Curr. Eye Res. [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Schirmer Strips in Tear Metabolomics of Dry Eye Disease: Pre-analytical and Analytical Considerations.
Yazdani M, Elgstøen KBP, Utheim TP
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Dec · PMID 41340136 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent ocular surface condition characterized by tear film instability and inflammation, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. While the Schirmer test remains a key dia...
PURPOSE: Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent ocular surface condition characterized by tear film instability and inflammation, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. While the Schirmer test remains a key diagnostic tool, Schirmer strips are increasingly used for tear fluid collection in metabolomics studies aimed at, e.g. identifying biomarkers for DED. However, both pre-analytical and analytical variables inherent to Schirmer strip use can compromise data integrity and hamper reproducibility. METHODS: For this review, the PubMed database and Google Scholar were searched for published human studies in English relevant to pre-analytical and analytical aspects of tear metabolomics, especially from dry eye patients, when tear samples were collected with Schirmer strips. RESULTS: This article discusses the critical pre-analytical factors, including variability in Schirmer strip materials, tear sampling techniques, storage conditions, and potential contamination, that influence metabolomic data quality. Analytical considerations are also examined, with particular focus on volume-adjusted extraction protocols that address tear volume variability. CONCLUSION: We conclude that standardized guidelines for Schirmer strip use, covering material selection, sampling protocols, storage, and extraction, are urgently needed to advance tear metabolomics as a reliable clinical and research tool. Future research should focus on validating these recommendations in multi-center studies, exploring inter-individual variability, and developing innovative analytical workflows to optimize metabolite recovery and quantification. Such efforts will enhance the translational potential of tear metabolomics, paving the way for biomarker discovery and improved management of DED.
Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles Protect Against Fundus Neovascularization Diseases and Inhibit NF-κB Signaling Pathway.
Jiang Y, Zhang G, Zhang L … +3 more , Jiang L, Hu Y, Sun X
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 41328674 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate whether copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs) protect against fundus neovascularization diseases (FNDs) and to explore the underlying mechanism of the anti-angiogenesis. MATERIALS...
PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate whether copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs) protect against fundus neovascularization diseases (FNDs) and to explore the underlying mechanism of the anti-angiogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The characterization and biocompatibility of CuS NPs were assessed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in retinas and major organs. Anti-angiogenic effects were evaluated using HUVECs through migration, sprouting, and proliferation assays. efficacy was tested in neonatal retinal vascular development, oxygen-induced retinopathy and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization mouse model. Transcriptomic analysis of CuS NPs-treated HUVECs was performed, followed by validation of key signaling pathways using real-time PCR and western blotting. RESULTS: Synthesized CuS NPs exhibited defined characteristics and demonstrated good biocompatibility at tested concentrations. They significantly inhibited HUVECs migration, sprouting, and proliferation. , CuS NPs attenuated retinal neovascularization and suppressed and choroidal neovascularization. Transcriptomic profiling and further validation revealed a significant downregulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway and its downstream cascades, coinciding with the observed anti-angiogenic outcomes upon CuS NPs treatment. CONCLUSIONS: CuS NPs may act as a promising therapeutic candidate for FNDs treatment.
PCANN: Principal Convolutional Analysis Neural Network for Block Chain based Diabetic Retinopathy Detection.
Krishnamoorthy S, Paulraj S, Periyasamy B … +1 more , Ramamoorthy AK
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41321039 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Diabetic retinopathy is an ophthalmic disease that impairs the retinal blood vessels. Diabetic retinopathy can lead to blindness when it is not examined in earlier phases. Adversely, the accurate diabetic retino...
PURPOSE: Diabetic retinopathy is an ophthalmic disease that impairs the retinal blood vessels. Diabetic retinopathy can lead to blindness when it is not examined in earlier phases. Adversely, the accurate diabetic retinopathy recognition phase is prominently complicated and needs experienced human analysis of fundus images. Blockchain technology helps share data by allowing users to select what information to share and control who can access it, which is important for managing electronic health records in healthcare sector. Nevertheless, the privacy of user data is compromised due to the training data, which is revealed to unauthorized users. METHODS: In this work, a superior module for diabetic retinopathy classification based on Blockchain using principal convolutional analysis neural network is designed. Here, the simulation of Blockchain is carried out. Here, the input image is pre-processed using the Gaussian filter. LadderNet is deployed for lesion segmentation, and the segmentation of blood vessel is done using the Sine-Net model. Moreover, feature extraction is performed with the input image, lesion-segmented image, and blood vessel-segmented image. Finally, diabetic retinopathy classification is executed utilizing the proposed principal convolutional analysis neural network, which is classified into normal, mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and proliferative. RESULTS: The Blockchain enabled principal convolutional analysis neural network obtains superior values of 90.9%, 91.9%, 92.5%, 89.4%, 88.4%, and 75.5% in terms of metrics like accuracy, true positive rate, true negative rate, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and Mathews correlation coefficient. CONCLUSION: The integration of principal convolutional analysis neural network with Blockchain enhances data integrity and patient privacy, making it a promising solution for early diagnosis and treatment. Also, this approach ensures accurate and efficient detection of diabetic retinopathy.
