Int J Ophthalmol [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Factors influencing the treatment duration and visual prognosis of cytomegalovirus retinitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Wu S, Ding YH, Zhang C … +1 more , Hou J
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41767320 · Full text
AIM: To explore the factors influencing the treatment duration and visual prognosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis (CMVR) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). METHODS: All participant...
AIM: To explore the factors influencing the treatment duration and visual prognosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis (CMVR) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). METHODS: All participants received ganciclovir intravenous infusion or oral and intravitreal injection of ganciclovir (IVG) 3 mg twice a week for 4 consecutive times (induction phase). The affected eyes were divided into stop treatment group (Group A), continue treatment group (Group B), and relapse after treatment group (Group C) according to whether local therapy could be terminated at the end of the induction phase and whether CMVR recurred within 3mo after the termination of local therapy. RESULTS: The study included 31 participants (48 eyes) diagnosed with CMVR including 11 males and 20 females. The mean age was (28±8.2)y. There were 17 cases of binocular disease (34 eyes) and 14 cases of monocular disease (14 eyes). Visual acuity improved in 26 eyes (54.1%), remained unchanged in 9 eyes (18.8%), and decreased in 13 eyes (27.1%). The peak value of blood CMV in Group B was significantly higher than that in Group A (=0.013). The number of eyes with anterior chamber inflammation in Group C was significantly lower than that in Groups A and B (=0.015, =0.016). The average number of interval days was higher in Group A than in Group B. For Group A, there was a strong positive correlation between the number of eyes with CMV positive blood (=0.712, =0.031) and visual acuity changes. For Group B, there was a moderately strong positive correlation between the days of blood CMV after transplantation (=0.371, =0.043) and the times of injections. For Group C, there was a strong positive correlation between the peak value of blood CMV (=0.719, =0.029) and the times of injection. CONCLUSION: Systemic use of antivirals combined with intravitreal injection of antivirals is effective for patients with CMVR after allo-HSCT surgery. Patients with shorter interval days, higher peak or more days of blood CMV need more injections. Patients with positive blood CMV at initial diagnosis have worse visual prognosis.
A bibliometric and visualized analysis of choriocapillaris from 2013 to 2023.
Wei PY, Wang XZ, Han JM
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41767319 · Full text
AIM: To assess the current research status and emerging trends of the choriocapillaris (CC) by bibliometric analysis. METHODS: Publications spanning from January 2013 to May 2023 were retrieved on June 27th, 2023, using...
AIM: To assess the current research status and emerging trends of the choriocapillaris (CC) by bibliometric analysis. METHODS: Publications spanning from January 2013 to May 2023 were retrieved on June 27th, 2023, using the Web of Science Core Collection. Bibliometric and visualized analyses were performed employing the bibliometrix, CiteSpace and VOSviewer. RESULTS: A total of 1563 papers met the inclusion criteria, and a publication growth trend was observed. The United States was the leading country in the CC field. and stood out as highly impactful and prolific journals. Research topics in the CC field encompassed choroidal neovascularization, choroidal thickness, central serous chorioretinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, myopia, choroidal vascularity index, and diabetic retinopathy, based on the co-citation analysis. The keyword "high myopia" experienced a burst lasting until 2023. CONCLUSION: In the past decade, research in the field of CC has flourished due to recent advancements in choroidal imaging; with focus shifting towards elucidating its role in various diseases. This will provide novel insights into managing chorioretinal diseases and vision-preserving interventions.
An intelligent segmentation method for leakage points in central serous chorioretinopathy based on fluorescein angiography images.
Xu JG, Liu YC, Zhou F … +4 more , Shen JX, Yan ZP, Hu XY, Yang WH
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41767318 · Full text
AIM: To construct an intelligent segmentation scheme for precise localization of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) leakage points, thereby enabling ophthalmologists to deliver accurate laser treatment without naviga...
