Int J Ophthalmol [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Imaging of retinal nerve fiber in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy at acute, sub-acute, and chronic phases: adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy versus optical coherence tomography.
Gong Y, Sun S, Luan R … +3 more , Liu BS, Yu RG, Li XR
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211212 · Full text
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Retraction Notice.
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211211
[This retracts the article DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2026.02.21.].
[This retracts the article DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2026.02.21.].
A comparative study of extended depth of focus, bifocal intraocular lenses and their mix-and-match.
Fan F, Zhou XY, Yang JN … +2 more , Liu X, Luo Y
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211210 · Full text
AIM: To compare the visual performances of extended depth of focus (EDOF) lenses, diffractive bifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) and their combination. METHODS: This was a prospective, consecutive observational comparativ...
AIM: To compare the visual performances of extended depth of focus (EDOF) lenses, diffractive bifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) and their combination. METHODS: This was a prospective, consecutive observational comparative study performed from Dec 2020 to Dec 2021. Cataract patients who meet the indications for multifocal IOLs implantation were divided into three groups, including binocular diffractive bifocal IOL (Human Optics Diff-aAY) implantation group, binocular EDOF IOL (Tecnis Symfony ZXR00) group and mix-and-match group (Symfony in one eye and Diff-aAY in the other). Follow-ups were scheduled at 1d, 3d, 2wk, and 6mo. Visual acuities (VA) at different distances were examined at every follow-up. At 6mo, optic path difference (OPD) scans, and questionnaire answers were evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty patients (60 eyes) were included in the binocular Diff-aAY group [age 63 (59-68), 11 males], 29 patients (58 eyes) in the binocular Symfony group [age 62 (56.75-68), 15 males] and 27 patients in mix-and-match group [age 65 (51-71), 11 males]. There was no significant difference in binocular uncorrected distance VA, uncorrected intermediate VA, or uncorrected near VA among the three groups (=0.082, 0.151, and 0.703, respectively) at the last follow-up. The mix-and-match group had a superior Strehl ratio (SR; =0.025) and modulation transfer function (MTF; <0.05) and an inferior root mean square (RMS; <0.05) in OPD scan. The three groups reported comparable level of postoperative satisfaction (=0.141) and spectacle independence (=0.278). Mild subjective dysphotopsia was more common (22.22%) in mix-and-match group (=0.030). CONCLUSION: Bilateral Symfony, bilateral Diff-aAY, and the combination of these two IOLs are all remarkable regarding all range vision, objective visual quality, and spectacle independence.
A practical imaging marker to determine the posterior zone II location in premature infants.
Köse B, Kola M, Günay M … +1 more , Türk A
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211209 · Full text
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Improving the post-oculoplastic tear film: trehalose as a critical adjunct.
Arslan N, Kakil ŞB, Çoban A
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211208 · Full text
AIM: To evaluate the comparative effects of a combined trehalose-sodium hyaluronate (TD) formulation versus sodium hyaluronate (SH) monotherapy on postoperative ocular surface recovery following eyelid surgery, with addi...
