Parasit Vectors [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Correction: Lyme borreliosis incidence in relation to mammalian abundance, climate, and landscape characteristics in a boreal area.
Aminikhah M, Aalto J, Forsman JT … +14 more , Gregow H, Henttonen H, Huitu O, Kajanus MH, Lindén E, Lindén A, Ollgren J, Pietiäinen H, Sane J, Sundell J, Ruha L, Wang Y, Kivelä SM, Kallio ER
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42129906 · Full text
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Culex mosquitoes in a French Guiana zoo: insights on species diversity, feeding habits, and parasitic associations.
Guidez A, Lacour G, Talaga S … +11 more , Carinci R, Gaborit P, Rousset D, Bremand L, Tirera S, Rouges C, Duval L, Ariey F, Lavergne A, Dusfour I, Duchemin JB
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42129856 · Full text
BACKGROUND: French Guiana is home to one of the highest mosquito diversities in the world, with currently 242 species recorded, nearly half of them belonging to the genus Culex. These mosquitoes include vectors of human...
BACKGROUND: French Guiana is home to one of the highest mosquito diversities in the world, with currently 242 species recorded, nearly half of them belonging to the genus Culex. These mosquitoes include vectors of human parasites and viruses, some of which are of significant public health concern. Understanding the host preferences of female Culex mosquitoes is essential but knowledge is still limited. The Zoo of French Guiana was chosen as an experimental site for its constant availability of diverse captive animals and a potential sentinel role for monitoring infectious diseases. METHODS: Between February 2018 and January 2019, 7892 adult mosquitoes were collected from 42 potential resting sites using manual aspiration. Blood-fed Culex accounted for 81% of the total number of blood-fed mosquitoes. Of these, 510 Culex female specimens were identified to species level by DNA barcoding, and their blood meals and parasites were analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. RESULTS: In total, 27 Culex species were identified at the zoo, and their blood meals revealed a broad range of vertebrate hosts, with relatively few being human. Culex eastor and Culex vaxus were the two most common species, feeding mainly on Tapirus terrestris and Iguana iguana, respectively. In addition, 60% of the mosquito species were infected with blood parasites, either known or novel (haemosporidian and kinetoplastid parasites). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides baseline insights into the diversity, the host associations, and the parasite communities of Culex mosquitoes in French Guiana. The zoo appears to be a valuable sentinel site, with mosquitoes feeding on a wide range of vertebrates, providing a foundation for future monitoring and research on mosquito-host-pathogen interactions.
Potential vectors of Trypanosoma evansi in the Canary Islands (Spain): diversity, abundance, and climatic and site-related factors.
Melián-Henríquez A, Corbera JA, González-Martín M … +6 more , Martín-Martel S, Morales-Doreste M, Moo-Millan JI, Desquesnes M, Gimonneau G, Tejedor-Junco MT
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42129828 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan parasite responsible for surra, a disease of significant veterinary and economic impact. Mechanical transmission by haematophagous Diptera, particularly Stomoxys spp. and Tab...
BACKGROUND: Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan parasite responsible for surra, a disease of significant veterinary and economic impact. Mechanical transmission by haematophagous Diptera, particularly Stomoxys spp. and Tabanidae, plays a central role in its spread. The Canary Islands represent a relevant setting for this research, as several historical outbreaks of surra have been reported in local dromedary populations. This study aimed to assess the diversity and abundance of potential T. evansi vectors in the province of Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), with particular emphasis on the species Stomoxys calcitrans, and to evaluate the influence of climatic and site-related factors on their distribution. METHODS: Over a 2-year period (2023-2024), dipteran specimens were sampled using Nzi and Vavoua traps at ten locations across Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, and Fuerteventura. Morphological identification and environmental data collection were performed at each site. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to assess the influence of climatic and site-related parameters on species abundance. RESULTS: A total of 23,695 haematophagous Diptera were collected, with S. calcitrans being the predominant species (99.6%). Pseudolynchia canariensis (0.4%) and Tabanus cordiger (a single specimen) were also detected. GLMMs revealed variations in S. calcitrans abundance, specifically in relation to mean temperature, mean wind speed, distance between traps and dung heaps, and trap type. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a baseline for the ecological surveillance of mechanical vectors of T. evansi in island ecosystems, with particular reference to the Canary Islands. Further longitudinal studies are needed to assess seasonal dynamics and potential vector-host interactions under local conditions. However, given its high abundance, S. calcitrans appears to be the predominant species of potential epidemiological relevance and should be prioritised in surveillance and control strategies under the conditions studied.
Evidence of kinship, overwintering, and Wolbachia presence in Aedes albopictus in urban areas and points of entry in the Netherlands.
Ibáñez-Justicia A, Lucati F, Lesiczka PM … +11 more , Warbroek T, Ontiveros VJ, Caner J, Bueno-Marí R, Aranda C, Albieri A, van de Vossenberg B, Palmer JRB, Bartumeus F, Ventura M, Stroo A
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42129797 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an aggressive invasive vector responsible for transmitting important arboviruses. Its global spread has been largely facilitated by human-mediated transport, esp...