AIM: To construct an intelligent segmentation scheme for precise localization of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) leakage points, thereby enabling ophthalmologists to deliver accurate laser treatment without navigational laser equipment. METHODS: A dataset with dual labels (point-level and pixel-level) was first established based on fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) images of CSC and subsequently divided into training (102 images), validation (40 images), and test (40 images) datasets. An intelligent segmentation method was then developed, based on the You Only Look Once version 8 Pose Estimation (YOLOv8-Pose) model and segment anything model (SAM), to segment CSC leakage points. Next, the YOLOv8-Pose model was trained for 200 epochs, and the best-performing model was selected to form the optimal combination with SAM. Additionally, the classic five types of U-Net series models [, U-Net, recurrent residual U-Net (R2U-Net), attention U-Net (AttU-Net), recurrent residual attention U-Net (R2AttU-Net), and nested U-Net (UNet++)] were initialized with three random seeds and trained for 200 epochs, resulting in a total of 15 baseline models for comparison. Finally, based on the metrics including Dice similarity coefficient (DICE), intersection over union (IoU), precision, recall, precision-recall (PR) curve, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the proposed method was compared with baseline models through quantitative and qualitative experiments for leakage point segmentation, thereby demonstrating its effectiveness. RESULTS: With the increase of training epochs, the mAP50-95, Recall, and precision of the YOLOv8-Pose model showed a significant increase and tended to stabilize, and it achieved a preliminary localization success rate of 90% (, 36 images) for CSC leakage points in 40 test images. Using manually expert-annotated pixel-level labels as the ground truth, the proposed method achieved outcomes with a DICE of 57.13%, an IoU of 45.31%, a precision of 45.91%, a recall of 93.57%, an area under the PR curve (AUC-PR) of 0.78 and an area under the ROC curve (AUC-ROC) of 0.97, which enables more accurate segmentation of CSC leakage points. CONCLUSION: By combining the precise localization capability of the YOLOv8-Pose model with the robust and flexible segmentation ability of SAM, the proposed method not only demonstrates the effectiveness of the YOLOv8-Pose model in detecting keypoint coordinates of CSC leakage points from the perspective of application innovation but also establishes a novel approach for accurate segmentation of CSC leakage points through the "detect-then-segment" strategy, thereby providing a potential auxiliary means for the automatic and precise real-time localization of leakage points during traditional laser photocoagulation for CSC.
Comparison of binocular vision indices in Parkinson's disease patients age-sex-matched healthy controls.
Shariati-Moghaddam R, Shoeibi A, Ahmad MA … +6 more , Ostadimoghaddam H, Hashemi H, Derakhshan A, Hemmatian Z, Yekta A, Khabazkhoob M
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41767317 · Full text
AIM: To evaluate the differences in near point of convergence (NPC), fusional vergence, saccadic eye movements, versional eye movements, and heterophoria between patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healt...
AIM: To evaluate the differences in near point of convergence (NPC), fusional vergence, saccadic eye movements, versional eye movements, and heterophoria between patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy subjects. METHODS: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted, enrolling two cohorts: a PD group and a healthy control group. The PD group was recruited non-random convenience sampling, while the control group was selected randomly from individuals without PD. All participants were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria before undergoing a comprehensive optometric assessment, which included measurements of uncorrected visual acuity, corrected visual acuity, and objective and subjective refraction. Subsequently, binocular vision function evaluations were performed, covering NPC measurement, fusional vergence reserve assessment at both distance and near, saccadic eye movement testing, and versional eye movement and heterophoria assessment. RESULTS: A total of 42 PD patients and 41 healthy controls were included in the final analysis. The two groups were well-matched in terms of sex distribution [29 males (69.0%) in the PD group 29 males (70.7%) in the control group, =0.867] and mean age (55.3±9.6y in the PD group 54.9±9.8y in the control group, =0.866). The prevalence of abnormal versional eye movements was significantly higher in the PD group than in the control group (23.81%, 95%CI: 12.05%-39.45% 7.32%, 95%CI: 1.54%-19.92%; =0.025). Near exophoria was more prevalent in PD patients (61.90%, 95%CI: 45.64%-76.43%) than in controls (17.07%, 95%CI: 7.15%-32.06%), with a significant difference [odds ratio (OR)=7.99; 95%CI: 2.83-21.99; <0.001]. The mean NPC was significantly greater (more receded) in the PD group than in the control group (9.01±3.74 cm 7.20±2.15 cm; =0.007). A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between PD severity and NPC values (Pearson's correlation coefficient=0.309; =0.046). Except for distance base-out break and distance base-out recovery values, all other fusional vergence parameters were significantly lower in the PD group than in the control group (<0.05). The mean saccadic test score was significantly lower in PD patients than in controls (3.29±0.57 3.78±0.42; <0.001). Among all fusional vergence indices, near base-in blur yielded the highest area under the curve (AUC=0.877), with a sensitivity of 69% and specificity of 90%, followed by distance base-out blur (AUC=0.824, sensitivity=97.6%, specificity=66.7%), near base-out blur (AUC=0.814, sensitivity=76.2%, specificity=72.7%), near base-out break (AUC=0.749, sensitivity=78.6%, specificity=67.6%), and near base-out recovery (AUC=0.749, sensitivity=95.2%, specificity=50%). CONCLUSION: PD is associated with significant binocular vision function impairment, with receded NPC and reduced near fusional vergence reserves being the most prominent disorders. These findings highlight the potential value of binocular vision assessment as a non-invasive biomarker for the early detection and clinical monitoring of PD.
