Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42382953
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AIM: To determine the differences in temporal macular thinning among children with Alport syndrome (AS), thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN), and age-matched healthy controls and to clarify its diagnostic and diffe...AIM: To determine the differences in temporal macular thinning among children with Alport syndrome (AS), thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN), and age-matched healthy controls and to clarify its diagnostic and differential diagnostic significance. METHODS: This was a case-control study. Children with AS and TBMN diagnosed at our hospital between January 2021 and December 2024 were enrolled. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic assessments, including visual acuity, refraction, slit-lamp biomicroscopy with dilated pupils, color fundus photography, biometry, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Refractive error, lens thickness, axial length, macular retinal thickness in all sectors, and temporal thinning index (TTI) values were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or an independent samples -test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the TTI for AS in males. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 40 patients with genetically confirmed AS [33 with X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS): 16 males, 17 females; 7 with autosomal recessive Alport syndrome (ARAS): 4 males, 3 females], 40 patients with TBMN (male:female=1:1, 40 eyes), and 40 age-matched healthy controls (male:female=1:1, 40 eyes). The standard deviations of the mean TTI values were 12.08±3.18 in the AS group, 6.60±1.88 in the TBMN group, and 6.42±1.14 in the control group. The TTI was significantly greater in the AS group than in both the TBMN and control groups (<0.001). A statistically significant difference in TTI was observed between sexes in the XLAS subgroup but not in the ARAS subgroup. ROC analysis for males with XLAS revealed an area under the curve of 0.897 (95% confidence interval: 0.844-0.949, <0.001) for the TTI in the diagnosis of AS. The optimal cutoff value was 9.67, yielding a sensitivity of 0.875 and specificity of 0.826. CONCLUSION: Children with AS exhibit greater temporal macular retinal thinning than do those with TBMN and healthy controls. The TTI shows potential as an auxiliary diagnostic marker for AS in male patients.
Zhang FB, Chang YL, Tao XZ
… +4 more, Liu F, Liu CM, Hu HJ, Fang N
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42382952
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AIM: To prepare ultraviolet (UV)-crosslinked hydrogel serving as a biocompatible orbital filler, and to explore its biological characteristics as well as its efficacy in expanding orbital soft tissue. METHODS: A novel me...AIM: To prepare ultraviolet (UV)-crosslinked hydrogel serving as a biocompatible orbital filler, and to explore its biological characteristics as well as its efficacy in expanding orbital soft tissue. METHODS: A novel medical hydrogel was fabricated UV-induced photopolymerization. Its biosafety was assessed through cytotoxicity test, hemolysis assay and cell apoptosis detection. imaging examinations were conducted to observe the regulatory effect of the prepared hydrogel on orbital tissue development. RESULTS: The target hydrogel was successfully synthesized by photopolymerization, which possessed typical three-dimensional network structure, favorable hydrophilicity, appropriate swelling behavior and satisfactory mechanical performance. Biosafety evaluations confirmed its good biocompatibility with no obvious cytotoxicity, hemolytic reaction or abnormal cell apoptosis observed. implantation in juvenile rabbit orbits caused no evident pathological changes in major visceral organs. Imaging findings verified that the hydrogel could promote orbital tissue development, exerting reliable orbital expansion effects with favorable biological safety. CONCLUSION: The UV-crosslinked medical hydrogel prepared in this study has stable physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility. It can effectively expand orbital tissue.