AIM: To evaluate the comparative effects of a combined trehalose-sodium hyaluronate (TD) formulation versus sodium hyaluronate (SH) monotherapy on postoperative ocular surface recovery following eyelid surgery, with additional analysis across surgical subgroups. METHODS: This retrospective comparative study included patients who underwent eyelid surgery for ectropion, entropion, or eyelid reconstruction between August 2021 and July 2024. Patients were divided into two treatment groups based on the postoperative tear substitutes used: Group SH treated with 0.15% SH eye drops, and Group TD treated with a combination of 3% trehalose and 0.15% SH. Postoperatively, patients received either 0.15% SH alone or a combination of 3% trehalose and 0.15% SH four times daily for 3mo. Ocular surface parameters-including tear break-up time (TBUT), Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Oxford staining score, meibomian gland loss (MGL), and central corneal epithelial thickness (CCET)-were assessed at baseline and 3mo. Subgroup analyses were performed by surgical indication. RESULTS: A total of 114 patients were included in the study (mean age: 70.3±12.1y; 25 females). Group SH comprised 57 patients (15 females, mean age: 69.2±11.4y), while the Group TD also included 57 patients (10 females, mean age: 71.5±12.8y). Both groups showed significant improvement across all parameters; however, the TD group demonstrated superior outcomes in TBUT (mean difference: +0.77s, 95%CI: 0.12-1.42, =0.036), Oxford score (mean difference: -0.39, 95%CI: -0.75 to -0.03, =0.036), and MGL (mean difference: -2.02%, 95%CI: -3.78% to -0.26%, =0.025). Subgroup analysis revealed that the TD formulation resulted in significantly better outcomes in patients undergoing reconstruction (<0.05 for all parameters) and in most measures within ectropion and entropion subgroups. No significant differences were found in OSDI between groups, despite objective improvements favoring the TD group. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to comparatively assess trehalose-based tear supplementation across distinct oculoplastic surgery subgroups. The combination of TD significantly enhanced postoperative ocular surface parameters-especially in complex reconstructive settings-compared to SH alone. These findings highlight the potential of tailored, antioxidative tear film strategies in optimizing recovery after eyelid surgery.
Correlation between ocular biological parameters and cycloplegic refractive shift in pediatric myopia.
Li ZH, Lin J, Li J … +4 more , Ji CY, Guan Y, Zhu RY, Hu L
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211207 · Full text
AIM: To analyze the correlation between ocular biometric parameters and cycloplegic refractive shift (ΔSE) and to provide evidence for clinical decision-making regarding cycloplegic refraction in pediatric myopia managem...
AIM: To analyze the correlation between ocular biometric parameters and cycloplegic refractive shift (ΔSE) and to provide evidence for clinical decision-making regarding cycloplegic refraction in pediatric myopia management. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled myopic patients aged 5-17y between July 2022 and November 2023. Data collected included age, gender, pre-cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL), average corneal curvature (K), lens thickness (LT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), central corneal thickness (CCT), positive relative accommodation (PRA), negative relative accommodation (NRA), and post-cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE). Only right eyes were analyzed. Participants were divided into three groups by ΔSE: Group A (ΔSE≤0.25 D), Group B (0.25<ΔSE<0.75 D), and Group C (ΔSE≥0.75 D). Based on SE, subjects were classified into pre-myopia (-0.50<SE≤+0.75 D), low myopia (-3.00<SE≤-0.50 D), and moderate myopia (-6.00<SE≤-3.00 D). RESULTS: A total of 996 myopic patients (455 boys, 541 girls) with a mean age of 9.97±0.83y were included. Groups A, B, and C comprised 544, 284, and 168 eyes, respectively. Post-cycloplegic stratification identified 94 pre-myopic eyes, 797 low myopic eyes, and 105 moderate myopic eyes. Significant inter-group differences were observed in AL, CCT, ACD, LT, NRA, and axial length/corneal radius (AL/CR; all <0.05). LT was positively correlated with ΔSE (=0.003), while NRA was negatively correlated with ΔSE (=0.049). AL/CR showed the strongest negative association (<0.001). ROC curve analysis yielded area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.551 for LT, 0.447 for NRA, and 0.441 for AL/CR. For LT, the optimal cutoff was 3.39 mm, with 65.4% sensitivity and 44.2% specificity. Mean LT was 3.438±0.168 mm in the 5-7-year group, significantly thicker than in 8-10y (3.360±0.145 mm), 11-13y (3.353±0.158 mm), and 14-17y (3.336±0.155 mm; all <0.001). Median AL/CR ratios were 3.02 (2.95, 3.08) in pre-myopia, 3.10 (3.06, 3.14) in low myopia, and 3.21 (3.15, 3.28) in moderate myopia. Linear regression produced the model: AL/CR=3.025-0.051×SE (²=0.462, =854.081, <0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for moderate myopia detection showed an AUC of 0.851 with an optimal AL/CR cutoff of 3.15. CONCLUSION: In myopic patients aged 5-17y, ΔSE is negatively correlated with NRA and positively correlated with LT. Cycloplegic refraction is recommended when LT exceeds 3.39 mm, but interpretation must account for age-related variations in lens thickness. Using the formula AL/CR=3.02-0.05×SE, cycloplegic refraction is advised when a marked discrepancy exists between pre-cycloplegic refraction and AL/CR.