Integrated Spatiotemporal and Correlative Analysis of ATP-Related Signaling Components in Lens Development.
Wang G, Quan Y, Ma B … +1 more , Pei C
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41310968 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The development of the avascular lens depends on tightly regulated epithelial proliferation, differentiation into elongated fiber cells, and organelle elimination to maintain long-term transparency. Although Ade...
PURPOSE: The development of the avascular lens depends on tightly regulated epithelial proliferation, differentiation into elongated fiber cells, and organelle elimination to maintain long-term transparency. Although Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ectonucleotidases and Purinergic Receptors have been implicated in tissue morphogenesis, their specific contributions to lens development remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize the spatiotemporal expression patterns and predictive associations of ATP signaling components during lens development. METHODS: Transcriptomic datasets from human, mouse, and chicken lenses were analyzed to map the spatiotemporal expression of ATP ectonucleotidases and purinergic receptors. Pathway enrichment and correlation analyses with key developmental genes were performed to explore their functional associations. experiments were conducted using HLE‑B3 cells and primary embryonic chick lens cultures to assess cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation under ATP manipulation and pharmacological P2 receptor blockade. RESULTS: Transcriptomic profiling revealed region- and stage-specific expression of ATP ectonucleotidases and purinergic receptors, which were functionally linked to calcium signaling, autophagy, FGFR pathways, and glutathione-dependent redox regulation. , ATP exerted biphasic effects on HLE-B3 cells: low concentrations enhanced cell viability, whereas high concentrations increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated gene expression. In embryonic chick lens cultures, depletion of extracellular ATP or inhibition of P2 receptors reduced expression of key differentiation markers. CONCLUSION: Integrated bioinformatic and experimental evidence indicate that ATP signaling components display distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns and possible associations with multiple functional pathways. In addition, various purinergic receptor subtypes may be implicated in coordinated and potentially diverse processes during lens development and the maintenance of transparency. Together, these correlative findings provide insights into the involvement of ATP and purinergic signaling in lens morphogenesis and homeostasis.
Assessment of Dry Eye Symptoms in Young Professional Musicians.
Da Silva F, Noya-Padin V, Martingo  … +3 more , Matos V, Lira M, Pena-Verdeal H
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41263334 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The study aimed to assess dry eye symptomatology among young professional musicians, with particular attention to instrument type and practice-related variables. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study was...
PURPOSE: The study aimed to assess dry eye symptomatology among young professional musicians, with particular attention to instrument type and practice-related variables. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted including two groups: young professional musicians (experimental group) and non-music students (control group). Descriptive data such as age, sex, and instrument played were collected. Additionally, musician-specific variables were recorded, including age of instrument commencement, daily practice duration, and the number of weekly practice days. Dry eye symptoms were assessed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and its subscales: Vision-Related Functioning (VRF), Ocular Symptoms (OS), and Environmental Triggers (ET). OSDI scores were classified into four severity levels. RESULTS: Females exhibited higher scores on the ET subscale ( = 0.049). Among musicians, 41% reported dry eye symptoms, whereas only 26% of participants in the control group reported positive symptomatology. Statistically significant differences were observed in the total OSDI score ( = 0.023) and the ET subscale score ( = 0.005) when comparing young professional musicians with control participants. VRF ( = 0.048) and ET ( = 0.028) subscales scores were significantly higher among musicians who began playing their instrument before the age of 9. Among wind instrument players, a significant negative correlation was identified between the number of years playing the instrument and the OS subscale ( = -0.432, = 0.015). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that an earlier onset of musical training is associated with increased dry eye symptomatology, particularly related to environmental factors. Among wind instrument players, more years of practice appear to be linked to fewer ocular discomfort symptoms. These findings highlight the complex relationship between musical practice and ocular surface complaints in young professionals.
Complications and Outcomes of Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Corneal Pocket Implantation of 360-Degree MyoRing Versus Corneal Tunnel Implantation of 340-Degree Keraring for the Management of Central Keratoconus.
Abdel-Radi M, Anwar M, Mostafa MM
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41263332 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To report the intraoperative and postoperative complications and to evaluate the outcomes of femtosecond laser-assisted pocket implantation of 360-degree MyoRing versus tunnel implantation of 340-degree Keraring...
