Curr. Eye Res. [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Investigating Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Activation in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: Elevated Vitreous Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Levels in Advanced Retinal Detachment.
Aydıner B, Çıtırık M
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41885740 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to elucidate the involvement of the local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) accompanied by proliferative vi...
PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to elucidate the involvement of the local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) accompanied by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), with a specific focus on vitreous concentrations of renin, angiotensinogen, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). METHODS: In this prospective observational study, 75 patients were divided into three groups: advanced-stage PVR with RRD ( = 25), early stage PVR with RRD ( = 25), and epiretinal membrane (ERM) controls ( = 25). At the commencement of pars plana vitrectomy, undiluted vitreous samples were aspirated and analyzed for renin, angiotensinogen, and ACE concentrations using ELISA. Statistical comparisons were conducted using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and multinomial logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: ACE levels were markedly elevated in the advanced-stage PVR group compared to both early-stage PVR ( = 0.006) and control groups ( = 0.011). No significant differences were observed in renin or angiotensinogen levels among the three groups. Pseudophakic patients exhibited significantly higher angiotensinogen levels than phakic patients ( = 0.009). Each unit rise in ACE level was linked to a 73-fold greater risk of developing advanced-stage PVR, as demonstrated by multinomial logistic regression ( = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The significant elevation of ACE in advanced PVR cases suggests a potential role for local RAAS activation in disease progression. These findings support further investigations of RAAS modulation as a candidate for therapeutic intervention in PVR.
Characteristics of Optic Disc and Peripapillary Structures in Myopia Based on Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography.
Wu MH, Cheng D, Qiao YL … +3 more , Ruan KM, Gao WQ, Shen LJ
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41841162 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To compare optic disc morphology and peripapillary structures in patients with varying degrees of myopia using swept-source optical coherence tomography, and to analyze their correlation with the peripapillary c...
PURPOSE: To compare optic disc morphology and peripapillary structures in patients with varying degrees of myopia using swept-source optical coherence tomography, and to analyze their correlation with the peripapillary choroidal vascularity index. METHODS: Patients aged 18-40 years with myopia were enrolled. Patients were divided into three groups according to spherical equivalent refraction: group A (low myopia, -3.00 D < spherical equivalent ≤ -0.5 D), group B (moderate myopia, -6.00 D < spherical equivalent ≤ -3.00 D), and group C (high myopia, spherical equivalent ≤ -6.00 D). We compared the incidence and area of parapapillary atrophy in the β-zone (β-parapapillary atrophy) and the γ-zone (γ-parapapillary atrophy). The incidence and degree of optic disc tilt and optic disc rotation were also compared. We further examined differences in peripapillary choroidal thickness and peripapillary choroidal vascularity index among the groups. Linear regression analysis evaluated the relationships between peripapillary choroidal vascularity index and these parameters. RESULTS: In groups with higher myopia, the incidence and area of parapapillary atrophy, as well as optic disc tilt, increased. No significant difference in optic disc rotation was observed among the groups; however, downward optic disc rotation was more common in groups with higher myopia. Temporal peripapillary choroidal thickness was positively correlated with peripapillary choroidal vascularity index. The area of β-parapapillary atrophy showed a negative correlation with temporal, superior, and inferior peripapillary choroidal vascularity index. The area of γ-parapapillary atrophy was negatively correlated with temporal and nasal peripapillary choroidal vascularity index. CONCLUSION: The parapapillary atrophy area increases in higher myopia groups. γ-parapapillary atrophy enlarges predominantly in low-to-moderate myopia. Downward optic disc rotation is more prevalent in highly myopic groups. Reduced temporal peripapillary choroidal thickness may indicate impaired peripapillary choroidal blood flow.
Efficacy and Safety of a Single Tearmaestro Liquid Pulsation Treatment for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction-Related Dry Eye Disease: A Prospective Study.
Yue Y, Xu Y, Yan J … +8 more , Shang Z, Li F, Li Q, Huang Y, Yang R, Liu H, Zhang C, Zhao S
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41814862 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a single Tearmaestro liquid pulsation treatment for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)-related dry eye disease. METHODS: In this prospective trial, 31 patients with MGD-rela...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a single Tearmaestro liquid pulsation treatment for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)-related dry eye disease. METHODS: In this prospective trial, 31 patients with MGD-related dry eye received a single 12-minute treatment. The primary outcome was the change in the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score from baseline to the 1-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes included tear film break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), lipid layer thickness (LLT), meibomian gland secretion (MGS) and orifice (MQS) scores, Schirmer I test, tear meniscus height (TMH), and safety parameters. All measures were assessed at baseline, 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months. RESULTS: The primary outcome, demonstrated a significant reduction at 1 month ( < 0.0001), with improvements sustained at all follow-ups (all < 0.0001). Key secondary outcomes also showed significant improvement: TBUT increased at 1 and 3 months ( < 0.05), and CFS improved at 3 months ( < 0.0001). Significant enhancements in LLT, MQS, and MGS were observed at 1 and/or 3 months (all < 0.01). LLT positively correlated with TBUT ( < 0.01) and negatively with CFS ( < 0.05). No serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION: A single Tearmaestro liquid pulsation treatment significantly improves the primary outcome of patient-reported symptoms at 1 month, with concurrent benefits in tear film stability and meibomian gland function lasting up to 3 months. The treatment demonstrated a favorable safety profile, offering an efficient clinical option for MGD-related dry eye.
