Curr. Eye Res. [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Comparison of Tobramycin-Dexamethasone Combination Eyedrop Versus Artificial Tear Eyedrop for the Management of Presumed Viral Epidemic Conjunctivitis: A Randomized Treatment Trial.
Shah C, Goodman CF, Sen A … +2 more , Edward DP, Tijare M
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 40545608 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of one-time povidone-iodine (PovI) administration followed by a course of tobramycin-dexamethasone eye drops versus artificial tears in acute viral conjunctivitis (AVC). METHOD...
PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of one-time povidone-iodine (PovI) administration followed by a course of tobramycin-dexamethasone eye drops versus artificial tears in acute viral conjunctivitis (AVC). METHODS: This was a single-centre, randomized controlled trial. Patients with AVC were instilled with PovI (5%) after proparacaine and then divided into two groups using a computer-generated random number table. Group A received combination drops of tobramycin(0.3%) and dexamethasone(0.5%), and group B received carboxymethylcellulose(0.5%) eyedrops. Both groups administered one drop four times daily for at least three days and until complete symptom resolution. A symptom score (SS) encompassing the five symptoms (redness, lid swelling, foreign body sensation, pain, watering; max score 15) was calculated at baseline, day 3, and day 7. RESULTS: The study included 230 eyes (120 in group A, 110 in group B). There was a significant reduction in mean total SS at day 3 (2.16 ± 2.42) and day 7 (0.56 ± 1.14) in all eyes compared to at presentation (8.33 ± 2.46). At day 3, there was a lower mean total SS in group A (1.97 ± 2.31) compared to group B (2.36 ± 2.54) which was marginally significant ( = 0.086). At day 7, the proportion of eyes that were symptom-free was similar between groups (70.9%, = 0.881). A multivariate analysis found that group B (OR = 2.08, = 0.036) and a higher pain score (OR = 1.50, = 0.046) were associated with a lack of clinical resolution by day 3. CONCLUSION: A course of tobramycin-dexamethasone combination eyedrops after PovI may lead to early symptomatic relief, but recovery was similar to artificial tears by day 7. No significant/sight-threatening complications were observed in any groups.
Longitudinal Association of Decreased Serum Uric Acid Level with the Thinning of Ganglion Cell Inner Plexiform Layer Thickness in Chinese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without Retinopathy.
Fan Y, Li Y, Li L … +8 more , Wu X, Yan Y, Tsui CK, Liu K, Huang W, Liang X, Hu A, GDES Group
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 40535992 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To explore the associations between serum uric acid (SUA) level change and changes in the retinal neurodegenerative biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without retinopathy. METHODS: This is a prospec...
PURPOSE: To explore the associations between serum uric acid (SUA) level change and changes in the retinal neurodegenerative biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without retinopathy. METHODS: This is a prospective observational cohort study based on the baseline and 1-year follow-up data of the Guangzhou Diabetic Eye Study. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without retinopathy were recruited. Thicknesses of ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) were measured via swept-source optical coherence tomography. The associations between SUA level change and the thinning rates of GC-IPL and pRNFL were analyzed using multivariate linear regression analysis. Sub-group analysis based on sex was constructed. RESULTS: A total of 1084 participants were enrolled in our study. After adjustment, both male and female patients with decreased SUA levels in higher baseline SUA level group had a significantly slower thinning rate of GC-IPL than those with non-decreased SUA levels. In higher baseline SUA level with decreased SUA level group, male patients exhibited significantly slower thinning rate of inferior GC-IPL, while female patients exhibited significantly slower thinning rate of inferior and nasal GC-IPL and inferior pRNFL, when compared to those with non-decreased SUA levels. CONCLUSION: Our findings prove that decreased SUA level is associated with a slower GC-IPL thinning rate in higher baseline SUA level group, suggesting that decreased SUA level could be constituted as a potential future control target to delay the neurodegeneration in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Causal Association of Galectins and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.
Yang S, Zheng C, Zheng Q … +1 more , Gong Y
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 40530654 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes. Previous observation studies identified the association between Galectins (Gal) and the risk of DR, but the causal relationship betwe...
