Curr Drug Deliv [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Uptake of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Mouse Brain through Intranasal Delivery.
Zhang Z, He S, Jiang W … +7 more , Lu J, Liu S, Xu W, Wang Z, Lu F, Xiao Q, Zhang J
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39354760 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that widely participate in intercellular communication. An increasing number of studies have reported on the neuroprotective effects of stem cell-derived exosom...
INTRODUCTION: Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that widely participate in intercellular communication. An increasing number of studies have reported on the neuroprotective effects of stem cell-derived exosomes in brain diseases through various delivery methods. However, only a few reports are available on the delivery and uptake of stem cell-derived exosomes in the brains of mice of different ages. METHODS: PKH-26-labelled mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes were collected, and their uptake was investigated in the brains of mice aged 2 weeks, 2 months, and >6 months, 24 hours after intranasal delivery. RESULTS: No exosomes were distributed in the whole brains of 2-week-old mice after 24 hours of intranasal delivery. However, a small number of exosomes were found in the olfactory bulb, cortex, and hippocampus of 2-month-old mice, with no exosomes observed in the cerebellum. In contrast, a large number of exosomes were ingested in all brain regions, including the olfactory bulb, cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, of >6-month-old mice. CONCLUSION: Exosomes can enter the brains of adult mice through intranasal administration, but there are differences in the uptake rate among mice of different ages. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the future clinical administration of exosomes for treating brain disorders.
Latest Findings on the Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on the Storage Quality of Blood Products (2011-2022) - A Narrative Review.
Mehrizi TZ, Rezayat SM, Shahmabadi HE
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39301911 · Publisher ↗
A wide range of challenges are faced during the storage of blood products, including storage lesions, contamination that must be removed, and cell and protein damage due to chemicals and UV exposure. The enhancement of s...
A wide range of challenges are faced during the storage of blood products, including storage lesions, contamination that must be removed, and cell and protein damage due to chemicals and UV exposure. The enhancement of stability exhibited by gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is a notable advantage of these nanoparticles for the storage of blood products. The results of our review of articles from 2011 to 2022 discussing the effect of GNPs on blood products revealed that in RBCs, the dose, concentration, amount, and surface charge of GNPs significantly affect their compatibility. Purified GNPs were compatible with RBCs. Negatively charged GNPs with smaller diameters at lower concentrations were more compatible. However, in the plasma product, the nanoparticle surface modification with different agents showed greater compatibility. PEGylated nanospheres and GNPs exhibited higher albumin conformational stability than those coated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and rods. In the platelet product, smaller GNPs and high GNP concentrations induce platelet aggregation. PEGylation increased the platelet compatibility of GNP. The combination of GNPs with human fibrinogen and clopidogrel prevented clot formation. Finally, the findings of this investigation demonstrate that GNPs are contingent on their surface charge, dosage, and concentration.
Lignin Nanoparticles as pH-responsive Nanocarriers for Gastric-Irritant Oral Drug Aspirin.
Aquib TI, Hoque SM, Uddin MH
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39289949 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Although lignin is one of the most naturally abundant biopolymers, the overall status of its utilization has long been subpar. The ability of Lignin to readily self-assemble into nanoparticles, along with i...
INTRODUCTION: Although lignin is one of the most naturally abundant biopolymers, the overall status of its utilization has long been subpar. The ability of Lignin to readily self-assemble into nanoparticles, along with its good biocompatibility and minimal toxicity, makes it a perfect agent for nanocarriers and drug delivery. METHOD: Hence, in this study, we have attempted to examine lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) as an efficient pH-responsive nanocarrier for gastric-irritant oral NSAID, aspirin. Alkali lignin (AL) was extracted from rice straw via alkaline treatment, and the lignin nanoparticles were synthesized from lignin using the acid precipitation method. The average particle size was 201.37 ± 1.20 nm, and the synthesized LNPs exhibited a spherical shape and smooth outer surface along with high polydispersity (PDI= 0.284 ± 0.012). The LNPs showed moderate hemocompatibility during in vitro hemolysis studies. The nanoparticles presented nearly similar chemical structures to the AL from which they were developed, and the FT-IR absorption spectra confirmed the similarity of this chemical structure to the LNPs and AL. Aspirin was successfully loaded into the LNPs with a satisfactory drug loading value of 39.12 ± 1.50 and an excellent encapsulation efficiency value of 91.44 ± 0.59. RESULTS: Finally, the LNPs were capable of protecting the loaded drug at the acidic pH of the stomach (1.2) with just 29.20% release of the loaded aspirin after 10 h of observation in vitro. Contrarily, the LNPs were capable of rapidly releasing the aspirin at the basic pH of the intestine (7.4) with nearly 90% release of the loaded drug after 10 h observation . The basic pH of the intestine might lead to gradual dissociation of the LNPs followed by swift release of the loaded cargo. CONCLUSION: These findings substantiate that the LNPs carry the potential to be an apt and safe nanocarrier for oral drugs like aspirin as well as parenteral drugs, and LNPs can be utilized as an efficient alternative to enteric coating.