The Role of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Uveitis: Findings from Clinical and Experimental Studies.
Suzuki K, Iwata D, Namba K … +6 more , Hase K, Hiraoka M, Murata M, Kitaichi N, Ohno S, Ishida S
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41804861 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) -1 is a key regulator of endogenous fibrinolysis and is widely acknowledged as a its primary inhibitor. Beyond this function, PAI-1 also plays a role in macrophage migration...
PURPOSE: Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) -1 is a key regulator of endogenous fibrinolysis and is widely acknowledged as a its primary inhibitor. Beyond this function, PAI-1 also plays a role in macrophage migration during inflammatory conditions. This study aims to investigate the contribution of PAI-1 to the progression of uveitis. METHODS: We quantified PAI-1 protein levels in vitreous samples collected from uveitis patients utilizing a magnetic bead-based multiplex immunoassay. To clarify the changes in PAI-1 expression in uveitis, experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) was induced in mice through immunization with bovine retinal antigens. The mRNA levels of PAI-1 in the retinochoroidal tissues of EAU mice and control mice, which were immunized without retinal antigen, were examined using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The severity of EAU treated with the PAI-1 inhibitor; IMD4482, was clinically assessed over time. Furthermore, THP-1 macrophages were cultured with PAI-1 and each concentration of IMD4482 (0 μM, 0.1 μM, 1 μM, 10 μM and 100 μM) for 24 h. The number of migrated cells was quantified using a transwell assay. RESULTS: Vitreous PAI-1 protein levels were markedly eleveted in uveitis patients compared to controls ( < 0.01). In EAU mice, retinochoroidal PAI-1 mRNA expression was significantly higher than in control mice ( = 6, = 0.03). Treatment with IMD4482 significantly reduced the clinical severity of EAU ( = 18-20, < 0.01) and the migration of THP-1 macrophages was significantly inhibited by IMD4482 (100 μM; < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the level of PAI-1 is locally high in the eye of uveitis patients as well as in experimental uveitis models. Suppression of EAU through PAI-1 inhibition highlights its potential as a therapeutic target for uveitis.
Role of Glutamate Receptor-Related Genes in Myopia Occurrence and Visual Development.
Wang R, Tao D, Lu J … +3 more , Li J, Liu X, Chen C
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41804850 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Abnormal expression of glutamate receptors is believed to be associated with myopia. However, it is currently unclear which genes contribute to the occurrence of such diseases. This study aims to investigate the...
PURPOSE: Abnormal expression of glutamate receptors is believed to be associated with myopia. However, it is currently unclear which genes contribute to the occurrence of such diseases. This study aims to investigate the effects of glutamate receptor-related genes family on ocular growth and development in zebrafish. METHODS: Morpholino oligonucleotide injection, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, eye parameter measurements, visual motor responses, optokinetic responses, immunofluorescent staining, TUNEL assays, and Haematoxylin-Eosin staining were utilized to evaluate the alterations in the eyes following the deletion of grik1, gria4a, gria4b, grm5a, and grm5b. RESULTS: It was observed that, after silencing gria4a, gria4b, and grm5a, the eyes were smaller, but the axial length to equatorial axis ratio increased significantly, indicating impaired eye growth and a tendency toward myopia. Furthermore, a reduction in choroidal vascular endothelial fluorescence and a decrease in eye movement frequency were consistent with the previously mentioned results. Additionally, the deletion of grik1, gria4a, gria4b, grm5a, and grm5b led to reduced fluorescence in bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and RPE cells, as well as diminished ON and OFF responses in the visual motor responses. CONCLUSIONS: Glutamate receptor-related genes, especially gria4a, gria4b, and grm5a, are likely involved in the onset of myopia and the regulation of visual development. The role of glutamate receptors in the onset and progression of myopia warrants further investigation.
Normative Database of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in a Caucasian Pediatric Population.
Polách O, Koubek M, Timkovič J … +4 more , Studnička J, Březík M, Polách J, Němčanský J
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41800717 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Here, we aimed to obtain normative data for the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the peripapillary area (p-RNFL) using the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in healthy Caucasian childre...