PURPOSE: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes. Previous observation studies identified the association between Galectins (Gal) and the risk of DR, but the causal relationship between Gal and the risk of DR is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the causal associations between circulating galectins (Gal) family levels and the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its phenotypes including proliferative DR (PDR), background DR (BDR), and severe non-proliferative background DR (SNPDR) using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS: The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) as instrumental variables (IVs) were identified from previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Qualified SNPs associated with Gals were selected via strict screening process. The causal association between Gal family levels and the risk of DR was analyzed using MR analysis. The main MR method was Inverse variance weighted (IVW). Causal estimates before and after outlier removal were presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The results of IVW indicated that Gal-4 levels were causally related to elevated risk of DR (OR = 1.068, 95%CI: 1.006-1.133), and PDR (OR = 1.084, 95%CI: 1.004-1.169). Gal-3 had causal effect on the risk of SNPDR (OR = 1.455, 95%CI: 1.103-1.919). Gal-3 binding protein was causally associated with higher risk of SNPDR (OR = 1.295, 95%CI: 1.014-1.654). In addition, Gal-9 had causal association with decreased risk of SNPDR (OR = 0.669, 95%CI: 0.491-0.911). Leave-one-out analysis depicted that no individual SNP could affect the causal associations of Gal-4 with DR and PDR, Gal-3, Gal-3 binding protein and Gal-9 with SNPDR. CONCLUSION: Gal-4 levels were causally related to elevated risk of DR, and PDR. Gal-3 and Gal-3 binding protein had causal effect on increased risk of SNPDR while Gal-9 had causal effect on decreased risk of SNPDR.
Fenofibrate Exerts Protective Effects in Diabetic Retinopathy.
Chen S, Wang X, Sun D … +5 more , Zhang S, Liu P, Xu X, Wei F, Liu Q
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 40530653 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study examines the protective effects of fenofibrate on retinal health in diabetic retinopathy, focusing on its ability to reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and restore autophagy while preventing ferro...
PURPOSE: This study examines the protective effects of fenofibrate on retinal health in diabetic retinopathy, focusing on its ability to reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and restore autophagy while preventing ferroptosis. METHODS: Using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model and cultured ARPE-19 cells under high glucose conditions, we assessed the impact of fenofibrate on oxidative stress markers, autophagy-related proteins, and tight junction integrity. Fenofibrate's role in modulating inflammation and preventing ferroptosis was also evaluated. RESULTS: Fenofibrate treatment reduced ROS production and NADPH oxidase activity, alleviating oxidative stress in retinal tissues. Additionally, fenofibrate enhanced autophagy, as indicated by increased LC3 expression, and maintained tight junction protein expression. These effects contributed to the stabilization of cellular homeostasis, potentially slowing disease progression. CONCLUSION: Fenofibrate offers significant protective effects in diabetic retinopathy by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, promoting autophagy, and inhibiting ferroptosis, making it a promising therapeutic option for managing the disease.
Effect of Repeated Intense Foveal Red-Light Therapy in Children with Pre-Myopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Leber MHM, Milbradt TL, Fujimura AY … +4 more , Silva YP, Amaral DC, Leber HM, Belfort R
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Nov · PMID 40528385 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Myopia is a significant public health concern with increased risk of ocular complications. Intense Foveal Red Light (IFRL) therapy has been explored in myopia control, but its efficacy at the pre-myopic stage re...
PURPOSE: Myopia is a significant public health concern with increased risk of ocular complications. Intense Foveal Red Light (IFRL) therapy has been explored in myopia control, but its efficacy at the pre-myopic stage remains underexplored. The use of this therapy in a population without a myopia diagnosis may offer a new window for the prophylactic application of IFRL therapy. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to determine the effectiveness of IFRL therapy in children with pre-myopia. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for studies investigating the effects of IFRL therapy on myopia incidence, changes in axial length (AL), choroidal thickness (CT), and cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER). Two independent reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models to estimate the pooled effect sizes. RESULTS: Of 365 studies identified, 4 met the criteria, totaling 619 participants (mean age 8.48 years, 51.8% female). At 6 months, IFRL significantly reduced myopia incidence (Risk Difference [RD] - 0.1; 95% CI -0.15 to -0.05; < 0.01), with benefits persisting at 12 months (RD -0.17; 95% CI -0.26 to 0.09; < 0.01). IFRL also reduced AL at 6 months (Mean Difference [MD] - 0.12 mm; 95% CI -0.16 to -0.09; < 0.01) and 12 months (MD -0.18 mm; 95% CI -0.23 to -0.14; < 0.01), increased CT (MD 22.34 µm; 95% CI 5.45-39.24; < 0.01), and improved SER at 6 (MD 0.27 D; 95% CI 0.23 to 0.32; < 0.01) and 12 months (MD 0.36 D; 95% CI 0.27-0.46; < 0.01). CONCLUSION: IFRL effectively reduced myopia incidence, AL, and improved SER and CT. These findings support further research on its long-term efficacy and safety, particularly regarding potential adverse effects and durability of outcomes. Overall, IFRL may offer a preventive strategy for pre-myopic children.
Secretes Extracellular Vesicles and Modulates the Proliferation of Conjunctival Epithelial Cells via the P53/CDKN1A Signaling Pathway.
Zhang J, Yang R, Liang J … +7 more , Huang Q, Huang AM, Qiu W, Li F, Wang L, Liang Y, Liu Z
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 40491050 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate the microbial strains in pterygium patients' tear samples 16S rRNA sequencing and evaluate their impact on human conjunctival epithelial cells (HConEpics) and pterygium fibroblasts (HPFs) prolife...
