Curr. Eye Res. [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Corneal Sealants in Pre-Clinical Development.
Tan J, Foster LJR, Lovicu FJ … +3 more , Ramaswamy Y, Singh G, Watson SL
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 41054837 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To examine corneal sealants and adhesives in the pre-clinical phase of development to guide future development. METHOD: A systematic review of major databases from inception to 4 March 2025. RESULTS: Corneal sea...
PURPOSE: To examine corneal sealants and adhesives in the pre-clinical phase of development to guide future development. METHOD: A systematic review of major databases from inception to 4 March 2025. RESULTS: Corneal sealants and adhesives can be broadly divided into biological and synthetic groups. These are further categorized by their methods of adhesion activation. This review identified the following groups: human fibrin glue, cyanoacrylates, biodendrimers, polyethylene glycol, fibrinogen, albumin, collagen, gelatin, chondroitin, hyaluronic acid, dextran, and chitosan. Burst pressures are often reported as a measure of sealing efficacy. Ideal characteristics for future development include biocompatibility, tolerate high burst pressure, on-demand activation, accelerates healing, and does no transmit infection. CONCLUSION: A variety of corneal sealants and adhesives are in development. To seal corneal wounds sealants and adhesive should have a range of properties to prevent leak.
Retinal Vascular Changes in Acne Patients Under Isotretinoin Treatment: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study.
Eker S, Kurtipek GS, Karakucuk Y … +3 more , Akyurek FT, Ugur MT, Yavuz C
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 41031477 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study was designed to assess retinal and choroidal microvasculature in acne patients using oral isotretinoin with optical coherence tomography angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and one eyes of...
PURPOSE: This study was designed to assess retinal and choroidal microvasculature in acne patients using oral isotretinoin with optical coherence tomography angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and one eyes of 101 patients diagnosed with acne using isotretinoin and 105 eyes of 105 healthy subjects underwent retinal and choroidal assessment with the Triton swept-source deep range imaging optical coherence tomography device (Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The patients' superficial (VDs), deep (VDd), and choriocapillar (VDc) vascular densities were examined. Foveal avascular zones in the superficial (FAZs) and deep (FAZd) layers, as well as the central macular thickness (CMT) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), were measured. RESULTS: In total, 32 males and 69 females were assessed. The mean duration of isotretinoin use was 81 days (range: 30-210 days). The cumulative dose of medication used was 2334 mg (range: 600-7200 mg). VDs and VDd showed no differences between the acne patients and the controls ( > 0.05). All sectors of the VDc values were significantly higher in the patients compared to the controls ( < 0.05). FAZs and FAZd were significantly higher in the patients compared to the controls ( = 0.048 and = 0.041, respectively). The mean CMT significantly decreased in the patient group compared to the control group ( = 0.001), while the mean SFCT significantly increased ( = 0.002). The VDc superior values of the patients who used isotretinoin for more than 3 months were significantly higher than those of the patients who used the drug for less than 3 months ( = 0.01). We did not find any correlation with the total dose of isotretinoin, except for the nasal sector value of VDc ( = -0.199, = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Alterations of macular microvasculature were observed in acne patients using isotretinoin. In particular, a significant increment in choriocapillaris blood flow was detected.
Classifying Indoor Versus Outdoor Environments Using the Actiwatch Spectrum PRO | A 1000 Lux Threshold is Questionable.
Abbasi S, Satheesh S, Wildsoet CF … +1 more , Harb EN
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jan · PMID 41020393 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Wearable light sensors allow for a more objective classification of a child's habitual light environment. The aim of this study was to develop an optimal illuminance and/or RGB irradiance thresholds as a pr...
INTRODUCTION: Wearable light sensors allow for a more objective classification of a child's habitual light environment. The aim of this study was to develop an optimal illuminance and/or RGB irradiance thresholds as a proxy for distinguishing between indoor and outdoor environments through empirical analysis of data collected with the Actiwatch Spectrum PRO, as an example of wearable light-sensing technology. METHODS: Six participants, aged 18-22 y, wore an Actiwatch Spectrum PRO, for two consecutive days as they went about their daily activities. The Actiwatch was configured to record at 30 s epochs, both overall illuminance (lux) and irradiance (µW/cm2), for each of its three wavelength channels (R, G, B). Using the Actiwatch's scoring feature, participants indicated changes in their environment and its type, i.e. indoors or outdoors. For each individual dataset, mean illuminance, as well as mean red, green, and blue irradiances were calculated for each event, i.e. interval spent in a particular environment. Criteria for distinguishing between indoor and outdoor environments were evaluated using ROC analyses. RESULTS: Based on the collected data, a 1000 lux white light threshold, which has been commonly used to distinguish between outdoor and indoor settings, resulted in significant misclassification of reported outdoor events (sensitivity: 43.5%, specificity: 93.6%). The use of two time-dependent red light irradiance thresholds covering sunrise to 2 pm, and 2 pm to sunset, proved to more reliably identify outdoor settings (sensitivity: 85.1%, specificity: 82.6%). CONCLUSION: In this small-scale study of the Actiwatch Spectrum Pro, derived red light irradiance thresholds out performed the more commonly used 1000 lux white light threshold in correctly classifying indoor and outdoor environments. In this context, the potential utility of wavelength-dependent irradiance cutoff values warrants further investigation, with due consideration to study-specific differences in geographic locations, climate and season.
