Parasit Vectors [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Hair quantitative PCR outperforms blood analysis for detecting Leishmania DNA in dogs: a non-invasive tool for clinical states of infection.
Safwan HM, Alcover MM, Murillo-Picco A … +4 more , Baxarias M, Fisa R, Ordeix L, Solano-Gallego L
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42204644 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Canine leishmaniosis, caused by Leishmania infantum, is a significant zoonotic disease threatening both canine and human health worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and c...
BACKGROUND: Canine leishmaniosis, caused by Leishmania infantum, is a significant zoonotic disease threatening both canine and human health worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and control. The use of hair samples for molecular diagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs is a relatively novel approach and has not yet been extensively studied. Despite recent advances in blood-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR), noninvasive alternatives like hair quantitative PCR (qPCR) remain underexplored for different clinical states of infection. This study evaluates the utility of hair samples for qPCR diagnosis compared with traditional blood-based methods in different clinical states of infection. METHODS: A total of 134 dogs from various regions of Spain, classified into healthy seronegative (n = 14), healthy seropositive (n = 59), or clinically sick (n = 61) were studied. Most sick dogs were in LeishVet stage IIa. Hair ear (n = 97) or neck (n = 37) and blood samples (n = 134) were collected. Diagnostic methods included quantitative in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), endpoint ELISA, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release whole blood assay, and hair and blood qPCR for Leishmania spp. RESULTS: Hair qPCR showed significantly (P < 0.001) higher sensitivity in sick dogs (74%) compared with blood qPCR (36%) while no differences were found in healthy seropositive dogs (P = 0.593). IFN-γ production was not associated with hair qPCR positivity in either healthy seropositive or sick dogs. However, medium/high ELISA seropositivity was associated with substantially increased qPCR positivity in both blood (P = 0.002) and hair (P < 0.001). Sick dogs exhibited significantly higher antibody levels (P < 0.001), while healthy seropositive dogs showed stronger IFN-γ responses (P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Hair qPCR is a sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic tool for detecting Leishmania DNA in sick dogs.
Insights into the microbiota profile of Pediculus humanus capitis using metagenomic next-generation sequencing and molecular detection of unexpected pathogen DNA in Hunan Province, China.
Fu YT, Deng YP, Duan DY … +6 more , Peng YY, Liu YL, Zhang Y, Xu ZK, Elsheikha HM, Liu GH
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42204631 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, remains a significant public health concern affecting millions of people worldwide and has been implicated as a potential vector for multiple human pathogens. Charac...
BACKGROUND: The head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, remains a significant public health concern affecting millions of people worldwide and has been implicated as a potential vector for multiple human pathogens. Characterization of the microbiota of head lice could improve our understanding of their public health significance and potential role in pathogen transmission. Here, we characterize the microbiota of head lice and investigate microbiota differences among different clades of head lice. METHODS: Head lice were collected from Hunan Province, China, and classified into clade A and clade B (CACB) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genotyping. The microbiota of pooled CACB of head lice samples (n = 46) was investigated by metagenomic shotgun sequencing and comparatively analysed at the phylum, genus, and species levels. In addition, the prevalence of potential pathogen DNA in head lice samples (n = 204) was assessed using real-time PCR with stringent negative controls. RESULTS: We obtained non-redundant CACB microbial gene catalog comprising 79,232 genes, of which 4.70% (3,722 genes) were taxonomically assigned. The relative abundance of bacteria (2.52%) was higher than that of eukaryotes (2.04%), viruses (0.11%), and archaea (0.02%). Comparative analysis identified 655 and 750 unique genes in CACB, respectively. The dominant phyla in the CACB of head lice were Proteobacteria. At the genus level, DNA sequences corresponding to Anaplasma (25.98%; 53/204), Mycobacterium (24.02%; 49/204), Chlamydia (23.53%; 48/204), Ehrlichia (10.29%; 21/204), and Vibrio (0.49%; 1/204) were detected, suggesting the presence of bacterial DNA from these taxa. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a preliminary characterization of the annotated fraction of the CACB microbiome in head lice. The high proportion of unannotated genes (>95%) underscores the limited representation of louse-associated microbial genomes in public databases and suggests substantial, yet unexplored, microbial diversity. The detection of pathogen DNA does not confirm organism viability or vector competence,however it may suggest prior exposure, mechanical carriage, or residual DNA from blood meals. These exploratory findings contribute new insights into the microbiota associated with human lice.
The LEF1-LAG3 axis regulates CD4 T cell function during Plasmodium yoelii NSM infection.
Peng W, Liang G, Lu K … +13 more , Mo F, Xie X, Chen M, Yuan H, Luo L, Wang X, Xu L, Wei H, Li L, Zhao S, Xie H, Pan X, Huang J
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42192546 · Full text
BACKGROUND: CD4⁺ T cells are pivotal in coordinating anti-malarial immunity, while co-inhibitory receptors such as LAG3 critically regulate their function. However, the phenotype of LAG3⁺CD4⁺ T cells during Plasmodium in...