PURPOSE: To report the intraoperative and postoperative complications and to evaluate the outcomes of femtosecond laser-assisted pocket implantation of 360-degree MyoRing versus tunnel implantation of 340-degree Keraring for the management of central keratoconus. METHODS: This prospective randomized comparative interventional study included 74 eyes of 74 patients with central keratoconus stratified according to the surgical approach into corneal pocket ( =37) and corneal tunnel groups ( =37) who underwent WaveLight FS200 femtosecond laser-assisted implantation of 360-degree MyoRing and 340-degree Keraring, respectively. The main outcome measures were the intraoperative complications encountered during surgery, and the postoperative complications reported over 12 months of follow-up. The 12-month visual, refractive and tomographic outcomes were also evaluated. RESULTS: The baseline characteristics were similar between both groups. The intraoperative complications included incomplete pocket formation (3 eyes; 8.1%) and limbal bleeding (4 eyes; 10.8%) in the corneal pocket group and channel decentration in the tunnel group (2 eyes; 5.4%). Interface central haze (5 eyes; 13.5%) was the most common postoperative complication following pocket implantation of MyoRing. Infectious keratitis developed in 2 eyes (5.4%) following pocket implantation of MyoRing and in one eye (2.7%) following tunnel implantation of 340-degree Keraring. The mean uncorrected & corrected distance visual acuity and spherical equivalent showed significant improvement as a result of significant corneal flattening at 12 months postoperatively in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of both intraoperative and postoperative complications was higher, but didn't reach statistical significance, in femtosecond laser-assisted corneal pocket implantation of 360-degree MyoRing versus tunnel implantation of 340-degree Keraring for central keratoconus. Avoiding surgical manipulation of the central cornea and visual axis enhances the safety of the procedure in the tunnel surgical approach. The visual, refractive and tomographic outcomes showed significant and comparable improvements following the implantation of both ring implants. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05748847, 1 March 2023, retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05748847.
The Relationship Between the Axial Length of the Eye and Age in Danish Adults.
Gyldenkerne A, Hjortdal J, Bek T
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41246898 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To describe the relationship between the axial length of the eye and age, and report reference values for axial length in a general adult European population. METHODS: As part of the epidemiological study FORSYN...
PURPOSE: To describe the relationship between the axial length of the eye and age, and report reference values for axial length in a general adult European population. METHODS: As part of the epidemiological study FORSYN, the axial length in both eyes of a population-representative sample of 3,364 adult citizens (48.8% men, 51.2% women) was measured using swept-source optical coherence tomography. Approximately one third of the sample accepted the invitation (3,384 out of 9,708, 32.7%), and after correction for selection bias, multiple linear regression was used to estimate how the axial length depended on age in the whole population and among men and women. Based on the findings, reference values for the axial length in the adult population were calculated. Logistic regression was performed to examine whether the prevalence of axial lengths longer than or equal to 26.0 mm differed with age in both men and women. RESULTS: The axial length showed no significant correlation with age (multiple linear regression, slope -0.002, 95% CI -0.005 to 0.0001, = 0.06), but was significantly (unpaired t-test, < 0.0001) longer in men (23.99 mm) than in women (23.53 mm). The axial length was longer than or equal to 26.0 mm in 3.8% (95% CI 3.4 to 4.2) of the adult population. There was no significant difference in age among participants with axial length above and below this value (logistic regression, OR = 1.00, = 0.42). CONCLUSION: Global reports of increased axial length in the younger demographic does not seem to apply to the general Danish population. When evaluating axial length, it should be considered that reference values differ among men and women.
Impact of a Preoperative Risk Stratification System on Complication Rates During Resident-Performed Cataract Surgery.
Mylona I, Glynatsis FM, Glynatsis NM … +1 more , Tsinopoulos I
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41246896 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Several risk stratification systems against intraoperative complications of phacoemulsification cataract surgery have been empirically validated as to their usefulness in clinical settings, yet it remains unclea...
PURPOSE: Several risk stratification systems against intraoperative complications of phacoemulsification cataract surgery have been empirically validated as to their usefulness in clinical settings, yet it remains unclear whether their application is making a notable difference in the training of resident surgeons in clinical practice. The purpose of this study is to compare practice-as-usual in assignment of training cases to residents versus the application of a statistically validated risk classification system. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study included patients who underwent phacoemulsification surgery by residents in training, divided into two groups of 440 and 452 patients. The first group of patients had been assigned to residents following practice-as-usual while the second group followed the assessment with a validated risk stratification system. RESULTS: Although residents were assigned patients who were considered less prone to complications even before the introduction of a consistent risk stratification system, the difference in the assignment of riskier cases was statistically significant ( = 0.002). The reduction in the assignment of riskier cases was associated with fewer complications (64 complications/440 eyes versus 33/452, = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The introduction of a risk stratification system correlated with fewer interoperative complications and less challenging cases assigned to residents.