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42382950
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AIM: To determine the diagnostic precision of combined Scheimpflug tomography and biomechanical analysis with optical coherence tomography (OCT) for detection of subclinical keratoconus (SCKC). METHODS: All subjects in t...AIM: To determine the diagnostic precision of combined Scheimpflug tomography and biomechanical analysis with optical coherence tomography (OCT) for detection of subclinical keratoconus (SCKC). METHODS: All subjects in this prospective, cross-sectional study underwent Scheimpflug tomography (Pentacam HR), air-puff tonometry (Corvis ST), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Cirrus HD SD-OCT). The diagnosis of SCKC and keratoconus (KCN) were based on the Oculus Pentacam classification. Combined diagnostic models were developed using stepwise logistic regression (SLR). The Kruskal-Walli's test evaluated group differences. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by calculating the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: A total of 137 participants comprising 73 females and 64 males, including 48 with KCN, 36 with SCKC, and 53 with normal corneas. The mean age for each group was 31.39±10.82y, 29.25±7.33y, and 30.45±8.03y, respectively. Most examined tomography, biomechanical, and pachymetry indices showed significant differences between KCN, SCKC, and normal eyes (<0.05). Single tomographic biomechanical index (TBI) data was the most effective in identifying SCKC, achieving an AUC of 0.978 (<0.001) with 100% sensitivity and 84.91% specificity. Combining SD-OCT and Pentacam HR data, the SLR model yielded superior accuracy for SCKC detection, with an AUC of 0.966 (86.11% sensitivity and 96.13% specificity). The highest accuracy for SCKC identification was attained by integrating data from all three devices, resulting in 0.990 accuracy (91.67% sensitivity; 100% specificity). CONCLUSION: While current parameters accurately identify KCN, they are less effective for SCKC. Integrating Scheimpflug-based biomechanical and tomographic analysis with SD-OCT improves SCKC detection, supporting more accurate screening and earlier identification in patients with otherwise normal findings.
Yan WJ, Xing SW, Li XY
… +4 more, Luo XL, Xu YM, Ni Y, Chen JJ
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42382949
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AIM: To investigate the genetic mutation profiles of gene-related retinal detachment (RD) and evaluate the utility of The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) p...AIM: To investigate the genetic mutation profiles of gene-related retinal detachment (RD) and evaluate the utility of The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) pathogenicity classification system with emphasis on variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in a young Chinese cohort. METHODS: A consecutive cohort of 28 patients under 30y with RD and clinical features suggesting genetic etiology was enrolled between September 2024 and August 2025 at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center. All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, genetic testing, and surgical repair. Genetic variants were interpreted the ACMG/AMP criteria. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 21 males and 7 females, with a mean age of 15.1±6.71y (ranged: 4-29). The predominant etiologies were Stickler syndrome (10/28, 35.7%), familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR; 6/28, 21.4%), and Marfan syndrome (4/28, 14.3%). A total of 30 disease-associated variants were identified, among which 60.0% (18/30) were classified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) and 40.0% (12/30) as VUS per ACMG/AMP criteria. The primary factors contributing to VUS classification included high population allele frequency (33.3%), variant novelty (33.3%), and discrepant predictions (25.0%). Patients with P/LP variants exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of high myopia (<-6 D; 93.8% 50.0%, =0.027) and tessellated fundus (87.5% 50.0%, =0.044) compared to those with VUS/not available (NA) variants. CONCLUSION: Stickler syndrome, FEVR, and Marfan syndrome are the leading causes of gene-related RD in the Chinese Han cohort. A high VUS rate (40.0%) poses diagnostic challenges, primarily due to population-specific frequency differences, novel variants, and insufficient functional evidence. By integrating clinical history, phenotypic manifestations, and family history, a clear diagnosis can be established in 66.7% of VUS cases. Ethnically tailored genomic databases and expanded multicenter cohorts are needed to improve VUS resolution and enhance the clinical utility of genetic testing in young RD individuals.
Shadmani A, Zhu AY, Kuriyan AE
… +7 more, Iyer PG, Takahashi H, Elhusseiny AM, Sayegh Y, Dubovy SG, Flynn HW, Smiddy WE
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42211225
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AIM: To investigate correlation of clinical, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in idiopathic and secondary epiretinal membrane (ERM). METHODS: Retrospective review of patients undergoing...AIM: To investigate correlation of clinical, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in idiopathic and secondary epiretinal membrane (ERM). METHODS: Retrospective review of patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy with membrane peeling (PPV-MP). Excised membranes were evaluated by IHC staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), cytokeratin, pigment, and fibrosis grading. Pre-operative and post-operative OCTs, and clinical follow-up information at least 3mo were collected. RESULTS: This study analyzed 104 eyes of 104 patients, of whom 83 (79.8%) had idiopathic ERM (iERM) and 21 (20.2%) had secondary ERM (sERM). Mean age at the time of surgery was 67.3±10.5y. OCT demonstrated greater foveal distortion (=0.012), intraretinal (IR) spaces (=0.009), and ellipsoid zone (EZ) discontinuity (=0.022) in sERMs. Poorer pre-operative BCVA for all cases correlated with foveal distortion (=0.011), loss of parallelism (=0.014), IR spaces (=0.027), and EZ disruption (=0.012). Poorer post-operative BCVA for all cases was associated with foveal distortion (=0.027). GFAP was expressed in nearly all ERMs (99%). Pigment was expressed more in sERM (61.9%) compared with iERM (21.7%; =0.005) and associated with poorer post-operative BCVA (=0.035) and ERM dehiscence (=0.008). Fibrosis severity correlated with poorer pre-operative BCVA (=0.027). GFAP intensity correlated with longer symptom duration (=0.002). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of many cell types not distinguished for iERM versus sERM suggests a common pathway of formation with local influences rather than an etiologic cell type or substrate location.
