Cesk Slov Oftalmol [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Treatment of Ametropic Amblyopia and the Significance of Cycloplegia in Childhood.
Gajdoš M, Tóthová Z, Benca-Kapitánová K … +4 more , Vida R, Kralik M, Javorka M, Halička J
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 42386352 · Publisher ↗
AIMS: This retrospective study evaluates the effect of full cycloplegic spectacle correction on best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), interocular difference in BCVA, and the presence of stereopsis in children previously...
AIMS: This retrospective study evaluates the effect of full cycloplegic spectacle correction on best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), interocular difference in BCVA, and the presence of stereopsis in children previously treated for ametropic amblyopia (isoametropic or anisometropic type). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed data from 43 children aged 4-12 years (mean 6.42 ±2.06 years) who had been previously diagnosed and treated for amblyopia. All underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination including cycloplegic refraction, BCVA, and stereopsis testing. The primary intervention was full correction of the refractive error based on cycloplegic refraction. The patients were monitored at 3-month intervals, and the effect of treatment was assessed after 12 months. The statistical analysis included a Shapiro-Wilk test, paired t-test or Wilcoxon test, and linear regression for evaluating the impact of age and prior occlusion therapy. RESULTS: Average BCVA improved significantly from 0.41 to 0.65 (p.
Association of Aqueous Humor Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha with Retinal Ganglion Cell Thickness in Juvenile versus Adult-Onset Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.
Ilahi F, Fitrah, Haq NK … +2 more , Alfatih M, Heriyanto SR
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 42285746 · Publisher ↗
AIMS: To evaluate the association between aqueous humor tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer in patients with juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) and their comparison with adult-onset...
AIMS: To evaluate the association between aqueous humor tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer in patients with juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) and their comparison with adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma patients (POAG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This analytical cross-sectional study included 15 JOAG patients (aged 7-40 years) and 15 POAG patients (> 40 years). Aqueous Humor (AH) samples were collected during trabeculectomy, TNF-α concentrations were measured using ELISA, and RGC thickness was assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography (Cirrus HD-OCT, Carl Zeiss). Group differences were analyzed using the independent t-test, and correlations were evaluated with Pearson's test. RESULTS: The mean AH TNF-α level in the JOAG group (179.02 ±27.04 pg/mL) was significantly higher than in the POAG group (130.17 ±18.62 pg/mL; p.
Contribution to the pathogenesis and early diagnosis of glaucoma. A Review.
Lešták J, Pitrová Š, Autrata R … +1 more , Bednařík M
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 42268709 · Publisher ↗
The aim of the work is to summarize recent observations on the pathogenesis of glaucoma, both from animal experiments and from clinical examinations of humans suffering from pathological intraocular pressure (IOP). Based...
The aim of the work is to summarize recent observations on the pathogenesis of glaucoma, both from animal experiments and from clinical examinations of humans suffering from pathological intraocular pressure (IOP). Based on the knowledge gained, to present modern examination methods for diagnosing individual changes in the retinal vasculature and optic nerve papilla, the nerve fiber layer and retinal ganglion cells. Conclusion: The highest statistical significance in the vasculature of the peripapillary and papillary areas was recorded in pathological IOP in the vessels inside the optic nerve disc. In the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) after cleaning from vessel density, pathological values were recorded in vertical segments, i.e. in places where the axons of the retinal magnocellular ganglion cells enter the papilla. In the retinal ganglion cells, pathological changes were recorded when examining the far nasal part of the visual field.
Histomorphological Changes in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis of Varying Severity.
Kuryltsiv N
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 42268708 · Publisher ↗
AIM: to evaluate the histomorphology of the eyes of rabbits with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) of varying severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 30 Chinchilla rabbits with EAU, which were div...