PURPOSE: Here, we aimed to obtain normative data for the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the peripapillary area (p-RNFL) using the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in healthy Caucasian children using the OCT Spectralis instrument. METHODS: Caucasian patients of our hospital 5-15 years with spherical equivalent refraction of ±2 diopters, physiological ocular findings, delivered at gestational age ≥38 weeks, whose legal guardians volunteered with their participation in this cross-sectional study and signed informed consent were included. Exclusion criteria were a personal history of toxoplasmosis and other diseases that could potentially affect p-RNFL thickness. Results of 3.5 mm circular p-RNFL scans with automatic calculation of the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were prospectively collected. Both eyes were measured in each participant and values for the global diameter (G) and average thickness in six sectors (NS, N, NI, TI, T, TS) were determined and statistically evaluated. RESULTS: 154 patients were included, with a mean age of 11.03 years. We have acquired data for p-RNFL in healthy Caucasian children aged 5-15 years and used them to create a normative database for improving the quality of the interpretation of the p-RNFL results in children. No significant differences between the left and right eyes in the same individuals were detected. However, a negative association between age and p-RNFL thickness, in particular in the NI sector, was revealed. CONCLUSIONS: We have created a high-quality normative database that will allow us to accurately interpret the results of p-RNFL measurements in the Caucasian pediatric population.
Aniseikonia Tests: A Review of Current Measurement Methods.
Tan X, Chin MP, Ai G … +6 more , Zeng T, Zhang R, Qiu K, Pang CP, Zhang M, Wang H
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41800706 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Aniseikonia, a perceptual asymmetry in ocular image size or shape, disrupts binocular vision and stereopsis. Aniseikonia testing is essential for quantifying visual dysfunction and improving prognosis. This revi...
PURPOSE: Aniseikonia, a perceptual asymmetry in ocular image size or shape, disrupts binocular vision and stereopsis. Aniseikonia testing is essential for quantifying visual dysfunction and improving prognosis. This review aims to evaluate advances in aniseikonia testing, with emphasis on clinical utility and methodological limitations. METHODS: A narrative review was conducted to synthesize evidence on traditional and digital approaches to aniseikonia assessment, with attention to testing principles and clinical applications. RESULTS: Traditional afocal lens methods have been supplanted by digital innovations like the New Aniseikonia Test (NAT) and Aniseikonia Inspector version 3 (AI3), which enhance precision through patient-specific optical modeling and adaptive psychophysical protocols. These tools enable efficient quantification of global and meridional aniseikonia, with clinical studies linking measurements to retinal pathologies (epiretinal membranes, macular edema) and surgical outcomes (cataract extraction, retinal detachment repair). Clinical applications extend to patients undergoing retinal surgery and those with amblyopia or binocular vision disorders. However, current tests remain constrained by methodological inconsistencies, including variability in stimulus types (e.g., dichoptic shapes vs. red-green filters), testing distances, and scoring criteria, which limit cross-study comparability. CONCLUSIONS: The findings emphasize the importance of aniseikonia tests in clinical practice, which provide valuable insights into visual dysfunction and can aid in predicting treatment outcomes. Future efforts should prioritize the standardization of test parameters (luminance, contrast) and validation in diverse populations, particularly amblyopic and pediatric patients, to refine diagnostic thresholds. Emerging technologies such as tablets and cell phones will facilitate test administration and improve accessibility. Establishing consensus guidelines for clinical interpretation will enhance reliability in diagnosing and managing aniseikonia. By addressing these challenges, next-generation tests can better align theoretical accuracy with practical application, ultimately improving patient outcomes in conditions where binocular vision is compromised.
Pilot Evaluation of the Outcomes After Cataract Surgery with Implantation of a New Diffractive Trifocal Intraocular Lens.
Mojzis P, Hrckova L, Fucela M … +1 more , Piñero DP
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41787722 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To assess the clinical performance and patient-reported outcomes of a new trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) over a 6-month follow-up period. METHODS: Prospective, non-comparative, single-center study including 20...
PURPOSE: To assess the clinical performance and patient-reported outcomes of a new trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) over a 6-month follow-up period. METHODS: Prospective, non-comparative, single-center study including 20 eyes (10 patients, age, 47-79 years) undergoing bilateral cataract surgery with implantation of the trifocal diffractive IOL AT ELANA 841 P (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). Visual acuity (VA) and refraction changes were evaluated over a 6-month follow-up period. Likewise, other clinical and patient reported outcomes were analyzed: binocular defocus curve (1 month), patient satisfaction and vision-related difficulties (Catquest 9SF, 3 months), photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity (CS) and photic phenomena (6 months). RESULTS: The 6-month postoperative spherical equivalent was within ±1.00 and ±0.50 D in 100% and 85% of cases, respectively. Mean binocular 6-month postoperative uncorrected distance, intermediate and near VA of -0.12 ± 0.06, -0.02 ± 0.06 and 0.06 ± 0.09 logMAR, respectively. Mean binocular 6-month postoperative distance-corrected intermediate and near VA were 0.00 ± 0.05 and 0.04 ± 0.08 logMAR. VA in the defocus curve remained ≤0.10 logMAR across defocus levels ranging from +0.50 D to -3.00 D. All CS values fell within the normal range, except for the 18 cycles/° spatial frequency measured under mesopic conditions with glare. Postoperatively, 90% of patients reported no vision-related difficulties in daily life and all patients reported being "very satisfied" postoperatively. A web-based simulator confirmed that photic phenomena were minimally disruptive postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The trifocal IOL evaluated provides preliminarily a successful distance, intermediate and near visual rehabilitation, with high levels of patient satisfaction and visual quality associated.