Repeatability, reproducibility, and agreement regarding measurement of choroidal vascularity index between OCT and OCT angiography.
Zhong MH, Zhang JL, Yu KX … +5 more , Fan SQ, Li X, Chen H, Bao JH, Huang YY
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41767316 · Full text
AIM: To explore the repeatability, reproducibility, and agreement in the measurement of the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) for different swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) devices and between OCT and OCT...
AIM: To explore the repeatability, reproducibility, and agreement in the measurement of the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) for different swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) devices and between OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA) images. METHODS: Two swept-source OCT imaging systems, VG200I and Topcon DRI OCT Triton, were used to capture OCT and OCTA images in triplicate. The first and third images were taken by one operator, and the second image was taken by another operator. The built-in software was used to calculate the CVI from the OCTA images (CVI-OCTA), and a custom-designed algorithm was used to calculate the CVI from the OCT images (CVI-OCT). Repeatability and reproducibility were assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and agreement between devices and between OCT and OCTA were evaluated with Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-eight eyes from 35 adults (17 females) were included in the analysis. The average age of the participants was 23.6±2.3y, with an average spherical equivalent refraction of -3.08±2.47 D and an average AL of 25.21±1.20 mm. Both OCT devices demonstrated high repeatability and reproducibility in measuring the CVI-OCTA (all ICCs>0.894 across five choroidal regions) and CVI-OCT (all ICCs>0.838). Furthermore, the between-device agreement in measuring the CVI-OCT was good [mean difference (MD) ranging from -2.32% to -3.07%], but that in measuring the CVI-OCTA was poor (MD, 1.48% to -7.43%). Additionally, the between-imaging agreement (CVI-OCTA versus CVI-OCT) was poor for both devices (Triton, MD, 6.05% to 12.68%; VG200I, MD, 6.67% to 12.09%). CONCLUSION: Both OCT devices and the two analytical methods demonstrate good stability. The inter-device consistency of CVI-OCT is good, while the inter-device consistency of CVI-OCTA and the consistency between the two analytical methods in the same device are both poor.
Minimally invasive four-point scleral refixation for dislocated 4-haptic IOL by horizontal mattress sutures and Hoffman pockets.
Zhang ZL, Shen JH, Chen JY … +3 more , Pan QT, Hu XT, Zhang ZD
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41767315 · Full text
AIM: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of a new minimally invasive technique using horizontal mattress sutures and Hoffman pockets for four-point refixation of dislocated four-haptic intraocular lenses (IOLs). METHODS: T...
AIM: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of a new minimally invasive technique using horizontal mattress sutures and Hoffman pockets for four-point refixation of dislocated four-haptic intraocular lenses (IOLs). METHODS: This retrospective consecutive case series included eyes with dislocated Akreos AO60 IOLs underwent scleral refixation using a horizontal mattress double-needle suture technique with intralamellar knot burial Hoffman pockets. Clinical outcomes assessed included pre- and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), spherical equivalent (SE), suture duration, IOL centration, and perioperative complications. RESULTS: A total of 10 eyes from 10 patients (6 males) were included. The mean age at the time of IOL refixation was 53.10±13.07y (range: 28-68y). The mean interval between initial IOL implantation and dislocation was 8.44±3.54y. The mean postoperative follow-up duration was 11.45±10.30mo. Surgical time averaged 15.3±1.77min, with no intraoperative complications. The mean axial length was 27.16±4.35 mm, with high myopia (HM) as the leading comorbidity (4/10 eyes). Postoperative BCVA significantly improved compared to preoperative values (=0.025). Postoperative SE was significantly improved compared with preoperative (=0.01). All IOLs remained centered throughout follow-up. CONCLUSION: This minimally invasive four-point scleral fixation technique offers a safe and effective refixation strategy for dislocated four-haptic IOLs. The horizontal mattress suture configuration combined with Hoffman pockets facilitates durable centration, avoids conjunctival dissection, and could be adopted into routine surgical practice.