A modified micro-injector for subretinal injection and aspiration in vitreoretinal surgery.
Li YT, Chen B, Lu YF
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211206 · Full text
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JNK inhibitor SP600125 alleviates TGF-β2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in RPE cell TGF-βR2/Smad2/3 and JNK/c-Jun pathway.
Zhang HH, Zhu YS, Guo JY … +1 more , Chen XD
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211205 · Full text
AIM: To explore the effect of SP600125, a c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) inhibitor, on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell caused by transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2)...
AIM: To explore the effect of SP600125, a c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) inhibitor, on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell caused by transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2). METHODS: Human RPE cell line (ARPE-19) cells were treated with TGF-β2 and JNK inhibitor SP600125 . Cellular viability, migration and proliferation in ARPE-19 cells were examined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, wound scratch, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) staining assay, respectively. Transforming growth factor-beta receptor 2 (TGF-βR2), Smad2/3, JNK, c-Jun, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), N-cadherin, and vimentin proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting. Moreover, TGF-βR2 was detected by immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS: TGF-β2 significantly enhanced viability, migration, and proliferation in ARPE-19 cells, induced phosphorylation of TGF-βR2, Smad2/3, JNK, and c-Jun, and upregulated α-SMA, N-cadherin, and vimentin expression. SP600125 inhibited these cellular processes and reduced the expression/phosphorylation of the above proteins; notably, it blocked TGF-β2-induced effects, including cell viability, migration, proliferation, phosphorylation of TGF-βR2, Smad2/3, JNK, and c-Jun, as well as upregulation of α-SMA, N-cadherin, and vimentin. CONCLUSION: JNK inhibitor SP600125 suppresses TGF-β2-induced the increases in cell viability, migration, proliferation, and EMT in RPE cells the TGF-βR2/Smad2/3 and JNK/c-Jun signaling pathways.
Bilingual evaluation of large language models for patient education in refractive surgery.
Tsai TH, Tsai CL, Hsu JH … +2 more , Hsiao CH, Chen HC
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211204 · Full text
AIM: To evaluate the ability of six advanced large language models (LLMs)-in providing accurate, comprehensive, and readable patient education on corneal refractive surgeries [laser keratomileusis (LASIK), keratorefract...
AIM: To evaluate the ability of six advanced large language models (LLMs)-in providing accurate, comprehensive, and readable patient education on corneal refractive surgeries [laser keratomileusis (LASIK), keratorefractive lenticule extraction (KLEx), and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)] in both English and Chinese. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, comparative study. Twenty-six questions, compiled from authoritative ophthalmologic sources and covering four domains (procedure basics and eligibility; safety, risks and long-term stability; recovery and postoperative experience; and practical concerns), were administered in both English and Chinese fresh chat sessions with each LLM, respectively. Five performance metrics were evaluated: accuracy, comprehensiveness, word count, readability, and reproducibility, using appropriate statistical tests. RESULTS: OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek-R1 consistently achieved the highest accuracy and most comprehensive responses, significantly outperforming ChatGPT-4o, Gemini Advanced, Claude Sonnet, and Tongyi Qwen (Friedman <0.001). Although overall accuracy and comprehensiveness were similar across languages, Chinese responses were significantly longer. Readability varied among the models, with Claude Sonnet generally producing the most readable English texts. Reproducibility analysis revealed moderate consistency, reflecting inherent variability in outputs to identical prompts. CONCLUSION: Reasoning-augmented LLMs, particularly OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek-R1, demonstrate superior performance in delivering bilingual patient education for corneal refractive surgery, with high accuracy and comprehensiveness. However, variations in response length, readability, and reproducibility indicate that further refinement is necessary before these tools can be reliably integrated into clinical practice.