Enhanced STAT3 Activation in the Ocular Posterior Segment and Imbalance of Scleral MMP-2/TIMP-2 Secretion in a Guinea Pig Model of Lens-Induced Myopia.
Zhao Y, Qian J, He T … +6 more , Li W, Lu X, Sun H, Xie X, Bi H, Tian Q
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41778361 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate changes in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation in posterior segment ocular tissues, scleral matrix metalloproteinase-2/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (M...
PURPOSE: To investigate changes in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation in posterior segment ocular tissues, scleral matrix metalloproteinase-2/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2/TIMP-2) balance, and their potential mechanisms during lens-induced myopia (LIM) development. METHODS: Sixty 2-week-old pigmented guinea pigs were divided into four groups: normal control (NC, no intervention), lens-induced myopia (LIM, right eye fitted with a -6.00D lens), LIM + AG490 (following LIM induction, intravitreal injection of 5 μL AG490 solution every 2 days), and LIM + injection control (LIM + InjCon, following LIM induction, intravitreal injection of 5 μL physiological saline every 2 days). At 2 and 4 weeks, refraction, axial length, retinal/choroidal thickness, posterior segment microstructure, and levels of STAT3/phosphorylated (p)-STAT3 (retina, choroid, sclera) and scleral MMP-2/TIMP-2 were measured. RESULTS: Compared with the NC group, the LIM group showed a significant myopic refractive shift, axial elongation, enhanced STAT3 activation in the retina, choroid, and sclera, upregulated scleral MMP-2, downregulated scleral TIMP-2, along with thinning and loosening of posterior pole tissues (including the sclera) at 2 and 4 weeks. In contrast to the LIM group, the LIM + AG490 group exhibited attenuated myopia progression, reduced STAT3 activation, downregulated scleral MMP-2, upregulated scleral TIMP-2, and alleviated thinning of posterior pole tissues. The results of the LIM + InjCon group were similar to those of the LIM group. CONCLUSIONS: During LIM development, STAT3 activation is enhanced in the retina, choroid, and sclera, with disrupted scleral MMP-2/TIMP-2 balance. These changes may correlate with myopia-related phenotypes (e.g. axial elongation, scleral remodeling), though their specific mechanism(s) remain to be elucidated.
Retinal and Choroidal Changes in Neurofibromatosis Type 1 in Relation to Diagnostic Criteria and Disease Severity.
Bezci Aygün F, Karaca B, Algedik Tokyürek MÖ … +5 more , Öz Yıldız S, Kapucu Yatağanbaba Y, Göçmen R, Haliloğlu G, Kadayıfçılar S
Curr Eye Res · 2026 May · PMID 41778282 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate choroidal abnormalities in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) and en face optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and to assess their associations with reti...
PURPOSE: To evaluate choroidal abnormalities in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) and en face optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and to assess their associations with retinal and choroidal structural and microvascular parameters across diagnostic criteria and disease severity. METHODS: Fifty-two NF1 cases and 52 age- and sex-matched controls underwent multimodal imaging (SD-OCT, EDI-OCT, OCTA). Eye-level analyses used generalized estimating equations to account for inter-eye correlation. Multiple comparisons were controlled by the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR). RESULTS: NIR detected choroidal abnormalities in 69.2% of NF1 cases, while en face OCTA identified corresponding lesions in 57.7%. NF1 eyes showed significantly reduced subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT, FDR adj < 0.001) and higher superficial capillary plexus (SCP) vessel density and perfusion (FDR adj = 0.012 for each). Deep capillary plexus (DCP) vessel density decreased with increasing disease severity in unadjusted analysis but lost significance after FDR adjustment. Apparent differences in age, central macular thickness (CMT), and FAZ circularity also became nonsignificant after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: NIR is more sensitive than OCTA for detecting choroidal abnormalities, whereas OCTA provides complementary quantitative insights. Reduced SFCT confirms choroidal involvement in NF1, and higher SCP metrics may reflect early remodeling or endothelial dysregulation. Larger, longitudinal studies are needed to validate DCP changes as potential markers of disease burden.
Ultrawide-Field Swept-Source OCTA in Detecting Retinal and Choroidal Microcirculation Changes in Diabetes Patients Without Retinopathy.
Wang X, Bao L, Song Y … +2 more , Huo T, Huang X
Curr Eye Res · 2026 May · PMID 41778277 · Publisher ↗
Given the substantial damage to visual function caused by diabetic retinopathy, this study explored the changes in the fundus microcirculation of diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy to provide a basis for the...