PURPOSE: To investigate the microbial strains in pterygium patients' tear samples 16S rRNA sequencing and evaluate their impact on human conjunctival epithelial cells (HConEpics) and pterygium fibroblasts (HPFs) proliferation. METHODS: Tear samples were cultured aerobically and anaerobically on blood agar plates. Bacterial colonies were characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing. Proliferation of HConEpics and HPFs was assessed using CCK-8 and EDU assays. The role of bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) was explored using the exosome inhibitor GW4869. EVs were isolated and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), with DIL staining confirming their internalization by host cells. Transcriptomic sequencing and the SIRT2-IN-11 inhibitor were used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and regulatory pathways. RESULTS: 16S rRNA analysis revealed a significant reduction in the concentration of (BC) in pterygium patients. BC significantly promoted HConEpics proliferation while inhibiting HPFs proliferation. GW4869 significantly reduced the stimulatory effect of BC culture supernatant on HConEpics proliferation, confirming EVs-medicated regulation. BC-derived EVs, isolated by ultracentrifugation, were internalized by HConEpics, promoting proliferation and inducing G1 phase cell cycle accumulation. These EVs also inhibited TGF-β-induced damage to HConEpics. Transcriptomic sequencing identified the p53 pathway as a key regulatory pathway, further clarified by SIRT2-IN-11. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers novel insights into pterygium pathogenesis and identifies potential therapeutic targets.
Validation of Compensation Algorithm in Healthy Volunteers Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.
Corradetti G, Chu Z, Almidani L … +3 more , Corvi F, Wang RK, Sadda SR
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Sep · PMID 40482023 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To generate and validate a spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography (SD-OCTA) device-specific algorithm to compensate for signal attenuation in choriocapillaris (CC) en face OCTA slabs. METHODS:...
PURPOSE: To generate and validate a spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography (SD-OCTA) device-specific algorithm to compensate for signal attenuation in choriocapillaris (CC) en face OCTA slabs. METHODS: Healthy subjects were imaged on SD-OCTA with a 6 × 6 mm pattern at the Doheny-UCLA Eye Centers. The CC slabs were segmented at the level of the Bruch's membrane using a 16-μm thick slab with the inner boundary located 4 μm below the Bruch's membrane. The CC slabs were exported and normalized. The percentage of CC flow deficits (CC FD %) was computed on binarized slabs before and after the application of an SD-OCTA specific compensation algorithm. On the same cohort, we also tested the compensation algorithm previously developed for SS-OCTA CC slabs. RESULTS: Twenty-eight eyes from 28 subjects were included in the analysis. The mean (SD) CC FD % was 13.15 (3.91) for the normalized and compensated (SD-OCTA specific) images and 13.73 (4.20) for the normalized and uncompensated images ( = 0.1). The compensated and uncompensated CC FD were strongly correlated ( < 0.001). Bland-Altman plots demonstrated good agreement between the compensated and uncompensated CC slabs for the quantification of CC FD. When applying the SS-OCTA compensation algorithm on the SD-OCTA CC slabs, there was a statistically significant difference between CC FD% measured on the compensated and uncompensated CC slabs ( < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: An SD-OCTA specific compensation algorithm can be applied which does not cause the loss of artifactual FD in healthy eyes, with similar CC FD% values in compensated and uncompensated images.
Pneumatic Trabeculectomy: A Modification in Conventional Trabeculectomy.
Gupta S, Arora M, Mahalingam K … +2 more , Gupta V, Venkatesh P
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Sep · PMID 40464261 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: We developed a novel technique called "pneumatic trabeculectomy"(PTB) which uses constant pressure air infusion the Constellation Vision System (Alcon. Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA) system to prevent...
PURPOSE: We developed a novel technique called "pneumatic trabeculectomy"(PTB) which uses constant pressure air infusion the Constellation Vision System (Alcon. Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA) system to prevent anterior chamber collapse/intraocular pressure fluctuations during trabeculectomy in high-risk cases. In this study, we compared the efficacy and safety of PTB with conventional trabeculectomy surgery. METHODS: In this prospective, interventional, nonrandomized, comparative pilot study, certain high-risk cases planned for trabeculectomy were assigned to Group A (conventional trabeculectomy) or Group B (pneumatic trabeculectomy). The primary outcome measure was to assess the anterior chamber (AC) fluctuations (through assessing anterior chamber shallowing/collapse), the frequency of need to form AC, and the occurrence of any intra-operative/early postoperative complications. RESULTS: Of the 48 eligible participants, 24 were assigned to Group A and Group B. The mean surgical time required to complete the surgery was 17.63 ± 1.44 min in group A and 17.21 ± 1.50 min in group B ( = 0.83). In group A, 83.3% (20/24)eyes, anterior chamber collapsed during the step of scleral osteotomy/iridectomy compared to 4.17% (1/24) eyes in group B ( < 0.001) (Fischer's test). The anterior chamber remained stable throughout the surgery in Group B, while AC formation was required at least twice (mean 2.3 ± 0.7) in eyes undergoing conventional trabeculectomy in group A ( < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PTB in high-risk cases had a significantly lower incidence of intra-operative anterior chamber collapse, requiring less frequent AC reformations, making it a safer alternative to conventional trabeculectomy.