Image-Guided Limbal Relaxing Incisions Enhance Outcomes of Cataract Surgery with Trifocal Intraocular Lenses Implantation.
Cheng K, Hu X, Qi J … +6 more , He W, Meng J, Zhang K, Liu S, Lu Y, Zhu X
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41229217 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: : To assess the efficacy of image-guided limbal relaxing incisions (LRIs) in enhancing outcomes of cataract surgery with trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) implantation. METHODS: This prospective cohort study in...
PURPOSE: : To assess the efficacy of image-guided limbal relaxing incisions (LRIs) in enhancing outcomes of cataract surgery with trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) implantation. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included consecutive cataract patients with predicted postoperative corneal astigmatism of 0.5-1.0 D and intended for cataract surgery with trifocal IOL implantation. The enrolled subjects were randomized into the non-LRI group, manual-marked LRI group and image-guided LRI group. Correction effect of corneal astigmatism, as well as visual outcomes at 3 months after surgery were compared among the three groups. RESULTS: Finally, 30 eyes of 30 patients in every group were included. The image-guided LRI group showed more corneal astigmatism correction (0.81 ± 0.32 D vs. 0.17 ± 0.22 D vs. 0.48 ± 0.37 D, < .001) and less refractive postoperative cylinder (0.33 ± 0.29 D vs. 0.90 ± 0.25 D vs. 0.65 ± 0.31 D, < .001) than the non-LRI group and manual-marked LRI group. The uncorrected near visual acuity and uncorrected intermediate visual acuity were significantly better in the image-guided LRI group and manual-marked LRI group than the non-LRI group (all < .05). The image-guided LRI group also displayed significantly better ocular modulation transfer functions than the other two groups (all < .05). CONCLUSION: LRIs, especially image-guided LRIs, can effectively reduce corneal astigmatism and improve both near and intermediate vision, as well as visual quality of patients undergoing trifocal IOLs implantation.
Comparing Analyte Concentrations in Paired Tear Fluid and Blood Samples.
Wang Y, Liang L, Nuijts RMMA … +1 more , Gijs M
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 41220112 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To compare analyte concentrations in paired tear fluid and blood samples, and to evaluate their correlations. METHODS: Studies published between January 1974 and May 2024 and between May 2024 and March 2025, rep...
PURPOSE: To compare analyte concentrations in paired tear fluid and blood samples, and to evaluate their correlations. METHODS: Studies published between January 1974 and May 2024 and between May 2024 and March 2025, reporting analyte concentrations in tear fluid and blood (including whole blood, serum, or plasma), were identified from a recent scoping review and through searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE, respectively. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted relevant data. Concentration data were then pooled using a random-effects model. Comparisons between pooled tear fluid and blood concentrations were performed using Bayesian posterior simulation methods, in which the differences in concentrations were evaluated based on estimated posterior probabilities. Blood-to-tear and tear-to-blood ratios were calculated. A total of 72 significant correlation coefficients from 65 studies were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 367 paired tear fluid and blood concentrations for 138 analytes were collected. Based on their functional characteristics, these analytes were divided into nine categories. Most cytokines and neuromodulators exhibited higher concentrations in tear fluid than in blood, while antibodies, drugs, and other proteins or enzymes were generally found at higher concentrations in blood. The highest tear-to-blood ratio was for lactoferrin at 1281-fold, while the highest blood-to-tear ratio was observed for MMP-2 (400-fold). Most analytes ( = 64, 89%) showed positive correlations ( > 0), with the majority ( = 23, 32%) exhibiting strong positive correlations ( > 0.8). CONCLUSION: This comprehensive analysis demonstrates that analyte concentrations in paired tear fluid and blood vary according to their functional categories, with cytokines and neuromodulators generally enriched in tear fluid, and antibodies and drugs more abundant in blood. Strong positive correlations between tear fluid and blood concentrations for most analytes support the potential of tear fluid analysis for monitoring systemic physiological and pathological conditions.
Cell Free Regenerative Extracellular Vesicle Therapy for Ocular Diseases.
Tseng AM, Kandoi S, Heur M … +1 more , Lee SY
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Dec · PMID 41193438 · Full text
PURPOSE: To assess the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem cells and ocular tissues as a cell-free alternative to traditional stem cell therapies for a broad spectrum of ocular disease...