Given the substantial damage to visual function caused by diabetic retinopathy, this study explored the changes in the fundus microcirculation of diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy to provide a basis for the prevention and early detection of diabetic retinopathy. This clinical observational study included 162 eyes of diabetic patients without clinical diabetic retinopathy and 108 healthy eyes. Retinal and choroidal parameters, namely, the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and vessel density of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), full retina and large and middle choroidal vessel (LMCV) layers, were measured in the central and peripheral areas of 24 × 20 mm ultrawide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (UWF-SS-OCTA) images. The Mann‒Whitney U test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for comparisons between groups, and the Kruskal‒Wallis H test was used for comparisons among multiple groups, followed by Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The FAZ in the diabetic group was greater than that of the control group. The diabetic group had lower vessel densities in the SCP (0-3, 4-6, and 13-24 mm diameter ranges), DCP (0-3, 4-6 and 7-12 mm diameter ranges), full retina (0-3 and 4-6 mm diameter ranges), and LMCV layers (4-6 and 13-24 mm diameter ranges) ( < 0.05). Significant differences ( < 0.05) were observed between the vascular density of the SCP (diameter ranges 0-3 and 7-12 mm), DCP, full retina, and LMCV layers (4-6 mm range) in all disease duration groups and those in the control group. Pairwise comparison showed that the vascular density decreased more significantly in the group > 15 y group ( < 0.05). Decreased retinal choroidal microcirculation occurs in diabetic patients before clinical retinopathy develops and becomes more pronounced with increasing disease duration, suggesting that diabetic patients should undergo regular fundus examinations to detect and potentially prevent diabetic retinopathy as early as possible.
Correlation Between Refractive Asymmetry and Eye Dominance According to the Sensory and Fixation Method.
Song Y, Liu T, Wang X … +2 more , Liu L, Wang X
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41769728 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The eye dominance distribution in humans varies according to the assessment method. Although the correlation between refractive asymmetry and eye dominance has long been investigated, the results are inconsisten...
PURPOSE: The eye dominance distribution in humans varies according to the assessment method. Although the correlation between refractive asymmetry and eye dominance has long been investigated, the results are inconsistent. Here, we analyzed the relationships between refractive asymmetry and eye dominance measured by fixation and sensory methods and assessed the concordance of the two methods. METHODS: One hundred and twelve subjects were enrolled to evaluate their refractive asymmetry and eye dominance. Refractive error was determined through objective and subjective refraction. The assessment of fixation eye dominance was conducted using the hole-in-card method, while the binocular orientation combination task was used to assess sensory dominance. Subgroups of anisometropia and non-anisometropia patients were established to evaluate the influence of the magnitude of refractive asymmetry. RESULTS: Among all subjects, the right eye exhibited greater fixation eye dominance than the left eye ( = 0.001), while sensory eye dominance was more even ( = 0.85). The concordance between these two methods was nonsignificant ( = 0.952). Only the spherical equivalent power difference in the non-anisometropia group was significant between the sensory dominant and nondominant eyes ( = 0.015). The right eye showed greater myopic spherical and spherical equivalent power (spherical power: = 0.004, spherical equivalent power: = 0.003). The absolute balance point was greater in individuals with anisometropia ( = 0.015). Moreover, a positive correlation was found between sensory eye imbalance and refractive asymmetry ( = 0.239, = 0.011). CONCLUSION: We assessed the difference between two assessments of eye dominance and determined that the sensory eye imbalance was greater in individuals with anisometropia. Additionally, a larger absolute balance point value indicated a greater refractive asymmetry.
Isolated Infantile Onset High Myopia: A Case Series with Long-Term Follow-Up.
Antman G, Ehrenberg M, Tiosano A … +4 more , Pesoa Y, Dotan G, Palevski D, Sternfeld A
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41766490 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Isolated infantile onset high myopia (IIOHM) is a rare phenomenon. Our aim is to describe the natural course of IIOHM based on a long-term follow-up. METHODS: All patients under 5 years of age diagnosed with bil...
PURPOSE: Isolated infantile onset high myopia (IIOHM) is a rare phenomenon. Our aim is to describe the natural course of IIOHM based on a long-term follow-up. METHODS: All patients under 5 years of age diagnosed with bilateral spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ -5.0 diopters were reviewed. Exclusion criteria were follow-up <1 year; anisometropia > 3.0D; astigmatism > 3.0D and any systemic or ocular diseases associated with high myopia. Data was collected at presentation and every follow-up examination. RESULTS: Nineteen patients (38 eyes) were found eligible (10 boys, 52.6%). Mean age at presentation and follow-up was 2.6 ± 1.2 and 6.3 ± 1.6 years, respectively. Myopia increased between presentation and the end of follow-up [-8.4D (IQR -10.3, -6.4) vs. -9.5D (IQR -12.5, -7.5), respectively, = 0.003]. The median was -0.6D (IQR -3.0, 0.5). There was a negative correlation between the SE at presentation and the amount of progression during follow-up ( = 0.01, rs = -0.536). There was a trend toward a higher increase in myopia between 9-12 vs. 2-5 years of age ( = 0.08). Mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at the end of follow-up was 6/7.5. None of the patients had BCVA worse than 6/12 in both eyes. Three patients (15.8%) had BCVA worse than 6/12 in only one eye. Nine patients (47.4%) had strabismus. No patient developed other complications secondary to high myopia. CONCLUSION: IIOHM tends to remain stable in at least the first decade of life with good visual prognosis. Attention should be given to amblyopia, strabismus and larger refractive changes toward the second decade of life.
Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis of a TF-miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network in Retinal Vein Occlusion with Metabolic Syndrome and its Association with Clinical Predictors.
Liang C, Xie H, Shi Q … +5 more , Diao Y, Yu G, Jin S, Liu L, Zhong J
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41755728 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a known risk factor for retinal vein occlusion (RVO); however, the molecular mechanisms linking their comorbidity and their relationship with previously established clinical predicto...
PURPOSE: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a known risk factor for retinal vein occlusion (RVO); however, the molecular mechanisms linking their comorbidity and their relationship with previously established clinical predictors of RVO are not fully elucidated. This study aimed to identify a shared TF-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in RVO and MetS, and to examine its correlation with key clinical predictors. METHODS: Common genes for RVO and MetS were identified from CTD, GeneCards, DisGeNET, and the GEO dataset GSE98895. Functional enrichment, protein‑protein interaction (PPI), and TF-miRNA-mRNA network analyses were conducted. Key molecules were validated by qRT‑PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 21 subjects (7 with MetS-RVO, 7 with RVO only, and 7 controls). Spearman and Kendall correlation analyses were used to assess relationships between network components and clinical predictors (hypertension, BMI, HDL‑C, PDW, etc.). RESULTS: Six overlapping genes (CHD7, IFNG, ABCA1, THBS1, PDGFRB, JUN) were enriched in pathways related to vascular remodeling, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. The regulatory network comprised 20 nodes and 28 edges. qRT‑PCR confirmed up‑regulation of hsa‑miR‑192‑5p and down‑regulation of ABCA1 in the MetS-RVO group. Correlation analysis revealed 27 significant associations (FDR < 0.05), with notable correlations between RELA and PDW ( = 0.759) and between RELA and HDL‑C ( = -0.688). HDL‑C was inversely correlated with several inflammatory markers (RELA, IFNG, STAT3). CONCLUSION: This study proposes a TF-miRNA-mRNA network associated with RVO-MetS comorbidity and offers molecular support for previously reported clinical predictors. ABCA1 and hsa‑miR‑192‑5p may serve as potential biomarkers. The limited sample size warrants cautious interpretation, and these findings provide a hypothesis‑generating foundation for future targeted investigations.
Intraocular Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection Following Vitrectomy for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Randomised Trial.
Du H, Zhang W, Han H … +4 more , Zhang H, You C, Sun X, Yan H
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41755725 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To explore the efficacy of vitrectomy combined with intravitreal injection of Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort s...
PURPOSE: To explore the efficacy of vitrectomy combined with intravitreal injection of Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients who received intraocular surgery at Wuhan Tongji Hospital between January and December 2024. One hundred and thirty-three cases (138 eyes) with PDR were randomly divided into two groups: 72 cases (75 eyes) in the combined TA group and 61 cases (63 eyes) in the simple vitrectomy group (control group). Both groups underwent vitrectomy. Before closing the incision, the combination group was intravitreal injected with 4 mg TA. The patients were followed up for 3 months. The recovery of visual function and the control of PDR were analyzed. RESULTS: The postoperative outcomes revealed that in the combined treatment group, 86.67% of patients experienced improved visual acuity, with 13.33% showing no change and no cases of decreased vision, leading to a significant improvement compared to the control group where visual acuity increased in 71.43% of patients, remained unchanged in 12.70%, and decreased in 15.87% ( < 0.05). Additionally, the combined group had a lower incidence of postoperative bleeding at 12.00 23.81% in the control group ( < 0.05). Notably, the incidence of tractional retinal detachment was similar in both groups ( > 0.05), but macular epiretinal membrane was observed in 24.00% of the combined group's eyes compared to 41.27% in the control group, which was a significant difference ( < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Vitrectomy combined with intravitreal injection of TA in the treatment of PDR can better improve the postoperative visual outcome and may help reduce the occurrence of postoperative proliferation, postoperative bleeding and other complications.
Virtual Reality Visual Field Testing Reduces Visit Duration in a Neuro-Ophthalmology Clinic.
Tran A, Albertos-Arranz H, Juvier-Riesgo T … +3 more , Rosello-Rodriguez L, Ricur G, Mendoza-Santiesteban CE
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41738391 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the visit time in a neuro-ophthalmology clinic by comparing virtual reality visual field (VRVF) testing the standard Humphrey visual field (HVF) and the influence of the technician's learning curve....