Viral mechanisms, tropism, and clinical relevance regarding the ophthalmic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
González S, Arellano J, Reza-Zaldivar EE … +3 more , Mena-Munguía S, Minjarez B, Rodríguez-Yáñez Y
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41767314 · Full text
To explore the mechanisms underlying ocular infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we conducted a comprehensive review of current literature, focusing on viral entry pathways, receptor...
To explore the mechanisms underlying ocular infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we conducted a comprehensive review of current literature, focusing on viral entry pathways, receptor expression in ocular tissues, and associated clinical manifestations. This review encompasses studies published within the last five years with a focus on original research and systematic reviews that provide molecular, histological, or clinical evidence. The findings show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect ocular tissues through multiple receptors beyond angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), including transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), CD147, alanyl aminopeptidase N (ANPEP), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AGTR2), and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR), which are expressed in retinal, conjunctival, corneal, limbal, and photoreceptor cells. The virus may also reach ocular structures neurovascular invasion. Clinically, patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may present with a broad spectrum of ophthalmic manifestations, including conjunctivitis, hyperreflective lesions in the inner retinal layers, flame-shaped hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, retinal pallor, hard exudates, and various forms of maculopathy, such as paracentral acute middle maculopathy and acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN). These signs reflect both direct viral damage and secondary effects of systemic inflammation and microvascular injury. Understanding the molecular and clinical spectrum of ocular involvement is essential for early diagnosis, appropriate ophthalmologic care, and the prevention of long-term visual sequelae in patients affected by COVID-19.
Outcomes of lacrimal sac hydrostatic pressure application in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction.
Trifonov I, Koval T, Moshkovsky R … +1 more , Spierer O
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41767313 · Full text
AIM: To assess the success rate of lacrimal sac hydrostatic pressure application (HPA) maneuver, a conservative office procedure for treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO). METHODS: The medical rec...
AIM: To assess the success rate of lacrimal sac hydrostatic pressure application (HPA) maneuver, a conservative office procedure for treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO). METHODS: The medical records of pediatric patients, 36mo old or younger, diagnosed with CNLDO between the years 2016-2022, were retrospectively reviewed. In all children, HPA was performed by a pediatric ophthalmologist. Success was defined as the resolution of epiphora and discharge within 48h of the intervention. RESULTS: A total of 281 eyes (194 patients) with CNLDO underwent HPA. Follow-up data were available for 261 eyes (179 patients, 50.3% male) and these patients were included in the analysis. The mean follow-up time was 11.6±13mo. Ninety-seven patients (54.2%) had unilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction, while 82 patients (45.8%) had bilateral CNLDO. The mean age at the time of HPA was 5.8±5.9mo. Complete resolution of symptoms was achieved in 102 (39.1%) eyes. Patients 6mo old or younger at the time of HPA had a significantly higher success rate compared to patients older than 6mo (43.7% 30.9%, =0.04). Younger age at the time of pressure application was associated with a higher resolution rate of CNLDO (OR 0.93, =0.004). Sex assigned at birth, prematurity, laterality of the obstruction and type of symptoms (epiphora, discharge) were not correlated with success. A second HPA was performed in 46 eyes, with resolution of symptoms in 12 eyes (26.1%). CONCLUSION: Hydrostatic pressure applied on the lacrimal sac by an experienced ophthalmologist or an experienced pediatrician may be an effective treatment for CNLDO. We recommend HPA as an initial active conservative approach in all pediatric patients with CNLDO, especially those younger than 6mo.
Triglyceride-driven pathogenesis in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a dual approach of clinical correlation and genetic causality.
Cao JM, Chen HY, Zhang F … +1 more , Xiong W
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41767312 · Full text
AIM: To clarify the clinical correlations and causal relationships between lipid metabolism and the progression of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). METHODS: This case-control study retrieved clinical data from 20...