Inhibition of P2X7R Activation Ameliorates Damage to the Corneas and Corneal Nerves of Rats with Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Type 1 Diabetes.
Qi Y, Guo Q, Li Q … +3 more , Li W, Zhang W, Zhao S
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 41020362 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) to the corneas and corneal nerves of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes as well as the underlying mechanism. METHODS: In this study, mal...
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) to the corneas and corneal nerves of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes as well as the underlying mechanism. METHODS: In this study, male Wistar rats were first randomly divided into normal group (NL) and diabetes group (DM). After intraperitoneal injection of STZ, corneal perception, corneal fluorescein staining and the expression of P2X7R mRNA and protein in corneal tissues of NL and DM groups were detected before, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 weeks respectively. Then male Wistar rats were randomly divided into NL group, DM group and P2X7R inhibitor group (BBG). Start at 2 weeks after diabetes modeling, the BBG group was intraperitoneally injected with BBG every day. Corneal perception, corneal fluorescein staining, confocal microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, corneal P2X7RmRNA levels, the mRNA levels of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), Nerve growth factor (NGF), Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Growth associated protein-43(GAP-43) of corneal and trigeminal nerve were detected in the three groups at the 6th and 8th week. RESULTS: The mRNA and protein expression of P2X7R was significantly increased as early as 6 weeks after STZ injection and then showing a downward trend, but the corneal perception and corneal fluorescent staining continued to worse. Inhibition of P2X7R activation increased corneal sensitivity, ameliorated corneal epithelial damage, improved corneal subbasal nerve plexus density and length, increased the expression of BDNF in the trigeminal nerve and increased the expression of NPY in the corneal and trigeminal nerves. CONCLUSIONS: The increase of P2X7R expression of diabetic rats was not synchronized with the gradually aggravated corneal injure. Inhibition of P2X7R activation can alleviate diabetes-associated corneal injury, regulate the expression of related neurotrophic factors and neuropeptides, and improve the corneal subbasal nerve plexus.
Predictive Nomogram for Large-Scale Childhood Myopia Screening and Intervention.
Saxena R, Tripathi M, Bhardwaj A … +3 more , Gupta V, Tandon R, Vashist P
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jan · PMID 40964935 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To study the correlation between uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCVA) and myopic refractive error among school-aged children. METHODS: The North India Myopia study is a prospective cohort study in which sch...
PURPOSE: To study the correlation between uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCVA) and myopic refractive error among school-aged children. METHODS: The North India Myopia study is a prospective cohort study in which school children were screened for refractive error. These children were subsequently followed up to note the incidence and progression of myopia. The methodology of the study is as previously described. Children with UCVA < 3/60 were excluded for this analysis, since they are more likely to be associated with other ocular pathologies. RESULTS: Of the 9884 children screened, 1463 children fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this analysis. UCVA was plotted against the mean prescribed Spherical equivalent (SE), with a 95% confidence interval. Marginal predictions of prescribed power according to UCVA were calculated using linear regression, enabling the development of a nomogram to estimate the closest SE based on UCVA. CONCLUSION: There is a steady correlation between the UCVA and degree of myopic refractive error among school going children. This correlation has been utilized to develop this nomogram that may help predict myopic refractive error on the basis of uncorrected visual acuity. Large scale studies are needed for the validation of this nomogram in different populations.
Impact of Extended Lens-Induced Myopia on Retinal Structure and Function in Mice.
Yang Y, Tomita Y, Lee D … +5 more , Ikeda SI, Jiang X, Negishi K, Tsubota K, Kurihara T
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 40955491 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate time-dependent structural and functional retinal alterations in a mouse model of prolonged lens-induced myopia. METHODS: Myopia was induced in male C57BL/6J mice by fitting -30 D lenses on both ey...