PURPOSE: To evaluate the visit time in a neuro-ophthalmology clinic by comparing virtual reality visual field (VRVF) testing the standard Humphrey visual field (HVF) and the influence of the technician's learning curve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 66 patients were included in the initial phase of the study (baseline), and data from a new cohort ( = 66) were collected six months later. Participants were divided into two age- and diagnosis-matched groups: those who underwent an ophthalmic technician workup using VRVF testing ( = 33) and those whose workup included HVF testing ( = 33). Total clinic visit duration and technician workup time were recorded independently for new patient and follow-up visits. Statistical comparisons were conducted between the two groups at both time points: baseline and six months. RESULTS: The mean age was 47.6 ± 21.7 years (65.2% female) at baseline and 47.9 ± 21.1 years (66.7% female) at 6 months. Technician workup time for follow-up visits was significantly shorter when using VRVF at both the baseline ( < 0.0001) and 6-month time points ( < 0.0001), compared to HVF. For new patient visits, workup time at baseline was comparable between methods (VRVF: 70.3 ± 19.8 min; HVF: 73.5 ± 9.1 min; > 0.05), but time was significantly reduced at 6 months when using the VRVF (59.9 ± 17.1 min vs. 96.6 ± 16.0 min; < 0.0001), likely due to the technician learning effect. CONCLUSIONS: The use of VRVF in neuro-ophthalmology clinics improved workflow by reducing technician workup time for new and follow-up patient visits. Consistent results across two time points underscore the role of VRVF testing in streamlining clinic visits and alleviating high patient volume pressures.
The Potential Regulatory Roles of Hsa_Circ_0002629/Hsa-miR-532-3p axis for the Retina Neovascularization in Diabetic Retinopathy and .
Lin C, Wu M, Chen Y … +2 more , Shao J, Xin Y
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41725567 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major microvascular complication of diabetes, can lead to blindness, and its incidence is increasing. CircRNAs have been associated with a variety of tumors and vascular diseases, in...
PURPOSE: Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major microvascular complication of diabetes, can lead to blindness, and its incidence is increasing. CircRNAs have been associated with a variety of tumors and vascular diseases, including DR. Here, we investigated the potential regulatory roles of hsa_circ_0002629/hsa-miR-532-3p in retinal neovascularization in DR. METHODS: Human retinal microvascular epithelial cells (hRECs) were exposed to three different conditions: low glucose (LG), LG plus mannitol, and high glucose (HG). Then, cells cultured under HG conditions were transfected with short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting hsa_circ_0002629, hsa-miR-532-3p mimics and inhibitors, and a hsa_circ_0002629 overexpression (OE) plasmid to assess hREC viability in hyperglycemia. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR model rats were injected with rno-miR-532-3p agomir or antagomir every 2 weeks. Dual-luciferase reporter assays and FISH were used to investigate the direct binding relationship among hsa_circ_0002629, hsa-miR-532-3p, and . RESULTS: QPCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of hsa_circ_0002629 were markedly elevated, while those of hsa-miR-532-3p were decreased in aqueous humor samples of DR patients and HG-exposed hRECs. Hsa_circ_0002629 overexpression improved hREC viability in hyperglycemia, reflected in augmented DNA synthesis, proliferation, migration, and tube formation; however, these effects were partially rescued by hsa-miR-532-3p mimics. In STZ-induced DR model rats, vitreous microinjection of rno-miR-532-3p agomir alleviated the pathologic features DR, including retinal vascular leakage, capillary decellularization, pericyte loss, fibrosis, and gliosis. Moreover, dual-luciferase reporter and FISH assays indicated that hsa-miR-532-3p directly targets both hsa_circ_0002629 and These results indicated that the hsa_circ_0002629/hsa-miR-532-3p axis regulates the development of DR within the DR microenvironment. CONCLUSION: The hsa_circ_0002629/hsa-miR-532-3p/ signaling pathway plays an essential role in the progression of DR and may represent a promising target for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Female Color Vision Deficiency is Associated with Increased Prevalence of Amblyopia, Strabismus and Ametropia.
Barayev E, Shapiro M, Greenbaum E … +3 more , Ran Y, Gershoni A, Dotan G
Curr Eye Res · 2026 May · PMID 41720577 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To examine the association between female color vision deficiency (CVD) and other ophthalmic disorders including amblyopia and strabismus. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of female adolescents...