BACKGROUND: CD4⁺ T cells are pivotal in coordinating anti-malarial immunity, while co-inhibitory receptors such as LAG3 critically regulate their function. However, the phenotype of LAG3⁺CD4⁺ T cells during Plasmodium infection and the upstream molecular mechanisms regulating LAG3 expression remain incompletely elucidated. METHODS: We established a murine model using Plasmodium yoelii NSM (P. yoelii NSM). A multifaceted approach, incorporating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), flow cytometry, magnetic bead-based cell sorting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), dual-luciferase reporter assays, and in vitro cultures with the Wnt agonist CHIR99021, was employed. We characterized splenic CD4⁺ T cell dynamics, the phenotypic and functional profiles of LAG3⁺CD4⁺ T cells, and the transcriptional regulatory relationship between lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1) and Lag3. RESULTS: Plasmodium yoelii NSM infection induced significant splenomegaly and remodeling of the splenic CD4⁺ T cell compartment, with increased absolute numbers of CD4⁺ T cells, upregulated activation markers (ICOS, CD69), downregulated naïve marker CD62L, and enhanced secretion of IL-10 and IFN-γ. Both scRNA-seq and flow cytometry confirmed that infection markedly upregulated LAG3 on CD4⁺ T cells. These LAG3⁺CD4⁺ T cells exhibited an activated phenotype, characterized by increased proliferative capacity (Ki67⁺), an increased proportion of the effector phenotype (CD44ʰⁱCD62Lˡᵒ), and concurrent upregulation of multiple co-inhibitory receptors (PD-1, TIM-3, TIGIT). Mechanistically, LEF1 expression was significantly downregulated in CD4⁺ T cells post infection. Dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that LEF1 directly binds to the Lag3 promoter, acting as a transcriptional repressor. Furthermore, treatment with the Wnt agonist CHIR99021, which stabilizes the upstream signaling of LEF1, dose-dependently reduced the frequency of LAG3⁺CD4⁺ T cells. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the LEF1-LAG3 axis is involved in modulating CD4⁺ T cells during P. yoelii NSM infection. LAG3⁺CD4⁺ T cells exhibit an activated phenotype with regulatory potential, which may contribute to balancing anti-parasitic immunity and immunopathology. These findings suggest that modulating LEF1-mediated transcriptional repression of Lag3 offers a promising avenue for fine-tuning anti-malarial immune responses.
The evolution of mosquito baiting: from chemical and electronic methods toward AI.
Shaky MM, Kalavakonda RR, Mila SA … +6 more , Ghosh A, Futo M, Hidayat J, Bhunia S, Ray S, Burini BC
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42192462 · Full text
The spread of mosquito-borne diseases is accelerating owing to several factors, including human-made ones. In response, scientists are developing various types of baits, including organic, chemical, and electronic, to lu...
The spread of mosquito-borne diseases is accelerating owing to several factors, including human-made ones. In response, scientists are developing various types of baits, including organic, chemical, and electronic, to lure mosquitoes and monitor, control, and kill them. These baits function by replicating stimuli that attract mosquitoes, including human breath, body heat, color, and mosquito wingbeat sounds. Wingbeat sound baits generated from the wings of female mosquitoes are particularly effective in attracting males. Carbon dioxide is a potent attractant and the closest human mimic among the available mimics. Human metabolism, pregnancy, skin temperature, microbiomes, and other factors all play significant roles in the attractiveness of humans to mosquitoes. Effective bait design requires a comprehensive understanding of mosquito behavior, including feeding, mating, and oviposition patterns. Lab, semifield, and field experimental studies allow researchers to isolate behavioral responses to specific stimuli before evaluating their effectiveness under more realistic ecological conditions. Optimizing the baiting system power maximizes efficiency and success in baiting mosquitoes. The future of mosquito bait lies in automating and digital twinning of baiting systems and in prioritizing human and environmental safety.
Mapping tick-borne hazard across gradients of urban intensity in metropolitan regions.
Fu W, Lilly MV, Lee SJ … +9 more , Kopsco H, Surasinghe T, Del Pilar Fernandez M, Popescu V, Stark J, Edwards J, Gould LH, Kelly PH, Diuk-Wasser MA
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42186064 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Urban greenspaces are ecologically novel habitats where wildlife movement can shape vector-borne disease risk. Understanding how landscape structure influences tick presence and infection risk is essential fo...
BACKGROUND: Urban greenspaces are ecologically novel habitats where wildlife movement can shape vector-borne disease risk. Understanding how landscape structure influences tick presence and infection risk is essential for improving hazard assessment in metropolitan regions. METHODS: We assessed Lyme disease hazard, defined as the density of Borrelia-infected Ixodes scapularis nymphs, across 141 greenspaces in New York City-Long Island (NYC-LI) and Greater Boston during 2023-2024. Sites were selected using a stratified design along gradients of housing density and wildlife functional connectivity. Active tick surveillance data were analyzed using spatial generalized linear mixed models that accounted for landscape composition, landscape configuration, and weather-related variables, as well as spatial autocorrelation. Continuous hazard maps were generated for each region. RESULTS: Tick hazard declined with increasing housing density across both metropolitan regions. Percent tree canopy cover at the 100-m scale was positively associated with tick presence and nymph density, whereas percent impervious surface cover at the 1000-m scale showed a consistent negative association with hazard. Functional connectivity modified these relationships, with greenspaces embedded in more connected landscapes maintaining elevated hazard under higher levels of urbanization. Despite overall tick densities being lower in 2024, the spatial pattern of hazard in NYC-LI were similar between years, with higher hazard concentrated in eastern Long Island and central Staten Island. External validation in Greater Boston demonstrated comparable spatial patterns and good model performance, supporting cross-region transferability. CONCLUSIONS: Landscape composition and configuration jointly shape the distribution of tick vectors in urban environments. This standardized, reproducible, spatially explicit workflow advances tick hazard assessment in urban setting and, when integrated with human behavioral data, can improve exposure estimation and inform more targeted Lyme disease prevention.