PURPOSE: To investigate time-dependent structural and functional retinal alterations in a mouse model of prolonged lens-induced myopia. METHODS: Myopia was induced in male C57BL/6J mice by fitting -30 D lenses on both eyes starting at postnatal week 3. Mice were assigned to either a long-term induction group (3-9 weeks of age) or a short-term induction group (3-6 weeks of age). Separate groups fitted with 0 D lenses served as controls. Ocular parameters, including refraction, axial length, choroidal thickness, and retinal thickness were measured at weeks 3, 6, and 9 using an infrared photorefractor and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Retinal function was assessed by dark-adapted electroretinography at week 9 for the long-term group and at week 6 for the short-term group. Statistical analyses included two-way repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test for comparisons across groups and time points, and two-tailed unpaired -test or one-way ANOVA with Fisher's LSD post hoc test for group comparisons at individual time points. RESULTS: After 6 weeks of myopia induction, the long-term myopia group exhibited significant reduction in refraction, axial length elongation, and choroidal thickness thinning. Inner retinal thickness was markedly reduced, and electroretinography revealed attenuated amplitudes and delayed implicit times of the oscillatory potentials. CONCLUSION: Prolonged lens-induced myopia in mice induces time-dependent structural and functional retinal alterations, particularly in the inner layers. This model underscores the significance of early retinal monitoring under long-term myopic conditions and serves as a platform for investigating retinal vulnerability and developing preservation strategies over time.
Short-Term Effects of Dark Chocolate on Choroidal Parameters in Myopic Patients During Near Work.
Lin M, Ma D, Shen J … +4 more , Chen X, Zhu D, Lu F, Hu L
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 40898420 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To explore the effects of dark chocolate during relaxation and near work on choroidal thickness and blood flow parameters in myopic patients. METHODS: Thirty-one myopic subjects were recruited for this self-cont...
PURPOSE: To explore the effects of dark chocolate during relaxation and near work on choroidal thickness and blood flow parameters in myopic patients. METHODS: Thirty-one myopic subjects were recruited for this self-controlled study. Participants need to complete two experiments. Experiment 1: Subjects first underwent a 10-minute washout process (0 diopter), followed by 20 min of near work (5 diopter). Experiment 2: After consuming 30 grams of dark chocolate 2 h in advance, subjects underwent the washout and near work procedures. Choroidal parameters were measured using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCT/OCTA). Parameters comprised mean choroidal thickness (ChT), choriocapillaris perfusion area (CCPA), along with choroidal vessel volume (CVV) and three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index (CVI) quantified specifically for large- and middle-sized vessels. RESULTS: After consuming dark chocolate, ChT and CCPA significantly increased during relaxation in individuals with myopia. Both experiments found that the choroidal blood flow decreased significantly after near work, but the ChT decreased significantly only after consumption of dark chocolate. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the changes of CCPA and CVI between the two experiments. CONCLUSIONS: After consumption of dark chocolate for two hours, a positive effect on choroidal thickness and blood flow was observed under relaxed condition. No evidence was found that consumption of dark chocolate could inhibit the reduction in choroidal thickness or blood flow during near work.
Perfluorohexyloctane Eye Drops in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with Dry Eye Disease Associated with Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Phase 3 Trial.
Zhu Y, Xie J, Shi X … +1 more , Sun Y
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jan · PMID 40898391 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Sex hormone changes, often occurring during menopause, are implicated in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and evaporative dry eye disease (DED). This study aimed to evaluate whether menopausal status affects th...
PURPOSE: Sex hormone changes, often occurring during menopause, are implicated in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and evaporative dry eye disease (DED). This study aimed to evaluate whether menopausal status affects the treatment outcomes of perfluorohexyloctane eye drops. METHODS: This post hoc analysis used data from a phase 3 trial (NCT05515471) of perfluorohexyloctane eye drops in patients with DED associated with MGD. The efficacy and safety of perfluorohexyloctane compared with 0.6% saline were evaluated within each menopausal status subgroup (premenopausal or postmenopausal), and the interaction between treatment and menopausal status was assessed. RESULTS: In total, 245 women (94 postmenopausal and 151 premenopausal) were included. In the postmenopausal subgroup, the propensity score weighted least-squares mean differences (LSMD) in changes from baseline to day 57 in total corneal fluorescein staining (tCFS) score and eye dryness score (EDS) between perfluorohexyloctane and saline were -1.0 (95% CI, -2.0, 0.0) and -7.9 (95% CI, -15.6, -0.2), respectively. In the premenopausal subgroup, the propensity score weighted LSMD in changes from baseline to day 57 in tCFS score and EDS were -1.4 (95% CI, -2.3, -0.5) and -14.0 (95% CI, -20.3, -7.8), respectively. Both subgroups showed improvements in some DED symptoms. No statistically significant interaction was observed between menopausal status and treatment across all measured outcomes. Perfluorohexyloctane was well tolerable in both subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Perfluorohexyloctane eye drops improved signs and symptoms of DED associated with MGD and were safe in both postmenopausal and premenopausal women. Further studies are needed to confirm the influence of menopausal status on perfluorohexyloctane efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT05515471.