PURPOSE: To examine the association between female color vision deficiency (CVD) and other ophthalmic disorders including amblyopia and strabismus. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of female adolescents undergoing military medical assessments between the years 2000 and 2020 was conducted. The prevalence of ophthalmic conditions, such as amblyopia, strabismus, and ametropia, was examined in both females with CVD and those with normal color vision. Demographic and socioeconomic data were also collected and analyzed. RESULTS: 912 females with CVD (mean age 17.1 ± 0.2 years) were identified within a cohort of 621,471 Israeli army female recruits. Female adolescents with CVD had higher prevalence of amblyopia (4.61% vs 0.66%, < 0.001), strabismus (2.96% vs 0.81%, < 0.001), and ametropia (moderate - less than 6.00 diopters, 40.46% vs 37.48%, < 0.001, and high - higher than 6.00 diopters, 4.50% vs 1.95% < 0.001) compared to females with normal color vision. Specific refractive data was available for a subgroup of 256 CVD females, demonstrating higher prevalence of both mild to moderate hyperopia (up to +6.00 diopters, 7.36% vs 2.72%, < 0.001) and high hyperopia (≥ +6.00 diopters, 1.16% vs 0.13%, < 0.001), but not for myopia or astigmatism. CONCLUSIONS: CVD in young females is strongly associated with strabismus, hyperopia and amblyopia, suggesting that early population screening for CVD at a young age could identify girls at a higher risk for preventable vision loss.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Maity M, Gijs M, Arita R … +2 more , Basu S, Singh S
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 41715960 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The current meta-analysis reviewed the dry eye symptomatology and tear film differences between PCOS and healthy women. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched for prospective/cross-sectional...
PURPOSE: The current meta-analysis reviewed the dry eye symptomatology and tear film differences between PCOS and healthy women. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched for prospective/cross-sectional studies on patients with PCOS where at least one tear film parameter or dry eye symptomatology had been tested and compared with healthy controls. The analyzed data were changes in ocular surface disease index scores (OSDI), tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer values, and Meibography. RevMan software was used for meta-analysis, and weighted mean differences (MD) were computed along with GRADE evidence level determination. RESULTS: Thirteen articles were included, and PCOS ( = 639) was diagnosed using the Amsterdam ( = 2) or Rotterdam ( = 11) criteria. Studies were heterogeneous (I > 75%) for all analyzed parameters. OSDI (MD 7.5, 95% CI 1.4 to 13.6, = 0.02) and invasive TBUT (MD -3.1s, 95% CI -4.7 to -1.6, < 0.0001) were worse in PCOS whereas Schirmer I (MD -1.8, 95% CI -4.5 to 0.5, = 0.12) and noninvasive TBUT (MD -2.1, 95% CI -4.2 to -0.03, = 0.05) were similar between PCOS and healthy controls. Forest plots revealed an overall MD estimate of all parameters to lie close to the null effect line. All studies had a low level of certainty regarding evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Women with PCOS can experience mild dry eye symptoms; however, tear volume and tear film stability are similar in women with PCOS and those without the condition. In most studies, tear film parameters of PCOS women do not meet DEWS II criteria for DED diagnosis, though they are heterogeneous and have low levels of certainty.
Ergothioneine: Evaluation of a Novel Antioxidant for Targeting Ocular Oxidative Stress.
He R, Ding W, Cao J … +3 more , Guo C, Li X, Xiao G
Curr Eye Res · 2026 May · PMID 41711523 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate ergothioneine (EGT), a naturally occurring amino acid and endogenous antioxidant, as a novel therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related ocular diseases. This evaluation specifically aimed to addr...
PURPOSE: To evaluate ergothioneine (EGT), a naturally occurring amino acid and endogenous antioxidant, as a novel therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related ocular diseases. This evaluation specifically aimed to address the challenge of targeted ocular delivery by assessing EGT's antioxidant potency, stability, ocular tolerance, and crucially, its ability to reach the posterior segment (fundus) topical administration. METHODS: This study evaluated EGT as a novel ocular antioxidant by examining its radical scavenging capacity (DPPH assay compared to glutathione, astaxanthin, and coenzyme Q10), stability (at 40 °C/75% relative humidity for six months using HPLC), ocular tolerance (using a New Zealand rabbit model), and fundus delivery efficiency (topical D-EGT eye drops quantified by LC-MS/MS). RESULTS: EGT demonstrated significantly superior radical scavenging activity, exhibiting 6.4-fold and 46-fold higher rates than glutathione and coenzyme Q10, respectively, at 50 ppm. It also showed excellent stability, retaining over 97% of its initial concentration after six months, and caused no ocular irritation at any tested concentration (score 0). Importantly, topical administration of EGT resulted in effective fundus delivery, with peak concentrations reached at 0.5 h post-application (1181 ± 56 ng/g), confirming successful penetration through corneal and scleral barriers. These findings establish EGT as a potent, multi-mechanistic antioxidant characterized by high stability, ocular safety, and exceptional posterior segment penetrance noninvasive eye drops. CONCLUSION: These findings establish EGT as a potent, multi-mechanistic antioxidant characterized by high stability, ocular safety, and exceptional posterior segment penetrance noninvasive eye drops. By overcoming key delivery limitations, EGT presents a promising therapeutic strategy for oxidative stress-related ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Further studies are warranted to evaluate its long-term efficacy and clinical translation potential.
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