H NMR-based metabolomics reveals metabolic changes in porcine ingesta and serum during Ascaris suum infection.
Wagner L, Springer A, Koehler S … +2 more , Brüggemann DA, Strube C
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42177600 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Roundworm infections are of major importance both for humans and livestock. The porcine roundworm Ascaris suum, the most economically important nematode in pig production worldwide, serves as a valuable model...
BACKGROUND: Roundworm infections are of major importance both for humans and livestock. The porcine roundworm Ascaris suum, the most economically important nematode in pig production worldwide, serves as a valuable model for human ascariosis, yet knowledge of its metabolic impact remains limited. METHODS: Metabolic changes were investigated in pigs infected once with 10,000 A. suum eggs versus trickle-infected pigs (1000 eggs/day over 10 days) compared with uninfected controls. Ingesta and serum samples of six pigs each were collected on days 21, 35, and 49 post infection (pi) for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics analyses. RESULTS: Trickle-infected pigs showed more pronounced metabolic changes than single-infected pigs, following a triphasic temporal pattern with initial changes at day 21 pi, maximal disruption at day 35 pi, and partial recovery by day 49 pi. The colon exhibited the most significant changes in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and amino acids. On day 21 pi, trickle-infected pigs showed increased acetate, butyrate, valerate, and amino acids in the colon, with reversed patterns on day 35 pi. Serum changes mirrored colonic alterations, suggesting the colon as primary driver of systemic responses. Single-infected pigs showed less pronounced changes, with increased lactate and acetate in the ileum and elevated amino acids in the cecum on day 35 pi. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal complex, compartment-specific host-parasite-microbiome interactions, with SCFAs as important mediators. Enhanced growth performance in trickle-infected pigs corresponding with metabolic recovery challenges exclusively antagonistic host-parasite relationships. This study deepens the understanding of A. suum pathophysiology and provides crucial insights for human ascariosis, supporting targeted interventions for animal and human health.
Chromosome-scale genome of Culicoides brevitarsis provides a resource for comparative and vector biology studies.
Ahmed KA, Klein MJ, Court L … +6 more , Rane RV, Walsh TK, Lynch SE, Paradkar PN, Eagles D, Pandey G
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42177595 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are key arbovirus vectors of human and animal health relevance. Understanding the biological and molecular factors influencing arbovirus transm...
BACKGROUND: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are key arbovirus vectors of human and animal health relevance. Understanding the biological and molecular factors influencing arbovirus transmission is essential for informing effective mitigation strategies. Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer is of particular importance due to its close relationship to cattle, high population abundance in suitable sites, and demonstrated vector capacity for arboviruses. However, limited genomic resources have constrained investigation into its molecular and evolutionary biology, necessitating a chromosome-level genome assembly and comparative genomic analyses. METHODS: A chromosome-level genome assembly of C. brevitarsis was generated using Oxford Nanopore long reads, polished with Illumina short reads, and scaffolded using Hi-C sequencing, followed by genome annotation, comparative dipteran genomics, immune gene characterisation, and evolutionary analyses of vector competence-associated genes. RESULTS: A 129.5 Mb genome was assembled into three chromosomes with high contiguity (N50 = 43 Mb, L50 = 2) and high completeness (98% for Arthropoda BUSCO odb10 lineage). Genome annotation identified 11,708 genes, including 661 immunity-related genes, as well as genes associated with key functional categories such as metabolism, sensory perception, and host-pathogen interactions. Comparative gene family analyses across 12 dipteran genomes revealed strong family-level (Ceratopogonidae) and genus-level (Culicoides) evolutionary signatures. In C. brevitarsis, 405 expanded and 262 contracted gene families were enriched for functions associated with metabolism, regulation, locomotion, and stimulus response. Integration of transcriptomic datasets from C. sonorensis Wirth and Jones identified 82 orthologous genes in C. brevitarsis corresponding to genes previously associated with differential responses to bluetongue virus infection, including lineage-specific patterns of conservation and selection. CONCLUSIONS: The genome provides a foundational resource to understand the molecular biology and evolutionary features of C. brevitarsis. Integration of immune, sensory, metabolic, and evolutionary analysis provides a framework for future functional and comparative studies aimed at understanding variation in arbovirus transmission among Culicoides species.
Transcriptional profiling and functional characterization of the Hc-NHR-49 gene in ivermectin resistance of Haemonchus contortus.
Li Z, Wang P, Luo X … +9 more , Gong G, Li B, Liu D, Li Y, Huangfu J, Tang L, Zhang X, Zhang W, Li J
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42177586 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The barber's pole worm (BPW), Haemonchus contortus, poses a significant threat to sheep health and livestock husbandry. Control has historically relied on synthetic anthelmintics such as ivermectin; however,...