Reverse Regulation of Th1 and Treg Immune Responses by P2X7 Receptor: A Possible Cause of the Progression of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis.
Cao Y, Peng X, Luo S … +2 more , Du Y, Zhao R
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 40891399 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To study the regulatory effects and mechanisms of P2X7 receptors(P2X7R) on CD4 regulatory T cells (Tregs) and pathogenic CD4 T effector cells (Th1 cells). METHODS: In this research, an experimental autoimmune uv...
PURPOSE: To study the regulatory effects and mechanisms of P2X7 receptors(P2X7R) on CD4 regulatory T cells (Tregs) and pathogenic CD4 T effector cells (Th1 cells). METHODS: In this research, an experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) mouse model was established to investigate the impact of P2X7R on Th1 and Treg immune responses. RESULTS: During the initial stage of EAU, appropriate activation of P2X7R leads to an enhanced Th1 immune response, including an increased proportion of CD4 IFN- Th1 cells, increased production of cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and interferon-gamma (IFN-), and upregulation of transcription factor T-bet expression. Conversely, activation of P2X7R resulted in inhibition of Treg immune response, including a reduced proportion of CD4Foxp3Tregs, a decreased in cytokines transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and a downregulation of the transcription factor Foxp3 expression. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signal and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) may be related to these effects. Interestingly, we observed that both Th1 and Tregs immune responses were reduced in mice compared with mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that the promoting role of P2X7R in the early pathogenesis of EAU may be related to the contrary regulation of Th1 cells and Tregs, providing a new theoretical basis for the development of P2X7R targeted therapy.
Could a Preservative Have Prevented the Extremely-Drug Resistant Artificial Tears Associated Eye Infection Outbreak of 2023?
Romanowski EG, Zegans ME, Shanks RMQ
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 40891389 · Full text
PURPOSE: The 2023 outbreak of extensively drug resistant (XDR) (PA) eye infections was linked to the use of non-preserved, multi-use artificial tears purchased online. The lack of preservatives has been attributed to be...
PURPOSE: The 2023 outbreak of extensively drug resistant (XDR) (PA) eye infections was linked to the use of non-preserved, multi-use artificial tears purchased online. The lack of preservatives has been attributed to be the predominant factor in the outbreak. This led us to the current study for which the goal was to determine whether common ophthalmic preservatives could eliminate the outbreak XDRPA and other PA keratitis isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Time-kill studies were performed in Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) and phosphate buffered saine (PBS) on 3 PA strains including the XDRPA outbreak strain. Preservatives assessed were benzalkonium chloride (BAK) 0.04%, 0.01%, and 0.004%, Polyquaterium-1 (Polyquad) (PQ) 0.001%, Sodium Perborate (SP) 0.1%, and EDTA 0.1%. In addition, time-kill assays were performed using preserved and a non-preserved commercially-available artificial tears. RESULTS: BAK 0.04% and 0.01%, and PQ eliminated all PA isolates in both media after 4 h. BAK 0.004% and SP eliminated all PA strains in PBS at 1 h but did not produce bactericidal 99.9% decreases in MHB over 24 h. EDTA did not produce a bactericidal effect in either media. Artificial tears containing sorbic acid 0.25% and edetate disodium 0.1%, PQ, SP, and PURITE eliminated the PA strains within 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: Several common preservatives were effective in eliminating PA strains including the outbreak strain CDC1270. Preservative efficacy was delayed or inhibited in rich media (MHB) compared to PBS. These results suggest that the 2023 outbreak could have been prevented by using a common preservative in the artificial tears.
Gradient Myopic Defocus Causes Chick Scleral Tissue Reinforcement and Structural Scleral Remodeling.
Hileeto D, Gillis T, Irving E
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jan · PMID 40888805 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To determine histological effects of myopia progression control (MPC) lens-induced refractive changes on scleral remodeling in chicks. METHODS: 24 Ross-Ross chicks were raised for 14 days. 6 chicks wore conventi...