Exploring the Insights on Exosomes and their Utility in Treating Ophthalmic Disease: Delving into the Clinical Approval and Present Trials.
Dwivedi AR, Murti Y, Rawat P … +4 more , Mahajan S, Kandhari H, Joshi G, Kumar B
Curr Drug Deliv · 2026 · PMID 39289948 · Publisher ↗
Ophthalmic diseases include a wide array of conditions, each requiring individualized treatment approaches. In ophthalmic research and as therapeutics against potential pharmacological indications, several subtypes of ex...
Ophthalmic diseases include a wide array of conditions, each requiring individualized treatment approaches. In ophthalmic research and as therapeutics against potential pharmacological indications, several subtypes of exosomes (EVs) have been reconnoitered, mainly for their regenerative, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory characteristics. EVs are recently gaining wider attention as promising vehicles for therapies because of their natural participation in communication between cells and targeted delivery. These small vesicles, derived from cells, transport numerous molecules between cells, thus contributing advantages like low immunogenicity, stability, and the ability to target cells specifically. These inherent advantages of carrying the therapeutic cargo and enabling intercellular signaling make them a captivating avenue for progressing ophthalmic disease treatment options. While research is ongoing, and clinical applications are still emerging, several EV subtypes have shown promise for possible applications in addressing several ophthalmic diseases, such as glaucoma, age-related macular degenerative disorders, retinal degenerative disorders, and ocular inflammatory conditions.
Enhanced Therapeutic Potential of Liposome-Coated Bushen Jianpi Recipe for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Feng S, Zhong Y, Li Y … +5 more , Li S, Li Y, Zhou Z, Wu Z, Wu T
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39289947 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a major healthcare burden globally. Traditional Chinese medicine formula Bushen Jianpi (BSJP) recipe shows inhibitory effects on HCC but suffers from low bioavailability...
INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a major healthcare burden globally. Traditional Chinese medicine formula Bushen Jianpi (BSJP) recipe shows inhibitory effects on HCC but suffers from low bioavailability. This study aims to develop a BSJP-loaded liposome (BSJP@Lip) for targeted HCC treatment. METHODS: BSJP@Lip was prepared using a microfluidic device. Particle characterization included size, morphology, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and release kinetics analysis. In vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, apoptosis, and protein expression were evaluated in hepG2, Smmc-7721, and hepa 1-6 hepatic cancer cell lines treated with BSJP@Lip. RESULTS: BSJP@Lip nanoparticles showed a uniform spherical shape with an average size of 50 nm and zeta potential at around -2.24 mV. They significantly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner compared with traditional decoction formulations. Enhanced cellular uptake of BSJP@Lip increased the expression of proinflammatory factors IL-18 and NLRP3. CONCLUSION: BSJP@Lip nanoparticles were found to be efficiently internalized by hepatic cancer cell lines, resulting in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability and induction of apoptosis. This effect was accompanied by the upregulation of IL-18 and NLRP3.
Nanofiber-Based Drug Delivery Systems: A Review on Its Applications, Challenges, and Envisioning Future Perspectives.
Alfadhel M
Curr Drug Deliv · 2026 · PMID 39257140 · Publisher ↗
Nanomaterials, especially nanofibers, hold considerable promise as drug delivery systems (DDS) by providing targeted administration of drugs due to their unique properties, such as large surface area, high porosity, and...