Catalpol ameliorates diabetic retinal vascular endothelial injury by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome targeting METTL3-mA modification.
Liu JY, Zhu JY, Xiao YF … +3 more , Ge YR, Yan F, Jiang Q
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211203 · Full text
AIM: To investigate whether catalpol protects against diabetic retinal vascular endothelial injury by targeting the methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3)-mA-thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) axis and inhibiting nucleot...
AIM: To investigate whether catalpol protects against diabetic retinal vascular endothelial injury by targeting the methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3)-mA-thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) axis and inhibiting nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. METHODS: A streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model (=20 per group) was used to assess retinal function electroretinogram (ERG) and vascular integrity Evans Blue leakage. Human retinal vascular endothelial cells (HRVECs) were exposed to high glucose (HG, 30 mmol/L) with or without catalpol or the METTL3 inhibitor STM2457. NLRP3 inflammasome components (Western blot), oxidative stress (DCFH-DA probe), global mA levels (Dot blot), and TXNIP expression were measured. The binding of catalpol to METTL3, NLRP3, TXNIP, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was analyzed molecular docking and dynamics simulations. RESULTS: Catalpol treatment improved ERG amplitudes [a-wave, b-wave, oscillatory potentials (OPs)] and reduced vascular leakage in diabetic mice (<0.05), while downregulating retinal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 protein levels. In HG-stimulated HRVECs, catalpol inhibited the NLRP3-apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC)-caspase-1 inflammasome, reduced reactive oxygen species, and suppressed METTL3 expression and global mA methylation (<0.05). It also attenuated HG-induced TXNIP upregulation. METTL3 inhibition by STM2457 mimicked all protective effects of catalpol. Molecular simulations confirmed stable binding of catalpol to METTL3, NLRP3, TXNIP, and IL-1β. CONCLUSION: Catalpol alleviates diabetic retinal vascular endothelial injury by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. This effect is mediated, at least in part, through downregulating METTL3-dependent mA RNA methylation of TXNIP.
Visual outcomes of implantable Collamer lens and laser-assisted keratomileusis for all levels of myopia.
Baasanjav T, Dambadarjaa D, Jamyanjav B … +1 more , Davaatseren U
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211202 · Full text
AIM: To compare the clinical outcomes of the current V4c model of the myopic implantable Collamer lens (ICL) with those of laser keratomileusis (LASIK) for the correction of myopia ranging from -2.0 to -18.0 diopters (D...
AIM: To compare the clinical outcomes of the current V4c model of the myopic implantable Collamer lens (ICL) with those of laser keratomileusis (LASIK) for the correction of myopia ranging from -2.0 to -18.0 diopters (D). METHODS: This prospective, non-randomized study enrolled participants who underwent either LASIK or implantation of the ICL V4c at Bolor Melmii Eye Hospital. In the LASIK group, participants received Intralase LASIK (I-LASIK) using the Intralase FS-200 femtosecond laser and the MEL-80 excimer laser. Each group comprised the same number of participants and eyes (38 participants, 73 eyes). RESULTS: A total of 146 eyes from 76 participants were analyzed. Among the LASIK group, 76.3% were female, with a mean age at surgery of 29.76±5.95y (range, 20-43y). In the ICL group, 92.1% were female, with a mean age of 31.59±8.32y (range, 20-49y). Preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) did not differ significantly between the LASIK and ICL groups (=0.68). Postoperatively, the ICL group consistently demonstrated better BCVA (20/20 or better) at all follow-up points, with statistically significant differences observed at 1d (56.2% 30.1%, =0.003) and 3mo (54.8% 32.9%, =0.012). The mean BCVA improvement also favored the ICL group for up to 6mo postoperatively. A higher proportion of eyes in the ICL group achieved uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 20/20 or better at 1mo (50.7% 41.1%, =0.319) and 6mo (57.5% 43.8%, =0.136), although these differences were not statistically significant. Predictability was comparable between the groups, except at 6mo, where fewer ICL-treated eyes were within ±0.5 D of the intended correction (49.3% 64.4%, =0.094). Nevertheless, both groups achieved identical outcomes within ±1.0 D (90.4%, =1.000). Between 1 and 6mo, 78.1% of eyes in the ICL group showed a change in spherical equivalent refraction of no more than 0.5 D, compared to 65.8% in the LASIK group. Refraction stability, defined as a change of less than 1.0 D, remained good in both groups throughout all follow-up periods. CONCLUSION: Both LASIK and ICL implantation leads to significant improvements in visual outcomes, with early postoperative gains observed in both groups. However, the ICL group demonstrates greater long-term improvement in BCVA compared to the LASIK group, particularly among participants with higher degrees of myopia. Visual outcomes in both groups stabilized by 6mo postoperatively.