AIM: to evaluate the histomorphology of the eyes of rabbits with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) of varying severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 30 Chinchilla rabbits with EAU, which were divided into two groups according to the severity of the disease. Histomorphological examination of the rabbit eyes was performed. RESULTS: In general, the inflammatory process can be characterized as a humoral-type hypersensitivity reaction. An inflammatory process was observed, predominantly affecting the inner ocular layers - mainly the choroid and retina. Inflammatory changes in the iris were sporadic, minimal, and primarily consisted of a few scattered lymphocyte-like cells. In the ciliary body, inflammation predominantly involved the ciliary processes. Damage to the retinal pigment epithelium was predominantly observed in the optical part. The involvement of the choroidal vasculature was evident, accompanied by stromal exudation. Retinal alterations predominantly involved the inner layers. The bipolar and ganglion cell layers were essentially destroyed, while the photoreceptor layer was largely preserved. Destruction of the retinal pigment epithelium was associated with damage to Bruch's membrane. CONCLUSION: Overall, histomorphological alterations in EAU showed a time-dependent progression, peaking between Days 3 and 10, particularly in moderate and severe cases. Although inflammatory activity decreased from Day 14 onward, complete morphological recovery was not observed. Persistent intergroup differences indicate sustained, partially irreversible ocular tissue damage associated with disease severity.
Clinical Profile and Surgical Outcomes in Brown Syndrome - A Retrospective Case Series.
Singh A, Prakash N, Buch P … +2 more , Choudhary A, Kumar B
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 42161605 · Publisher ↗
AIM: To evaluate the clinical, sensory, and motor characteristics of patients with Brown syndrome treated at a tertiary health care center, with a focus on the long-term outcomes of conservative and surgical interventio...
AIM: To evaluate the clinical, sensory, and motor characteristics of patients with Brown syndrome treated at a tertiary health care center, with a focus on the long-term outcomes of conservative and surgical interventions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective case series evaluated 14 patients diagnosed with Brown syndrome. A comprehensive clinical assessment included a detailed history, best-corrected visual acuity, a prism cover test for primary position deviation, nine-gaze motility with quantitative elevation-in-adduction, fundus torsion, and sensory status. Of 14 patients, 11 had congenital Brown syndrome and 3 had acquired forms. Congenital cases were stratified by severity using standard criteria: mild (isolated elevation deficit in adduction with orthophoria; n = 4), moderate (downshoot in adduction with minimal/no primary deviation; n = 2), and severe (significant primary vertical deviation ± abnormal head posture; n = 5). Mild to moderate cases underwent observation with appropriate refractive correction, and acquired cases underwent etiology-specific management, which also included observation for the restrictive strabismus. Severe congenital cases (n = 5) underwent superior oblique chicken suture lengthening. RESULTS: Following a one-year follow-up, mild (n = 4) and moderate (n = 2) congenital cases remained stable without progression under conservative management, whereas acquired etiologies (n = 3) showed resolution after etiology-targeted management. Five patients with the congenital severe form achieved successful primary position alignment after superior oblique chicken suture lengthening, with improvements in objective torsion, abnormal head posture, and stereoacuity, without any adverse outcomes. CONCLUSION: Most cases of Brown syndrome (64%) can be managed by adopting a conservative approach, depending on the etiology and severity. Only severe forms with significant primary position deviation require surgical intervention. Superior oblique chicken suture lengthening is a safe procedure that yields favorable long-term outcomes with minimal complications.
Evaluation of AI Citation Accuracy in Anterior Segment Research.
Civelekler M, Çıtırık M
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 42161604 · Publisher ↗
AIMS: To conduct a pilot evaluation of the citation accuracy of four contemporary artificial intelligence (AI) models - ChatGPT (OpenAI GPT-5.1), Copilot (Microsoft Copilot 4.2), DeepSeek (DeepSeek-R1), and Gemini (Goog...