Kizilay O, Kunbaz A, Akarsu Acar OP
… +2 more, Gunay M, Celik G
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42211224
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AIM: To evaluate the long-term refractive and visual outcomes in infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB), laser photocoagulation (LPC), or combined IVB+LPC therapy, and t...AIM: To evaluate the long-term refractive and visual outcomes in infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB), laser photocoagulation (LPC), or combined IVB+LPC therapy, and to assess disease severity on refractive development over five years. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from infants diagnosed with ROP between 2013 and 2018. Patients were categorized into four groups: IVB (=44), LPC (=41), IVB+LPC (=17), and regressed ROP (RROP, =50). A subgroup analysis was performed for Type 1 ROP and aggressive ROP (AROP). Primary outcomes included spherical equivalent (SE), astigmatism, and visual acuity (logMAR), measured at 6-month intervals up to 60mo. RESULTS: The study included 152 patients (76 females). The mean birth weight was 1256.1±555.6 g, and the mean week of birth was 29.1±2.9wk. RROP infants had the highest SE, closest to emmetropia. The IVB+LPC group showed the most significant myopic shift compared to other groups (<0.05). In Type 1 ROP, SE was lower in the IVB+LPC group initially, but by 60mo, the difference was not significant. Astigmatism was higher in the LPC group at later time points (36-60mo). However, no differences in visual acuity were observed at the final follow-up among treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Refractive outcomes vary more in Type 1 ROP than AROP. IVB+LPC results in greater myopia; LPC is associated with increased astigmatism. Individualized refractive follow-up is essential, particularly for Type 1 ROP.
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42211223
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Breast cancer is the leading malignancy among women worldwide, with endocrine therapy (, selective estrogen receptor modulators, aromatase inhibitors) serving as a cornerstone of treatment; although these therapies are e...Breast cancer is the leading malignancy among women worldwide, with endocrine therapy (, selective estrogen receptor modulators, aromatase inhibitors) serving as a cornerstone of treatment; although these therapies are effective against hormone-sensitive breast cancer, they alter patients' systemic hormone profiles, which may disrupt the balance of the ocular surface microbiota that maintains ocular homeostasis. This review systematically examines the mechanisms of mainstream breast cancer endocrine therapies, the dynamics of the ocular surface microbiota, the association between hormonal imbalance and ocular surface homeostasis, as well as the relationship between ocular surface flora alterations, and therapy-related ocular complications, integrating evidence from oncology, endocrinology, and ophthalmology to propose research frameworks and prevention strategies for therapy-related ocular complications.
Yang XH, Feng X, Qi BY
… +3 more, Wu XJ, Jia QL, Liu W
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42211221
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AIM: To observe the clinical features and the surgical outcomes of the high myopic (HM) patients with epiretinal membranes (ERM). METHODS: This was a retrospective study enrolled HM patients diagnosed with ERM who underw...AIM: To observe the clinical features and the surgical outcomes of the high myopic (HM) patients with epiretinal membranes (ERM). METHODS: This was a retrospective study enrolled HM patients diagnosed with ERM who underwent vitrectomy between May 2012 and November 2021. Three groups were divided according to axial length (AXL): 26-<28 mm (=43), 28-<30 mm (=22), and ≥30 mm (=11). Baseline characteristics and postoperative visual and anatomical outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Totally 76 consecutive eyes of 73 HM patients (27 males), with a mean age of 60.5±9.2y (range: 38-84y) were enrolled. The initial best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of the three groups was not significantly different (=0.498). Longer AXL was associated with a higher incidence of both inner and outer macular retinoschisis (MRS), ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption, and foveal retinal detachment (all <0.05). Only the eyes in the 26-<28 mm group showed a significant improvement in postoperative BCVA. BCVA was improved in 77.6% of the eyes. Among the eyes with BCVA not improved, 58.8% belonged to the group 26-<28 mm. The postoperative macular hole was seen in 1 (1.32%) eye. Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that initial BCVA (<0.001) and epiretinal proliferation (=0.010) influenced the final BCVA. CONCLUSION: AXL is not significantly associated with visual recovery. Early operative intervention might have better visual and anatomical outcomes in HM-ERM patients.