PURPOSE: To assess the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem cells and ocular tissues as a cell-free alternative to traditional stem cell therapies for a broad spectrum of ocular diseases. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was performed, focusing on preclinical studies involving EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), neural progenitor cells, immune cells, and ocular-resident cells. Data were extracted on EV cellular origin, isolation methods, routes of administration, preclinical disease models, therapeutic outcomes, and proposed mechanisms of action. Registered clinical trials were also evaluated. RESULTS: EVs exhibited regenerative and immunomodulatory effects across a range of ocular conditions, including dry eye, uveitis, glaucoma, retinal degenerations, and optic neuropathies. Various cell sources have been explored for EV production, including MSCs, iPSCs, hESCs, retinal organoids, and other ocular tissue-resident cells. In addition, bioengineered EVs have been developed to modify surface properties or enhance therapeutic cargo. Reported mechanisms of action include miRNA-mediated gene regulation, immune modulation, and oxidative stress reduction. Several early-phase clinical trials are currently underway to translate these findings into human therapies. CONCLUSION: Stem cell-derived EVs represent a promising next-generation, cell-free regenerative therapy for ocular diseases. While preclinical data are promising, successful clinical translation will require optimal EV source selection, scalable and GMP-compliant production, identification of disease-relevant mechanisms of action, rigorous cargo characterization, and alignment with regulatory standards.
Pupillary Response Patterns in Patients with Known Substance Use Based on Stimulus Chromaticity; A Pedagogically Based Assessment.
Ramini A, Zaffer A, Cortes MC … +3 more , Ramic A, Patel R, Gaynes B
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41143850 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Use of illicit substances such as cocaine is associated with alteration in catecholamine-mediated neurotransmission throughout the CNS, including the eye. One of the most accessible physiologic parameters associ...
PURPOSE: Use of illicit substances such as cocaine is associated with alteration in catecholamine-mediated neurotransmission throughout the CNS, including the eye. One of the most accessible physiologic parameters associated with neuromodulatory features of substance abuse is the pupillary light reflex (PLR). In this study, we examined a domain of the PLR characterized by melanopsin-driven intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) to assess the impact of substance abuse on ipRGC function. METHODS: An exploratory PLR examination on ten subjects with a documented history of substance use (HSU) without preexisting ocular disease was conducted with a comparator control cohort. Cases included assessment of cognitive function, depression, insomnia, and retinal nerve fiber thickness. IpRGC functionality was demonstrated by the PLR using a pedagogical-based methodology centered on response parameters with the introduction of a complementary analysis employing pseudo-one-phase modeling. Discriminant analysis employing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC of ROC) categorized normal vs. abnormal ipRGC response. RESULTS: There was no statistical association between ipRGC function and insomnia; however, insomnia was more prevalent among those with ipRGC abnormality. Indication of clinical depression was seen in 70% of study participants and was unrelated to ipRGC function. Pseudo-one-phase modeling demonstrated a significantly higher plateau in the HSU group as well as a slower initial rate of pupil recovery consistent with abnormal PIPR dynamics and complementary to AUC metrics. Discriminant analysis identified that 60% of HSU demonstrated ipRGC abnormality. CONCLUSION: Abnormal ipRGC functionality was demonstrated among those with HSU in this small exploratory study utilizing both AUC-ROC analysis as well as assessment of PLR waveform characteristics using features of a pseudo-first-order model.
After-School Solar Exposure and Myopia: Comparison of Subjective Assessments and Dosimetric Measurements.
Martinez-Perez C, Sánchez-Tena MÁ, Roque A … +2 more , Barqueira A, Alvarez-Peregrina C
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41143844 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare subjective (questionnaire-based) and objective (dosimeter-based) measurements of children's outdoor activity, to improve assessment methods for future research on the potential impact...
PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare subjective (questionnaire-based) and objective (dosimeter-based) measurements of children's outdoor activity, to improve assessment methods for future research on the potential impact of outdoor activity on myopia development. METHODS: The study was conducted among children aged 5 to 11 years in Lisbon, Portugal. Subjective data on after-school outdoor activities during weekdays were collected using the "Myopia Risk Assessment Worksheet," completed by parents to report their child's typical after-school outdoor time. Objective measurements for the same period were obtained using UV dosimeters worn by participants, recording their exposure to solar radiation between 4:00 PM and 9:00 PM on weekdays. The analysis compared these two data sources to evaluate their agreement and to assess the accuracy of self-reported after-school outdoor activity. RESULTS: The results indicated a moderate correlation (rs = 0.417; < 0.001) between questionnaire responses and dosimetric data, with self-reported data typically underestimating outdoor exposure compared to dosimetric measurements. The median difference was -0.25 h/day (95% CI: -0.52 to 0.15 h/day), indicating no significant systematic bias in the overall sample. However, variability in differences increased with longer outdoor times, as shown by a positive slope of 0.540 ( < 0.001) in the regression of absolute residuals on average outdoor time. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that lifestyle questionnaires and dosimetric measurements yield moderately correlated estimates of weekly UV exposure, with minimal differences between them. Combining subjective and objective methods enhances the accuracy of assessing children's outdoor exposure, an essential factor in developing effective myopia prevention strategies.