PURPOSE: To determine histological effects of myopia progression control (MPC) lens-induced refractive changes on scleral remodeling in chicks. METHODS: 24 Ross-Ross chicks were raised for 14 days. 6 chicks wore conventional -10D lenses for 7 days, followed by no lenses for 7 days. 6 chicks wore conventional -10D lenses for the full 14 days. 6 chicks wore conventional -10D lenses for 7 days, followed by +10D lenses for 7 days. 6 chicks wore conventional -10D lenses for 7 days, followed by MPC lenses for 7 days. MPC lenses had a central power of -10D and a gradient power rise at pupil edge (+2.75D). Chicks were euthanized after 14 days and eyes were processed for histopathological evaluation. Whole mount H&E-stained tissue sections were analyzed using bright field microscopy. RESULTS: Total scleral thickness was significantly reduced in the group wearing conventional -10D lenses ( < 0.05) but remained comparable to the control group for MPC lenses treated chicks. Appositional growth of the cartilaginous sclera (CS) was observed in all MPC lenses treated eyes and only in those eyes. There was a significant increase in CS thickness in MPC lenses treated chicks compared to the other two groups ( < 0.03) but not between conventional -10D lens treated and control chicks ( > 0.05). CONCLUSION: It is possible to induce appositional growth in hyaline cartilage in the chick sclera. In our study, this has only been achieved by using MPC lenses to reverse previously induced experimental myopia with conventional minus lenses. Our findings suggest that a gradient decrease in peripheral lens power and the resulting differential defocus could trigger of scleral reinforcement through of cartilage growth stimulation in the chick sclera.
The Influence of Cone Location and Phenotype on the Risk and Rate of Keratoconus Progression.
Gil P, Gil JQ, Francisco M … +4 more , Cunha B, Alves N, Rosa A, Murta J
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 40879550 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To assess if cone location and phenotype have an impact on the risk of keratoconus progression. METHODS: Retrospective multi-centric cohort study. The baseline visit was used to classify cases according to cone...
PURPOSE: To assess if cone location and phenotype have an impact on the risk of keratoconus progression. METHODS: Retrospective multi-centric cohort study. The baseline visit was used to classify cases according to cone location (based on thinnest pachymetry and maximum keratometry, max) and phenotype. Cases were further labeled as stable or progressive depending on whether they fulfilled criteria for progression throughout the follow-up. Time from baseline to progression was noted. Univariate and multivariate mixed-effects models accounted for correlations between both eyes of the same patient and adjusted for max and age at baseline. RESULTS: A total of 423 eyes from 250 patients was included, 48.0% ( = 203) labeled as progressive. Based on the location of thinnest pachymetry and max, 72.1% ( = 305) and 60.8% ( = 257) respectively were classified as central. In univariate analysis, there were significant differences between groups ( < 0.001), with central keratoconus more frequently associated with progression. However, after adjusting for max and age at baseline in multivariate analysis, this association lost its statistical significance. Results were similar for cone location based on thinnest pachymetry adjusted for max and age. In univariate analysis, there were significant differences between groups ( < 0.001) in the proportion of each phenotype in the stable and progressive groups, with central "nipple" keratoconus more frequently associated with progression. This was lost after adjusting for max and age in multivariate analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed significant differences between phenotypes ( < 0.001), with central nipple cones progressing more rapidly. CONCLUSION: Central keratoconus and central "nipple" phenotype are more frequently associated with progression, and at a higher rate, but are not independent predictors for progression beyond keratometry and age.
The Effects of Tadalafil on Optical Coherence Tomography, Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and Ganglion Cell Complex Parameters in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction.
Feizi M, Jafari S, Nourinia R … +6 more , Mahmoudnejad N, Nayebzadeh A, Kheiri B, Shahriari MH, Jolfayi AG, Veisi A
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 40878944 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate the short and long-term effects of Tadalafil on macular and peri-optic disc choroidal thickness, retinal vascular density, and GCC thickness in patients with erectile dysfunction. METHODS: Patient...
