling glare area of ± 3.5 cm (8% relative error; mean 44 cm). The multifocal lens induced a 74% larger disabling glare area than the monofocal lens (92 ± 34 cm vs. 53 ± 14 cm; < .001). The self-reported glare size was correlated positively with the measured disabling glare area ( < .02). CONCLUSION: The dysphotopsia size and shape of two contact lenses were determined using a mapping device. The different optical designs could be discriminated. The measurement repeatability was within 8% error. This instrument is a potential assessment tool with applications in clinical practice, research and lens development.
LNP-Delivered CAR-mRNA Enables in Vivo CAR-Macrophage Production for TYRP1-Targeted Therapy of Choroidal Melanoma.
Chen W, Wang D, Li J … +8 more , Ling J, Liang J, Hu Q, Zhang Q, Zheng YF, Lin XC, Qu B, Guo M
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41960698 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To develop a macrophage-targeted therapy for choroidal melanoma using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that deliver TYRP1-CAR mRNA to reprogram tumor-associated macrophages. METHODS: B16-F10 cells were injected into t...
PURPOSE: To develop a macrophage-targeted therapy for choroidal melanoma using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that deliver TYRP1-CAR mRNA to reprogram tumor-associated macrophages. METHODS: B16-F10 cells were injected into the subretinal space of C57BL/6 mice to establish choroidal melanoma. F4/80-antibody-conjugated MPLA-LNPs encapsulating TYRP1-CAR mRNA were administered intravitreal injection on days 3 and 6. Macrophage phenotype, CAR expression, and tumor progression were assessed using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and bioluminescence imaging. Safety was evaluated through blood biochemistry and histology. RESULTS: Tumor-associated macrophages exhibited predominantly M2 phenotype. MPLA-LNPs promoted M1 polarization and generated functional TYRP1-CAR-expressing macrophages . The F4/80/MPLA-LNP-CAR mRNA treatment significantly reduced tumor burden (bioluminescence and tumor weight), increased M1 macrophage infiltration, and extended survival compared to controls. No systemic toxicity was observed in hematological, biochemical, or histological analyses. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that macrophage-targeted MPLA-LNP delivery of TYRP1-CAR mRNA in a murine choroidal melanoma model reprograms tumor-associated macrophages toward an M1 phenotype, suppresses tumor growth, and prolongs survival through combined antigen-specific targeting and microenvironment remodeling.
Characterizing Research Impact in Ophthalmology: A Scoping Review.
Waldman OV, Gillette JS, Lin JC … +3 more , Qureshi R, Scott IU, Greenberg PB
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41960696 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The lack of standardization in assessing research impact makes it challenging to accurately define, assess, and differentiate impactful ophthalmic research. This scoping review characterized the most frequently...
PURPOSE: The lack of standardization in assessing research impact makes it challenging to accurately define, assess, and differentiate impactful ophthalmic research. This scoping review characterized the most frequently used metrics to evaluate research impact in ophthalmology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following the updated Joanna Briggs Institute framework and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, we reviewed 1100 studies from 1955 to 2023 across CENTRAL, EconLit, Embase, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases. Included studies were English-language publications that applied at least one metric to evaluate research impact at the article-, author-, institutional-, journal-, or country-level in ophthalmic research. Studies were eligible if they were authored or co-authored by an ophthalmologist or had author affiliation with an ophthalmology department, regardless of journal type. Editorials were excluded. Study quality was assessed using the modified Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence, which ranks evidence on a scale from Level 1 (highest quality) to Level 5 (lowest), based on study design and methodological rigor. RESULTS: A total of 77 studies were included; 17 metrics were identified. Citation Count (30%), Publication Count (22%), Impact Factor (17%), and Hirsch index (14%) were the leading metrics. Metrics were primarily (82%) quantitative and most assessed impact at the article- (26%) and the journal-levels (23%). Most studies (94%) had Level 4 evidence. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the need for a comprehensive and standardized approach to accurately assess ophthalmic research impact.
Fibrosis-Associated Fluid Biomarkers for Predicting Surgical Outcomes in Glaucoma Surgery: A Systematic Review.
Gachette RE, Bertens CJF, Gijs M … +1 more , Beckers HJM
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41937503 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Glaucoma surgery is an effective treatment for advanced glaucoma, but fibrosis-induced bleb failure complicates its success. Understanding fibrosis and its modulation is essential for improving outcomes. This sy...
