Curr. Eye Res. [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Alabama Screening and Intervention for Glaucoma and Eye Health Through Telemedicine (AL-SIGHT): The Impact of Financial Incentives on Health Care Engagement Following Telemedicine-Based Vision Screening.
Girkin C, Balakrishnan P, Gao L … +3 more , McGwin G, Rhodes L, Owsley C
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40772416 · Full text
PURPOSE: Financial incentives have proven successful in addressing health behaviors associated with several chronic diseases and may represent a potential method to improve adherence to follow-up eye examinations from vi...
PURPOSE: Financial incentives have proven successful in addressing health behaviors associated with several chronic diseases and may represent a potential method to improve adherence to follow-up eye examinations from vision screening programs. The study was conducted to determine the effect of financial incentives on follow-up adherence in the Alabama Screening and Intervention for Glaucoma and eye Health through Telemedicine. METHODS: This study enrolled eligible patients receiving care at three Federally Qualified Health Centers to undergo screening for refractive error and ocular diseases. Follow-up appointments for continued care were made for patients suspected to have uncorrected refractive error or ocular disease. A subset of patients ( = 187) received a financial incentive while a control group did not ( = 234). Follow-up attendance within 6 months was compared with Poisson's models between incentivized and non-incentivized groups for all referrals and across specific disease states. RESULTS: Among 187 patients with and 234 without incentive, there was a significantly higher rates of follow-up in the incentivized group (83.4% incentivized vs. 74.4% non-incentivized, = .05) overall. There was a significantly higher rate of attendance for patients referred for diabetic retinopathy ( = .02) and refractive error ( = .02), but not glaucoma ( = .46), glaucoma suspect ( = .70), ocular hypertension ( = .22), and cataract ( = .29). After matching across groups, these differences were less pronounced and only remained significant for diabetic retinopathy ( = .04). CONCLUSION: Patients receiving financial incentive had a higher follow-up rate within 6 months. These differences where primarily driven by patients referred for refractive error and diabetic retinopathy. However, once matched for baseline covariates, this improvement was not seen in the overall group. This suggests that incentives may not be an effective method to improve adherence to vision screening in this setting especially for glaucoma screening.
Development of an Eye Model Using 3D-Printing for Correlating Measured Intraocular Pressure with Actual Internal Pressure.
Darge HF, Phan CM, Ng A … +4 more , Ho B, Wulff D, Hui A, Jones L
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jan · PMID 40760900 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop a 3D-printed eye model to simulate measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) as a training device, and to assess the correlation between measured IOP using common clinical techniq...
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop a 3D-printed eye model to simulate measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) as a training device, and to assess the correlation between measured IOP using common clinical techniques and actual internal pressure. METHODS: The IOP eye model was designed using CAD software and printed with a resin stereolithography (SLA) 3D-printer (Formlabs 3B, Formlabs Inc., MA, USA). Two clinical instruments, Tono-pen (Tono-Pen AVIA, Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, USA), and Perkins hand-held tonometer (Clement Clarke Perkins Tonometer Mk2, Vision Equipment Inc., USA) were used for IOP measurements of the model. The pressure within the model was adjusted between 7 to 55 mmHg at 5 mmHg increments, and the IOP values of the tonometry were correlated to the internal pressure displayed on the gauge. RESULTS: The IOP model could reliably produce internal pressure from 0 to 56 mmHg. The results showed that the Tono-pen measurements above 7 mmHg were closely correlated to the internal pressure obtained from the pressure gauge (Pearson = 0.99, < 0.0001). However, aligning the mires and measuring IOP accurately with the Perkins device was challenging. CONCLUSION: The 3D-printed eye model was able to strongly correlate IOP readings taken with a Tono-pen with internal pressure measured by a pressure gauge. The internal pressure of this model can be regulated and is envisioned as a potential model for practicing tonometry at different ranges of pressure.
Chronic Far-UVC (222nm) Light Exposure of SKH-1 Hairless Mice Does Not Cause Detectable Eye Pathology or Visual Deficits.
Arden PC, Talayero Schettino MJ, Ramey MD … +5 more , Welch D, Mahmoud NA, Folkerts IT, Brenner DJ, Kleiman NJ
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 40754947 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Far-UVC light (200-235 nm) is a new antimicrobial technology proposed for use in occupied spaces. In contrast to conventional germicidal UV light (254 nm), theoretical considerations and emerging safety data sug...