BACKGROUND: The barber's pole worm (BPW), Haemonchus contortus, poses a significant threat to sheep health and livestock husbandry. Control has historically relied on synthetic anthelmintics such as ivermectin; however, widespread resistance to this drug has emerged. The functional role of nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) in H. contortus remains poorly understood. METHODS: The Hc-NHR-49 gene was polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. Expression profiles of the gene in resistant and sensitive strains across different developmental stages and under ivermectin stress were examined using Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‑qPCR). Polyclonal antibodies were generated in mice via recombinant prokaryotic expression and validated by Western blot. The spatial expression pattern of Hc‑NHR‑49 was further determined by immunohistochemistry. Finally, RNA interference followed by larval head swing assays was performed to assess its functional role in ivermectin response. RESULTS: In this study, we cloned and characterized the nuclear hormone receptor gene Hc-NHR-49 from H. contortus. The full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) is 1272 bp, encoding a 423-amino-acid protein. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that Hc-NHR-49 is highly conserved across species, suggesting functional similarity. Recombinant Hc-NHR-49 was expressed and purified. Polyclonal antibodies raised in mice specifically recognized native Hc-NHR-49 in somatic extracts, as confirmed by Western blot. Immunohistochemical localization showed that Hc-NHR-49 is widely distributed, with particularly high expression in the intestine, uterus, ovaries, and testes. Transcript levels were detected throughout all developmental stages in both ivermectin-susceptible and -resistant strains. To investigate its association with ivermectin resistance, worms were exposed to the half maximal effective concentration (EC) of ivermectin, which elicited a plastic expression response of Hc-NHR-49. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of Hc-NHR-49 increased ivermectin susceptibility in resistant parasites. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our results suggest that Hc-NHR-49 is implicated in ivermectin resistance in H. contortus. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of resistance mechanisms and could inform the future development of alternative control measures.
Patterns and drivers of the distribution of Leishmania infection in humans using environmental and socioeconomic factors: a modeling study in mainland Portugal.
Rocha R, Capinha C, Maia C
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42174673 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis remains endemic in the Mediterranean region, where Leishmania infantum causes both visceral disease and widespread asymptomatic infection. In Portugal, the true burden and geographical distribut...
BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis remains endemic in the Mediterranean region, where Leishmania infantum causes both visceral disease and widespread asymptomatic infection. In Portugal, the true burden and geographical distribution of human infection are incompletely understood and likely influenced by environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic factors. This study aimed to identify determinants of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania infection, map current distribution, and explore spatial heterogeneity across mainland Portugal. METHODS: We performed a municipality-level ecological modeling study using two complementary datasets: notified visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases reported between 2010 and 2020 and Leishmania seroprevalence among blood donors in 2022. Environmental, climatic, social, and economic covariates were extracted from national and international databases. Zero-inflated beta-regression models with random intercepts were fitted to assess associations while accounting for excess zeros and regional clustering. RESULTS: Marked spatial heterogeneity was observed for both VL incidence and Leishmania seroprevalence. Higher VL incidence was independently associated with greater migrant population share and a higher proportion of residents whose highest attained education was basic education or below, while greater forest cover and a proxy for stray animals were inversely associated. In contrast, seroprevalence was higher in municipalities with a greater proportion of residents living in small localities and lower altitude and precipitation and was inversely associated with lower educational attainment and stray-animal proxies. Climatic and socioeconomic factors showed differential associations with clinical disease versus asymptomatic infection. CONCLUSIONS: Distribution of human VL and Leishmania infection in Portugal reflects a complex interaction between environmental suitability, social vulnerability, and surveillance context. Integrating social determinants into One Health-based control strategies and strengthening surveillance are essential to address current transmission patterns and anticipate future changes under climate change.
Imported zoonotic Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma braziliense infections in a cat in Romania.
Mitrea IB, Cernea MS, Ionică AM … +6 more , Cârstolovean AS, Hii SF, Zendejas-Heredia PA, Huggins L, Colella V, Mihalca AD
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42169189 · Full text
Hookworms are widespread zoonotic parasites affecting humans and companion animals worldwide. We report molecular characterization of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and A. braziliense in a cat imported into Romania from Guadelou...
Hookworms are widespread zoonotic parasites affecting humans and companion animals worldwide. We report molecular characterization of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and A. braziliense in a cat imported into Romania from Guadeloupe, an overseas administrative region of the French Republic in the Caribbean. This finding underscores the role of molecular diagnostics in detecting the transboundary introduction of exotic hookworms with significant zoonotic potential.
Species composition, environmental determinants, and spatial risk of mosquito breeding sites in urban Libreville, Gabon.
Poungou N, Pendy NML, Makanga B … +4 more , Sevidzem SL, Boundenga L, Mavoungou JF, Nguema RM
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42169154 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Rapid urbanization in Central African cities creates new habitats for larval mosquitoes and increases the risk of vector-borne diseases. In Libreville, Gabon, the ecological determinants and spatial distribut...
BACKGROUND: Rapid urbanization in Central African cities creates new habitats for larval mosquitoes and increases the risk of vector-borne diseases. In Libreville, Gabon, the ecological determinants and spatial distribution of these habitats are not well understood. This study assessed species diversity, environmental drivers, emergence success, and spatial risk patterns to inform vector control strategies. METHODS: Larval habitats were surveyed in three urban areas of Libreville during the dry and rainy seasons. Larvae were selected and placed in rearing tanks and emerged adults were identified morphologically. Larval habitat samples were analyzed for conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, redox potential, turbidity, and proximity to dwellings. Redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to explore the associations between environmental variables and species composition. Logistic regression identified the determinants of larval emergence success. Spatial risk was mapped using inverse distance weighting (IDW). RESULTS: A total of 1909 larvae from 18 species across 5 genera were recorded. Larval abundance differed significantly between seasons with higher count recorded during the dry season (Wilcoxon rank-sum test: W = 3333.5, P = 0.0169). RDA explained 23.5% of the variation in species, with conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) identified as key drivers. Aedes species were found to prefer low-mineralized waters, whereas Culex and Anopheles species were found to be associated with ion-rich habitats. Emergence success increased with water temperature (around 33 °C) and redox potential. However, the rainy season was associated with a slight decrease in emergence probability compared with dry season, although it was not statistically significant (P = 0.084). Spatial analysis revealed heterogeneous risk, with hotspots near the airport, Okala, and Alibandeng. No major differences were found between artificial and natural habitats. CONCLUSIONS: Urban larval mosquito communities in Libreville exhibit strong seasonal and environmental structuring, with defined breeding hotspots. Conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) predict assemblage composition, while temperature and habitat stability affect emergence. Integrating ecological and spatial analyses provides valuable insight for targeted vector control in Central African cities.