Therapeutic Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of KD025 in Intraocular Pressure Regulation.
Guo C, Dang Y
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Sep · PMID 40452331 · Publisher ↗
AIM: To quantitatively evaluate the IOP-lowering efficacy of topical KD025 in normotensive and steroid-induced ocular hypertensive rat models, and to elucidate its mechanisms concerning TM cytoskeletal remodeling, fibrot...
AIM: To quantitatively evaluate the IOP-lowering efficacy of topical KD025 in normotensive and steroid-induced ocular hypertensive rat models, and to elucidate its mechanisms concerning TM cytoskeletal remodeling, fibrotic modulation, and cell behavior using primary human TM cells. METHODS: Normotensive and steroid-induced (dexamethasone) ocular hypertensive Sprague-Dawley rats received topical KD025; IOP was monitored using rebound tonometry. TM morphology was assessed by H&E staining. In primary human TM cells, functional effects (wound healing) and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (FN), F-actin, and myocilin (a steroid-response marker) were analyzed immunofluorescence and Western blotting following KD025 and/or dexamethasone treatment. RESULTS: KD025 significantly reduced IOP in normotensive rats, with peak effects at 6 h post-administration (though no clear dose-dependency was observed between 10-25 µM). In steroid-induced hypertensive rats, 20 µM KD025 achieved significantly greater IOP reduction versus vehicle ( < 0.01). Histological analysis suggested potential TM structural relaxation. , KD025 significantly inhibited TM cell migration and downregulated dexamethasone-induced α-SMA expression. Paradoxically, and differing from typical pan-ROCK inhibitor effects, KD025 treatment increased total cellular FN protein ( < 0.01 vs DEX alone) and further exacerbated dexamethasone-induced F-actin protein levels ( < 0.05 vs DEX alone). CONCLUSIONS: KD025 demonstrates effective IOP-lowering capabilities in rodent models. Its mechanism likely involves modulating TM cell contractility ( α-SMA reduction) and inhibiting cell migration. The unexpected findings on fibronectin and F-actin suggest that selective ROCK2 inhibition by KD025 induces complex and distinct effects on TM extracellular matrix dynamics and cytoskeletal organization compared to non-selective ROCK inhibitors. These results highlight ROCK2 as a promising therapeutic target for glaucoma, though its distinct cellular actions warrant further investigation.
Corneal Neurotization in Elderly Patients with Multimorbidity.
Holtmann C, Roth M, Beseoglu K … +2 more , Borrelli M, Geerling G
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Sep · PMID 40452082 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Corneal neurotization (CN) is a surgical technique to improve corneal sensitivity and the ocular surface in eyes with neurotrophic keratopathy. It has been predominantly advocated in patients with congenital cor...
PURPOSE: Corneal neurotization (CN) is a surgical technique to improve corneal sensitivity and the ocular surface in eyes with neurotrophic keratopathy. It has been predominantly advocated in patients with congenital corneal hypesthesia. Neurotrophic keratopathy is however much more frequent at an older age and in often multimorbid patients. We report our experience with corneal neurotization in patients with multimorbidity. METHODS: Seven eyes of 5 patients (f:m = 2:3, median age 70 ± 12 years) suffering from neurotrophic keratopathy due to Diabetes mellitus ( = 3), post Herpes Zoster keratitis (1) and drug use (1) were treated with direct CN using the supraorbital nerve ( = 5) or indirect CN ( = 2, with sural nerve interponate) and followed for a median of 7 months. In one case, a femtosecond laser was used to create peripheral intrastromal corneal pockets. Documented parameters included corneal sensitivity tested with a Cochet Bonnet aesthesiometer in four quadrants and the corneal center pre- and postoperatively, stage of NK, and duration of surgery. RESULTS: Corneal sensitivity was 0 mm in all areas tested of all corneas prior to neurotization (stage 3 NK). Mean surgical time was 247 ± 53 min. At 3 months, it was improved in 63% of all areas tested (5/7 eyes). In two eyes, severe neurotrophic keratopathy recurred (stage 3 NK). Three out of the five patients died of general conditions during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Corneal neurotization is a resource intensive technique, which successfully can improve corneal sensitivity. We also for the first time used a femtosecond laser to create peripheral intrastromal corneal pockets. When offering CN to elderly patients the long time to more profound corneal reinnervation, required to prevent corneal perforation, and generally potential fatal comorbidities should be considered carefully. Given the good results reported for younger patients the procedure should be indicated probably earlier in the course of the disease.