PURPOSE: Far-UVC light (200-235 nm) is a new antimicrobial technology proposed for use in occupied spaces. In contrast to conventional germicidal UV light (254 nm), theoretical considerations and emerging safety data suggest that the decreased penetration depth of shorter wavelength far-UVC light causes less damage to vulnerable eye and skin tissue. This study examined the ocular effects of chronic far-UVC exposure in hairless, immune-competent SKH-1 mice after long-term exposure. METHODS: Over 66 weeks, five days/week, eight hours/day, 48 each male and female mice were exposed to high (400 mJ/cm), medium (130 mJ/cm), low (55 mJ/cm), or no (0 mJ/cm) far-UVC (222 nm) light. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity was determined using optokinetic methods, slit lamp examinations were made of the anterior segment, and intraocular pressure was determined. Analysis of corneal images quantified the extent of corneal neovascularization. RESULTS: No significant differences in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, intraocular pressure, or corneal neovascularization were observed between unirradiated animals and exposure groups. All groups, including unexposed controls, exhibited some degree of corneal neovascularization. Male mice had significantly lower visual acuity and contrast sensitivity than females. Stratified by gender, there was no exposure condition-based difference in contrast sensitivity. These findings were consistent whether each animal's eyes were averaged. or if all eyes were assessed individually. CONCLUSION: There was no relationship between far-UVC dose and visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, ocular pressure, or corneal neovascularization. Female mice had significantly higher visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. No ocular pathologies were observed, even at 400 mJ/cm, substantially above the recently enacted ACGIH safety threshold of 160 mJ/cm for 222 nm ocular exposures. More sensitive or detailed corneal examinations, longer daily exposures, or higher far-UVC doses, may be useful to define thresholds for human eye safety.
Synergistic Suppression of Choroidal Neovascularization by Cavtratin and Aflibercept via Inhibition of the eNOS Pathway.
Dong Y, Li Y, Zhou X … +7 more , Huang W, Yang S, Lin H, Wei K, Yao J, Zuo H, Zuo C
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 40754930 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a key pathological feature of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), leading to severe vision loss. Despite anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) th...
PURPOSE: Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a key pathological feature of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), leading to severe vision loss. Despite anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies being the first-line treatment for neovascularization, their long-term application faces challenges including treatment insensitivity and drug resistance. This study aims to investigate the role of Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in CNV pathogenesis and evaluate the therapeutic potential of Cavtratin, a Cav-1 scaffolding domain-targeting peptide, alone and in combination with Aflibercept. METHODS: A laser-induced CNV model in aged mice and VEGF-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to assess Cav-1 expression dynamics and its interaction with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The effects of Cavtratin on angiogenesis were evaluated using tube formation assays, choroidal sprouting assays, and fluorescein angiography. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were employed to analyze changes in molecular expression, localization, and inflammatory responses. The efficacy of Cavtratin-Aflibercept combination therapy was examined. RESULTS: Cav-1 and eNOS were significantly upregulated during CNV progression ( < 0.001). Cavtratin effectively inhibited tube formation in HUVECs, suppressed choroidal sprouting , and reduced CNV leakage ( < 0.01). Mechanistically, Cavtratin suppressed eNOS phosphorylation and enhanced the anti-angiogenic effects of Aflibercept ( < 0.001). The combination therapy led to greater CNV inhibition, reduced inflammation, and allowed for a lower Aflibercept dosage while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. CONCLUSION: Cavtratin combined with Aflibercept can effectively enhance anti-angiogenic efficacy and reduce inflammatory responses. Targeting the Cav-1/eNOS axis with Cavtratin provides a novel strategy to complement the limitations of anti-VEGF therapy. The synergistic effects of Cavtratin and Aflibercept suggest a promising approach to overcoming treatment resistance and improving clinical outcomes in CNV management.
Observation of Soft Contact Lens-Related Meibomian Gland Abnormalities Before Corneal Refractive Surgery.
Tian L, Li D, Zhang F … +4 more , Song Y, Wan L, Zhou M, Chen M
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40745915 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: By observing the dry eye index, meibomian glands (MGs), corneal dendritic cells (DCs) and nerve fiber density (CNFD) in patients who have been wearing soft contact lenses continuously and those who have stopped...