AIM: To clarify the clinical correlations and causal relationships between lipid metabolism and the progression of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). METHODS: This case-control study retrieved clinical data from 2018 to 2023. A total of 2591 patients were enrolled, including 197 patients with TAO (case group) and 2394 patients with hyperthyroidism without TAO (control group). Serum lipid parameters, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and the HDL/total cholesterol ratio, as well as thyroid function markers, were compared between the two groups. Correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between serum lipid levels and key ocular manifestations of TAO, including exophthalmos degree, clinical activity score, and disease severity. Furthermore, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted using genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets, with hyperthyroidism as the exposure variable and serum lipid parameters as the outcome variables, to infer the causal relationship between hyperthyroidism, lipid metabolism, and TAO progression. RESULTS: The TAO group consisted of 101 males and 96 females, while the hyperthyroidism group included 706 males and 1688 females. Compared with the control group, patients with TAO had significantly higher levels of triglycerides (1.83±1.21 1.40±1.08 mmol/L, <0.01), total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL. Correlation analysis showed that triglyceride levels were positively correlated with exophthalmos degree, whereas HDL levels were inversely correlated with exophthalmos degree. No significant associations were found between serum lipid levels and clinical activity score (>0.1). MR analysis confirmed that hyperthyroidism exerted a causal effect in reducing serum triglycerides [inverse-variance weighting odds ratio (OR)=0.035, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01-0.12] and total cholesterol (OR=0.085, 95%CI: 0.02-0.34), with no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy (MR-PRESSO >0.05). CONCLUSION: Elevated serum triglyceride levels are an independent risk factor for TAO severity, especially exophthalmos, and triglyceride metabolism is inversely regulated by thyroid function.
Assessment of pan-immune-inflammation value as a novel marker of proliferative diabetic retinopathy stage.
Candan O, Orman G, Ünlü N … +1 more , Uney G
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41767311 · Full text
AIM: To evaluate the predictive value of pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) in the diagnosis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and its association with the stage of PDR. METHODS: This observational case-contro...
AIM: To evaluate the predictive value of pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) in the diagnosis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and its association with the stage of PDR. METHODS: This observational case-control study included participants who underwent routine complete blood count testing. Inflammation-related indices, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and PIV, were derived and analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was applied to assess the diagnostic performance of these indices in distinguishing patients with PDR, with sensitivity, specificity, area under ROC, and optimal threshold values calculated. In addition, binary logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between inflammatory indices and PDR stage. RESULTS: This study included 205 patients: 60 with diabetes without retinopathy (mean age: 61.81±10.76y), 80 with PDR (mean age: 61.63±10.03y) and 65 healthy controls (mean age: 59.52±5.88y). The PDR group had significantly higher white blood cell (WBC, <0.001), monocyte (MONO, =0.009) and neutrophil (NEU) counts (<0.001). SII and PIV had the highest sensitivity and area under ROC for predicting patients with PDR (0.822, 0.846, respectively). The optimal cut-off values for discriminating patients with PDR were determined to be >527.12 and >299.08 for SII and PIV, respectively. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a decrease in lymphocyte (LYM) count and an increase in platelet count (PLT), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), SII, and PIV were all significantly associated with the development of high-risk PDR (all <0.05). PIV was more stable than independent MONO, LYM, PLT and NEU levels in predicting both the diagnosis and stage of PDR. The optimal cut-off value for PIV to discriminate patients with high-risk PDR was found to be >345.87 area under ROC=0.871, with sensitivity of 0.827 and specificity of 0.812. CONCLUSION: PIV is a reliable, valuable, and inexpensive blood index that can be used for early detection and staging of PDR. PIV may therefore be essential to be used for the follow-up of diabetic patients.
Sex differences in retinal neurovascular changes in type 1 diabetes without retinopathy.
Chen Y, Li QX, Zhang T … +3 more , Tan Y, Wu RH, Gao L
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41767310 · Full text
AIM: To investigate the sex-specific correlation between systemic factors and retinal neurovascular alterations in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who do not exhibit signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR). M...