Nanomaterials, especially nanofibers, hold considerable promise as drug delivery systems (DDS) by providing targeted administration of drugs due to their unique properties, such as large surface area, high porosity, and mechanical robustness. Nanofibers can be fabricated using various techniques like electrospinning, self-assembly, phase separation, and template synthesis, offering properties such as adjustable size, shape, high precision, and biodegradability. Additionally, features such as multiple target functionalization, controlled release of the drug, and prolonged circulation of the drug make nanofibers particularly suitable for biomedical applications, including drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and biosensing. This comprehensive review explores the characteristics, types, fabrication methods, and applications of nanofibers. Diverse types of polymer nanofibers are used in drug delivery, such as blended nanofibers, core-shell nanofibers, and layer-by-layer assembly, each demonstrating their own advantages in controlled drug release and targeted therapy. Electrospun nanofibers are extensively utilized in biomedical applications due to their superior mechanical performance and high porosity and advancements in coaxial electrospinning enabling the fabrication of core-shell nanofibers, offering controlled drug release kinetics and protection of loaded molecules. These nanofibers demonstrate enhanced bioactivity and biocompatibility and can find application in tissue engineering. Furthermore, this review addresses the challenges associated with nanofiber production, including reproducibility and scalability. Nanofibers exhibit the potential to revolutionize medical treatment across diverse therapeutic areas. Future research directions and challenges in nanofiber-based drug delivery discussed in this review offer guidance for further advancements in this rapidly evolving field.
Ginger-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Natural Solution for Alopecia.
Hao Y, Yang Q, Zhang H … +3 more , Bai C, Liu X, Gao Y
Curr Drug Deliv · 2026 · PMID 39257139 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Ginger ( (L.) Rosc), as an edible plant-derived nanoparticle, offers several advantages, such as a high return rate, low budget, no ethical barriers, and good for health. Ginger-Derived Extracellular Vesicl...
INTRODUCTION: Ginger ( (L.) Rosc), as an edible plant-derived nanoparticle, offers several advantages, such as a high return rate, low budget, no ethical barriers, and good for health. Ginger-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (GDEVs) are nanoscale vesicles isolated from ginger. METHODS: In this study, GDEVs were used to treat the alopecia mouse model, and its main active components and potential mechanism of action were investigated. The LC-MS/MS analysis of GDEVs revealed the presence of 1299 chemical compounds, among which auxiliary components were identified. Interestingly, the crux of the analysis lies in the discovery of 13 specific ingredients that play a pivotal role in hair proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of GDEVs on hair loss. These advantages make ginger-derived nanoparticles a promising solution to overcome technical limitations associated with mammalian nanoparticles. This study elucidates the mechanism of action of GDEVs in the treatment of alopecia. However, the active ingredients and mechanism of action of GDEVs in the treatment of hair loss are unknown. RESULTS: GDEVs were isolated from ginger using the differential centrifugal method. Network pharmacological analysis of the GDEVs revealed that the anti-hair loss effect of GDEVs on alopecia was closely linked to its ability to reduce inflammation and promote the proliferation of hair follicle stem cells. Subsequently, it was applied to the balding areas of hair-loss mice using a brush. The results demonstrated that the application of GDEVs led to a rapid recovery of the balding areas and promoted the growth of healthier hair. CONCLUSION: This experiment reported that GDEVs can effectively suppress the inflammatory activity in the alopecia model mice.
Cell Culture and Molecular Docking Analysis to Determine the Antiviral Activity of Folklore Medicinal Plants Against Chikungunya Virus.
Kumar S, Kaushik S, Garg M
Curr Drug Deliv · 2026 · PMID 39234913 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, poses a significant global health threat owing to its widespread prevalence and high morbidity. There are no approved vaccines or antivirals for p...
INTRODUCTION: Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, poses a significant global health threat owing to its widespread prevalence and high morbidity. There are no approved vaccines or antivirals for prevention or treatment. Screening of folklore medicinal plants has emerged as a promising approach to finding novel therapeutics to combat pathogens. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-chikungunya potential of folklore medicinal plants and their phytochemicals. METHODS: Maximum non-toxic concentrations (MNTD) of the extracts to Vero cells were determined by the cytotoxicity assay. A Focus-Forming Unit (FFU) assay was used to assess the antiviral activity of the extracts (at MNTD) against CHIKV in Vero cells under pre-, co-, and post-treatment conditions. GC-MS was used to detect the phytochemicals of the extracts, and Schrodinger (Maestro) software was employed for their molecular docking against the target protein of CHIKV. RESULTS: Azadirachta indica exhibited anti-CHIKV activity during pre- and post-treatment, decreasing the virus titer from 8.145 to 7.998 and 8.361 to 8.040 mean log10 FFU/ml, respectively. Calendula officinalis and Piper retrofractum exhibited anti-CHIKV activity only during post-treatment (8.361 to 8.135, 8.361 to 8.075). Moreover, molecular docking studies of phytochemicals detected in GCMS analysis of all the extracts revealed that many phytochemicals (especially F3, F5, F6, and A1) could bind to the non-structural protein (nSP2) target of CHIKV and suppress the viral replication. CONCLUSION: The screened plants showed the ability to inhibit CHIKV infection and replication and hold potential for further investigation in developing treatments for Chikungunya.