PURPOSE: By observing the dry eye index, meibomian glands (MGs), corneal dendritic cells (DCs) and nerve fiber density (CNFD) in patients who have been wearing soft contact lenses continuously and those who have stopped wearing them before corneal refractive surgery, analyze the characteristics of soft contact lens-related MGs abnormalities. METHODS: Collected patient datas and divided into a control group, a wearing group and a stop wearing group. All patients underwent oculus keratography examination, the wearing and the stop wearing group underwent confocal microscopy examination. RESULTS: The MGs defect rate and the number of obstructive MGs in the wearing group were significantly higher than those in the stopping group ( < 0.01). The MG scores of the wearing group were significantly higher than those of the control group ( < 0.01). The wearing group had an increase in DCs and a decrease in central CNDF compared to the stopping group ( < 0.01). The duration of continual use of contact lenses correlated with the MGs defect rate and the number of obstructive MGs( < 0.05). The length of time since discontinuation correlated with the number of obstructive MGs, central DCs density, and central CNFD( < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Long term continuous wearing of soft contact lenses leads to MGs abnormalities, and DCs increased in all directions of the cornea, CNFD decreased in the central area of the cornea. There were immune and neurological factors involved in soft contact lens-related MGs abnormalities in middle-aged and young people, and the severity varies among individuals. When stopped wearing soft contact lenses exceed one week, the morphological changes of MGs occured earlier.
Comparison of Optic Nerve, Macula, and Choroidal Parameters in Newly Diagnosed Migraine Patients and Healthy Controls.
Kisaboy YB, Orenc P, Gungel H … +1 more , Sisman C
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40734521 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Retinal vascular occlusion, ischemic optic neuropathy, and normotensive glaucoma have been found to be associated with migraine in several studies. By examining the optic nerve, macula, and choroid of newly diag...
PURPOSE: Retinal vascular occlusion, ischemic optic neuropathy, and normotensive glaucoma have been found to be associated with migraine in several studies. By examining the optic nerve, macula, and choroid of newly diagnosed migraine (NDM) patients, this study aims to investigate possible early changes in these structures, thus guiding both the diagnosis and treatment of migraine. METHODS: Forty-one (82 eyes) NDM patients and 41 (82 eyes) healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Participants were divided into two groups, the NDM group and the HC group, and optic nerve, macula, and choroid structures were prospectively examined and compared with both intra-group and inter-group comparison methods. RESULTS: In the inter-group comparison performed by using Generalized Estimating Equations analysis, all Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness (RNFL) parameters were statistically significantly lower in the NDM group compared to the HC group ( < 0.05). Regarding the ganglion cell complex (GCC) and choroidal parameters, statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in all parameters except for choroidal thickness (CT). In the NDM intra-group comparison, temporal RNFL, temporal-upper RNFL, and temporal-lower RNFL values of the right eye (RE) were significantly lower than the left eye (LE); nasal RNFL, nasal upper RNFL, and nasal lower RNFL values of the LE were significantly lower than the RE ( < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Statistically significant values in RNFL, GCC, and choroid in the NDM group indicate the possible early changes in optic nerve, macula, and choroid in NDM patients. In intra-NDM group comparison, lower values of the temporal RNFL sectors in the RE and nasal RNFL sectors in the LE may suggest the involvement of the lateral geniculate nucleus in migraine.
Evaluation of Age-Related Changes in Human Lens Stiffness Through a Novel Non-Invasive Method Using Shear Wave Ultrasound Elastography.
Qader AH, Bahari NB, Rahim EBA … +3 more , Saleh RBM, Zain MBM, Kurdi A
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40717229 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Presbyopia is an age-related condition characterized by diminished near-vision, primarily due to changes in the lens' adaptive capacity. Shear Wave Ultrasound Elastography (SWE) offers a novel/noninvasive method...