PURPOSE: Glaucoma surgery is an effective treatment for advanced glaucoma, but fibrosis-induced bleb failure complicates its success. Understanding fibrosis and its modulation is essential for improving outcomes. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of biomarkers in aqueous humor, Tenon, and tear fluid associated with fibrosis and glaucoma surgery outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in Embase and MEDLINE databases for articles on biomarkers in aqueous humor (AH) tear fluid (TF) and Tenon (TN) in relation to fibrosis and failure of glaucoma surgery. Articles published until December 5th, 2025, were included. The snowball method identified additional relevant studies, leading to a total of 20 articles. RESULTS: 353 biomarkers have been studied in relation to failed glaucoma surgery. MCP-1, TGF-β, VEGF, IFN-γ, MMP-3, SPARC, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-18 in AH, TF and TN showed significant associations with glaucoma surgery outcomes. Overall, failure was more frequently associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory biomarkers. High variability was found between observed biomarkers linked to fibrosis and glaucoma surgery failure due to inconsistencies across studies and differences between AH, TF and TN. CONCLUSION: Further research, as well as standardized protocols, are essential to establish reliable biomarkers and develop targeted therapies to improve glaucoma surgery success.
Yamane Technique for The Management of Cataract in Children with Insufficient Capsular Support: A Prospective Study.
Sedhom CR, Bahgat N, Awadein A … +3 more , Abdelhamid M, Abdelaziz MS, Shokier G
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41937488 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To report the results of Yamane technique for scleral fixation of intraocular lenses (IOL) in children with lens subluxation or insufficient capsular support. METHODS: A prospective observational study was condu...
PURPOSE: To report the results of Yamane technique for scleral fixation of intraocular lenses (IOL) in children with lens subluxation or insufficient capsular support. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on 56 eyes of 38 children <18 years with insufficient capsular support. A Sensar AR40e or a Tecnis ZA9003 IOL was used for scleral fixation. Haptics were externalized using Yamane technique. Postoperative refractive error, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure were recorded for 6 months after surgery. Degree of IOL tilt and decentration were measured using ultrasound biomicroscopy. RESULTS: Mean age was 6.5 ± 3.6 years. Intraoperative haptic breakage occurred in 4 cases. Postoperative haptic slippage occurred in 2 eyes. Revision for IOL decentration was needed in 2 patients. Mean improvement in logMAR lines at 6 months after surgery was 5.2 ± 4.8 lines. Mean angle of vertical and horizontal tilts were 5.4 ± 4.4° (range, 0-18°) and 4.4 ± 4.7° (range, 0-18.6°), respectively. Mean absolute amounts of vertical and horizontal decentration were 0.58 ± 0.42 mm and 0.58 ± 0.41 mm, respectively. Significant IOL tilt >7 degrees and decentration > 1 mm occurred in 10 and 5 cases, respectively. Haptic complications and IOL tilt/decentration were associated with ocular comorbidities and early parts of the learning curve. IOL tilt and decentration were not associated with significant effect on BCVA, spherical equivalent, or cylindrical error. CONCLUSIONS: While Yamane technique is an option for the management of children with insufficient capsular support, it requires a steep learning curve and is still associated with a relatively high rate of complications.
Ophthalmic Features in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review of Imaging Studies.
Sarian A, Girach Z, Cooper-Knock J … +3 more , Frangi AF, Sergouniotis PI, Julian TH
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41937484 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Ophthalmic imaging offers non-invasive, low-cost assessment of microvascular and neuronal structures which can provide insights into cerebrovascular health a...
PURPOSE: Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Ophthalmic imaging offers non-invasive, low-cost assessment of microvascular and neuronal structures which can provide insights into cerebrovascular health and disease. In this review, we sought to explore ophthalmic imaging features associated with a stroke, with a view to offering insights into the ocular features evident in stroke patients, what the significance of these may be, and to highlight research gaps requiring further attention. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases to identify studies that assess retinal imaging features in stroke patients. RESULTS: We found that individuals with stroke differ significantly from controls with respect to several neuroretinal and retinal vascular traits ascertained using color fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography. Key differences include thinner retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer, reduced vascular density, increased venular widths, decreased arteriolar widths, and morphological changes to the foveal avascular zone. Unlike in stroke prediction, where ophthalmic imaging features have been shown to have clear potential roles, we found there has been little consideration given to implications such findings may have in subjects with an established diagnosis of stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke is associated with several ophthalmic imaging features which are likely to reflect the direct effects of stroke itself, for instance transneuronal retrograde degeneration of retinal neuronal structures, as well as shared pathophysiological processes in the retina and brain in those with stroke. The implications of these findings in stroke care and tertiary prevention have currently received little attention and warrant further study.