Differences of the lamina cribrosa between primary open angle glaucoma and non-pathologic high myopia.
Mu QQ, Ge P, Liu X … +7 more , Jia J, Cui N, Yang XX, Zhang RX, Liu Y, Zhang YY, He Y
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211201 · Full text
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a chronic, blinding ocular disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Its incidence and prevalence of blindness continue to increase with gl...
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a chronic, blinding ocular disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Its incidence and prevalence of blindness continue to increase with global population aging. Non-pathologic high myopia (HM) has been established as an independent risk factor for POAG, and the two conditions share similar structural changes in the lamina cribrosa (LC) during the early phase of optic nerve injury. This review summarizes the common and distinct pathological alterations of LC in POAG and HM, with the aim of clarifying its central role in the initiation and progression of optic nerve damage. Elucidating these similarities and differences may facilitate early detection and targeted intervention strategies for at-risk individuals from a structural perspective.
Association between choroidal thickness and primary open angle glaucoma in highly myopic eyes.
Jin PY, Tang M, Zhou MW … +6 more , Fan Y, Ling YY, Zhu JF, Zou HD, He JN, Xue WW
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211200 · Full text
AIM: To investigate the relationship between choroidal thickness (CT) and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in highly myopic eyes across different categories of myopic atrophic maculopathy (MAM). METHODS: This observati...
AIM: To investigate the relationship between choroidal thickness (CT) and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in highly myopic eyes across different categories of myopic atrophic maculopathy (MAM). METHODS: This observational analytical case-control study enrolled highly myopic patients. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. CT was measured in peripapillary and macular regions using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Each eye was classified for POAG status and MAM category. Stepwise logistic regression was performed to identify factors independently associated with POAG. RESULTS: Among 248 highly myopic subjects, 37 (18 males, mean age 68.25±7.16y) had POAG (25 bilateral, 12 unilateral) and 211 (97 males, mean age 67.09±7.63y) were non-glaucomatous. Age and sex did not differ significantly between groups (both >0.05). Seventy-eight patients had unilateral high myopia and 170 bilateral, yielding 418 highly myopic eyes, of which 58 (13.88%) had POAG. POAG prevalence across MAM categories (no lesion to complete macular atrophy) was 7.14%, 16.28%, 14.07%, 17.86%, and 17.14%, respectively (=0.44). In the diffuse chorioretinal atrophy subgroup, POAG eyes showed significantly thicker CT in central, inner nasal, outer superior, inner superior, and inner inferior macular regions, and thinner central corneal thickness (all <0.05). Stepwise logistic regression showed that only parafoveal inferior CT was independently associated with POAG in this subgroup (OR=1.017; 95%CI: 1.005-1.028; <0.01). No significant CT-POAG association was found in other MAM categories. CONCLUSION: Increased macular CT is independently associated with POAG in highly myopic eyes with diffuse chorioretinal atrophy. This implies distinct pathogenic mechanisms underlying POAG development across different MAM categories in high myopia.
Genotype-phenotype correlations in Chinese patients with congenital stationary night blindness and early-onset high myopia: evidence from electrophysiology and whole-exome sequencing.
Qi R, Zhou Q, Ma MJ … +3 more , Lian YY, Rong WN, Sheng XL
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42211199 · Full text
AIM: To identify pathogenic variants in families with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) accompanied by early-onset high myopia (eoHM) using whole-exome sequencing (WES), and to evaluate the clinical value of e...