PURPOSE: Presbyopia is an age-related condition characterized by diminished near-vision, primarily due to changes in the lens' adaptive capacity. Shear Wave Ultrasound Elastography (SWE) offers a novel/noninvasive method to measure lens stiffness and could potentially enhance our understanding of presbyopia's development. We aimed to use SWE to assess the elasticity of the human lens and explore the correlation between lens flexibility, age, presbyopia, and accommodation capacity. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 84 participants (mean age = 39.61 ± 9.60) from a government hospital in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Eligibility was confirmed through refractive error and visual acuity tests. Selected participants underwent SWE scanning, and measurements of accommodation and presbyopia were taken. Statistical analysis included descriptive summaries and Pearson correlation coefficients to examine relationships between lens elasticity age, presbyopia, and amplitude of accommodation. RESULTS: The analysis demonstrated a weak correlation between lens elasticity and age in nonpresbyopic group ( = 0.289) while positive strong correlation in presbyopic group ( = 0.674). A strong positive correlation was observed between lens elasticity and presbyopia in presbyopic group ( = 0.612). Moreover, there was a negative correlation with accommodation in both groups, (r = -0.358) for nonpresbyopic and (r = -0.493) presbyopic group. CONCLUSIONS: While lens elasticity diminishes with age, changes in ocular biomechanical properties impact lens function, particularly affecting near vision. Importantly, SWE is found to be an effective tool for assessing age-related changes in lens elasticity and presbyopia across various age groups, highlighting its potential for broader clinical application in diagnosing and understanding presbyopia.
Quantitative Assessment of Choriocapillaris Blood Flow in Diabetic Retinopathy Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.
Fu B, Liu J, Wang S … +5 more , Feng S, Dai Y, Liu R, Chen W, Li CX
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40708221 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To develop an automated method for segmenting and quantifying the choriocapillaris (CC) layer using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA), aimed at evaluating CC perfusion changes in di...
PURPOSE: To develop an automated method for segmenting and quantifying the choriocapillaris (CC) layer using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA), aimed at evaluating CC perfusion changes in diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients and facilitating clinical research. METHODS: We proposed a traditional image processing algorithm combining shadow compensation and intensity gradients to segment the CC layer in eyes at various stages of DR. The algorithm was refined for artifact removal in CC blood flow analysis. It was tested on 25 manually segmented cases including normal eyes, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). CC blood flow quantification was performed on 69 subjects. RESULTS: The segmentation algorithm showed high accuracy, with a maximum mean positional error of 4.086 ± 4.304 μm for Bruch's membrane (BM) and a minimum average DICE coefficient of 0.831 for CC segmentation. The CC flow deficit percentage (FD%) for normal eyes, NPDR eyes, and PDR eyes were 9.79 ± 2.29%, 12.25 ± 3.89%, and 15.35 ± 4.00%, respectively, with significant differences between groups ( < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The automated CC segmentation and quantification algorithm developed in this study provides an accurate and reliable method for assessing CC in DR patients. This method has potential for widespread clinical application in evaluating CC perfusion changes across various stages of DR.
Evaluating the Effect of Nephropathy and Neuropathy on Response to Short-Term Intravitreal Anti-Vegf Treatment in Diabetic Macular Edema: An Optical Coherence Tomography-Angiography Study.
Oz Onar B, Balci S, Cetinkaya Y … +2 more , Ogutmen MB, Yenerel NM
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40703022 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of nephropathy and neuropathy on short-term anatomical and functional responses to intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME), using optical coherence...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of nephropathy and neuropathy on short-term anatomical and functional responses to intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME), using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 34 eyes from 34 DME patients who received three monthly intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Patients were stratified based on renal function (eGFR ≥90 vs. <90 mL/min/1.73 m; UACR <30 vs. ≥30 mg/g) and the presence of diabetic neuropathy confirmed by EMG. Functional (BCVA) and anatomical (central macular thickness, vessel densities in the superficial and deep capillary plexus, and FAZ area) changes were compared across subgroups using OCTA at baseline and 3 months. RESULTS: Of all patients, BCVA improved significantly ( < 0.05) and central macular thickness (CMT) decreased significantly ( < 0.01) after treatment. However, eyes with nephropathy (eGFR <90) showed smaller reductions in CMT compared to those without nephropathy, though the difference was not statistically significant ( = 0.68). Patients with neuropathy showed less improvement in BCVA and reduced changes in superficial and deep vessel densities. OCTA parameters showed modest, variable responses across all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Nephropathy and neuropathy do not seem to affect the functional recovery response to short-term intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy for DME. Nephropathy affects peripapillary vascular density.
Exosomes in Ocular Health and Disease.
Beit-Yannai E
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Dec · PMID 40698627 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles ranging from 30 to 150 nm in diameter, have emerged as crucial mediators of intercellular communication in ocular tissues. This review explores the roles of exosomes in ocu...