Peng Y, Liang LY, Wei HL
… +8 more, Huang Q, Yuan LM, Xie YY, Tang QY, Wang AQ, Li JM, Guo QS, Huang BL
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42211220
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AIM: To evaluate the effect of (FL) aqueous extract on dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in mice the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) signaling pathway and in...AIM: To evaluate the effect of (FL) aqueous extract on dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in mice the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) signaling pathway and investigate the protective effect of FL-containing serum on hydrogen peroxide (HO)-treated human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) . METHODS: dry AMD mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of NaIO solution and treated with aqueous extract of FL. The pathological changes of mouse retinal tissues were observed by electron microscopy; the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in mouse serum was detected by colorimetric method. dry AMD model was established by HO induction of ARPE-19 cells and treated with FL-containing serum. Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay and scratch assay were performed to detect cell activity and proliferation ability. Expression of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) in retinal tissues and ARPE-19 cells were detected by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). RESULTS: The study revealed severe deposits under the retinal pigment epithelium and thickened Bruch's membrane in dry AMD mice. However, aqueous extract of FL reduced the formation of deposits and decreased the thickness of Bruch's membrane. SOD and CAT activities were significantly reduced in the serum of dry AMD mice, and aqueous extract of FL upregulated SOD and CAT activities. In addition, gene and protein expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and GCLC were significantly downregulated in dry AMD mice, but significantly upregulated by FL aqueous extract treatment. studies showed that HO inhibited the activity and proliferative capacity of ARPE-19 cells and downregulated the protein and gene expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and GCLC. However, in HO-treated ARPE-19 cells, FL-containing serum not only increased cell activity and proliferative capacity, but also upregulated protein and gene expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and GCLC. CONCLUSION: FL reduces oxidative stress in an animal model of dry AMD through the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and has a protective effect on dry AMD and , providing new insights into the therapeutic use of FL for dry AMD.
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42211219
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AIM: To evaluate the effect of laser photocoagulation on transfection efficiency of lentivirus (LV) vectors injected intravitreally. METHODS: The rat retina was photocoagulated prior to intravitreal injection of LV vecto...AIM: To evaluate the effect of laser photocoagulation on transfection efficiency of lentivirus (LV) vectors injected intravitreally. METHODS: The rat retina was photocoagulated prior to intravitreal injection of LV vectors encoding red fluorescent protein. Rats given intravitreal injection or photocoagulation alone served as controls. The transduction efficiency was analyzed by fundus angiography, histopathology, and immunofluorescence staining. Potential adverse effect of laser photocoagulation was evaluated in choroid flat mounts by observing the morphology of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that formed the outer blood-retina barrier. RESULTS: Laser photocoagulation enhanced the retinal area transduced by LV vectors in fundus images and increased the maximum transduction thickness in histopathological sections. Choroid flat mounts showed the RPE transduced by LV vectors maintained normal morphology. CONCLUSION: Laser photocoagulation improves the transduction efficiency of LV vectors injected intravitreally, identifying this as a promising gene therapy strategy for inherited retinal dystrophies caused by gene mutations in RPE and photoreceptor cells.