Refractive Changes Induced by Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices in Cataract Surgery.
Souza LFF, Carricondo PC, Moscovici BK … +3 more , Vilar CMC, Gouvea L, Hida WT
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41131940 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the refractive changes induced by ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs) in the anterior chamber after intraocular lens (IOL) implantation using intraoperative aberrometry (IA). METHODS: A nonrandom...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the refractive changes induced by ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs) in the anterior chamber after intraocular lens (IOL) implantation using intraoperative aberrometry (IA). METHODS: A nonrandomized prospective interventional case series of ten consecutive patients undergoing routine cataract surgery was conducted. Exclusion criteria included previous ocular surgery, corneal opacities, vitreous or macular lesions, and extreme axial lengths. Intraoperative refractive measurements were taken using IA after IOL implantation with cohesive (Provisc, Alcon), intermediate (Vistagel, Johnson & Johnson), and dispersive (Viscoat, Alcon) OVDs. Balanced Salt Solution (BSS) was used as a control. Statistical analysis compared refractive deviations across OVDs. RESULTS: Provisc, a cohesive OVD, demonstrated the least refractive deviation (median SE -1.0 D) and minimal impact on refractive outcomes. Viscoat, a highly dispersive OVD, induced the greatest refractive deviation (median SE -1.7 D) compared to the control with BSS (median SE -0.1 D). Statistically significant differences in refractive deviations were observed among the tested OVDs compared to BSS ( < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that OVD choice significantly influences refractive outcomes in cataract surgery. Provisc (cohesive) produced the smallest refractive deviation (median SE -1.0 D), whereas Viscoat (dispersive) caused the greatest deviation (median SE -1.7 D) compared with BSS (-0.1 D). These findings underscore the importance of careful OVD selection to optimize refractive precision and highlight the need for further research in diverse surgical settings.
An Experimental Study on the Widely Used Chemotherapeutic Docetaxel: Does It Induce Inflammation, Ischemia, and Neurodegeneration in the Eye, Causing Dry Eye and Blurred Vision in a Real-Life Scenario?
Akyuz Unsal AI, Kahyaoglu F, Aydin Eroglu S … +4 more , Onal T, Demir B, Barutca S, Demirci B
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41123016 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Chemotherapy protocols for lung, breast, and prostate cancer include Docetaxel (DTX). Several case series have reported ophthalmic side effects of DTX, such as epiphora and blurred vision, which significantly af...
PURPOSE: Chemotherapy protocols for lung, breast, and prostate cancer include Docetaxel (DTX). Several case series have reported ophthalmic side effects of DTX, such as epiphora and blurred vision, which significantly affect quality of life. This experimental study aims to investigate the potential histopathological impacts of DTX on ocular structures. METHODS: A DTX-treated group consisting of male Wistar rats aged 6 to 8 months ( = 7) received intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg DTX three times on days 0, 8, and 15. A control group ( = 6) received weekly intraperitoneal injections of physiological saline. On the 22nd day, ocular tissues were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, along with immunohistochemical analysis of iNOS, eNOS, IL-6, TGF-β, VEGF, and TUNEL markers. RESULTS: The main outcomes observed through H&E evaluation revealed corneal neovascularization, inflammatory cells with cystic dilatations in the lacrimal gland, and degeneration of the retinal nerve fiber layer. DTX treatment significantly increased the levels of iNOS, eNOS, IL-6, TGF-β, VEGF, and apoptosis markers compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This experimental study demonstrated that DTX induces inflammation and ischemia in ocular tissues, as shown in histopathological sections. Given the rising incidence of cancer and the related use of chemotherapeutics, it is crucial for ophthalmologists to recognize the ocular side effects of drugs like DTX in order to enhance the quality of life for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Overexpression of Ku80 Protects Lens Epithelial Cells from Selenium-Induced Cataract Formation by Regulating the DNA Damage Response.
Chen P, Liu X, Chen K … +7 more , Wu S, Yao H, Yang Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Gu Q, Yuan J
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41114541 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: DNA damage and repair defects in lens epithelial cells (LECs) contribute to the formation and progression of age-related cataracts (ARC). Ku antigen 80 kDa (Ku80) plays an important role in the non-homologous en...