AIM: To investigate the sex-specific correlation between systemic factors and retinal neurovascular alterations in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who do not exhibit signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: A cohort participant without DR diagnosed with T1DM, underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluation, optical coherence tomography angiography retinal structural and microvascular density analysis, and systemic parameter assessment. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate the impact of systemic parameters on retinal alterations in distinct gender groups. RESULTS: A total of 182 individuals were included, consisting of 85 males (mean age 23.28±12.75y) and 97 females (mean age 22.98±13.68y). Males exhibited significantly greater thickness in both the internal retinal layer and the entire retina compared to females (<0.01), whereas females had higher densities of deep retinal vessels and choroidal capillaries (<0.05). Additionally, glycemic control was found to have a notable influence on retinal thickness in males (<0.05), while insulin function had a more pronounced impact on retinal structure in females (<0.01). Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between thyroid function markers and retinal parameters in both male and female (<0.05). CONCLUSION: Sex differences in alterations in retinal structure and microcirculation are observed in individuals with T1DM prior to the development of clinical DR, with a noted association between these changes and systemic parameters.
Unilateral solitary ciliary body mass: a case report and review of the literature.
Xie WY, Zhao Y, Ren PF … +2 more , Wang XY, Shen LP
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41767309 · Full text
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Altered amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuations in primary open angle glaucoma patients: a resting-state fMRI study.
Huang Y, Luo HD, Shu YQ … +7 more , Ouyang F, Song YN, Wang YY, Yu XQ, Xiong C, Yang L, Zhang X
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41573011 · Full text
AIM: To study the relationships between amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) changes and clinical ophthalmic parameters in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and analyze the diagnostic value of AL...
AIM: To study the relationships between amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) changes and clinical ophthalmic parameters in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and analyze the diagnostic value of ALFF. METHODS: Twenty-four POAG patients and 24 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Nonparametric rank-sum tests were used to compare the ALFF values in the slow-4 and slow-5 bands, and Spearman or Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between ALFF changes and clinical ophthalmic parameters in POAG patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the ALFF. RESULTS: There were 16 males in POAG patients (median age 48y) and 12 males in HCs (median age 39y). Compared with HCs, POAG patients presented increased or decreased ALFF values in different brain regions, and similar changes were observed in mild POAG patients. The ALFF values were correlated with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, inner limiting membrane-retinal pigment epithelium thickness changes and the degree of visual field defects. Analysis of the diagnostic value of the ALFF ROC curves revealed that the right medial frontal gyrus [area under the curve (AUC)=0.9063] and superior frontal gyrus (AUC=0.9097) had better diagnostic value than did the optic disc area (AUC=0.8019), visual field index (VFI%, AUC=0.8988) and macular parameters. CONCLUSION: POAG patients present altered cortical function that is significantly correlated with the optic nerve and retinal thickness and had good diagnostic value, which may reflect the underlying neuropathological mechanism of POAG.
Pentagonal quadrangular conjunctival autograft in pterygium surgery: a comparative study on graft retraction.
Bahar A, Doğan AŞ
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41573010 · Full text
AIM: To investigate the effect of pentagonal conjunctival autograft on reducing graft retraction following pterygium surgery. METHODS: This retrospective comparative study included patients who underwent primary pterygiu...
AIM: To investigate the effect of pentagonal conjunctival autograft on reducing graft retraction following pterygium surgery. METHODS: This retrospective comparative study included patients who underwent primary pterygium excision with either pentagonal (created by shaping the junction with the recipient conjunctiva into a wedge) or quadrangular conjunctival autograft transplantation. All patients completed a 6mo postoperative follow-up. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of graft retraction; secondary outcomes included graft displacement requiring re-suturing and pterygium recurrence rate. RESULTS: The study enrolled 58 participants, comprising 26 (15 males, 11 females) in the pentagonal graft group (mean age: 54.9±13.1y), and 32 (17 males, 15 females) in the quadrangular graft group (mean age: 57.6±10.4y). Graft retraction occurred in only 1 eye (3.8%) in the pentagonal autograft group, compared to 9 eyes (28.1%) in the quadrangular autograft group. No cases of graft displacement requiring re-suturing were reported in the pentagonal autograft group. Although graft displacement and recurrence requiring re-suturing were observed less frequently in surgeries with a pentagonal graft, the difference was not statistically significant (>0.05). CONCLUSION: Designing the conjunctival autograft in a pentagonal shape-mimicking geodesic dome architecture and conforming to the eye's spherical structure-enhances compatibility with the recipient conjunctiva and improves resistance to physical traction forces. This design effectively reduces the incidence of graft retraction and other related complications, providing a more favorable surgical option for pterygium treatment.