Li KJ, Zhang Y, Han YZ
… +4 more, Zhao ZH, Fan F, Chen YM, Wang JM
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42211218
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AIM: To investigate morphological changes in the cornea and meibomian glands using confocal microscopy (IVCM) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and to analyze the correlation of these changes with disease duration...AIM: To investigate morphological changes in the cornea and meibomian glands using confocal microscopy (IVCM) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and to analyze the correlation of these changes with disease duration (DD). METHODS: Patients with T2DM who visited the ophthalmology and endocrinology departments of our hospital from May 2023 to December 2023 were selected. According to DD, they were divided into the short-DD (≤10y) and long-DD (>10y) groups. The control group consisted of age-matched non-diabetes patients. All underwent Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer I test (SIT), and IVCM imaging. Corneal nerve parameters, including corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD), corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL), and meibomian gland metrics, including density of meibomian gland acinar units (MGAUD), the longest diameter of the meibomian gland acini (MGALD), the shortest diameter of meibomian gland acini (MGASD), the area of meibomian gland acinar units (MGAUA), were analyzed using ImageJ and ACCMetrics. RESULTS: A total of 130 patients with T2DM were included in this study, among which 68 were male (52.3%, age 30-76y) and 62 were female (47.7%, age 30-76y), the average age of the group was 55.54±11.65y. Significant differences (<0.001) were observed in OSDI, TBUT, SIT, CNFD, CNBD, CNFL, MGALD, MGASD, MGAUD, and MGAUA between diabetes groups and controls. DD positively correlated with OSDI, MGALD, and MGASD (<0.05), and negatively correlated with TBUT, SIT, CNFD, and CNFL (<0.05). No correlation was found between DD and CNBD, MGAUD, or MGAUA (>0.05). CONCLUSION: T2DM patients exhibit greater corneal nerve and meibomian gland damage than age 30-76y non-type 2 diabetes patients. Prolonged DD exacerbates these morphological changes.
Gao Y, Lin DT, Zhou T
… +6 more, He LH, Zhao KX, Yu XW, Deng L, Fan ZG, Shi Y
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42211217
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AIM: To explore the genetic variants of trabeculodysgenesis under ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and its association with surgical outcomes in patients with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). METHODS: In this prospective...AIM: To explore the genetic variants of trabeculodysgenesis under ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and its association with surgical outcomes in patients with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). METHODS: In this prospective case series, consecutive patients with PCG underwent microcatheter-assisted trabeculotomy (MAT) and followed for at least 24-month after surgery. All participants underwent UBM and whole-exome sequencing prior to MAT and were classified into two groups with severe trabeculodysgenesis or mild trabeculodysgenesis under UBM. Surgical success was defined as a postoperative IOP of ≤21 mm Hg with at least a 20% reduction from preoperative IOP without additional medical or surgical therapy. RESULTS: Severe trabeculodysgenesis was observed in 23 (40%) eyes of 14 patients (median age: 57mo, range: 3-169mo; 11 males) with 8 carrying causative variants, while mild trabeculodysgenesis occurred in 34 eyes (60%) of 18 patients (median age: 23.5mo, range: 3-110mo; 12 males) without any causative variants. The success rate of MAT was 0 in patients with causative gene variants and 75.0% in those without (<0.001). Cox regression survival analysis showed that carrying gene variants [OR =0.356 (95%CI: 0.132, 0.962), =0.042] and having severe trabeculodysgenesis [OR=0.116 (95%CI: 0.034, 0.403), =0.001] were associated with a higher risk of surgical failure. CONCLUSION: PCG patients with severe trabeculodysgenesis under UBM are prone to harbor causative gene variants, which could serve as a valuable predictor of potential Schlemm's canal dysgenesis and MAT prognosis. Genetic screening in patients with severe trabeculodysgenesis under UBM is beneficial for genetic counseling and may help reduce the incidence of complex cases.
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42211216
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This scoping review aims to focus on the association between topical anti-glaucoma medication and limbal stem cell deficiency through a comprehensive analysis from the available relevant case reports, research articles a...This scoping review aims to focus on the association between topical anti-glaucoma medication and limbal stem cell deficiency through a comprehensive analysis from the available relevant case reports, research articles and experimental studies. By understanding the potential risks associated with long-term anti-glaucoma medication use and their impact on corneoscleral limbus, precautions can be taken to balance between the risk of glaucoma progression and limbal stem cell deficiency. All relevant publications from 2000 to 2023 were included and evidence of strong emerging potential link between topical glaucoma eyedrops and the disruption of limbal stem cell homeostasis were found. Prolong use of topical glaucoma medication with preservatives were found to have a negative effect on limbal stem cells. The frequent use of topical preservative-free prostaglandin analogues and beta-blockers, commonly prescribed for glaucoma, is associated with morphological alterations in the corneoscleral limbus. These changes appear to be mediated through an inflammatory process, leading to disruption of the corneoscleral limbal niche which eventually results in limbal stem cell deficiency. With the advancement of glaucoma surgical treatment, it is possible for glaucoma treatment to shift towards earlier surgical modality to reduce topical anti-glaucoma burden leading to limbal stem cell deficiency.