AIMS: To conduct a pilot evaluation of the citation accuracy of four contemporary artificial intelligence (AI) models - ChatGPT (OpenAI GPT-5.1), Copilot (Microsoft Copilot 4.2), DeepSeek (DeepSeek-R1), and Gemini (Google Gemini Ultra 2.5) - in generating PubMed-style references for corneal, conjunctival, and eyelid disease research, and to identify common error patterns. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-five standardized clinical paragraphs were selected from The Review of Ophthalmology (4th edition). Each AI model was prompted to generate AMA 11-style references relevant to the provided text, simulating a literature retrieval task. Generated citations were assessed for accuracy, DOI matching, and clinical relevance. In a second validation phase, citations were independently reviewed by two ophthalmology experts and classified as fully cited, partially cited, or not cited. Statistical comparisons of accuracy proportions among models were performed using chi-squared tests. RESULTS: DeepSeek demonstrated the highest citation accuracy (78.6%, 22/35), followed by ChatGPT (51.4%, 18/35), and Copilot (51.4%, 18/35). Gemini showed the lowest accuracy (12.9%, 5/35). Differences in accuracy rates across models were statistically significant (χ² = 19.0, df = 3, p < 0.001). Expert validation confirmed DeepSeek's relative advantage, with 42.9% (15/35) of its references classified as fully cited, compared with Copilot (20.0%, 7/35), ChatGPT (11.4%, 4/35), and Gemini (11.4%, 4/35). The most frequent error types were DOI mismatches and the generation of irrelevant or unverifiable references. CONCLUSION: This pilot study indicates that contemporary AI models, particularly those like DeepSeek, show potential in assisting with citation generation. However, the observed error rates, including instances of hallucination, remain substantial. These findings underscore that rigorous human verification is indispensable when using AI for academic referencing in specialized medical fields, and highlight the need for continuous, version-specific benchmarking as these tools evolve.
Clinical Features and Therapeutic Alternatives in Eyes with Secondary Vasoproliferative Tumors: A Single-Center Turkish Perspective.
Polat G, Karti O, Ayhan Z … +3 more , Tunc M, Avci R, Saatci AO
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41996232 · Publisher ↗
AIMS: To evaluate retrospectively the clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes in eyes with secondary vasoproliferative retinal tumors (VPRT) at a tertiary center in Turkey. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients diagno...
AIMS: To evaluate retrospectively the clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes in eyes with secondary vasoproliferative retinal tumors (VPRT) at a tertiary center in Turkey. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with secondary VPRT between 2005 and 2025 with a follow-up of 6 months or more were included. 24 eyes of 21 patients were evaluated. Their charts and multimodal imaging features were analyzed, and treatments noted. RESULTS: Mean age was 26.1 years (6-57). Mean follow-up was 61.1 months (6-151). Baseline BCVA was 0.77 LogMAR (0.00-2.30). VPRT was linked to non-infectious uveitis in 12 patients, retinitis pigmentosa in 5 patients, X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis, Coats' disease, retinal dystrophy and retinopathy of prematurity in 1 patient each. The inferotemporal quadrant was the most common site (66.7%). Treatments included dexamethasone implant, transscleral cryotherapy, systemic immunosuppressive therapy, laser photocoagulation, CyberKnife, intravitreal anti-VEGF, vitreoretinal surgery, photodynamic therapy, intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and enucleation. At baseline, 15 eyes had macular intraretinal fluid. At the final visit, dry macula was achieved in 9 of 15 eyes. Mean final BCVA was 1.01 LogMAR (0.00-3.00). Two eyes deteriorated to no light perception. One was enucleated. CONCLUSION: This largest cohort of patients from Turkey with secondary VPRT reflects the diverse underlying etiologic associations and heterogeneous clinical manifestations at a tertiary center. Various therapeutic techniques were required to cope with this difficult-to-treat, challenging disease entity.
Outcomes of Post-Traumatic Pediatric Endophthalmitis Following 25-Gauge Pars Plana Vitrectomy.
Markan A, Gupta A, Tripathi M … +9 more , Rana V, Dogra M, Chauhan D, Katoch D, Singh SR, Bansal R, Gupta V, Singh R, Tigari B
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41996231 · Publisher ↗
AIM: To evaluate the structural and functional outcomes of 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in children with post-traumatic endophthalmitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 33 children (mean...