Cone Contrast and Entropy of Adaptive Optics Images in Choroideremia.
Huang AM, Xu P, Cooper RF … +1 more , Morgan JIW
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41906751 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Choroideremia (CHM) is an X-linked inherited retinal degeneration that results in the progressive loss of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid. The present study examines the contrast and entr...
PURPOSE: Choroideremia (CHM) is an X-linked inherited retinal degeneration that results in the progressive loss of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid. The present study examines the contrast and entropy of cone intensities in CHM and control images using adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy and texture analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen patients with CHM and twelve normal-sighted controls were imaged using a custom-built, multi-modal adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). AOSLO images were registered and montaged and regions of interest located at 0.5°, 1°, 2°, and 4° were cropped for each participant. Cones were identified in each region of interest, and a gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) was created for each image and each cone location. Image and cone contrast and entropy were calculated from each GLCM. An unbalanced two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test was conducted over disease group and retinal eccentricity for both contrast and entropy, where < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Cone density was decreased in CHM compared to control at all eccentricities ( < 0.01), while cone nearest neighbor distance was increased in CHM ( < 0.01). Cone contrast and entropy was decreased in CHM compared to control both when analyzing the full image of the cone mosaic and when performing the analysis for individual cones ( < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Cone contrast and entropy textural analyses may provide a biomarker of cone health in retinal disease and its response to treatment.Funding for the study provided by NIH R01EY028601, NIH P30EY001583, Research to Prevent Blindness, Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, and the F. M. Kirby Foundation.
Tear Proteomics and Insights into Lacrimal Drainage Disorders: Lacriome Paper 8.
Shams PN, Ali MJ
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41902711 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To synthesize and evaluate current evidence from tear proteomic and cytokine profiling studies in lacrimal drainage disorders, with a primary focus on primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. This review...
PURPOSE: To synthesize and evaluate current evidence from tear proteomic and cytokine profiling studies in lacrimal drainage disorders, with a primary focus on primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. This review aims to identify diagnostic biomarkers, elucidate underlying immunopathogenic mechanisms, and explore translational opportunities to improve clinical management and surgical outcomes. METHODS: Fifteen peer-reviewed studies were systematically reviewed, encompassing proteomic, immunoassay, and cytokine analyses of tear fluid from adult and pediatric patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Included investigations comprised pre- and post-surgical cohorts, subgroup analyses by age, sex, and systemic disease status, and multiple analytical platforms such as mass spectrometry, ELISA, and multiplex bead-based assays. Studies were evaluated for methodological rigor, reproducibility, and clinical applicability. RESULTS: Across the included studies, a consistent upregulation of inflammatory cytokines-particularly IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and VEGF-A-was observed in primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction patients compared to controls. Proteomic alterations involving antimicrobial, stress-response, and epithelial repair proteins (e.g. S100A8/A9, prolactin-inducible protein, lipocalin-1) were recurrently reported. Distinct cytokine patterns were noted in pediatric and diabetic subgroups, while diurnal variation influenced cytokine expression in control eyes. Post-dacryocystorhinostomy cohorts demonstrated partial normalization of IL-1β and IL-6 levels, correlating with improved tear osmolarity, meniscus dynamics, and patient-reported outcomes. Proteomic findings further implicated systemic inflammation, hormonal modulation, and mucosal barrier dysfunction in primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction pathogenesis. CONCLUSION: Tear proteomics has revealed a reproducible inflammatory and immune signature in lacrimal drainage disorders, positioning tear fluid as a valuable, noninvasive biospecimen for diagnosis, monitoring, and precision-based management. Emerging biomarker panels hold potential to stratify disease severity, predict surgical success, and guide individualized therapy. Future work should prioritize multicenter validation, standardized sampling protocols, and integration with advanced analytical and AI-driven diagnostic platforms.
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