Investigation of Dual-Loaded Doxorubicin and Sorafenib Liposomes Co-Modified with Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Cell-Penetrating Peptide TAT.
Su H, Tu Z, Jing L … +3 more , Huang Y, Liu X, Yuan M
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39230001 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Combining Doxorubicin (DOX) with sorafenib (SF) is a promising strategy for treating Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). However, strict dosage control is required for both drugs, and there is a lack of target se...
BACKGROUND: Combining Doxorubicin (DOX) with sorafenib (SF) is a promising strategy for treating Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). However, strict dosage control is required for both drugs, and there is a lack of target selectivity. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop a novel nano-drug delivery system for the combined use of DOX and SF, aiming to reduce their respective dosages, enhance therapeutic efficacy, and improve target selectivity. METHODS: DOX/SF co-loaded liposomes (LPs) were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. The liposomes were modified with 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine (DSPE)- polyethylene glycol (PEG2000), DSPE-PEG1000-cell penetrating peptide TAT, and Glycyrrhetinic Acid (GA). The basic properties of the liposomes were characterized. CCK-8 cell viability assays were conducted using HepG2, MHCC97-H, and PLC cell models, and apoptosis experiments were performed using HepG2 cells to determine if this delivery system could reduce the respective dosages of DOX and SF and enhance HCC cytotoxicity. Liposome uptake experiments were performed using HepG2 cells to validate the target selectivity of this delivery system. RESULTS: A GA/TAT-DOX/SF-LP liposomal nano drug delivery system was successfully constructed, with a particle size of 150 nm, a zeta potential of -7.9 mV, a DOX encapsulation efficiency of 92%, and an SF encapsulation efficiency of 88.7%. Cellular experiments demonstrated that this delivery system reduced the required dosages of DOX and SF, exhibited stronger cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells, and showed better target selectivity. CONCLUSION: A simple and referenceable liposomal nano drug delivery system has been developed for the combined application of DOX and SF in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.
Studies on the Preparation of a Microemulsion Formulation of Matricaria Recutita Essential Oil and the Treatment of 2,4-Dinitro-Chlorobenzene-Induced Eczema in Mice by Inhibiting Inflammation.
Wang D, Wang W, Zhang Q … +5 more , Liu C, Li X, Zuo K, Xie Y, Zhang X
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39230000 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Eczema, an inflammatory skin disease causing intense itching, is a function of a range of internal and external factors, impacting individuals of all ages and leading to economic loss. Inflammation is the mos...
BACKGROUND: Eczema, an inflammatory skin disease causing intense itching, is a function of a range of internal and external factors, impacting individuals of all ages and leading to economic loss. Inflammation is the most important manifestation of eczema, and Matricaria recutita essential oil (MREO) extracted from Matricaria recutita possesses excellent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. METHODS: In this study, Matricaria recutita microemulsions were prepared by the trans-phase emulsification method and their stability was determined by evaluating the relevant indexes. Establishment of 2,4-dinitro-chlorobenzene-induced AD model in mice. Detection of serum indexes of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α, and on pathological tissue sections, the HE staining, toluidine blue staining, immunohistochemistry, and observation were performed. RESULTS: The study obtained optimal conditions for the preparation of microemulsion formulations of Matricaria recutita. Through quality evaluation, it was found that the microemulsion increased stability, reduced irritation, and retained anti-inflammatory activity and therapeutic effects on eczema compared to Matricaria recutita essential oil (MREO). Studies have demonstrated that microemulsion formulations of Matricaria recutita and Matricaria recutita significantly down regulate the proinflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-6. It was shown by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining that both Matricaria recutita essential oil (MREO) and Matricaria recutita microemulsion (MRME) improved the inflammatory status of eczematous skin tissues in mice. The number of mast cells expressed in the tissues was decreased in the surface-treated group, as shown by toluidine blue staining. Additionally, the number of mast cells expressed in the tissues in the surface-treated group was reduced, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed that MREO and MRME have immunomodulatory effects on the tissues. CONCLUSION: The study showed that microemulsion formulations of Matricaria recutita may serve as a novel remedy for eczema.