AIM: To evaluate the structural and functional outcomes of 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in children with post-traumatic endophthalmitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 33 children (mean age: 6.5 ±2.6 years) with endophthalmitis following open globe injury who underwent 25G PPV. Preoperative parameters recorded were age, gender, time of onset, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), hypopyon, intraocular foreign body (IOFB), and retinal detachment (RD). Surgical details noted included timing of PPV, intraoperative findings, lens status, tamponade, and need for pars plana lensectomy (PPL). Vitreous samples were taken for microbiology. Minimum follow-up was 3 months. RESULTS: The mean interval between injury and onset of endophthalmitis was 4.72 ±3.75 days, and the mean time to PPV was 5.8 ±4.7 days. Hypopyon was present in 45.4%, IOFB in 12.1%, and RD in 6.1%. PPL was performed in 81% of eyes. Mean preoperative BCVA was 2.6 ±0.2 logMAR, improving significantly to 1.3 ±0.5 logMAR at 3 months (p 3/60) was achieved in 33.3%. Anatomical success with retinal attachment was achieved in 72.7%, and endophthalmitis resolution in 90%. Retinal reintervention was required in 15%. Oil tamponade was used in 30% and gas in 9.1%. Microbiological positivity was seen in 39.3%, most commonly Gram-positive cocci. CONCLUSION: Early 25G PPV in pediatric post-traumatic endophthalmitis offers favorable structural and functional outcomes. High rates of infection resolution and retinal attachment can be achieved despite severe presentation, particularly with timely vitrectomy, tailored tamponade, and lensectomy when indicated.
Anterior Chamber Cholesterolosis in a 1-Year-Old Patient with Coats' Disease. A Case Report.
Slaninová T, Autrata R, Komínek M … +1 more , Krejčířová I
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41996230 · Publisher ↗
AIM: To present a rare case of anterior chamber cholesterolosis in a patient with Coats' disease with emphasis on the differential diagnosis, to compare the clinical findings and therapeutic approach with previously rep...
AIM: To present a rare case of anterior chamber cholesterolosis in a patient with Coats' disease with emphasis on the differential diagnosis, to compare the clinical findings and therapeutic approach with previously reported cases; and to clarify the pathogenetic mechanisms and associated complications of anterior chamber cholesterolosis, based on an analogy with previously published cases. CASE REPORT: A 14-month-old boy was brought to our clinic with a painful, irritated right eye. Anterior chamber cholesterolosis was identified, associated with acute glaucoma, total retinal detachment, and vitreous hyperechogenicity with suspected calcifications on ultrasound (US). Coats' disease with anterior chamber cholesterolosis or retinoblastoma-associated masquerade syndrome were considered in the differential diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) did not confirm retinoblastoma. The patient underwent anterior chamber lavage, followed by intracameral and intravitreal injection of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agent. A cytological analysis of the anterior chamber aspirate showed no evidence of malignant cells. Although the treatment achieved the expected effect, the eye gradually progressed to phthisis bulbi. Nevertheless, the eye has remained painless, it has shown no signs of irritation and the intraocular condition has remained stable over the long term. CONCLUSION: Anterior chamber cholesterolosis is a rare complication of Coats' disease, reported in less than 3% of patients. Exclusion of retinoblastoma-associated masquerade syndrome is essential in the differential diagnosis. In comparison with previously published cases of anterior chamber cholesterolosis as a complicating factor in Coats' disease, we have observed a similar character and course of the disease in patients with onset in early childhood. However, a difference can be observed in the therapeutic approach. In all the previously reported cases, the painful eye was enucleated. In our case, preserving the blind eye through a more conservative surgical approach proved beneficial.
Long-term Outcomes of Surgical Treatment of Unilateral Primary Congenital and Infantile Glaucoma.
Skálová N, Krejčířová I, Autrata R
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41996229 · Publisher ↗
AIM: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of surgical treatment in unilateral primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), with a focus on stabilizing intraocular pressure (IOP) and structural and functional parameters of the affec...