Development of a SAG1-based colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip for rapid serological detection of swine Toxoplasma gondii.
Chen XX, Sun H, Liang Y … +6 more , Wang N, Fan L, Zhang L, Xing G, Xie W, Qiao S
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42169035 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis is a globally prevalent zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a parasite that infects nearly all warm-blooded animals, including humans, cats, and pigs. Beyond incurring substantial...
BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis is a globally prevalent zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a parasite that infects nearly all warm-blooded animals, including humans, cats, and pigs. Beyond incurring substantial economic losses to the swine industry, T. gondii infection poses a severe threat to public health, as pigs, which are key intermediate hosts for T. gondii transmission, serve as a major source of human infection via the food chain. Thus, developing specific, sensitive, rapid, and easy-to-perform detection methods for porcine T. gondii is of paramount importance for the prevention, control, and eventual eradication of this pathogen in swine populations. METHODS: To address this need, a novel colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip (CGIS) was developed for the rapid serological detection of T. gondii infection in swine. The strip was constructed using recombinant surface antigen 1 (SAG1) expressed in a baculovirus-insect cell system, which ensures that the protein retains native antigenic epitopes. The purified SAG1 protein was conjugated to colloidal gold nanoparticles and loaded onto a conjugate pad, while staphylococcal protein A and a polyclonal anti-SAG1 antibody were immobilized on a nitrocellulose membrane to form the test line (T line) and control line (C line), respectively. RESULTS: Clinical validation demonstrated that the developed CGIS exhibits high specificity, with no cross-reactivity to sera positive for 13 common porcine pathogens. The strip achieved a visual limit of detection of 1:25,600 dilution of positive serum. In parallel, a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit yielded positive results up to a 1:800 dilution according to the manufacturer's diagnostic cutoff. Importantly, evaluation of 300 clinical porcine serum samples demonstrated a 98.3% concordance rate with the reference microscopic agglutination test. CONCLUSIONS: This SAG1-based CGIS provides a practical, user-friendly tool for large-scale surveillance and on-farm screening of porcine toxoplasmosis, thereby offering potential support for the prevention and control of T. gondii infection in pigs.
Recombinant Echinococcus granulosus myophilin alleviates airway inflammation in mice with ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma via the gut microbiota-metabolite-immune axis.
Zhou Z, Fu L, Wu J … +9 more , Wen R, Dang Z, Wu J, Zhang X, Bao S, Li W, Gao X, Yin M, Zhao J
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42157303 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Parasitic infections or their secreted components exhibit therapeutic effects against certain allergic diseases. Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease with potentially severe symptoms and i...
BACKGROUND: Parasitic infections or their secreted components exhibit therapeutic effects against certain allergic diseases. Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease with potentially severe symptoms and increasing prevalence worldwide. Recombinant Echinococcus granulosus myophilin (rEg.myophilin) induces a Th1 immune response in mouse spleens; however, the effects and mechanisms of rEg.myophilin in allergic asthma remain unclear. METHODS: We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of rEg.myophilin on airway inflammation in mice with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma through histopathology, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 16S rRNA sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics of mouse fecal samples and correlation analyses of microbiota, metabolites, and inflammatory indicators were used to explore the mechanistic role of rEg.myophilin in allergic asthma. RESULTS: rEg.myophilin significantly ameliorated OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation. Pathological findings revealed a marked reduction in lung inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen deposition, and mucus secretion. rEg.myophilin also corrected the imbalance in Th1/Th2 cell ratios in lung tissues and reduced the abundance of Tenericutes and Candidatus_Arthromitus. Among the 19 metabolites with significant differences among Con, OVA, and OVA+rEg.myophilin groups, those linked to linoleic acid metabolism, indicating that rEg.myophilin may act through the linoleic acid metabolic pathway to alleviate allergic asthma. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed positive/negative correlations between several differential metabolites, differential microbiota, and immune indicators. CONCLUSIONS: rEg.myophilin alleviates OVA-induced allergic asthma in mice by modulating interactions among intestinal microbiota, metabolites, and immune cells. This research provides theoretical insights and novel biological targets for the prevention and treatment of allergic asthma.
Larval habitat preferences of Anopheles dirus and Anopheles maculatus in North Sumatra, Indonesia.
Sebayang BF, Kurniawan A, Haq AM … +6 more , Sianturi YY, Nursal N, Lubis IND, Grigg MJ, Russell TL, Burkot TR
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42152005 · Full text
BACKGROUND: While human malaria transmission in Indonesia has declined, reported cases of zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi are increasing. This study examined the larval habitats of malaria vectors in North Sumatra to assess...