PURPOSE: To investigate the short and long-term effects of Tadalafil on macular and peri-optic disc choroidal thickness, retinal vascular density, and GCC thickness in patients with erectile dysfunction. METHODS: Patients with erectile dysfunction who were candidates to treat with 10 mg of Tadalafil every other day and didn't use any type of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5I) in the previous 6 months and had normal eye exams were included. Macular and peri-optic disc choroidal thickness, superficial and deep retinal vascular density, and Macular Ganglion Cell Complex (GCC) thickness were measured before (baseline), one day, and 3 months after Tadalafil treatment. The measurements before and after treatment were compared. RESULTS: Thirty-one eyes of 16 patients with a mean age of 53.7 (42 to 68) years were included. After Tadalafil consumption, the choroidal thickness in the sub-macular (13.8%) and peri-optic disc (14.9%) area and also the vascular density of superficial (9.6%) and deep (9.8%) retinal capillary plexus was increased on the first day. After 3 months, we found a decremental pattern in all initially increased parameters, although sub-macular and peri-papillary choroidal thickness are yet thicker than the baseline. The retinal ganglion cell complex (GCC) average thickness was not significantly changed, neither on the first day nor after three months. CONCLUSIONS: Tadalafil can increase the retinal vascular density and choroidal thickness early after initial consumption but after 3 months the initial increment tend to decrease.
Retinal Microvascular Changes Associated with Covid-19: A Retrospective Case Series.
Wu H, Xu N, Jin X … +5 more , Guo Y, Wang S, Feng J, Zhu R, Zhang H
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 40878321 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: In order to explore the correlation between retinal microangiopathy and SARS-COV-2 infection, the clinical characteristics were summarized. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted includi...
BACKGROUND: In order to explore the correlation between retinal microangiopathy and SARS-COV-2 infection, the clinical characteristics were summarized. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted including outpatients who visited in the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University in China from December 10, 2022 to January 31, 2023.Subjects underwent fundus color photography and macular optical correlation tomography to determine retinal microangiopathy. RESULTS: A total of 3666 outpatients were counted. And we have evaluated 41 patients developed COVID-19-associated retinal microangiopathy.27 patients had blurred vision; seven patients had dark shadow occlusion; one patient had visual deformation; eight patients had dry eyes, foreign body sensation and discomfort. Ocular pain occurred in two patients. High reflection signals were found in the outer nuclear layer of 32 patients (78.0%), in the external plexiform layer of 16 patients (39.0%), in the inner nuclear layer of 2 (4.9%), in the internal plexiform of four patients (9.8%), in the ganglion cell layer of 37 patients (90.2%). Fracture of the ellipsoid zone and interdigitation zone occurred in four patients (9.8%). CONCLUSIONS: 1.12% of outpatients showed COVID-19-associated retinal microvascular changes. The actual incidence in the population was higher due to the limitations of the retrospective study.
Efficacy of Switching to Biosimilar Ranibizumab in Eyes Initially Treated with Reference Ranibizumab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Diabetic Macular Edema, or Retinal Vein Occlusion.
Bommakanti N, Momenaei B, Wang KY … +4 more , Regillo CD, Cohen MN, Kuriyan AE, Yonekawa Y
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 40855963 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of ranibizumab-eqrn for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), macular edema from retinal vein occlusion (RVO), and diabetic macular edema (DME) in eyes switched from referen...
PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of ranibizumab-eqrn for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), macular edema from retinal vein occlusion (RVO), and diabetic macular edema (DME) in eyes switched from reference ranibizumab. METHODS: Single-center, retrospective chart review of eyes which received at least three ranibizumab followed by at least three ranibizumab-eqrn injections over a two-year period. Eyes which were initially treated with alternative anti-VEGF agents were eligible for inclusion. Eyes that received surgery, laser, or intravitreal corticosteroids were excluded. Central foveal thickness (CFT) was measured at the initial and final visit in the ranibizumab and ranibizumab-eqrn groups for a subset of eyes. Primary outcome measures included best available visual acuity (VA) and CFT. Secondary outcome measures included number of intravitreal injections, follow-up time, and treatment interval. Analysis was performed using Python. RESULTS: 6233 Eyes from 4935 patients treated between June 6 2022 and June 6 2024 were included. 4692 (75.3%) eyes had nAMD, 1078 (17.3%) eyes had RVO, and 463 (7.4%) eyes had DME. Eyes received 7.1 ± 2.7 (total: 44500) ranibizumab injections over 10.5 ± 2.5 months. After switching, eyes received 5.8 ± 2.2 (total: 35840) ranibizumab-eqrn over 8.5 ± 1.7 months. Mean change in visual acuity was -1.0 ± 16.0 letters for ranibizumab vs. -0.6 ± 13.8 letters for ranibizumab-eqrn ( = 0.15). Mean change in CFT in a subset of 100 eyes was 0.81 ± 56.3 microns for ranibizumab vs. -7.2 ± 50.6 microns for ranibizumab-eqrn ( = 0.39). Mean injection interval increased from 8.3 weeks to 8.9 weeks in the ranibizumab vs. the ranibizumab-eqrn groups for all indications ( < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this large real-world study, eyes with nAMD, RVO, and DME switched to ranibizumab-eqrn from reference ranibizumab demonstrated similar efficacy.
Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of Posterior Chamber Phakic Refractive Lens Implantation for Correction of Super-High Myopia.
Li B, Chen X, Zhu R … +4 more , Liao R, Liu C, Zhou X, Wang X
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jan · PMID 40842197 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety, efficacy, predictability, and stability of phakic refractive lens (PRL) implantation for the correction of super-high myopia. METHODS: This four-center prospective clinical study included...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety, efficacy, predictability, and stability of phakic refractive lens (PRL) implantation for the correction of super-high myopia. METHODS: This four-center prospective clinical study included 30 eyes from 16 myopic patients who underwent PRL implantation. The patients were followed up for one year, with evaluations of uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), refraction, intraocular pressure (IOP), vault, endothelial cell density (ECD), and axial length. RESULTS: One year postoperatively, eight eyes (27%) achieved a UDVA of 20/20 or better, and 21 eyes (70%) achieved a UDVA of 20/25 or better. The CDVA improved by one line in 22 eyes (73%), with one eye experiencing a loss of CDVA. The mean efficacy and safety index at one year were 1.30 ± 0.49 and 1.61 ± 0.32, respectively. No significant change was observed in the mean refractive spherical equivalent between one week and one year postoperatively. The axial length remained stable pre- and postoperatively. IOP increased significantly at 1 d and 1 week postoperatively ( = 0.002 and < 0.001, respectively) but returned to preoperative levels by 1 month. ECD showed no significant change pre- and postoperatively except that 5 eyes from 4 patients had a postoperative ECD below 2000 cells/mm caused by surgical trauma. The mean vault was 393.05 ± 243.54 µm at one week and 385.68 ± 157.41 µm at one year, showing no significant change. CONCLUSION: PRL implantation for correction of super-high myopia demonstrated good safety, efficacy, predictability, and stability.
Circulating Nucleated Red Blood Cell Counts at Birth Among Preterm Neonates Who Subsequently Developed Retinopathy of Prematurity.
Boskabadi H, Shoeibi N, Pourbadakhshan N … +4 more , Pishghadam E, Moradi A, Zakerihamidi M, Hanafi FR
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jan · PMID 40789282 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Retinopathy of prematurity is a leading cause of childhood blindness, with several predisposing factors, including prematurity and oxygen therapy. This study examines nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) counts at bi...
PURPOSE: Retinopathy of prematurity is a leading cause of childhood blindness, with several predisposing factors, including prematurity and oxygen therapy. This study examines nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) counts at birth in preterm neonates and compares those who developed ROP with those who did not. METHODS: This case-control study included 143 preterm neonates (birth weight <1500 g and/or gestational age <32 weeks) born at Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, between 2017 and 2020. Umbilical cord blood samples were collected to measure NRBC counts per 100 white blood cells. Neonatal characteristics (birth weight, sex, gestational age, Apgar scores), maternal history (age, pregnancy complications, mode of delivery, parity), and laboratory findings were recorded. Follow-up assessments continued until discharge, with ophthalmologic evaluation for ROP at 32 weeks of gestational age or four weeks post-birth. The control group consisted of preterm neonates without ROP. RESULTS: Among the 143 neonates studied, 102 (71.3%) developed ROP, while 41 (28.7%) did not. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in NRBC percentage ( = 0.009) and fifth-minute Apgar score ( = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated umbilical cord NRBC counts, alongside other clinical markers, may serve as a predictive factor for ROP and its severity.
Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals ceRNA Networks and Molecular Signatures in Myopic Mouse Retina.
Wang X, Zhuang H, Dang Y … +1 more , Lei F
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40789279 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the retina play crucial roles in myopia; however, their regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate significant genes and...