AIM: To identify pathogenic variants in families with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) accompanied by early-onset high myopia (eoHM) using whole-exome sequencing (WES), and to evaluate the clinical value of electrophysiological and genetic testing for the differential diagnosis of CSNB, which is frequently misdiagnosed as amblyopia. METHODS: The study cohort comprised families clinically diagnosed with eoHM. Probands and available family members underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Pathogenic variants were identified WES, analysis, co-segregation analysis, Sanger sequencing and classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Genotype-phenotype correlations were analyzed within the context of CSNB, supplemented by a review of relevant literature utilizing databases including HGMD, PubMed, CNKI, and Wanfang. RESULTS: Among 42 families with eoHM, five were identified with CSNB. The probands aged 2-5y, with spherical equivalents (SE) ranging from -6.00 to -11.00 D and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) between 0.15 and 0.6. No organic ocular abnormalities were observed. Initially diagnosed as high myopia and refractive amblyopia, they received optical correction and amblyopia therapy. Electroretinogram (ERG) revealed diminished rod responses and a negative waveform under dark-adapted 3.0 ERG conditions. Seven pathogenic variants were identified in , , and , including two novel variants. All five probands were ultimately diagnosed with CSNB-associated eoHM. In Family 1, the proband carrying a variant (c.1873C>T; p.Arg625Ter) exhibited slow myopic progression without fundus changes over 9y of follow-up. A literature review highlighted significant genetic and clinical heterogeneity in CSNB-related eoHM. CONCLUSION: This study reveals marked genetic and clinical heterogeneity in CSNB-related eoHM. and variants (complete CSNB) cause earlier and more severe myopia than variants (incomplete CSNB). Characteristic ERG patterns differentiate subtypes. Reduced BCVA in eoHM may indicate inherited retinal disorders, not just refractive errors. Children with eoHM and reduced BCVA need systematic electrophysiological and genetic evaluations to prevent misdiagnosis and enable personalized care.
Efficacy and mechanism of flavonoids in improving dry eye disease: a systematic review of animal studies.
Lyu J, Jiao SY, Li WJ … +2 more , Ding S, Zhang Q
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42039978 · Full text
AIM: To systematically summarize the efficacy and safety of flavonoids in the treatment of dry eye disease (DED), and review their mechanisms of action, and provide a scientific foundation for clinical translation. METHO...
AIM: To systematically summarize the efficacy and safety of flavonoids in the treatment of dry eye disease (DED), and review their mechanisms of action, and provide a scientific foundation for clinical translation. METHODS: To retrieve papers published from the establishment of the database through May 12, 2025, eight databases were searched: the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), the Wanfang Database, the China Science, Technology Journal Database, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and the Web of Science. Two independent researchers conducted the literature selection and information extraction processes, utilizing the SYRCLE tool to assess the risk of bias. The results of eligible studies were subjected to narrative analysis. RESULTS: A total of 11 animal studies were included in this review, encompassing research conducted in China, the United States, Republic of Korea, and Japan. These studies involved six flavonoid-rich substances, such as and purple corn extract (PCE), as well as four individual flavonoids including quercetin and daidzin, . The findings indicated that flavonoids have the potential to enhance tear secretion. Following interventions with quercetin eye drops and PCE administered at varying doses and time intervals, a significant increase in tear secretion was observed, which approached normal levels. Additionally, these interventions demonstrated a capacity to mitigate damage to the corneal epithelium. For instance, maqui berry extract (MBE) were found to improve corneal fluorescein staining scores while reducing damage to the corneal surface. Flavonoids significantly alleviate dry eye symptoms in animal models by enhancing tear secretion and mitigating corneal epithelial damage. The observed efficacy is attributed to a range of mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hormonal regulation, and anti-apoptotic effects. CONCLUSION: The consistent therapeutic outcomes noted in both mouse and rat models further underscore the translational potential of these compounds. Consequently, flavonoids are regarded as highly promising natural agents for ocular health. However, additional pharmacokinetic studies and clinical trials are necessary to confirm their efficacy and safety in human subjects with dry eye syndrome.