Anterior Segment Measurement and Reproducibility in Pediatric Eyes Using Quantitative Ultrasound Biomicroscopy.
Miglani T, Chang M, Wei L … +9 more , Shah D, Kolosky T, Levin MR, Vinnett A, Martinez C, Bazemore M, Jaafar M, Madigan W, Alexander JL
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Sep · PMID 40433750 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to provide an evidence-based protocol for iris measurement from ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) images with reproducibility analysis and resulting normative iris thickness dataset of...
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to provide an evidence-based protocol for iris measurement from ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) images with reproducibility analysis and resulting normative iris thickness dataset of the pediatric human iris by age. METHODS: Healthy pediatric subjects (14 subjects, 25 eyes, mean age 2.0 ± 1.2 years) were recruited prospectively and underwent UBM imaging. Iris parameters were measured in 4 UBM images per eye in raw image and processed edge detection format. Agreement and variability were evaluated. Regression assessed the association between measurement differences and the variables expected to influence measurement reproducibility (image quality, orientation, and processing). Iris thickness by age was reported. RESULTS: Intraclass correlation was >0.6 and correlation was >0.7 for all parameters. Coefficient of variation was <30% for iris measurements not involving the ciliary body. Image quality improved reproducibility but was not statistically significant ( = 0.10). Age of subject, edge detection, and image orientation were also not significant. Iris thickness increased with increasing age ( = 0.63, < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated reproducible iris measurements using a prospective protocol. We found image features, including image quality and edge detection pre-processing, were not critical to reproducibility. In the future, clinical correlations with iris morphology may be more rigorously studied using a well-defined, reproducible, and quantitative approach as presented in this UBM-based image analysis protocol.
The Role of IDO Activity in Cataract Progression: Correlation to Age and Cataract Severity.
Zemitis A, Vanags J, Klavins K … +1 more , Laganovska G
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Sep · PMID 40423999 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Cataract is a prevalent, progressive lens disorder characterized by gradual opacity, often related to aging. Oxidative stress, ultraviolet radiation, and inflammation contribute to lens damage and protein modifi...
PURPOSE: Cataract is a prevalent, progressive lens disorder characterized by gradual opacity, often related to aging. Oxidative stress, ultraviolet radiation, and inflammation contribute to lens damage and protein modifications. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase plays a critical role in tryptophan metabolism, with kynurenines implicated in various diseases. This study aimed to assess IDO activity in cataract patients by analyzing IDO activity in aqueous humor. METHODS: The study included 170 cataract surgery patients (60 males, 110 females; mean age 73.9 ± 9.43 years). Cataract severity was categorized using the SPONCS system: SPONCS 1 (1.8%), SPONCS 2 (30.6%), SPONCS 3 (35.3%), SPONCS 4 (11.8%), and SPONCS 5 (20.6%). Aqueous humor samples (50-120 µL) were collected paracentesis and analyzed using HILIC liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Target metabolite quantification was performed using internal standards and calibration curves. RESULTS: Significant differences in IDO activity were observed across SPONCS groups (X(4) = 12.0, = .018, Ɛ= 0.0707), particularly between SPONCS 2 and SPONCS 5 ( = .013). Age differences across SPONCS groups were also significant ( < .001). Males had lower tryptophan levels than females ( = .027). Correlations were found between SPONCS and IDO activity (r = -0.255, < .001), SPONCS and kynurenine (r = 0.196, = .011), and kynurenic acid with kynurenine (r = 0.355, < .001). CONCLUSION: Patients with SPONCS 2 cataract exhibit increased susceptibility to elevated IDO activity and heightened kynurenine production. IDO serves as a more reliable prognostic marker for cataract progression than chronological age. Furthermore, IDO activity may be associated with reduced glutathione levels in human lens epithelial cells, suggesting a potential link between the enzyme and oxidative stress within the lens.
Correlation of Scleral Rigidity and Corneal Stress-Strain Measurements with Induced Elevation of Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Eyes.
Boschetti G, Seki VBB, Prata TS … +1 more , Paula JS
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Sep · PMID 40420517 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To correlate scleral rigidity and corneal stiffness parameters with induced elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy subjects using an ophthalmodynamometer. METHODS: A combined calculation of applanati...
PURPOSE: To correlate scleral rigidity and corneal stiffness parameters with induced elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy subjects using an ophthalmodynamometer. METHODS: A combined calculation of applanation and indentation tonometric measurements using the Calixto nomogram was used to estimate scleral rigidity (SR) in healthy adults. The stiffness parameter (at first applanation - SP-A1), stress-strain index (SSI), and central corneal thickness were determined using the Corvis ST. Then, all eyes underwent acute IOP elevation through ocular compression using an ophthalmodynamometer at four crescent steps. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to investigate the association between intraocular pressure increase and ocular biomechanical parameters. RESULTS: Fifty-four eyes from 27 participants were included (mean age, 55.9 ± 9.9 years). The mean baseline IOP was 12.9 mmHg. The average values for SR, SP-A1, and SSI were 0.025 AU, 113.8 mmHg/mm, and 1.28, respectively. During ocular compression, IOP significantly increased in all eyes (mean change, 22.4 ± 4.3 mmHg; < 0.001). The multivariable analysis showed that the magnitude of the rise in IOP was correlated only with SR (coefficient= 178.35; = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Scleral, but not corneal, biomechanical parameters correlate independently with the magnitude of acute IOP increase in healthy eyes. These findings support further biomechanical studies involving patients with glaucoma to better understand the relationship between ocular compliance and its mechanical response to different IOP levels.