PURPOSE: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the retina play crucial roles in myopia; however, their regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate significant genes and related signaling pathways associated with myopia by constructing and analyzing competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks within the retina. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the expression patterns of lncRNAs, circRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) within the retina using a form-deprivation myopia mouse model to elucidate their regulatory mechanisms in myopia. Transcriptomic sequencing was performed on retinal cells obtained from a mouse myopia model, followed by differential expression and functional enrichment analyses. Relevant ceRNA networks (lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA) were constructed. Key pathways in these networks were validated quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, while Immunohistochemistry and single-cell sequencing analyses were conducted to analyze significant gene distribution. RESULTS: The model exhibited approximately -6D diopters after 14 days of form deprivation. Transcriptomic analysis identified 187 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs), 22 DE circRNAs, 24 DE miRNAs, and 368 DE mRNAs. Enrichment analysis linked these differentially expressed genes to various retinal functions and pathways. Validation revealed that the TCONS_00102163-mmu-miR-540-3p-Kcnq2, TCONS_00127926-novel_234-Tepp, and novel_circ_0001750-mmu-miR-212-5p-Sstr3 pathways in the retina were involved in regulating myopia. All experiments were conducted in three independent biological replicates. UNLABELLED: This study systematically elucidated the synergistic regulatory mechanisms of non-coding RNAs in the development of myopia by constructing a ceRNA regulatory network in the retina, and further validated key regulatory axes. This provides an important theoretical foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of myopia and developing novel intervention strategies.
Monitoring the Evolution of Dry Eye Disease in Rabbits with Advanced Ocular Keratography: Implications for Translational Studies.
Fazio N, White E, Tourmouzis K … +9 more , Wollocko B, Wolek M, Khwaja IA, Nemesure B, Kaplowitz K, Chou T, Huang L, Rigas B, Honkanen R
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40789275 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Experimental studies of Dry Eye Disease (DED) using animal models are hampered by the lack of reliable, easy-to-use assays that can adequately diagnose disease or monitor effects of novel treatments. The Oculus...
PURPOSE: Experimental studies of Dry Eye Disease (DED) using animal models are hampered by the lack of reliable, easy-to-use assays that can adequately diagnose disease or monitor effects of novel treatments. The Oculus Keratograph 5 M, an advanced keratography unit (AKU), has shown promise, enjoying recent clinical use. We assessed whether this AKU could be used in DED studies in the rabbit, perhaps the ideal experimental animal for this disease. METHODS: All measures were made in strictly controlled temperature and humidity spaces. A panel of AKU parameters was measured in 15 New Zealand White rabbits at baseline, after Concanavalin A induced DED, and following recovery. Eyelid aperture and corneal irregularity were also measured. A subset of these parameters was measured in patients and compared with those from rabbits. RESULTS: AKU parameters in both humans and rabbits showed similar patterns and coefficients of variation (CV). Measurements of tear and eyelid architecture were more reproducible than tear film function in both species. The CV for most parameters were less than the observed changes in the respective parameters after DED induction. In rabbits, all parameters improved returning close to baseline following DED recovery. In the rabbit, additional measures (eyelid aperture and corneal irregularity) not traditionally associated with DED, also demonstrated changes that evolved over the development and recovery of DED. CONCLUSIONS: AKU technology can effectively detect changes in multiple parameters during the evolution and resolution of DED in rabbits. DED parameters showed similar patterns for most variables in both humans and rabbits demonstrating great potential of this device in translational research. The AKU can also follow additional parameters evaluating the responses of the lacrimal functional unit. Our findings document the applicability of this technology for translational studies of DED and underscores its potential to further refine understanding of the disease pathophysiology.
Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Cytokines in Vitreous and Subsilicone Fluids in Patients with Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment.
Erdogdu E, Özcaliskan S, Ozan Dogan T … +1 more , Artunay Ö
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jan · PMID 40772418 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate the oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory cytokine (IC) levels in vitreous and subsilicone fluid (SSF) in cases with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). METHODS: This prospective study inclu...
PURPOSE: To investigate the oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory cytokine (IC) levels in vitreous and subsilicone fluid (SSF) in cases with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). METHODS: This prospective study included 21 cases of uncomplicated RRD. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) in the samples were determined by automatic measurement method and IC levels were determined by ELISA method. In addition to routine ophthalmological examinations, flare, optic coherence tomography (OCT) and enhanced depth imaging-OCT measurements were performed during follow-up. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the TOS and oxidative stress index (OSI) in SSF compared to vitreous ( < 0.05). IL-1β level was detected significantly higher in vitreous fluid ( = 0.004). When the correlation between TAS, TOS, OSI and cytokine levels in SSF and the difference in central macular thickness (CMT), choroidal thickness and flare changes measured in the 1st and 3rd month follow up of the cases after vitrectomy were evaluated, only negative correlation was observed between TOS, OSI, and CMT. CONCLUSION: OS, which has not been previously investigated in SSF, was significantly higher in this study, and our findings suggest that OS may have an initiating role in retinal damage thought to be caused by silicone oil.
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