AIM: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of surgical treatment in unilateral primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), with a focus on stabilizing intraocular pressure (IOP) and structural and functional parameters of the affected eye. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 20 eyes of 20 patients with unilateral PCG operated on between 2002-2022 by combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy (CTT) or trabeculectomy (TBE) with/without MMC at the Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, University Hospital Brno. The evaluated parameters included age at the time of diagnosis and surgery, type and number of procedures, pre- and postoperative IOP, presence of buphthalmos and Haab's striae, corneal diameter, cup-to-disc ratio (C/D), spherical equivalent (SE), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), use of medication, visual field findings, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness on OCT. Surgical success was defined as IOP ≤ 21 mmHg without the need for further glaucoma surgery. RESULTS: Mean age at the time of diagnosis was 7.9 months, with 85% diagnosed before 6 months; mean period of follow-up monitoring was 12.3 years. CTT was performed in 55% and TBE in 45% of patients, with mean age at the time of surgery of 10 months. All eyes presented with buphthalmos and Haab's striae; mean corneal diameter was 13.1 mm. The C/D ratio decreased from 0.53 to 0.26 (p = 0.002) and IOP from 30.1 to 14.7 mmHg (p.
Retinitis Pigmentosa Sine Pigmento Masquerading as Normal-Tension Glaucoma. A Case Report.
Anwarzai ZŠ
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41996228 · Publisher ↗
AIM: The aim of this publication is to highlight the diagnostic pitfalls in differentiating retinitis pigmentosa sine pigmento (RPSP) from normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). CASE REPORT: A 71-year-old patient was treated f...
AIM: The aim of this publication is to highlight the diagnostic pitfalls in differentiating retinitis pigmentosa sine pigmento (RPSP) from normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). CASE REPORT: A 71-year-old patient was treated for 10 years with topical dual antiglaucoma therapy for NTG, which had been diagnosed based on optic disc pallor, a cup-to-disc ratio of 0.6, normal intraocular pressure, and visual field defects. During the course of subsequent monitoring, the patient developed progressive nyctalopia, concentric visual field constriction, and a marked decline in visual acuity from 1.0 to 0.1. Multimodal imaging, including fundus autofluorescence (FAF), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and perimetry, demonstrated photoreceptor degeneration that did not correlate with glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Genetic testing identified two heterozygous variants in the USH2A gene: one known pathogenic variant (c.11864G>A) and one novel variant (c.12544A>G). Based on these findings and the absence of typical bone spicule pigmentation on fundus examination, a diagnosis of RPSP was determined. CONCLUSION: This case underscores the risk of misdiagnosing RPSP as NTG due to overlapping clinical features, and emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive multimodal evaluation, including FAF, OCT, electroretinography, perimetry, and genetic testing, in order to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.
Two-year Outcomes of Combined Gonioscopy-Assisted Transluminal Trabeculotomy and Cataract Extraction in Ocular Hypertension and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.
Espinoza G, Acuña Vesga MF, Serrano-Gómez S … +3 more , Villamizar SJ, Del Real F, Duarte-Bueno LM
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41996227 · Publisher ↗
AIM: To evaluate the 24-month data on efficacy and safety of gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT), combined with cataract extraction (CE) in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) and primary open-angl...
AIM: To evaluate the 24-month data on efficacy and safety of gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT), combined with cataract extraction (CE) in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients undergoing GATT combined with CE from November 2018 to November 2021. The primary outcome was surgical success, defined as a composite endpoint: ≥ 20% intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction AND/OR ≥ 1 medication reduction, without further IOP-lowering procedures, and IOP maintained between 5 and 21 mmHg. Secondary outcomes included: IOP, number of glaucoma medications (NGM), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), complications, and failure-associated factors. RESULTS: A statistically significant reduction in mean IOP (from 18.6 ±3.8 mmHg preoperatively to 15.6 ±3.3 mmHg at 24 months) and NGM (from 2.1 ±1.3 medications to 0.8 ±1.2 medications) was observed (P.
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion - Our Future Path to the Introduction of Intravenous Thrombolysis.
Sazanovych D, Schreiberová Z, Sapieta M … +4 more , Marešová K, Šaňák D, Polidar P, Karhanová M
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41795613 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is a vascular occlusive disorder and an acute condition in ophthalmological practice. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment approaches used at our department in...