Posterior Polar Cataracts: A Comprehensive Review of Management Strategies.
Tripathi M, Kaur M, Titiyal JS … +1 more , Nair S
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Sep · PMID 40411417 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To explore the recent updates on etiopathogenesis, clinical features, imaging modalities, and management strategies for challenging posterior polar cataracts. METHODS: A thorough review was conducted by systemat...
PURPOSE: To explore the recent updates on etiopathogenesis, clinical features, imaging modalities, and management strategies for challenging posterior polar cataracts. METHODS: A thorough review was conducted by systematically analyzing the literature published on posterior polar cataracts, including its etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, imaging modalities, surgical techniques, newer innovations and postoperative outcomes. The comprehensive search was performed on three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) using relevant keywords such as "posterior polar cataract," "ASOCT", "UBM", "femtosecond laser," "phacoemulsification" and "complications." Articles published in English were included, with priority given to peer-reviewed studies, clinical trials, and systematic reviews. Additional references were identified through cross-referencing key publications. The gathered data were synthesized to provide an overview of current knowledge and evolving perspectives in the management of posterior polar cataracts. RESULTS: This mini-review comprehensively analyses and subsequently highlights the various clinical signs and imaging peculiarities seen on different investigative modalities to identify posterior polar cataracts. The information thus gathered will immensely help surgeons to effectively perform risk stratification, formulate the appropriate surgical plan, and manage patient expectations. Numerous surgical techniques have also been identified and extensively discussed to manage posterior polar cataracts in different scenarios. CONCLUSION: This mini-review serves as a comprehensive guide for both trainee and practicing ophthalmologists alike, updating them on recent advances in posterior polar cataracts. It also highlights the inherent challenges and key considerations that clinicians must carefully navigate in this evolving field.
Assessment of Inter-Device Agreement in Quantifying Choriocapillaris Flow Deficits in Healthy Eyes.
Boscia G, Gnanaraj R, Corradetti G … +7 more , Soylu C, Kadomoto S, Ji Y, Taweebanjongsin W, Su L, Byon I, Sadda SR
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Sep · PMID 40405602 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To compare the computation of the choriocapillaris flow deficit obtained from three different optical coherence tomography angiography devices in healthy subjects. METHODS: Twenty-six healthy subjects were inclu...
PURPOSE: To compare the computation of the choriocapillaris flow deficit obtained from three different optical coherence tomography angiography devices in healthy subjects. METHODS: Twenty-six healthy subjects were included in this post hoc analysis of data from a prospective healthy subject optical coherence tomography angiography study. Fovea-centered 6 × 6 optical coherence tomography angiography volume scans were obtained by all three devices: Heidelberg Spectralis spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography (Heidelberg, Germany) using a full spectrum probabilistic algorithm (512 × 512 pixels); Zeiss Cirrus 5000 AngioPlex (Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) (spectral domain-optical coherence tomography angiography) using the optical microangiography algorithm (350 × 350 pixels); Zeiss PLEX Elite 9000 swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) using the optical microangiography algorithm (500 × 500 pixels). Choriocapillaris slabs were binarized using Image J (Bethesda, MD) and the choriocapillaris flow deficit % was measured applying a Phansalkar radius of ∼20 µm, adjusted for each device based on the size and resolution of the images. RESULTS: Twenty-six healthy eyes of 26 subjects with no ocular or systemic disease were included in this analysis. The mean age of the subjects was 47.60 ± 13.00 (range, 26-69) years and 46.15% were females. The choriocapillaris flow deficit % measured by the devices varied significantly from each other ( < .01). The mean choriocapillaris flow deficit % measured by the Spectralis (Heidelberg, Germany) was the highest at 57.00% (±13.21%), followed by the Angioplex at 25.70% (±9.00%), and the Plex Elite at 7.62 (±3.06%). There was a significant positive correlation between choriocapillaris flow deficit % measured by swept source-optical coherence tomography angiography and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography angiography devices (Angioplex and PLEX Elite) using the optical microangiography algorithm ( = 0.78, < .01). Of note, this correlation was better than the correlation between two spectral domain-optical coherence tomography angiography devices using different algorithms (Spectralis, Heidelberg, Germany, full spectrum probabilistic algorithm and Angioplex optical microangiography) ( = 0.389, = .04). CONCLUSION: The correlation between swept source and spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography devices using the same optical coherence tomography angiography algorithm is better than between spectral domain-optical coherence tomography angiography devices using different algorithms.