BACKGROUND: While human malaria transmission in Indonesia has declined, reported cases of zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi are increasing. This study examined the larval habitats of malaria vectors in North Sumatra to assess the potential of larval source management as a control strategy for both human and zoonotic malaria vectors. METHODS: Multiple larval habitat surveys in the areas surrounding two dusuns with documented human and zoonotic (P. knowlesi) malaria cases in Langkat Regency, North Sumatra, were conducted over 2 years, encompassing both wet and dry seasons. Larval habitats were characterized by mosquito immature presence and density, land-use type where found, aquatic habitat class (i.e., naturally occurring, man-made from natural materials or man-made from artificial materials), and habitat subclass for a range of abiotic and biotic parameters. RESULTS: A total of 1413 mosquito larvae and 98 pupae were collected. Anopheles larvae comprised 20.6% of all mosquito immatures. Anopheles maculatus comprised 65.3% of all immature anophelines, followed by Anopheles dirus (21.9%), Anopheles scanloni, Anopheles kochi, and Anopheles vagus in order of abundance. Habitat class predicted anopheline presence and density, with larvae occurring more frequently in naturally occurring habitats and man-made habitats from natural materials than in artificial man-made habitats (presence: generalized linear mixed model [GLMM] β = -1.45, P = 0.006; density: β = -1.42, P = 0.001). At the habitat subclass level, An. maculatus larvae were most frequently detected in natural habitats, particularly stream margins. Meanwhile, An. dirus larvae occurred approximately equally in natural habitats and man-made habitats from natural materials, with tire tracks being the most common habitat subclass. Four species (An. maculatus, An. dirus, An. scanloni, and An. kochi) were detected, albeit infrequently, in man-made habitats from artificial materials. CONCLUSIONS: In North Sumatra, anopheline vector species utilize a diverse range of larval habitats, including natural and man-made, on both natural substrates and artificial materials. Species-specific habitat preferences were observed: An. dirus was found in both natural and man-made habitats from natural materials, whereas An. maculatus was predominantly found in more dispersed and inaccessible natural sites, suggesting that larval control may be more challenging for An. maculatus than An. dirus.
Dispersal of Aedes aegypti in urban environments of Miami-Dade County, Florida.
Sasmita HI, Moreno M, Vang M … +5 more , Vasquez C, DeGennaro M, Dinglasan RR, Mutebi JP, Beier JC
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42144635 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The dispersal of Aedes aegypti is influenced by anthropogenic features of urban environments and climatic factors. Miami-Dade County is undergoing rapid urban expansion, creating favorable conditions that sup...
BACKGROUND: The dispersal of Aedes aegypti is influenced by anthropogenic features of urban environments and climatic factors. Miami-Dade County is undergoing rapid urban expansion, creating favorable conditions that support the proliferation of Ae. aegypti. In response to this heightened entomological risk and the continued occurrence of dengue transmission, strengthened vector control programs are essential. Effective mosquito control requires a detailed understanding of vector dispersal ecology. In this study, we aimed to estimate the dispersal parameters of local Ae. aegypti populations in two urban environments in Miami-Dade County. METHODS: This dispersal study was conducted using rhodamine B self-marking mark-capture procedures. The self-marking unit consists of a rhodamine B sugar feeding apparatus for adult marking, an ovicup containing rhodamine B solution for larval marking, and CO lures. Capture was performed using BG-sentinel traps baited with CO. Redlands and Opa-Locka, representing contrasting settings in population density, vegetation, and breeding habitats, were selected as the study sites. Dispersal capability, including distance traveled [minimum distance traveled (MinDT), maximum distance traveled (MaxDT), and mean distance traveled (MDT)] and flight range (FR) were calculated, and environmental factors influencing the captures of marked Ae. aegypti were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 216 and 36 marked specimens were captured in Redlands and Opa-Locka, respectively. The higher collections in Redlands were associated with higher vegetation coverage and the presence of a tire yard, while daily precipitation was negatively associated with marked specimen counts. The overall dispersal parameters were lower in an agricultural area in the suburban city of Redlands [MinDT = 10.07 m, MaxDT = 144.28 m, MDT = 63.65 m, 50% flight range (FR) = 24.99 m, and 90% flight range (FR) = 171.21 m], compared with those in a residential area in the city of Opa-Locka (MinDT = 28.60 m, MaxDT = 316.29 m, MDT = 194.03 m, FR = 131.83 m, FR = 329.58 m). The dispersal parameters estimated in this study were generally comparable to those reported in previous Ae. aegypti dispersal studies conducted in the USA. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the utility of rhodamine B self-marking procedures for measuring dispersal parameters and provides essential insight into Ae. aegypti dispersal that can enhance the precision and effectiveness of intervention programs.
Systematic review of Anopheles abundance and meta-analysis of nonhuman primate malaria infection in mosquitoes in Thailand.
Weerakoon SN, Hii J, Nararak J … +8 more , Sukkanon C, Ngoen-Klan R, Arunyawat U, Maneeon P, Thongsahuan S, Vythilingam I, Manguin S, Chareonviriyaphap T
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42143382 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Thailand has achieved significant progress in malaria elimination, with a reduction in annual parasite incidence from 0.53 to 0.22 per thousand in 2014 and 2024, respectively. Given the high diversity of Anop...