Development and validation of a logistic regression model for predicting visual impairment in middle-aged and older adults with diabetes: results from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.
Zhang RY, Liu YH, Xie DD … +7 more , Fan WL, Bi ZL, Yao Q, Yu GS, Lin Z, Qu J, Wu RH
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42039977 · Full text
AIM: To develop and validate a clinician-friendly logistic regression prediction model for self-reported visual impairment (VI) in middle-aged and older adults (≥45y) with diabetes. METHODS: Leveraging data from the Chin...
AIM: To develop and validate a clinician-friendly logistic regression prediction model for self-reported visual impairment (VI) in middle-aged and older adults (≥45y) with diabetes. METHODS: Leveraging data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a model for VI among adults aged ≥45y with diabetes were developed. Feature selection involved LASSO regression and subsequent multivariable logistic regression. Eight machine learning algorithms were explored and compared for predictive performance. Logistic regression for its consistent performance, interpretability, and clinical usability was finally selected. A nomogram and interactive web-based tool were constructed to facilitate application. RESULTS: Totally 1918 participants (45.83% males) in CHARLS 2011 with aged ≥45y were analyzed in the training cohort and 1553 in CHARLS 2015 were in validation cohort. Among all participants in the training cohort, 39.6% reported VI. Seven variables were found to be independently associated with VI. The optimal model, logistic regression model, achieved area under the curve (AUC) of 0.702 and 0.706 in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. The model's potential for clinical application was supported by calibration and decision-curve analyses; the resulting nomogram and web calculator provided individualized risk prediction. CONCLUSION: We developed a clinically interpretable logistic regression model to predict the risk of VI in adults aged ≥45y with diabetes. The accompanying nomogram and web tool may assist with early identification and targeted vision care.
Identification of novel mutations in the gene in an Algerian family with Oguchi disease.
Molina Martín JC, García GPG, Campos Mollo E … +4 more , García Navarro MM, Molina Martín LA, Desco Esteban C, Piñero DP
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42039976 · Full text
AIM: To describe novel variants in the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 () gene associated with Oguchi disease and to analyze the different multimodal imaging results. METHODS: Five members of a single family were enr...
AIM: To describe novel variants in the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 () gene associated with Oguchi disease and to analyze the different multimodal imaging results. METHODS: Five members of a single family were enrolled, including two confirmed cases of Oguchi disease and three carriers with novel variants in the gene. All subjects underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including color vision testing, visual field testing, wide-field retinography, fundus autofluorescence, macular optical coherence tomography (OCT), and full-field electroretinography (ERG). RESULTS: The study found that both cases of Oguchi disease showed positive Mizuo-Nakamura phenomenon, moderate retinal thickening and packing of the three outermost hyper-reflective bands in the parafoveal region. After establishing a clinical diagnosis of Oguchi disease in patients IV-II and IV-III, molecular analysis revealed a similar genotype in the patients, both carrying two heterozygous variants in the gene, the variants c.1055_1056delAC, p.(Tyr352CysfsTer32) and c.699+2T>C. Genetic testing also revealed that individual III-I was a heterozygous carrier of the novel variant c.1055_1056delAC in the gene. In addition, the novel intronic variant c.699+2T>C was detected in the same gene in the heterozygous state in individuals III-II and IV-I. Family segregation showed that Oguchi disease was transmitted in an autosomal recessive pattern in this family. CONCLUSION: Two novel variants in the gene are reported that are linked to Oguchi disease in a naïve Algerian family. The common findings observed on the OCT scans of our affected patients include packing of the three outer hyper-reflective bands, and thickening of the retina in the parafoveal region. These features are present not only in the affected patients but also in the carriers of the disease.
Particles, deposits and sediments: unravelling the complexities of IOL opacification.
Zhang YH, Xu S, Si W … +4 more , Du SS, Shao JZ, Liu JJ, Zhang FY
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42039975 · Full text
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Evaluating corneal topographic patterns in keratoconic eyes and their association with keratoconus changes over time.