The differential effects of lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation on myopia prevention in adolescents: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.
Pei L, Mo Y, Duan JG
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41573009 · Full text
AIM: To conduct a systematic review and Meta-analysis to determine the differential effects of combined lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation on myopia prevention in teenagers. It also investigates the effects of supplem...
AIM: To conduct a systematic review and Meta-analysis to determine the differential effects of combined lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation on myopia prevention in teenagers. It also investigates the effects of supplements dosage, intervention duration, and geographical variation on intervention results. METHODS: A systematic search and screening of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) completed between 2014 and 2023 was undertaken using the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases, in accordance with the PRISMA recommendations. The Cochrane risk of bias method was used to assess the quality of the studies. A Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses were performed to look at the effects of different doses, intervention periods, and geographic areas. Additionally, publication bias was assessed using Egger's test. RESULTS: Ten studies including 1035 participants with myopia were analyzed. Supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin resulted in a significant reduction in axial length elongation among adolescents in the intervention group (SMD=-0.40, =0.001), an increase in macular pigment optical density (SMD=0.50, =0.010), and an enhancement in visual sensitivity (SMD=0.53, =0.008). Subgroup analyses revealed that participants receiving high doses and those undergoing intervention for more than 12mo exhibited significantly improved outcomes compared to those in the low-dose and short-term groups (high-dose low-dose: SMD=-0.41 -0.22, =0.003; >12mo 6-12mo: SMD=-0.43 -0.23, =0.004, respectively). Furthermore, Egger's test indicated no significant publication bias (=0.094). CONCLUSION: Combined lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation has a significant effect on myopia prevention in adolescents, with more pronounced benefits observed in high-dose and long-term interventions. The findings provide scientific evidence for its use as an adjunctive approach in myopia control.
Micro/nanoplastics and eye health: a review.
He L, Zheng J, Han XK … +6 more , Tao TY, Zeng J, Luo W, Chen X, Wang JM, Sha XY
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41573008 · Full text
Micro/nanoplastics (M/NPs) have become pervasive environmental pollutants, posing significant risks to human health through various exposure routes, including ingestion, inhalation, and direct contact. This review system...
Micro/nanoplastics (M/NPs) have become pervasive environmental pollutants, posing significant risks to human health through various exposure routes, including ingestion, inhalation, and direct contact. This review systematically examined the potential impacts of M/NPs on ocular health, focusing on exposure pathways, toxicological mechanisms, and resultant damage to the eye. Ocular exposure to M/NPs can occur direct contact and oral ingestion, with the latter potentially leading to the penetration of particles through ocular biological barriers into ocular tissues. The review highlighted that M/NPs can induce adverse effects on the ocular surface, elevate intraocular pressure, and cause abnormalities in the vitreous and retina. Mechanistically, oxidative stress and inflammation are central to M/NP-induced ocular damage, with smaller particles often exhibiting greater toxicity. Overall, this review underscored the potential risks of M/NPs to ocular health and emphasized the need for further research to elucidate exposure mechanisms, toxicological pathways, and mitigation strategies.
Paeonol suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition-driven posterior capsular opacification through activation of AMPK signaling.
Wang Q, Li QY, Yang J … +6 more , Ma J, Ping JH, Wang Z, Wang DJ, Hua X, Yuan XY
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41573007 · Full text
AIM: To determine whether paeonol (Pae), a naturally occurring phenolic compound, can serve as an effective pharmacological inhibitor of posterior capsular opacification (PCO). METHODS: A rat model of cataract surgery-in...