PURPOSE: Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles ranging from 30 to 150 nm in diameter, have emerged as crucial mediators of intercellular communication in ocular tissues. This review explores the roles of exosomes in ocular health and disease, focusing on their biogenesis, functions in different eye structures, and potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents. METHODS: This comprehensive review synthesizes current research on ocular exosomes, drawing from global studies to present an integrated view of exosome biology in the eye. RESULTS: Exosomes play vital roles in maintaining retinal homeostasis, corneal function, and lens transparency. They are implicated in the pathogenesis of major eye diseases, including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. Recent advances have revealed the potential of exosomes as biomarkers for early disease detection and as vehicles for targeted drug delivery. Emerging technologies, such as microfluidics and nanotechnology, enhance exosome isolation and analysis capabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Exosome research in ophthalmology is rapidly advancing, offering promising avenues for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. However, challenges remain in standardization, scalability, and clinical translation. Addressing these issues and ethical considerations will be crucial for realizing the full potential of exosomes in improving ocular health outcomes globally.
A Proteomic Study of Different Types of Diabetic Macular Edema.
Wu S, Zhou X, Wang L … +3 more , Yu D, Wang Z, Xu X
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 40696851 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study investigates distinct protein markers associated with different morphologic features of diabetic macular edema, focusing on diffuse retinal thickening, cystoid macular edema, and cystoid macular degen...
PURPOSE: This study investigates distinct protein markers associated with different morphologic features of diabetic macular edema, focusing on diffuse retinal thickening, cystoid macular edema, and cystoid macular degeneration. METHODS: A total of 48 eyes of 33 patients with diabetic macular edema were included in the study and categorized into the aforementioned groups. Preoperative aqueous humor samples were collected from nine diabetic macular edema patients and subjected to tandem mass spectrometry labeling using tandem mass tags quantitative proteomics analysis to compare protein profiles in the aqueous humor among the different morphologic features of diabetic macular edema. RESULTS: The analysis revealed that the efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment was significantly better in the diffuse retinal thickening and cystoid macular edema groups compared to the cystoid macular degeneration group ( < 0.05). Differential expression analysis identified 31 upregulated and 43 downregulated proteins in the diffuse retinal thickening group compared to the cystoid macular degeneration group, with upregulated proteins associated with vasoconstriction, apoptotic processes, complement system, and peptidase inhibitors, and downregulated proteins associated with protein kinase and positive regulation of cell cycle regulation. Similarly, the cystoid macular edema group showed 31 upregulated and 32 downregulated proteins compared to the cystoid macular degeneration group, with upregulated proteins associated with the Wnt signaling pathway and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, and downregulated proteins associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL), cholesterol positive regulation. The screening criteria for differentially expressed proteins were fold change >1.2 or <0.83 and < 0.05. CONCLUSION: Associations were found between cystoid macular degeneration formation and factors like the complement system, apoptotic pathway, and lipid metabolizing factors, providing insights for further understanding diabetic macular edema pathogenesis.
Unlocking the Treatment Code for Uveitis: The Potential Role of Epigenetics.
He RY, Jiang H, Wang X … +2 more , Hu P, Liu X
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jan · PMID 40680104 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To systematically explore the multi-dimensional mechanisms of the epigenetic regulatory network in uveitis, address the challenges faced by traditional treatments, and provide new ideas and directions for the pr...
PURPOSE: To systematically explore the multi-dimensional mechanisms of the epigenetic regulatory network in uveitis, address the challenges faced by traditional treatments, and provide new ideas and directions for the precise diagnosis and treatment of this disease. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted on the epigenetic regulation in uveitis, focusing on analyzing abnormal DNA methylation, dynamic balance of histone modifications, disease-specific regulatory characteristics of non-coding RNAs, as well as their applications in diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and targeted treatment strategies. RESULTS: The epigenetic regulatory network in uveitis includes abnormal DNA methylation driving immune imbalance, histone modification dynamics regulating inflammatory signal amplification, and disease-specific non-coding RNAs. Epigenetics shows value in uveitis diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatments, with relevant scientific challenges analyzed. CONCLUSION: This review clarifies the roles of epigenetics in uveitis, offering new insights for precise diagnosis and treatment, which is conducive to advancing research and clinical practice in the field.
Comparing a Novel Motorized Push-Up Ruler with Conventional Subjective Methods for Measuring the Amplitude of Accommodation.
Schumayer S, Laukhuf J, Straßer T
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40654173 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Determination of the amplitude of accommodation (AoA) is a clinical technique used in ophthalmology and optometry to assess the eye's ability to focus on near objects. This study compares the reliability of a no...