Hashemi H, Jamali A, Nabovati P … +2 more , Hashemi A, Khabazkhoob M
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42039974 · Full text
AIM: To evaluate various corneal topographic patterns in keratoconus (KCN) and their association with disease progression. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 636 eyes of 335 KCN patients (396 males, 2...
AIM: To evaluate various corneal topographic patterns in keratoconus (KCN) and their association with disease progression. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 636 eyes of 335 KCN patients (396 males, 240 females) with a mean age of 30.95±7.95y. Participants underwent two ocular examinations, including corneal tomography using the Pentacam-HR. Topographic patterns were classified based on axial curvature, and KCN progression was defined as a change of ≥1.00 D in maximum keratometry (Kmax). Accordingly, evaluated eyes were categorized into progressive, regressive, and stable groups. RESULTS: The most common topographic pattern was asymmetric bowtie with inferior steepening (AB-IS, 27.4%) in both males (26.8%) and females (28.3%). In the regressive group, asymmetric bowtie with skewed radial axes (21.3%) was most frequent, while AB-IS (31.3%) and inferior steepening (IS, 25.9%) dominated the stable and progressive groups, respectively. Significant differences were observed in corneal parameters across patterns: the oval pattern exhibited the most negative spherical equivalent and the lowest corrected visual acuity, whereas the irregular pattern showed the highest Kmax values in the first examination (<0.05). The asymmetric bowtie with superior steepening (AB-SS) pattern also exhibited the least curvature. In terms of changes in topographic parameters over time, variations were observed in certain parameters across different patterns. Notably, the irregular pattern exhibited the most significant changes in Kmax between the two examinations. Although the AB-SS tended to regressed, the AB-IS and IS patterns showed a tendency toward progression (<0.05). Changes in most components of the KCN screening indices also varied significantly across patterns (<0.05). CONCLUSION: Corneal topographic patterns in KCN exhibit distinct characteristics and progression rates. Understanding these patterns can aid in predicting disease progression and tailoring treatment strategies.
Effect of intravitreal injection of dexamethasone implant on the corneal morphology of young adults with central retinal vein occlusion.
Niu TT, Xin WJ
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 42039973 · Full text
AIM: To investigate the effect of intravitreal injection of dexamethasone (DEX) implants on the corneal morphology of young adults with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). METHODS: This was a retrospective study. The...
AIM: To investigate the effect of intravitreal injection of dexamethasone (DEX) implants on the corneal morphology of young adults with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). METHODS: This was a retrospective study. The information of all patients was collected from the hospital information system. Patients diagnosed with CRVO were included. Corneal morphometric analysis was performed 1, 3, 6, and 12mo after the intravitreal injection of DEX. Corneal endothelial cell density (ECD), hexagonal cell ratio (HEX), and coefficient of variation (CV), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and anterior chamber volume (ACV) were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age of the 80 patients (80 eyes) with CRVO was 33.10±3.26y. The mean disease duration was 4.94±2.12mo. The ECDs before and 1, 3, 6, and 12mo after DEX injection were 2718.22±333.14, 2692.74±324.84, 2577.55±365.27, 2624.30±345.53 cells/mm², and 2604.00±321.19 cells/mm², respectively. No difference was found in ECD at 1, 6, and 12mo after the injection compared with baselines. The ECD of patients was lower than baseline at three months (<0.05), whereas the HEX and CV were not statistically significant compared with baseline (>0.05). At the 12-month follow-up, a trend toward a decrease was observed in the CCT compared with baselines among the enrolled patients, but without significant difference (>0.05). The parameters of the anterior chamber (ACD, ACA, and ACV) did not change significantly compared with baselines (>0.05). No significant difference was found in corneal morphology between single and repeated DEX implant injections. CONCLUSION: In young adults with CRVO, intravitreal injection of DEX can temporarily decrease ECD. However, the remaining corneal endothelial morphological characteristics and anterior chamber parameters are unaffected.
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