Development of Mixed Micelles for Enhancing Fenretinide Apparent Solubility and Anticancer Activity Against Neuroblastoma Cells.
Zuccari G, Zorzoli A, Marimpietri D … +1 more , Alfei S
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39229999 · Full text
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the suitability of mixed micelles prepared with D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) and 1,2- distearoyl-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[m...
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the suitability of mixed micelles prepared with D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) and 1,2- distearoyl-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG) to encapsulate the poorly soluble anticancer drug fenretinide (4-HPR). METHODS: After assaying the solubilization ability of the surfactants by the equilibrium method, the micelles were prepared using the solvent casting technique starting from different 4-HPR:TPGS: DSPE-PEG w/w ratios. The resulting formulations were investigated for their stability under storage conditions and upon dilution, modelling the reaching of physiological concentrations after intravenous administration. The characterization of micelles included the determination of DL%, EE %, particle size distribution, Z-potential, and thermal analysis by DSC. The cytotoxicity studies were performed on HTLA-230 and SK-N-BE-2C neuroblastoma cells by the MTT essay. RESULTS: The colloidal dispersions showed a mean diameter of 12 nm, negative Zeta potential, and a narrow dimensional distribution. 4-HPR was formulated in the mixed micelles with an encapsulation efficiency of 88% and with an increment of the apparent solubility of 363-fold. The 4-HPR entrapment remained stable up to the surfactants' concentration of 2.97E-05 M. The loaded micelles exhibited a slow-release behaviour, with about 28% of the drug released after 24 h. On the most resistant SK-N-BE-2C cells, the encapsulated 4-HPR was significantly more active than free 4-HPR in reducing cell viability. CONCLUSION: Loaded micelles demonstrated their suitability as a new adjuvant tool potentially useful for the treatment of neuroblastoma.
Characterization and Release & Behavior Study of Self-Assembled Nano-Emulsion in XiaoYao Pill for Enhanced Drug Delivery.
QingXia G, MeiWei Z, LianZhi W … +5 more , ZhongXin C, FangFang Y, ZhiPing Y, XiaoFang D, FangYuan Z
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39229998 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese medicine formulations often contain hydrophobic components with limited solubility and stability, leading to low oral bioavailability. Selfassembled nanoparticles (SANs) have...
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese medicine formulations often contain hydrophobic components with limited solubility and stability, leading to low oral bioavailability. Selfassembled nanoparticles (SANs) have shown promise in enhancing oral bioavailability of these components. However, whether un-decocted Chinese herbal pellets can generate SANs and the impact of SANs formed by multiple components on pharmacokinetic parameters remains unexplored. METHODS: In this study, single-factor approach was employed to determine the optimal separation method of nano-emulsion phase of XiaoYao pill (N-XY). Morphological and particle size analyses confirmed the nanoscale nature of N-XY. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint analysis was conducted to compare the distribution of active ingredients among three different phases of XiaoYao pill (XY pill). release studies were performed to evaluate the release mechanism of four ingredients from N-XY. Additionally, pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution behaviors were investigated in rats. RESULTS: N-XY exhibited uniform and stable characteristics as a water-in-oil (O/W) nano-emulsion. Fingerprint analysis identified 25 characteristic peaks and 8 key ingredients in N-XY, with the highest peak areas. release studies showed a sustained release behavior of N-XY. The pharmacokinetics study showed that the ferulic acid of N-XY had a 1.37-fold higher AUC, 1.44-fold lower , 1.39-fold lower , and a prolonged than A-XY, indicating enhanced bioavailability due to reduced elimination. Furthermore, the tissue distribution revealed that the levels of paeoniflorin and ferulic acid from N-XY significantly increased in liver, spleen, lungs, uterus and ovaries, exhibiting targeting characteristics. CONCLUSION: This study comprehensively explored the formation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics of nano-emulsion in XY pill, introducing novel perspectives and initiating preliminary research on potential SANs in un-decocted traditional Chinese medicine formulations. It also emphasized the importance of enhancing pharmacokinetics of hydrophobic components in Chinese herbal formulations and laid the foundation for future nano-formulation research for XY pill.
Celastrol Derivative/DOX Co-Assembled Nanodrug for Enhanced Antitumor Therapy.