Relationship Between Refractive Parameter and Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Concentration and Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography in Myopia Children with Retinopathy of Prematurity.
Chen C, Hong L, Ma X
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Sep · PMID 40400226 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The study aimed to investigate the risk factors contributing to myopia in children after the spontaneous regression of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), focusing on the relationship between serum vascular endoth...
PURPOSE: The study aimed to investigate the risk factors contributing to myopia in children after the spontaneous regression of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), focusing on the relationship between serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration, refractive parameters, and optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) findings. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort of 198 patients who underwent fundus examinations at our hospital from January 2020 to December 2022, including 50 with myopia after regressed ROP (ROP-myopia group), 48 without myopia after regressed ROP (ROP-non-myopia group), 51 healthy myopic children (Myopia group), and 49 healthy non-myopic children (non-Myopia group), were enrolled. Serum VEGF levels, refractive parameters, and OCTA parameters were measured. Statistical analyses, including logistic regression, were performed to identify correlations between VEGF levels, OCTA parameters, and refractive outcomes. RESULTS: The ROP-myopia group had higher diopter (3.66 ± 0.83 D), lens thickness (4.91 ± 0.91 mm), and axial length (24.30 ± 1.58 mm), along with elevated serum VEGF levels (302.8 ± 14.00 pg/ml), compared to other groups ( < 0.05). Retinal vascular density (VD) and central foveal thickness (CFT) was higher in the ROP-myopia group ( < 0.05). VEGF, VD, and CFT were identified as independent risk factors for abnormal refractive parameters, with an ROC curve area of 0.9918 ( < 0.05), highlighting their significant roles in myopia development after regressed ROP. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the significant influence of VEGF, VD, and CFT on refractive outcomes in children with regressed ROP. Monitoring changes in these parameters is crucial for early intervention to reduce the risk of myopia development.
Objective Quality Assessment of the Capsulorhexis - A Novel Augmented Reality Tool for Trainees and Experts.
Muth DR, Scherm P, Acosta F … +7 more , Brêzik M, Benito F, Dirisamer M, Priglinger SG, Blaser F, Zweifel SA, Mayer WJ
Curr Eye Res · 2026 Jan · PMID 40396333 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To assess the usability of a smartphone-based augmented reality tool for capsulorhexis training. METHODS: This is a single-center, prospective, clinical study conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Univer...
PURPOSE: To assess the usability of a smartphone-based augmented reality tool for capsulorhexis training. METHODS: This is a single-center, prospective, clinical study conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. Surgery-naïve residents were included and divided into three subgroups: (1) augmented reality supported by the Custom Surgical MicroREC system during their capsulorhexis procedures; (2) Expert support supported by an experienced cataract surgeon; (3) No support without support. Capsulorhexis quality was graded by circularity, centration, and radius. RESULTS: Twenty-one ( = 21) participants were enrolled. The augmented reality group was statistically significantly better in terms of circularity than the Expert support (Mann-Whitney's -test: = .00175) and the No support group (Mann-Whitney's -test: = .00268). The procedure duration decreased statistically significantly for all three groups when try 1 and 10 were compared (augmented reality: < .0001; Expert support: = .0099; No support: < .0001). The other parameters did not differ statistically significantly. The questionnaires handed to the augmented reality and No support group before and after the wet lab revealed a high importance of wet lab trainings to all polled participants. The provided wet lab setup was considered adequate by both groups. CONCLUSION: Augmented reality can assist in cataract training. The Custom Surgical MicroREC system can have a positive influence on capsulorhexis quality in a training environment. Automated quality metrics measured by the augmented reality software provide an objective quality score of the performed surgical procedure. As the tested augmented reality system can be used in training as well as in a real-world setting, this will be a useful tool for trainees and expert surgeons alike.
circ_EPB41 Modulates the miR-15a-5p/Bcl-2 Pathway to Alleviate Oxidative Stress Damage in Lens Epithelial Cells.
Fu J, Huang S, Hu S … +2 more , Huang L, Fang H
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Sep · PMID 40394985 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the role of circ_EPB41 in regulating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in lens epithelial cells by targeting the miR-15a-5p/Bcl-2 pathway, highlighting its potential significance...