PURPOSE: DNA damage and repair defects in lens epithelial cells (LECs) contribute to the formation and progression of age-related cataracts (ARC). Ku antigen 80 kDa (Ku80) plays an important role in the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway for repairing DNA double-strand breaks, while the Cockayne Syndrome Complementary B (CSB) protein plays a critical role in the nucleotide excision repair pathway. This study evaluates the protective effect of AAV-mediated overexpression of Ku80 in rat LECs and explores its contribution to delaying selenium-induced cataract formation. METHODS: SD rats (11 days) were randomly divided into three groups: control group ( = 7), AAV-NC group ( = 14), and AAV-Ku80 group ( = 14). The AAV-Ku80 group received adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Ku80, the AAV-NC group received adenoviral vector negative control, and the control group was injected with physiological saline. All injections were performed in the anterior chamber. Except for the control group, the other two groups were subcutaneously injected with sodium selenite solution into the nape of the neck 30 min after the injection. The degree of lens opacity was examined using a slit-lamp, and lenses were harvested to assess antioxidant parameters, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, and the oxidative damage marker malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the upregulation of CSB protein and its association with delayed cataract formation. RESULTS: Overexpression of Ku80 significantly enhanced the expression of CSB protein, improved DNA repair capacity, and mitigated the influences of oxidative stress on rat LECs. This resulted in a significant increase in SOD and GSH levels, a significant decrease in MDA levels, and postponed the onset of selenium-induced cataracts, hence preserving lens clarity. Moreover, Ku80 overexpression partially alleviated damage to the corneal endothelium and retina. CONCLUSION: Ku80 overexpression alleviates damage to LECs and postpones the development of selenium-induced cataracts by increasing CSB protein levels and controlling DNA repair processes. This research underscores the significant therapeutic potential of Ku80 in postponing cataract formation and may offer new avenues for gene therapy in the prevention and treatment of cataracts.
Nitrosative Stress, Mitochondrial Peptides, and Ferroptosis Markers in Corneal Epithelial Cells from Keratoconus Patients.
Demirkiran C, Mete A, Demiryürek AT … +2 more , Saracaloglu A, Demiryürek Ş
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 41088780 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate the possible contribution of nitrosative stress, mitochondrial peptide levels (humanin and mitochondrial open-reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c), and ferroptosis parameters in corneal epithelial cel...
PURPOSE: To investigate the possible contribution of nitrosative stress, mitochondrial peptide levels (humanin and mitochondrial open-reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c), and ferroptosis parameters in corneal epithelial cells obtained from patients with keratoconus. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted on corneal epithelial cell samples taken from 75 adult patients with keratoconus and 25 age-matched postmortem controls. The Amsler-Krumeich classification was used for staging the keratoconus. All parameters, except nitric oxide, were measured by ELISA, and nitric oxide levels were determined by the chemiluminescence method. RESULTS: Humanin levels in keratoconus corneal epithelial cells were increased in stage 3 ( < .05), while mitochondrial open-reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c ( < .01) levels were diminished in all stages. Significant increases in nitric oxide ( < .001) and 3-nitrotyrosine ( < .05) levels were detected in the keratoconus group, indicating the involvement of nitrosative stress. In stage 3, glutathione peroxidase 4 levels were shown to be decreased ( < .01), while long-chain fatty acid CoA ligase 4 ( < .05) and malondialdehyde ( < .05) levels were increased. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to show that humanin and mitochondrial open-reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c can participate in the pathophysiology of keratoconus. In addition to the mitochondrial peptides, our data suggest that increased nitrosative stress and ferroptosis may contribute to the pathophysiology of keratoconus.
Experimental Use of Ozone in Cross-Linking: Transforming Keratoconus Management.
Dogan AS, Gurdal C, Caliskan S … +3 more , Onder E, Isgoren A, Toprak Tellioglu H
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 41077843 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Keratoconus is a progressive corneal disorder characterized by thinning of the stromal layer. Corneal cross-linking (CXL), a widely used treatment, focuses on improving corneal strength by enhancing collagen cro...