INTRODUCTION: Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is a vascular occlusive disorder and an acute condition in ophthalmological practice. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment approaches used at our department in patients with RAO, particularly their impact on the resulting central visual acuity of the affected eye. Furthermore, to determine how many patients would meet the time window for intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) administration in the case of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study included all the patients diagnosed with CRAO and BRAO (branch retinal artery occlusion) who received systemic treatment with intravenously administered vasodilators (Procaine®) at our department between 01/2020 and 08/2025. We monitored the time delay to examination, the type of healthcare facility upon first contact, the type of therapy, the duration of symptoms before the initiation of treatment, and risk factors. We evaluated the change in central visual acuity (CVA) before treatment and immediately after completion of therapy upon discharge from hospital. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 73 eyes (51 with CRAO and 22 with BRAO). No significant improvement in CVA was observed after the administration of 0.2% procaine hydrochloride (Procaine®): the mean change in CVA before and after treatment was 0.045 in the BRAO group and 0.078 in the CRAO group. No significant association was found between CVA change and the number of administered Procaine doses. The average time from the onset of symptoms to examination at our ophthalmology clinic was 33.5 hours in the BRAO group and 28.4 hours in the CRAO group. The time window for potential IVT administration was met by 2 patients with BRAO (9%) and 14 patients with CRAO (27%). CONCLUSION: We did not demonstrate any potential therapeutic effect of intravenously administered 0.2% procaine hydrochloride. Our results confirmed the need to establish a protocol for IVT administration.
Diagnostic and Potentially Prognostic Value of Novel Inflammatory Indices in Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.
Sensoy E, Uke YUS, Inac VK
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41795612 · Publisher ↗
AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential contribution of systemic inflammation to the pathogenesis of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), to evaluate the diagnostic and potentiall...
AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential contribution of systemic inflammation to the pathogenesis of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), to evaluate the diagnostic and potentially prognostic value of relatively novel inflammatory indices, and to assess their associations with visual function and structural optic nerve findings at presentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 26 patients diagnosed with NAION and 28 age-, sex-, and comorbidity-matched controls were retrospectively reviewed. From complete blood count results obtained at diagnosis, platelet, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and immature granulocyte counts were recorded, and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), pan-immune inflammation value (PIV), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) were calculated. Baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses, and visual field parameters were also evaluated. RESULTS: In the NAION group, platelet and neutrophil counts, as well as NLR, PLR, PIV, SII, and SIRI values, were significantly higher than in controls (p.
Trifocal Versus Monofocal Intraocular Lenses: A Prospective Assessment of Visual Outcomes and Patient-Reported Satisfaction.
Sadhukhan A, Sharma V, Sharma V … +4 more , Tilokaram PT, Rana V, Kapoor G, Mishra KS
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41795611 · Publisher ↗
Aims: To compare trifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses in terms of postoperative visual outcomes and patient satisfaction. Material and Methods: In this prospective comparative study, 60 eyes of 46 patients with s...
Aims: To compare trifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses in terms of postoperative visual outcomes and patient satisfaction. Material and Methods: In this prospective comparative study, 60 eyes of 46 patients with senile cataract were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to a trifocal IOL (AT LISA tri 839MP, Carl Zeiss Meditec) and a monofocal IOL (CT ASPHINA 203MP/603MP, Carl Zeiss Meditec). The following metrics were assessed before surgery at one, three, and six weeks after the procedure: uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), and contrast sensitivity. Using the Near Activity Visual Questionnaire (NAVQ), patient satisfaction as reported by patients was compared between both groups. Results: Mean UDVA after 6 weeks postoperatively was comparable between the trifocal and monofocal group (p = 0.27). Compared to monofocal IOLs, trifocal IOLs had superior uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA: 0.10 ±0.05) and uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA: 0.08 ±0.03). Contrast sensitivity, assessed using the Pelli-Robson chart, was similar between the two groups at 6 weeks (p=0.31). 93% of patients in the trifocal group reported being independent of their glasses for everyday tasks, indicating improved patient satisfaction, compared to 18% of patients in the monofocal cohort. Conclusion: When compared to monofocal IOLs, trifocal IOL implantation after phacoemulsification provides superior distance, intermediate, and near visual acuity, along with high levels of spectacle independence and patient satisfaction, without sacrificing contrast sensitivity.