Zhu QJ, Ma L, Qian H
… +3 more, Zhu WJ, Yuan Y, Song E
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42211214
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AIM: To quantitatively evaluate the influence of four posterior chamber morphological features-wide iris-ciliary angle (ICA), concave iris (CI), anteriorly positioned ciliary body (APCB), and ciliary body cyst (CBC)-on v...AIM: To quantitatively evaluate the influence of four posterior chamber morphological features-wide iris-ciliary angle (ICA), concave iris (CI), anteriorly positioned ciliary body (APCB), and ciliary body cyst (CBC)-on vault after implantable Collamer lens (ICL) implantation. METHODS: In this retrospective paired study, 925 eyes from 506 patients were analyzed. Participants were matched 1:1 based on ICL size, horizontal/vertical sulcus-to-sulcus (STS) diameters, and lens thickness. Posterior chamber morphology was assessed using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). Actual vault measurements were compared against vault values predicted using the Zhu formula. Statistical analyses included paired -tests and Bland-Altman agreement assessment. RESULTS: Eyes with wide ICA (=82) and CI (=26) exhibited significantly lower actual vault (mean difference: -137.93 and -145.00 µm, respectively; <0.001) compared to controls. Conversely, the APCB group (=77) showed higher vault (mean increase: 222.60 µm; <0.001), while CBC (=36) had no significant impact (=0.054). Bland-Altman analysis revealed systematic prediction errors: wide ICA and CI groups had underestimated vault (mean bias: -165.4 and -175.0 µm), whereas APCB showed overestimation (mean bias: +212.4 µm). Notably, 31.71% of wide ICA and 36.36% of APCB cases exceeded prediction errors of ±300 µm. CONCLUSION: Posterior chamber morphology, particularly wide ICA, CI, and APCB, significantly affects postoperative vault. These features introduce systematic deviations in vault prediction, highlighting the need for integrating morphological parameters into ICL sizing algorithms to optimize surgical outcomes and reduce complications.
Rodrigo MJ, Fernandez-Velasco D, Pérez-Gómez P
… +5 more, Fuertes I, Pablo LE, Subías M, Casanovas-Marsal JO, Garcia-Martin E
Int J Ophthalmol
· 2026 · PMID 42211213
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AIM: To investigate optic nerve vascularization in patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) during the first 3mo after onset, using comprehensive ophthalmic assessments combined with optical coherence tomo...AIM: To investigate optic nerve vascularization in patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) during the first 3mo after onset, using comprehensive ophthalmic assessments combined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). METHODS: A prospective longitudinal observational study was performed with a 3-month follow-up. Clinical data recorded included age, sex, laterality of ocular involvement, AION subtype, previous history of ischemic events, cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, obstructive sleep apnea, and systemic treatments received. Functional, structural, and vascular examinations, including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), visual field, OCT, and OCT-A, were performed at baseline, 1, and 3mo. RESULTS: Twenty-two subjects included 12 patients with AION and 10 healthy controls were enrolled. Mean age was 63.75±8.32y in the AION group and 61.80±5.04y in the control group (=0.365). Gender and laterality distributions were comparable. AION patients showed significantly decreased optic nerve head perfusion at baseline (=0.024) and 1mo (=0.033). OCT revealed early thickening and subsequent atrophy of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and macular layers. OCT-A vascular parameters correlated significantly with 1-month BCVA (=0.800, ≤0.05) and 3-month structural outcomes (=0.807-0.835, 0.05). CONCLUSION: Vascular parameters derived from OCT-A can act as predictive markers for medium-term visual and structural outcomes in patients with ischemic optic neuropathy.