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the role of circ_EPB41 in regulating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in lens epithelial cells by targeting the miR-15a-5p/Bcl-2 pathway, highlighting its potential significance in age-related cataract treatment. Growing evidence suggests that circular RNAs and microRNAs play critical roles in age-related cataract development, making circ_EPB41 a promising target. METHODS: SRA01/04 cells were exposed to 200 µM HO for 24 h to induce oxidative damage and model age-related cataract. Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed using MTT assays and flow cytometry, respectively. The interaction between circ_EPB41 and miR-15a-5p was analyzed through bioinformatics tools and dual luciferase reporter assays. Additionally, the expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, miR-15a-5p, and circ_EPB41 were measured using RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: HO-induced SRA01/04 cells showed down-regulation of circ_EPB41 and up-regulation of miR-15a-5p. Circ_EPB41 was found to interact with miR-15a-5p, negatively regulating its expression. Furthermore, miR-15a-5p mimics reversed the effects of circ_EPB41 on oxidative stress in SRA01/04 cells, as evidenced by reduced cell viability, increased apoptosis, elevated Bax levels, and decreased Bcl-2 expression. In contrast, miR-15a-5p inhibitors alleviated HO-induced oxidative damage by upregulating Bcl-2 expression. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to demonstrate that up-regulation of circ_EPB41 protects lens epithelial cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through the miR-15a-5p/Bcl-2 pathway. These findings suggest that circ_EPB41 may hold potential as a novel therapeutic target for age-related cataract treatment.
Extracellular Vesicles of Tears and Ocular Surface: An Enigma.
Fatima A, Attem J, Esam S … +1 more , Vemuganti GK
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Dec · PMID 40390228 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: A stable ocular surface is crucial for maintaining ocular health by protecting against various infections. This is achieved by coordinated function of ocular structures (cornea, limbus, conjunctiva), innervation...
PURPOSE: A stable ocular surface is crucial for maintaining ocular health by protecting against various infections. This is achieved by coordinated function of ocular structures (cornea, limbus, conjunctiva), innervation, and the tear film which forms a protective barrier over the ocular surface ensuring proper hydration, lubrication, and overall ocular comfort. This complex three-layered tear film secreted by different sources ensures its stability by adhesion to the corneal epithelium. Ocular surface fluid kinetics and tear secretion involve complex processes influenced by neural regulation, environmental factors, and molecular composition. Recent advances in cell biology and secretome has unravelled the mysteries of cellular cargo of almost every cell and system i.e. the extracellular vesicles (EVs) which facilitate intercellular communication. EVs are of different sizes, amongst which small EVs (sEVs) potentially are more informative than other EVs. METHODS: An extensive review of literature on sEVs in tears and ocular surface was conducted. RESULTS: Emerging literature on sEVs derived from ocular surface structures such as cornea and limbal stem cells contribute to corneal wound healing, regeneration and reduced fibrosis by the activation of specific proteins. A recent study documents that homeostasis between cornea and conjunctiva is maintained by the expression of specific genes triggering differentiation in diseased conditions. There is also mounting evidence on role of tear-derived sEVs in normal and diseased states. The approach in which tear layers secreted from three different sources form into a single tri-layered stable biofilm covering the entire ocular surface remains elusive. Hence not surprisingly, the tear sEVs therefore have been referred to as one entity and not attributed to any of the 3 different sources that they originate from. CONCLUSION: This review attempts to present the recent concepts of sEVs, ocular surface, tears and highlight the gaps in our understanding of tear-derived exosomes and its potential role in homeostasis and disease conditions.
SERPINA3 in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Pilot Study Assessing the Impact of Prior COVID-19 Infection on Patients.
Miller A, Koh E, Robinson R … +3 more , Kumar V, Sharma A, Sharma S
Curr Eye Res · 2025 Aug · PMID 40375599 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: SERine Protease INhibitor clade A member 3 (SERPINA3), a protease inhibitor involved in the acute phase response, is regulated by interleukin 6 trans-signaling, a pro-inflammatory pathway associated with diabeti...
PURPOSE: SERine Protease INhibitor clade A member 3 (SERPINA3), a protease inhibitor involved in the acute phase response, is regulated by interleukin 6 trans-signaling, a pro-inflammatory pathway associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) pathogenesis. We hypothesized that SERPINA3 may serve as a biomarker to distinguish DR patients from diabetic patients without retinopathy. METHODS: We measured serum SERPINA3 levels in DR patients and demographically matched diabetic patients without retinopathy to assess the biomarker potential of SERPINA3. History of COVID-19 infection was included as a demographic variable. RESULTS: Our results showed that SERPINA3 levels did not vary between cases and controls, nor was there any correlation with disease severity as measured by hemoglobin A1c and diabetic retinopathy stage. We found that excluding patients with a history of COVID-19 infection increased the predictive value of SERPINA3, and that SERPINA3 levels were significantly increased in those subjects hospitalized due to COVID-19. The predictive value of SERPINA3 for hospitalization was similar to age, duration of diabetes, and HbA1c in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, SERPINA3 had poor sensitivity and specificity for identifying DR patients, and COVID-19 infection history significantly increased variance in SERPINA3 levels. Further investigation into the potential of SERPINA3 as DR biomarker should be sufficiently powered to account for the potentially confounding effects of COVID-19 infection.
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