Progressive Keratoconus as a Complication of Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis: A Case Report.
Cyžová Z, Malušková M, Mlčák P … +2 more , Hübnerová P, Karhanová M
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41795610 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Presentation of a case report demonstrating the complexity of care for a patient with atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), including the management of complications such as corneal ulceration, development of ker...
PURPOSE: Presentation of a case report demonstrating the complexity of care for a patient with atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), including the management of complications such as corneal ulceration, development of keratoconus, corticosteroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation, and cataract formation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We describe a case of a 52-year-old male with a marginal corneal ulcer within the context of atopic blepharokeratoconjunctivitis, focusing on complications and the need for intensive local and systemic therapy to stabilize the disease. RESULTS: Intensive therapy led to a gradual improvement of the disease. Corneal cross-linking stabilized keratoconus, intraocular pressure elevation was successfully managed with anti-glaucoma medication, and cataract surgery resulted in a significant improvement of visual function. CONCLUSION: This case report highlights the importance of early diagnosis and the need for long-term, multidisciplinary care in patients with AKC. Regular follow-up examinations, patient education, and a combination of local, systemic, and surgical therapy are essential in order to prevent complications and stabilize the disease.
Evaluation of the Effects of Intravitreal Application of an Ozurdex Implant in Patients with Macular Edema due to Retinal Vein Occlusion.
Lada M, Ženíšková R, Hradcová Z … +5 more , Schützová J, Tesař J, Grygar J, Havlik J, Šín M
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41795609 · Publisher ↗
AIMS: A retrospective evaluation of the outcomes and safety of the Ozurdex implant in patients with cystoid macular edema (CME) due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 14 ey...
AIMS: A retrospective evaluation of the outcomes and safety of the Ozurdex implant in patients with cystoid macular edema (CME) due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 14 eyes (10 male patients, 4 female patients) treated with the Ozurdex implant at the application center of the Department of Ophthalmology at the Military University Hospital, with the indication of RVO. The period of monitored applications was from 2022 to 2024. Patients were followed up every two months for at least one year after the first application. The primary efficacy parameters assessed were: Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Central retinal thickness (CRT), Intraocular pressure (IOP), Changes in the diameter of intraretinal cysts (IR), as the main OCT biomarker. RESULTS: At the first follow-up, two months after Ozurdex application, there was a statistically significant functional improvement, with an average increase of 4.7 letters ETDRS letters (p = 0.042). Six months after application, the average BCVA reached 58 letters ETDRS letters. CRT decreased by an average of 100 µm two months after the initial DEX implant. The highest and statistically significant increase in IOP (p = 0.008) was recorded two months after the application (with an average value of 20.9 mmHg). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that Ozurdex is a safe and effective second-line treatment for macular edema (ME) due to RVO. In our group, the best functional and anatomical results were achieved two months after application. By the fourth month, a decline in BCVA and an increase in CRT were observed. Between the fifth and sixth month, retreatment was necessary in some patients. Additionally, we confirmed that the greatest rise in IOP occurred two months post-application, which resolved spontaneously by the sixth month. In four patients, IOP values above 30 mmHg were recorded during follow-up, and the intraocular pressure was managed with medication.
The Role of Prophylactic Topical Administration of Antibiotics in Uncomplicated Cataract Surgery in the Era of Intracameral Antibiotics.
Rambousek J, Straňák Z, Němec P … +2 more , Bartoš H, Studený P
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41795608 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Cataract surgery is one of the most commonly performed procedures in human medicine. Although the risk of postoperative inflammatory complications is low, their consequences can be devastating. The current...