PURPOSE: Keratoconus is a progressive corneal disorder characterized by thinning of the stromal layer. Corneal cross-linking (CXL), a widely used treatment, focuses on improving corneal strength by enhancing collagen cross-links. Alternative methods are being explored to increase the efficacy of CXL. This study aims to evaluate whether ozone, as a strong oxygen donor, can be utilized as an adjuvant or standalone cross-linking agent in an model. METHODS: The study involved 12 New Zealand albino rabbits, which were divided into three treatment groups, each receiving a different therapy: (1) CXL, (2) ozone, and (3) CXL combined with ozone (CXL+ozone). Corneal Visualization Scheimpflug Technology (Corvis ST), Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (AS-OCT), and Corneal Confocal Microscopy (CCM) measurements were performed post-procedure. RESULTS: Ozone therapy did not result in statistically significant differences compared to CXL in biomechanical parameters. Corvis ST measurements were not significantly different between groups. AS-OCT revealed full-thickness stromal brightness in the CXL+ozone group. CCM imaging showed hyperreflectivity limited to the anterior stroma in the CXL and ozone groups but distributed throughout the stroma in the CXL+ozone group. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSION: Ozone therapy may enhance CXL efficacy and serves as a potential alternative. Its affordability, shorter duration, and comparable clinical outcomes make it particularly promising for resource-limited settings.
Nd:YAG Laser Induced Microfragmentation in Intraocular Lenses: A Correlative Optical and Raman Spectroscopy Study.
Borkenstein AF, Borkenstein EM, Ranz L … +3 more , Korenjak Jausnik S, Neuper C, Fitzek H
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41077822 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy is among the most frequently performed postoperative procedures in pseudophakic patients. Despite its widespread use and generally favorable saf...
PURPOSE: Neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy is among the most frequently performed postoperative procedures in pseudophakic patients. Despite its widespread use and generally favorable safety profile, its potential to release solid-phase polymer debris from intraocular lenses (IOLs) has not been fully characterized. In this study, we investigated whether clinically relevant laser settings can cause the liberation of detachable fragments from both hydrophobic and hydrophilic acrylic IOLs. METHODS: Six commercially available one-piece IOLs were exposed to 2.6 mJ single-pulse Nd:YAG laser shots under standardized conditions. Microscopic evaluation before and after ultrasonic cleaning was performed. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the chemical composition of any released fragments. RESULTS: Fragments adjacent to YAG-induced pits were observed in all lens types. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the fragments matched the chemical signature of the respective IOL material. After sonication and filtration, identical Raman spectra were obtained from fragments retained on gold-coated filters, confirming their origin from the lens surface. Fragment sizes ranged from 10-20 µm. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that solid IOL-derived fragments can be released by standard laser energy levels used in posterior capsulotomy. Although conducted , the findings raise concerns about the potential clinical relevance of laser-induced material release. Free-floating debris may contribute to straylight, glare, increased intraocular pressure, or inflammatory responses. Further clinical studies are warranted to systematically assess whether such microfragments lead to postoperative complications. Optimized laser parameters and precise focusing are recommended to minimize structural damage and fragment release.
Changes in Axial Length and Refraction After Gradual Versus Prompt Cessation of Atropine 0.01% Treatment for Myopia Management.
Erdinest N, Shemer A, Morad S … +7 more , Atar-Vardi M, London N, Landau D, Dubinsky-Pertzov B, Pras E, Naroo SA, Morad Y
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 41059743 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Recent studies have demonstrated the effects of low-concentration atropine eye drops in slowing myopia progression. However, some studies have shown a rebound effect after treatment cessation. This study compare...
PURPOSE: Recent studies have demonstrated the effects of low-concentration atropine eye drops in slowing myopia progression. However, some studies have shown a rebound effect after treatment cessation. This study compares the rate of myopic progression following a rapid washout versus tapered cessation of 0.01% atropine. METHODS: This retrospective study included children treated with atropine 0.01% between 2015 and 2022. After 24 months of treatment, the gradual cessation (GC) group stopped atropine by reducing usage by one day per week each month until complete discontinuation. The prompt cessation (PC) group stopped treatment immediately. Subjective refraction was measured after cycloplegia, and axial length was assessed before drop instillation to compare myopia progression between the GC and PC groups during the 12 months following treatment cessation. RESULTS: Each group included 25 patients matched for age and spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error. The GC group had a mean age of 10.55 ± 1.19 years and the PG group 10.10 ± 1.7 years. The baseline SE refractive error averaged -4.33 ± 1.62D in GC and -4.50 ± 1.87D in PG. Mean follow-up was 12.4 ± 3.2 months (GC) and 12.2 ± 2.04 months (PG At follow up, the GC group had a mean SE refractive error progression of 0.21 ± 0.24 D and axial elongation of 0.15 ± 0.1 mm, while the PC group showed 0.43 ± 0.26 D and 0.25 ± 0.18 mm, respectively. However, linear mixed model (LMM) analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between the groups for axial length ( = 0.682) or SE ( = 0.541) change after treatment cessation. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that neither gradual nor prompt discontinuation of 0.01% atropine resulted in statistically significant differences in myopia progression. These results suggest no significant differences in myopia progression after treatment cessation between the two methods and provide no evidence of a rebound effect.
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