PURPOSE: Determination of the amplitude of accommodation (AoA) is a clinical technique used in ophthalmology and optometry to assess the eye's ability to focus on near objects. This study compares the reliability of a novel motorized push-up variant with conventional manual push-up and push-down methods for the determination of AoA in 26 emmetropes. METHODS: The motorized push-up method reduces limitations of the manual methods, such as differences due to varying examiner abilities, ruler placement (forehead, zygomatic bone, spectacle plane), and inconsistent target movement speeds. This is achieved by providing a participant-controlled, constant target movement of 2 cm/s, with the medial zone of the zygomatic bone as the reference point for ruler placement. Additionally, digital image-based and traditional ruler-based AoA measurements were compared. The participants' impressions of the three methods were assessed based on ease of use, confidence in measurement reliability, and comfort of experience, using a questionnaire. RESULTS: The comparison of the AoA across the methods revealed no statistically significant differences. However, the concordance correlation coefficient was highest between the motorized and manual push-up method (ρ = 0.72). All methods showed good test-retest reliability with the highest ICC found for the motorized push-up method (0.83), which also had the narrowest limits of agreement interval for accommodative demand (3.22 cm). Beyond digital and ruler-based measurements showed underestimation by both rulers, with a mean bias of 0.3 cm for the motorized ruler compared to about 2.0 cm for the conventional ruler. The questionnaire responses suggest that the motorized version outperforms the manual versions being 5 times more likely to score higher for ease of use and 6 times more likely for confidence in measurement reliability. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that the motorized push-up method effectively measures the AoA, reduces interfering factors, and provides higher reliability without compromising precision, making it a valuable alternative to conventional methods.
Visual Function and Patient Experience with a Custom-Made Soft Contact Lens for Myopia Control.
Abidi Y, López-Hernández AE, Maldonado-Pérez JM … +3 more , Sánchez-Ruiz JM, Di Pierdomenico J, García-Ayuso D
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 40641084 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The aim was to evaluate the impact of a custom-made soft contact lens (CL) for myopia control on visual function and wearer experience. METHODS: In this masked, randomized study, 23 myopic adults (aged 18-35) we...
PURPOSE: The aim was to evaluate the impact of a custom-made soft contact lens (CL) for myopia control on visual function and wearer experience. METHODS: In this masked, randomized study, 23 myopic adults (aged 18-35) were fitted with ESENCIA CLs made of either Acofilcon B (hydrogel) or UNISIL (silicone hydrogel). Visual and accommodative function, tear stability, and wearer experience were assessed. RESULTS: Visual acuity remained stable with both CLs. No significant differences were found between the two CLs in any test. However, both CLs increased monocular and binocular accommodative facility (MAF and BAF) compared to baseline (Acofilcon B: < 0.001 for MAF, = 0.008 for BAF; Unisil: < 0.001 for MAF, = 0.011 for BAF). Increased exophoria was noted at distance and near with both lenses (Acofilcon B: = 0.004, = 0.002; Unisil: = 0.006, = 0.001), and a reduction in negative fusional reserves at distance was observed (Acofilcon B: = 0.008; Unisil: = 0.01). Other tests showed results similar to baseline. Subjective scores indicated a trend toward better comfort and satisfaction with Unisil (7.29 ± 2.03) compared to Acofilcon B (6.48 ± 2.00). CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the importance of evaluating the potential side effects on visual quality and binocular and accommodative functions when selecting CLs for myopia control. Additionally, considering the user's subjective experience is crucial, as CLs must be worn for a minimum number of hours each day.
Characterizing Retinal Mitochondrial Function and Its Relations to Intraretinal Thicknesses in Healthy Adults.
Kim CK, Gameiro GR, Simms AG … +4 more , Lam BL, Rich CA, Wang J, Jiang H
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40631437 · Full text
PURPOSE: To characterize retinal mitochondrial function and its relationship with intraretinal thicknesses in healthy adults. METHODS: Retinal flavoprotein fluorescence (FPF), a marker of mitochondrial function, was meas...