Su J, Chen X, Ye F … +4 more , Liu C, Liang J, Zhang X, Guo X
Curr Drug Deliv · 2026 · PMID 39192645 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a key challenge in clinical chemotherapy. The combination of drugs can effectively reverse multi-drug resistance. OBJECTIVE: In this study, doxorubicin (DOX) was capsulated int...
INTRODUCTION: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a key challenge in clinical chemotherapy. The combination of drugs can effectively reverse multi-drug resistance. OBJECTIVE: In this study, doxorubicin (DOX) was capsulated into nanoparticles formed by an amphiphilic PEGylated-poly (α-lipoic acid)-methanamide analogue of celastrol (mPEG-PαLA-CEN) prodrug polymer. CEN was linked to the branched chain of poly (α-lipoic acid) by forming ester bonds. DOX was physically trapped inside the nanoparticles via electrostatic interaction. Both drugs can be simultaneously released in response to low pH and high GSH in order to overcome DOX resistance. METHODS: The chemical structure of the mPEG-PαLA-CEN-DOX NPs was confirmed through H NMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrum, DLS, and TEM. Drug-loading content, efficacy, and drug release were measured using HPLC. Cell toxicity was examined using an MTT assay. RESULTS: CEN/DOX-loaded nanoparticles were found to have spherical shapes with diameters of around 229.7 nm. The NPs exhibited high biocompatibility and released 92% DOX and 71.8% CEN in response to low pH and high GSH of tumor microenvironments. As dual drug-loaded nanoparticles, the efficacy of mPEG-PαLA-CEN-DOX NPs against tumor cell lines was enhanced for both MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR compared to free DOX. Compared to free DOX, the IC of mPEG-PαLA-CEN-DOX NPs reduced from 46.10 μM to 8.36 μM for the MCF-7/ADR cell line. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study demonstrated that PEGylated poly (α-lipoic acid)-CEN copolymers can be used not only as biocompatible, stimulation-responsive anticancer drug nanocarriers but also as chemosensitizers to overcome multidrug resistance, which provide a theoretical base for clinical application of CEN/DOX nanodrug.
Ribavirin in Modern Antitumor Therapy: Prospects for Intranasal Administration.
Mikhel I, Bakhrushina E, Stepanova O … +7 more , Prilepskaya S, Kosenkov D, Belyatskaya A, Evzikov G, Demina N, Krasnyuk I, Krasnyuk I
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39192644 · Publisher ↗
Ribavirin has been used as an antiviral agent to treat a variety of viral infections since the 1970s. Over the past few decades, studies have been conducted on the pharmacology of ribavirin, and the possibility of its us...
Ribavirin has been used as an antiviral agent to treat a variety of viral infections since the 1970s. Over the past few decades, studies have been conducted on the pharmacology of ribavirin, and the possibility of its use in new indications has been explored. According to the results of a number of studies, ribavirin efficacy in the therapy of malignant neoplasms of various genesis has been proven. Furthermore, due to the complexity of brain tumor therapy using surgical methods, targeted delivery of ribavirin to the brain becomes a promising alternative to existing treatment methods. Targeting of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) to the brain tumor is achieved by intranasal drug delivery via a Nose-to-Brain mechanism. In addition, using this delivery mechanism, it is possible to reach the brain while bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thus avoiding the effects of the first passage through the liver. Despite the significant advantages of the method, there are limiting factors to its application - mucociliary clearance, which aims to remove foreign bodies from the surface of the nasal mucosa. , systems are able to reduce the intensity of interfering factors on API and allow the achievement of maximum bioavailability during intranasal administration.
Nanocrystals: Versatile Platform for Traditional Chinese Medicine Delivery.
Ren C, Gao Y, Huang Y … +6 more , Peng S, Zhang X, Wang W, Wu C, Pan X, Huang Z
Curr Drug Deliv · 2026 · PMID 39171477 · Publisher ↗
The medicinal value of Chinese medicines has been recognized since ancient times, and they have also been used to treat various diseases. However, in-depth studies on the active ingredients of Chinese medicines have show...