AIM: To determine whether paeonol (Pae), a naturally occurring phenolic compound, can serve as an effective pharmacological inhibitor of posterior capsular opacification (PCO). METHODS: A rat model of cataract surgery-induced PCO was established, and Pae was administered anterior chamber injection to evaluate its preventive effect on capsular opacification and fibrotic remodeling. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related changes in lens epithelial cells (LECs). lens capsule cultures were employed to examine the expression of Vimentin and Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. In the human LEC line SRA01/04, EMT marker expression at both mRNA and protein levels was analyzed following transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) stimulation, with Pae treatment. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to investigate the effect of Pae on TGF-β/Smad signaling and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. Molecular docking was performed to predict Pae-AMPK binding, and rescue experiments with AMPK inhibition were conducted to validate the mechanistic pathway. RESULTS: Pae significantly reduced capsular opacification and fibrotic remodeling in the rat PCO model compared with controls. In LECs, Pae markedly suppressed TGF-β2-induced EMT, evidenced by decreased expression of mesenchymal markers, such as Vimentin, Fibronectin, Collagen 1A1, α-SMA and preserved epithelial junctional protein ZO-1. Mechanistically, Pae was predicted to directly interact with the catalytic pocket of AMPK, which was experimentally confirmed by enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and nuclear translocation (<0.05). This activation disrupted canonical TGF-β/Smad signaling, leading to suppression of EMT. Rescue experiments using AMPK inhibition abrogated the anti-EMT effect of Pae, further validating the AMPK-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSION: Pae exerts a potent inhibitory effect on PCO formation by blocking EMT of LECs through direct activation of AMPK and subsequent disruption of TGF-β/Smad signaling.
Functional generalized estimating equation model to detect glaucomatous visual field progression.
Jeong S, Kim H, Moon S … +4 more , Kim E, Yang H, Lee J, Nouri-Mahdavi K
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41573006 · Full text
AIM: To build a functional generalized estimating equation (GEE) model to detect glaucomatous visual field progression and compare the performance of the proposed method with that of commonly employed algorithms. METHODS...
AIM: To build a functional generalized estimating equation (GEE) model to detect glaucomatous visual field progression and compare the performance of the proposed method with that of commonly employed algorithms. METHODS: Totally 716 eyes of 716 patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) with at least 5 reliable 24-2 test results and 2y of follow-up were selected. The functional GEE model was used to detect perimetric progression in the training dataset (501 eyes). In the testing dataset (215 eyes), progression was evaluated the functional GEE model, mean deviation (MD) and visual field index (VFI) rates of change, Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) and Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS) scores, and pointwise linear regression (PLR). RESULTS: The proposed method showed the highest proportion of eyes detected as progression (54.4%), followed by the VFI rate (34.4%), PLR (23.3%), and MD rate (21.4%). The CIGTS and AGIS scores had a lower proportion of eyes detected as progression (7.9% and 5.1%, respectively). The time to detection of progression was significantly shorter for the proposed method than that of other algorithms (adjusted ≤0.019). The VFI rate displayed moderate pairwise agreement with the proposed method (=0.47). CONCLUSION: The functional GEE model shows the highest proportion of eyes detected as perimetric progression and the shortest time to detect perimetric progression in patients with POAG.
Global research status in the treatment of glaucoma: a systematic bibliometric analysis.
Liu WH, Shu C, Jia BD … +1 more , Li XR
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41573005 · Full text
AIM: To present an overview of the research on global glaucoma treatment in the last decade in terms of publication year, journals, countries/regions, organizations, references, and keywords, to investigate the current r...
AIM: To present an overview of the research on global glaucoma treatment in the last decade in terms of publication year, journals, countries/regions, organizations, references, and keywords, to investigate the current research international trends and hot topics in this area. METHODS: Bibliometric analysis was conducted on 9128 articles in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC; Clarivate) database. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was employed using VOSviewer (v1.6.18), Pajek (v1.0.0.0), and CiteSpace (v6.1.R2) software. RESULTS: The 9128 papers relating to glaucoma treatment were published from April 2013 to April 2023, of which 7482 articles (82%) were original research articles and 1464 (18%) were review articles. The United States (2867) and Johns Hopkins University (166) were the most productive country and institution, respectively, but the University College London had the highest h-index (54). The was the most productive and had the highest h-index compared with other journals. The Keywords of interest included treatment surgery, cyclophotocoagulation, minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS), trabeculectomy, baerveldt, epidemiology, medication adherence, nanoparticle, optical coherence tomography (OCT), gene therapy, and artificial intelligence (AI). Glaucoma surgery appeared as a current research hotspot through the analysis of keywords. CONCLUSION: This study provides insights into the research trends and potential research hotspots in the treatment of glaucoma. This will help researchers to evaluate research policies and to promote international cooperation.
CORRIGENDUM.
Int J Ophthalmol · 2026 · PMID 41573004
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2026.01.14.].
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2026.01.14.].
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