PURPOSE: To characterize retinal mitochondrial function and its relationship with intraretinal thicknesses in healthy adults. METHODS: Retinal flavoprotein fluorescence (FPF), a marker of mitochondrial function, was measured using the OcuMet Beacon (OcuSciences, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI), and a stress index (SI) was computed using Enhanced Retinal Metabolic Analysis software 2.0 (RMA). After lens compensation, mean FPF in the macula and optic nerve head (ONH) was obtained. The macular SI summarizes FPF heterogeneity, while the ONH SI reflects the extent to which ONH FPF exceeds a normative threshold. Intraretinal layer thicknesses and total retinal thickness (TRT) were measured spectral-domain OCT (AngioVue, Optovue, Inc., ver. 2018.1.0.43) using 6 x 6 mm macular scans. A total of 75 healthy adults (mean age ± SD: 56.1 ± 21.7 years; range: 23-89) were imaged. RESULTS: Macular and ONH FPF were inversely correlated with TRT ( < 0.01), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness ( < 0.05), and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness ( < 0.01). ONH FPF also showed a negative correlation with the thickness of the OPL-EZ region-defined as the area between the posterior boundary of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and the anterior boundary of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) (r = -0.24, = 0.044)-and the photoreceptor layer (PR) (r = -0.34, = 0.003). Age was significantly associated with FPF and with several intraretinal layer thicknesses, including TRT, RNFL, GCIPL, OPL-EZ region, and PR (all < 0.05). However, after adjusting for age, associations between FPF and intraretinal thicknesses were no longer significant (all > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study is the first to examine the relationship between retinal mitochondrial function and intraretinal layer thicknesses in healthy adults. Findings suggest that age mediates the observed associations.
Evaluation of Short-Term Color Vision Perception Changes After Using a Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy Myopia Management Device.
Batool B, Davey C, Dahlmann-Noor A … +2 more , Mckeefry D, Ghorbani-Mojarrad N
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40619127 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy is an emerging technique for managing myopia progression. Clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy, but uncertainties remain on its effect on immediate vision pe...
PURPOSE: Repeated low-level red-light (RLRL) therapy is an emerging technique for managing myopia progression. Clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy, but uncertainties remain on its effect on immediate vision perception. This study evaluated the impact of RLRL on short-term color vision perception and choroidal thickness. Attitudes towards RLRL were also explored. METHODS: Twenty participants underwent color vision assessment using the Colour Assessment Diagnosis (CAD) test and macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) to determine their eligibility and establish baseline measures for color vision perception threshold and choroidal thickness, with color vision perception measured using chromatic displacement (CD). Participants then underwent three sessions of RLRL, at the required time intervals as per manufacturer guidance. After each session, the CAD test was performed immediately, and repeated after a 5-minute interval. At the final visit, the OCT scan was retaken, and participants were asked about their experience of using RLRL. CD was measured and compared before and after RLRL exposure, to identify if there was any differences following usage. RESULTS: A significant reduction in color perception sensitivity was observed immediately after exposure to RLRL at each visit ( < 0.001 for all), which returned to baseline levels after 5 min. Three sessions of RLRL caused no change compared to baseline color perception ( = 0.054). There was no significant difference in the mean choroidal thickness in the left eye; the right eye showed a small reduction in macular choroidal thickness 5.1 µm (± 8.551 µm SD, = 0.015). Participant feedback demonstrated a generally positive response, indicating people would consider using RLRL for myopia management if recommended. CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be only a temporary impact of RLRL on color vision perception, which returns to baseline after 5 min. Furthermore, feedback suggests that UK populations may be receptive to RLRL if prescribed to them by an eye care practitioner.
The Role of Exosomes in the Lens.
Pan T, Xiao T, Wang J … +4 more , Xu W, Wang L, Xie P, Hu Z
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Dec · PMID 40605825 · Publisher ↗
Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles which have emerged as crucial mediators in various biological and pathological processes, as well as potential therapeutic delivers. In recent years, the role of exosomes in the...
Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles which have emerged as crucial mediators in various biological and pathological processes, as well as potential therapeutic delivers. In recent years, the role of exosomes in the lens, a specialized tissue essential for vision, has been stressed. The purpose of this review is to sum up the current understanding of exosome function within the lens and their implications in lens-related diseases.
Quantification of Conjunctival Dendritiform Cells under Confocal Microscopy for Clinical Activity Evaluation in Thyroid Eye Disease.
Cai J, Zheng T, Ng TK … +3 more , Xu C, Zhao Z, Li Z
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 40556308 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To quantify the conjunctival dendritiform cells of patients with thyroid eye disease by confocal microscopy and to investigate its correlation with thyroid eye disease clinical activity. METHODS: In total, 60 t...