BACKGROUND: Thailand has achieved significant progress in malaria elimination, with a reduction in annual parasite incidence from 0.53 to 0.22 per thousand in 2014 and 2024, respectively. Given the high diversity of Anopheles mosquito species, elimination efforts must be precisely targeted, taking into account the varied behaviors and vectorial capacities of different vector species. This study aims to systematically review and update the distribution, identification, bionomics, behavior, and a meta-analysis of nonhuman parasite infectivity among mosquitoes. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar (2013-2025) to identify studies on Anopheles species diversity, distribution, and zoonotic malaria infection in mosquitoes. The meta-analysis followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was carried out using the metafor package in R. RESULTS: A total of 92 relevant papers were included from 811 accessed articles. Of these, most documented geographical distribution, followed by mosquito behaviors, molecular identification, and mosquito infectivity. The pooled mosquito infection prevalence for the present meta-analysis was 0.01 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00-0.03), indicating low nonhuman primate (NHP) malaria parasite infectivity. Using standard nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), wild-caught Anopheles sawadwongporni, An. minimus, and An. dirus were incriminated as zoonotic malaria vectors, with a pooled infection prevalence of 0.2%. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights a critical need for targeted, context-specific vector control interventions that address the unique opportunistic feeding and resting behaviors of Anopheles species complexes and the bionomics of local vector species, alongside the high mobility of high-risk populations. Research involving hosts and vectors across different micro-spatial and temporal scales, observations of human behavior, and monkey-human interactions is needed to improve understanding of zoonotic malaria transmission.
A hybrid machine learning approach for automated malaria diagnosis from thin blood smear images.
Siddiqui GA, Bera A, Lhila A … +5 more , Rajput AS, Nitika N, Bharti PK, Das A, Mahapatra T
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42143374 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, requiring diagnostic approaches that are rapid, cost-effective, and accurate. The present study proposes a hybrid deep learning framework for malaria dia...
BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, requiring diagnostic approaches that are rapid, cost-effective, and accurate. The present study proposes a hybrid deep learning framework for malaria diagnosis using thin blood smear cell images obtained from the National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), a leading research institution of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). METHODS: A total of 15,938 thin blood smear microscopic images were preprocessed to enhance the visibility of cellular structures and suppress background noise. Segmentation was performed using the Otsu thresholding method, which automatically determines the optimal threshold to maximize cell contrast and improve feature extraction. The processed images were then used to train the proposed Hybrid Inception-v3 convolutional neural network (CNN), specifically designed for automated cell classification. To establish the robustness of the proposed CNN, comparative and statistical analyses were performed against conventional diagnostic techniques and other state-of-the-art machine learning models. RESULTS: The proposed hybrid CNN model achieved a training accuracy of 98.9%, sensitivity of 97.3%, specificity of 99.9%, along with high F score and area under the curve (AUC) values. These results were obtained using the ICMR-NIMR microscopic image dataset, demonstrating the robustness and generalizability of our approach. The model consistently outperformed other evaluated methods, including state-of-the-art machine learning classifiers, and demonstrated performance comparable to or better than conventional microscopy-based examinations. CONCLUSIONS: The hybrid deep learning framework demonstrated robust performance for malaria diagnosis using microscopic images, suggesting potential to reduce reliance on expert microscopists. These findings highlight its potential to improve diagnostic precision and strengthen malaria control efforts, especially in resource-limited settings.
Human neurocysticercosis unexpectedly caused by Taenia martis in Italy: a case report and literature review.
Santoro A, Di Grazia A, Cuntrò M … +12 more , Gervasi E, Baldassarri L, Arosio M, Lacavalla M, Cherchi S, Ludovisi A, Santolamazza F, Tartarelli I, Celani F, Raglio A, Carretto E, Casulli A
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42141480 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Cysticercosis is caused by the larval stages of Taenia and Versteria species. While Taenia solium, associated with a domestic life cycle, is the primary etiological agent of human (neuro)cysticercosis worldwi...
BACKGROUND: Cysticercosis is caused by the larval stages of Taenia and Versteria species. While Taenia solium, associated with a domestic life cycle, is the primary etiological agent of human (neuro)cysticercosis worldwide, sporadic cases involving Taenia species linked to wildlife have also been reported. A 72‑year‑old immunocompetent woman presented in October 2024 to the Emergency Department with paresthesia, gait imbalance, and severe headache. Neuroimaging revealed a <1‑cm edematous lesion in the frontal cortex, suspicious for metastasis. Surgical removal was performed. Histopathological examination showed necrotic tissue with abundant inflammatory infiltrate, ruling out neoplasia and raising suspicion of an infectious etiology. She was discharged in February 2025 with improved symptoms. Ongoing follow-up demonstrated progressive improvement leading to complete remission. METHODS: Serological tests, coproparasitological examinations, and panfungal PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene were performed. Intraoperative material, including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples, was collected and processed for histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analyses. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on FFPE sections to investigate infection with Echinococcus spp. For molecular analysis, genomic DNA was extracted from FFPE tissue using a dedicated commercial kit, following the manufacturer's instructions. Mitochondrial gene targets (cox1, nad1, and 12S rRNA) were amplified by PCR and subsequently sequenced. RESULTS: Serological tests, coproparasitological examinations, and panfungal PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene were negative. Histological analysis showed an inflammatory lesion with a necrotic core, while immunohistochemical analyses were negative for Echinococcus spp. Molecular analysis was positive, and sequence and phylogenetic analyses identified the cestode Taenia martis. CONCLUSIONS: This finding underscores the need for clinicians to consider less common Taenia species as potential causes of cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, particularly when serological tests are negative or inconclusive despite a clinically suggestive presentation.