INTRODUCTION: Cataract surgery is one of the most commonly performed procedures in human medicine. Although the risk of postoperative inflammatory complications is low, their consequences can be devastating. The current global standard for preventing such complications is intracameral administration of antibiotics, while the role of prophylactic topical antibiotics in uncomplicated cases remains controversial. AIM: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the available evidence regarding the effectiveness of topical antibiotic prophylaxis in uncomplicated cataract surgery in the era of routine intracameral antibiotic use. METHODS: The authors conducted a review of the recent literature and major clinical studies (ESCRS, Kaiser Permanente, Cochrane), comparing the incidence of endophthalmitis with the use of intracameral antibiotics alone versus in combination with postoperative topical antibiotics. RESULTS: Intracameral antibiotic administration significantly reduces the risk of endophthalmitis (up to 4.9-fold reduction according to the ESCRS study). There is no evidence that subsequent use of topical antibiotic drops further reduces the risk of infection in uncomplicated cases. Moreover, repeated topical antibiotic use increases the risk of patients developing antibiotic resistance and poses a significant financial and logistical burden. CONCLUSION: In uncomplicated cataract surgery, postoperative topical antibiotics are not indicated when intracameral prophylaxis is applied. Their use should be reserved for high-risk cases only (e.g. following complicated surgery, in immunocompromised patients, or in the presence of chronic blepharitis).
Customized Cryotherapy for Ocular Salvage in Descemetocele and Iris Prolapse: A 17-Year Retrospective Study.
Pardianto G, Metta PC, Sugiaman AKH … +2 more , Lister C, Purworini D
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41642696 · Publisher ↗
AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of a customized cryotherapy technique in enhancing ocular salvage and reducing evisceration rates in patients with descemetocele and iris prolapse. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, o...
AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of a customized cryotherapy technique in enhancing ocular salvage and reducing evisceration rates in patients with descemetocele and iris prolapse. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, observational study was conducted at SMEC Eye Hospital, Medan, including 467 eyes from 467 patients treated with customized cryotherapy between January 2008 and July 2025. The procedure integrated standardized cryotherapy with adjunctive perioperative protocols, including antiseptic preparation, postoperative antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and beta-blocker eyedrops, as well as strict environmental precautions and protective eyewear. Outcomes assessed were the need for repeated cryotherapy and evisceration. RESULTS: Of the 467 treated eyes, 454 (97.2%) were successfully preserved without requiring evisceration. Repeated cryotherapy was required in 11 eyes (2.2%), of which 10 achieved ocular preservation. Evisceration was ultimately required in 13 eyes (2.8%), primarily due to spontaneous ocular content prolapse. Most treated eyes demonstrated corneal wall thickening and scarring, with regression of iris prolapse, thereby restoring ocular contour. CONCLUSION: Customized cryotherapy is a highly effective intervention for preventing evisceration in eyes with descemetocele and iris prolapse. By stabilizing the corneal wall and mitigating the risk of spontaneous ocular prolapse, this technique represents a valuable strategy for ocular salvage. Further prospective and controlled studies are warranted to validate long-term outcomes and to optimize treatment protocols.
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Ganglion Cell Complex Thickness Analysis in Treatment - Naive Glaucoma Patients.
Kumar S, Kumar A, Singh A … +4 more , Bhatkoti B, Sharma KV, Ambiya V, Rana V
Cesk Slov Oftalmol · 2026 · PMID 41642695 · Publisher ↗
AIM: To evaluate RNFL (Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer) and GCC (Ganglion Cell Complex) thickness, using SD-OCT in treatment-naive patients of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and norm...
AIM: To evaluate RNFL (Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer) and GCC (Ganglion Cell Complex) thickness, using SD-OCT in treatment-naive patients of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and to compare these findings with healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 150 eyes of 75 glaucoma patients (25 each of POAG, PACG, NTG) and 200 eyes of 100 controls. In this cross-sectional observational study, patients meeting the inclusion criteria underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, including best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) by Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT), gonioscopy to differentiate between open and closed angle and visual field analysis (VFA). GCC-IPL and RNFL thickness were measured using SD-OCT. RESULTS: Significant thinning of RNFL was noted in all glaucoma subtypes, especially in inferior and superior quadrants (p.
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