PURPOSE: To quantify the conjunctival dendritiform cells of patients with thyroid eye disease by confocal microscopy and to investigate its correlation with thyroid eye disease clinical activity. METHODS: In total, 60 thyroid eye disease patients with 60 eyes were recruited and divided into active and inactive groups based on their clinical activity scores. The dendritiform cells at the conjunctiva were examined by confocal microscopy. The correlation of the conjunctival dendritiform cell density with the clinical activity scores of the thyroid eye disease patients was analyzed. The receiver operating characteristics curve was used to assess the differentiation of active and inactive thyroid eye disease by the dendritiform cells. RESULTS: The densities of dendritiform cells in the nasal, temporal, and total conjunctiva of the patients with active thyroid eye disease were significantly higher than that of the patients with inactive thyroid eye disease ( < .001). There was no significant difference in dendritiform cell density between the nasal and temporal conjunctiva of the same patient ( = .122). Total conjunctival dendritiform cell density showed a significant positive correlation with the clinical activity scores ( = 0.519, < .001). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for total conjunctival dendritiform cells to differentiate active and inactive thyroid eye disease was 0.827 with a sensitivity of 77.80% and specificity of 78.80%. CONCLUSION: Quantification of conjunctival dendritiform cells by the confocal microscopy can help to assess the clinical activity of thyroid eye disease. The confocal microscopy can visualize the conjunctival lesions at the cellular level and possess potential clinical applications in thyroid eye disease.
Kisspeptin Suppresses the Growth of Primary Pterygial Cells via Inhibiting Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligands in Microenvironment.
Wu P, Liu S, Xu T … +1 more , Zhao G
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Sep · PMID 40555256 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Pterygium is a prevalent ocular surface condition characterized by its extension toward the cornea at the corneoscleral junction. The etiology and development of pterygium are not fully understood. The discovery...
PURPOSE: Pterygium is a prevalent ocular surface condition characterized by its extension toward the cornea at the corneoscleral junction. The etiology and development of pterygium are not fully understood. The discovery of new biomarkers may facilitate early intervention and the prevention of postoperative recurrence. METHODS: Kisspeptin and GPR54 expression in pterygium were investigated by qPCR, Western blotting (WB), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Primary pterygial cells were treated with Kiss1 over-expression and GPR54 inhibitor and subsequently subjected to RNA sequencing. Signaling pathways were examined using WB and immunofluorescence (IF). RESULTS: The Kisspeptin/GPR54 system is down-regulated in pterygium. Ectopic over-expression of kisspeptin or GPR54 suppresses the cell growth of pterygial cells, accompanied by downregulation of chemokine signaling pathways (CXCL1, CXCL6 and CXCL12) and activation of the TGFβ, PI3K/Akt, p38 and ERK pathways as indicated by RNA-seq analysis. Furthermore, administration of the chemokines CXCL1, CXCL6 and CXCL12 significantly enhances the proliferation of pterygial cells. CONCLUSIONS: We reveal that kisspeptin system exerts an anti-pterygium effect, and a portion of chemokines induced by kisspeptin plays an essential role in pterygium growth.
Retinal Microglia: Revealing New Opportunities for Identifying Early Biomarkers of Diabetic Retinopathy.
Harley O, Amelia YS, Gustianty E … +2 more , Soetedjo NNM, Kartasasmita AS
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 40555254 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To explore the role of microglia in the pathomechanism of diabetic retinopathy (DR) from an inflammatory perspective. The study was conducted by searching several databases. Relevant articles were collected, sum...
PURPOSE: To explore the role of microglia in the pathomechanism of diabetic retinopathy (DR) from an inflammatory perspective. The study was conducted by searching several databases. Relevant articles were collected, summarized, and concluded. RESULTS: Numerous studies have been conducted to identify inflammatory biomarkers for effective detection of DR; however, the results have been inconsistent. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the retinal tissue, are believed to play a potential role in the neuroinflammatory process induced by prolonged hyperglycemia in the retina. The excessive release of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) due to hyperglycemia may overstimulate P2X7R receptors, thereby activating the NLRP3 inflammasome, and leading to chronic progressive inflammation. CONCLUSION: Microglial activation and polarization may induce meta-inflammation, contributing to increased permeability and neovascularization, which in turn lead to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Understanding this mechanism is essential for identifying potential biomarkers for early DR detection and developing adjunctive therapies to control disease progression.
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