Comparison of Ritchie and Kato-Katz methods for the detection of intestinal helminths in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Jongthawin J, Mahittikorn A, Wangdi K … +2 more , Masangkay FR, Kotepui M
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42141455 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Comparative evidence on the diagnostic performance of Formalin-Ether Concentration (FEC) versus the Kato-Katz thick smear (KK) for detecting intestinal helminths in humans remains inconsistent. This systemati...
BACKGROUND: Comparative evidence on the diagnostic performance of Formalin-Ether Concentration (FEC) versus the Kato-Katz thick smear (KK) for detecting intestinal helminths in humans remains inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the odds of detecting intestinal helminths using FEC versus the single-slide KK. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted across six databases (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Nursing and Allied Health Premium, and Ovid). Eligible studies directly compared FEC with single-slide KK for stool examination. Data was extracted using a standardized template, and risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tools. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using fixed-effect and random-effects models. Heterogeneity (I), subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and assessments of publication bias (funnel plots, Harbord tests, and trim-and-fill) were performed where appropriate. RESULTS: A total of 40 studies met the inclusion criteria. For overall intestinal helminths (27 studies; 11,198 samples), the random-effects model produced a nonsignificant pooled OR of 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-1.05, I = 94.2%), whereas the fixed-effect model indicated higher detection by KK (OR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.78-0.91). For soil-transmitted helminth infections (STHs) (12 studies; 3615 samples), pooled estimates were 0.98 (95% CI 0.61-1.55, I = 71.3%; random-effects) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.74-0.97; fixed-effect). Species-specific pooled ORs were nonsignificant for hookworm (0.75; 95% CI 0.48-1.18, I = 83.2%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.94; 95% CI 0.63-1.40, I = 80.8%), and Trichuris trichiura (0.65; 95% CI 0.40-1.07, I = 68.2%). FEC detected Strongyloides stercoralis significantly more frequently (OR = 5.02; 95% CI 1.75-14.41, I = 0%), while KK detected Schistosoma mansoni more often (OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.39-0.90, I = 93.7%). For Opisthorchis viverrini, no difference was observed between the two detection methods (OR = 1.09; 95% CI 0.61-1.92, I = 86.7%). Subgroup analyses revealed notable regional and species-level variation. Meta-regression indicated minimal influence of study design, continent, or participant type. Publication bias assessments suggested minimal small-study effects. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic performance varied substantially between FEC methods and KK, depending on helminth species, region, and study design. KK was more sensitive at detecting S. mansoni and often performed similarly to or better than other methods for STHs, particularly in low-intensity settings. In contrast, FEC methods showed superior detection of S. stercoralis and preserved hookworm eggs. These findings support the use of integrated diagnostic strategies that combine KK with sedimentation or molecular methods to enhance surveillance in the era of helminth control and elimination.
Why are iron chelators not as effective as artemisinin in killing malaria parasites?
Sun J, Fang C, Si W … +4 more , Qin X, Wang F, Li Y, Sun J
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42129917 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Artemisinin resistance endangers current artemisinin combination therapy (ACT), necessitating new ACT development. Artemisinin kills malaria parasites by generating free radicals via heme/iron activation, whi...
BACKGROUND: Artemisinin resistance endangers current artemisinin combination therapy (ACT), necessitating new ACT development. Artemisinin kills malaria parasites by generating free radicals via heme/iron activation, while iron chelators disrupt iron utilization. The combination of these two mechanisms may form a better antimalarial therapy. It is known that iron chelators have significantly weaker antimalarial effects than artemisinin, but the mechanism is unclear. Thus, clarifying this reason is essential for elucidating artemisinin's antimalarial action and developing strategies to enhance ACT. METHODS: We assessed the effects of artemisinin derivatives (dihydroartemisinin, DHA; artemether, ATM) and the iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) on parasite infection rate and morphology in vitro/in vivo. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to compare Plasmodium falciparum 3D7's sensitivity to DHA/DFO at 3, 9, and 24 h post-treatment, analyzing differential gene expression and affected functions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe artemisinin's impact on parasites. RESULTS: Although all developmental stages of P. falciparum 3D7 exhibited sensitivity to 24-h DHA treatment, parasite counts at 12-30 h postinfection (hpi) decreased more rapidly following 9-h DFO treatment than 9-h DHA treatment. Notably, DHA upregulated iron utilization-related genes at 3 h post-treatment (hpt), whereas DFO did not. DHA and DFO exerted distinct effects on gene expression, particularly in parasites at 12-30 hpi, where DHA induced the expression of genes related to ribosome biogenesis and protein translation pathways. In functional assays, DFO reduced P. falciparum parasitic infection in vitro but failed to inhibit P. yoelii proliferation in vivo; the combination of ATM and DFO was less potent than ATM monotherapy. TEM observations revealed that ATM localized to the parasites' digestive vacuoles and disrupted heme aggregation. CONCLUSIONS: Artemisinin and its derivatives exhibit more potent antimalarial activity than iron chelators, likely stemming from their ability to accumulate in the parasite's digestive vacuoles, interact more effectively with heme and iron, and thereby disrupt heme/iron homeostasis and utilization.
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