The medicinal value of Chinese medicines has been recognized since ancient times, and they have also been used to treat various diseases. However, in-depth studies on the active ingredients of Chinese medicines have shown that many of them suffer from poor water-solubility, stability, and bioavailability, which has severely limited their further development. The advent of nanomedicine represents a novel direction and paradigm for addressing these challenges. Particularly, within the framework of nanocrystal technology, enhancements in the water solubility, stability, and bioavailability of Chinese medicines are expected to significantly improve the therapeutic efficiency. This advancement also holds promise for unlocking new therapeutic capabilities. Nanocrystals offer significant advantages in oral, intravenous, intranasal and targeted delivery. The drug loading principle is "all in one", with hydrophobic-drug-in and hydrophilic-drug-out and stabilization by amphiphilic agents. Nanocrystal technology in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) holds extensive application potential. Continuous refinement of preparation techniques, sound safety assessments, and the promotion of large-scale production are anticipated to augment its pivotal role in TCM formulations, thereby creating novel opportunities for clinical drug therapy.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Cancer Therapy.
George J, Ghosh AR
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39150026 · Publisher ↗
Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) is a polyunsaturated dietary fatty acid. Probiotics can biohydrogenate CLA with multiple health benefits, especially in cancer treatment. , and clinical studies have confirmed CLA isomers t...
Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) is a polyunsaturated dietary fatty acid. Probiotics can biohydrogenate CLA with multiple health benefits, especially in cancer treatment. , and clinical studies have confirmed CLA isomers to possess anti-cancer activity. CLA has demonstrated its potential as an alternative treatment for cancer and also used as an adjuvant to reduce the side effects of existing treatment methods. The mechanism of the anticancer activity of CLA is still not clear; however, it may involve intervention with the cell cycle and modulation of gene expression. A greater potential of CLA for cancer treatment has been supported by more and more clinical trials to evaluate its potential. Some advanced technologies are in progress to overcome the flaws of current methods and enhance the microbial production of CLA. In conclusion, nutritional enrichment as a functional food and direct consumption of CLA may contribute to cancer management.
Myristic Acid Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Enhance the Oral Bioavailability and Therapeutic Efficacy of Rifaximin against MRSA Pneumonia.
Zhang Y, Zhang A, Chen D … +1 more , Xie S
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39143871 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death and an immense financial burden on healthcare systems. Rifaximin (RFX) has good antibacterial ac...
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death and an immense financial burden on healthcare systems. Rifaximin (RFX) has good antibacterial activity against MRSA, but its clinical application is limited due to its poor oral absorption. OBJECTIVE: In order to improve the oral bioavailability of rifaximin and expand the clinical application of RFX for MRSA pneumonia, this study developed a RFX-loaded myristic acid solid lipid nanoparticles (RFX-SLNs). METHODS: This study first screened the formula of RFX-SLNs through single factor screening. After that, the particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index (PDI) of the RFX-SLNs were measured, the morphology of RFX-SLNs was observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and drug loading capacity (LC) of RFX-SLNs were detected by high performance liquid chromatography. Then, the sustained release ability and oral bioavailability of RFX-SLNs were studied through release and pharmacokinetics. Finally, the therapeutic effect of RFX-SLNs on MRSA pneumonia infection was studied by using a mouse MRSA pneumonia infection model. RESULTS: The optimal formulation of RFX-SLNs was 1% RFX with a water (3% PVA) and oil (myristic acid) ratio of 1:19. RFX-SLNs were spherical shape with a smooth surface and uniform size. The EE and LC of three different batches of RFX-SLNs were 89.35±2.47%, 90.45±3.69%, 88.72±1.18%, and 9.50 ± 0.01%, 10.09±0.01%, and 9.68±0.00%, respectively. release and pharmacokinetic studies showed that the myristic acid solid lipid nanoparticles showed excellent sustained release as expected and increased the oral bioavailability of RFX by 2.18 times. RFX-SLNs showed a good therapeutic effects in a mouse MRSA pneumonia infection model. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the myristic acid solid lipid nanoparticles might be an effective way to enhance the oral absorption and therapy effects of RFX and other insoluble drugs.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Liposomal-Based Nanocarriers for Treating Skin and Soft Tissue Infection.
Khasawneh DM, Oweis RJ, Alsmadi M
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39136517 · Publisher ↗
Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are widespread microbic invasions of the skin and deeper tissues. Topical drug delivery systems are the most favored administration pathway when treating SSTIs. This is d...
Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are widespread microbic invasions of the skin and deeper tissues. Topical drug delivery systems are the most favored administration pathway when treating SSTIs. This is down to their minimal risk of inducing systemic adverse events, reduced development of bacterial resistance, and ease of application. However, they have several drawbacks, including the lack of control over the drug release profile, skin irritations, and the limited permeability of certain compounds through the skin. To address these limitations, several nanocarrier systems were developed, with nanoliposomes standing out as the leading delivery system for the topical management of SSTIs. Despite considerable research into liposomes over the past decade, there remains a gap in detailed knowledge about designing these carriers specifically for SSTIs. Consequently, there is a pressing need for comprehensive research that focuses on the use of nanoliposomes for SSTIs and offers an extensive understanding of both SSTIs and liposomal formulations. This review explores bacterial SSTIs, covering their epidemiology, classification, microbiology, and management. It emphasizes the contribution of liposome-based nanovesicles in enhancing the local administration of antibiotics and natural antibacterial compounds for SSTI management. It also delves into the effects of liposomal formulation changes on the disease therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, it provides a guide for aligning the characteristics of the liposomes with the infection types, depths, properties, and causative agents. This signifies a substantial leap forward in the domains of drug design, development, and delivery.
Capecitabine-loaded NLC for Breast Cancer Treatment: Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation.
Sultan MH, Almoshari Y, Mohan S … +4 more , Al-Kasim MA, Alyami HS, Ansari MA, Alam MI
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39076098 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Cancer treatment often involves the use of potent antineoplastic drugs like Capecitabine (CAP), which can lead to serious toxicities. There is a need for dosage forms to manage these toxicities that can deliv...
BACKGROUND: Cancer treatment often involves the use of potent antineoplastic drugs like Capecitabine (CAP), which can lead to serious toxicities. There is a need for dosage forms to manage these toxicities that can deliver the medication effectively to the target site while maintaining therapeutic efficacy at lower doses. To achieve the aforesaid objective, NLC containing capecitabine (NANOBIN) was prepared and evaluated. Different formulations of NANOBIN, denoted as CaTS, CaT1S, CaT2S, CaTS1, and CaTS2, were designed and evaluated to improve drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes. METHODS: The NANOBIN formulations were prepared using the hot homogenization method. The characterization of these formulations was conducted based on various parameters such as particle size, Polydispersity Index (PDI), Zeta Potential (ZP), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging, and Encapsulation Efficiency (EE). In vitro evaluations included stability testing, release studies to assess drug release kinetics, and a cytotoxicity assay (MTT assay) to evaluate the efficacy of these formulations against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). RESULTS: The characterization results revealed that all NANOBIN formulations exhibited particle sizes ranging from 65 to 193 nm, PDI values within the range of 0.26-0.37, ZP values between 46.47 to 61.87 mV (-ve), and high EE percentages ranging from 94.121% to 96.64%. Furthermore, all NANOBIN formulations demonstrated sustained and slow-release profiles of CAP. The MTT assay showed that the NANOBINs exhibited significantly enhanced cytotoxic efficacy, approximately 10 times greater than free CAP when tested on MCF-7 cells. These findings indicate the potential of NANOBINs to deliver CAP effectively to the target site, enabling prolonged drug availability and enhanced therapeutic effects at lower doses. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that NANOBINs can effectively deliver CAP to target sites, prolonging drug exposure and enhancing therapeutic efficacy while reducing the required dose. Further studies are necessary to validate these findings and establish NANOBINs as a preferred treatment option for cancer therapy.
Advances in Iron Deficiency Anaemia Management: Exploring Novel Drug Delivery Systems and Future Perspectives.
Saini M, Trehan K, Thakur S … +2 more , Modi A, Jain SK
Curr Drug Deliv · 2025 · PMID 39069702 · Publisher ↗
Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is a prevalent global health issue characterized by inadequate iron levels in the body, leading to impaired red blood cell production and subsequent anaemia. Traditional treatment approaches...
Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is a prevalent global health issue characterized by inadequate iron levels in the body, leading to impaired red blood cell production and subsequent anaemia. Traditional treatment approaches for IDA, such as oral iron supplementation, often encounter challenges related to poor compliance, gastrointestinal side effects, and variable absorption rates. As a result, there is a growing interest in exploring novel drug delivery systems to enhance iron therapy efficacy and patient outcomes. This review discusses recent advances in IDA management, focusing on developing and utilizing innovative drug delivery systems for iron supplementation. Various strategies, including nanoformulations, microparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels, are explored for their potential to improve iron bioavailability, reduce adverse effects, and optimize therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, promising strategies for the future management of IDA are explored, including the utilization of advanced technologies such as targeted drug delivery systems, controlled release mechanisms, and combination therapies. The integration of these novel drug delivery systems with advancements in diagnostics, personalized medicine, and patient- centered care holds great potential to revolutionize the management of IDA and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by this condition.
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