BACKGROUND: The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an aggressive invasive vector responsible for transmitting important arboviruses. Its global spread has been largely facilitated by human-mediated transport, especially through trade and road networks. Since its first detection in the Netherlands in 2005, repeated introductions have occurred via pathways such as lucky bamboo imports, used tires, aircraft, and ground traffic. Despite ongoing surveillance and elimination efforts, uncertainties remain about the origins, recurrence, and establishment potential of these introductions. METHODS: We analyzed 200 Ae. albopictus specimens collected from 21 locations in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2023, including detections in residential areas and points of entry (PoEs). Samples were genotyped at 19 specific microsatellite loci. Genetic diversity and kinship were studied to better understand genetic structure, relatedness between and within locations, and local overwintering. We also determined the presence of Wolbachia endosymbiont strains in the specimens by sequencing Wolbachia markers. RESULTS: Genetic structure and kinship analyses revealed multiple independent introductions, genetic diversity among sites, and evidence of local overwintering at both residential and PoE locations, including used tire storage sites. Close-kin relationships were identified in 63 specimen dyads. Among these, one dyad confirmed overwintering at a used tire storage facility, four indicated kinship within a residential area, and two between two locations. Genetic assignment results also highlighted successful elimination of the species in one Dutch residential area. A total of 16 Dutch locations (76.19%) tested positive for the presence of Wolbachia. Overall, 48.86% specimens analyzed tested positive for at least one strain, and 35 close-kin dyads showed complete concordance in Wolbachia infection status. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the complex invasion dynamics of Ae. albopictus in the Netherlands. Our results demonstrate that microsatellite analysis, combined with kinship assessment, is an efficient approach for investigating kinship among individuals within and between urban areas and PoEs, providing evidence of local overwintering, and assessing the genetic structure of Ae. albopictus at introduction sites. The widespread presence of Wolbachia, which is known to reduce mitochondrial diversity, suggests that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-based population analyses may be limited for the species.
Mitochondrial introgression hampers the DNA barcoding of cryptic yellow fever vectors Haemagogus capricornii Lutz and Hg. janthinomys in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil.
Abreu FVS, Mosmann LB, Martins CB … +9 more , da Silva Xavier A, da Rocha Corpas Maciel IM, Nascimento-Pereira AC, Ribeiro PS, Alencar J, Tubaki RM, Motta MA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Pavan MG
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42116196 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Yellow fever is a major public health concern in Brazil, transmitted in sylvatic cycles by Haemagogus and Sabethes mosquitoes. Among them, Haemagogus janthinomys and Hg. capricornii occur in sympatry in the A...
BACKGROUND: Yellow fever is a major public health concern in Brazil, transmitted in sylvatic cycles by Haemagogus and Sabethes mosquitoes. Among them, Haemagogus janthinomys and Hg. capricornii occur in sympatry in the Atlantic Forest and females are morphologically indistinguishable, complicating vector identification during outbreaks. Here, we aimed to investigate their taxonomic status and evolutionary history using an integrative approach including morphological and phylogenetic analyses. METHODS: Mosquitoes were collected in 17 municipalities across nine Brazilian states, including simultaneous captures of both species in sympatric areas. Males were identified by genitalia morphology and molecular analyses were performed using three mitochondrial and two nuclear genes. Diversity analyses and neutrality tests were performed, and phylogenies were reconstructed with Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inferences. Divergence times were estimated using strict molecular clock, and population history was assessed through mismatch distribution analysis and Bayesian Skyline Plots. RESULTS: A total of 79 specimens were morphologically identified, with Hg. janthinomys showing a broader geographic and altitudinal distribution than Hg. capricornii, which was usually restricted to higher elevations. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial markers revealed two clades, but did not recover clear reciprocal monophyly, thus evidencing that these markers alone cannot separate the two species. The inclusion of nuclear markers evidenced introgression events of Hg. janthinomys mitochondria in Hg. capricornii specimens in the Paraíba River Valley and Espírito Santo State, and successive breeding of Hg. capricornii on few samples morphologically identified as Hg. janthinomys in São Paulo State. Molecular clock and population history analyses evidenced that these species have probably speciated in peripatry or parapatry during the Pleistocene era at approximately 1.2 million years ago, and a recent sudden expansion of Hg. capricornii in the last 10 thousand years ago has tripled its population and likely led to a secondary contact between the two species. CONCLUSIONS: Haemagogus janthinomys and Hg. capricornii are valid and closely related species with evolutionary histories shaped by divergence during the Pleistocene era and subsequent introgression events. The use of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) DNA barcoding alone could not reliably distinguish them, and integrating morphology with multiple molecular markers is essential for accurate identification. Future work is needed for a finer resolution of hybridization patterns to help clarify if the observed mito-nuclear discordance reflects historical introgression or active genetic exchange between species.
A process-based model simulating the life-cycle of Culex pipiens s.s./Cx. torrentium (Diptera: Culicidae) in Germany.
Rauhöft L, Duve P, Martins-Afonso SM … +4 more , Hanna J, Şuleşco T, Sauer FG, Lühken R
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42116173 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Mosquitoes are well known for their ability to transmit pathogens, including various arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of veterinary and medical interest. In Europe, the increasing public health relevance...
BACKGROUND: Mosquitoes are well known for their ability to transmit pathogens, including various arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of veterinary and medical interest. In Europe, the increasing public health relevance of mosquito-borne pathogens highlights the need to understand how environmental drivers shape mosquito population dynamics relevant to transmission risk. Culex pipiens sensu stricto (s.s.) and Culex torrentium (collectively referred to here as Cx. pipiens s.s./Cx. torrentium) are the primary vectors of Usutu virus and West Nile virus in Europe and are commonly found in and around human settlements. The prediction of their spatial-temporal abundance supports early assessment of arbovirus transmission risk and the planning of effective intervention methods, such as vector control. METHODS: A process-based model was developed to simulate the spatial-temporal occurrence of Cx. pipiens s.s./Cx. torrentium in Germany, with a particular focus on depicting realistic overwintering behaviour, including, diapause induced through photoperiod and temperature in the larval stage. The model output is driven by local temperature and rainfall data provided by the European re-analysis and observations for monitoring data set and evaluated with field data from 106 sampling sites in Germany. RESULTS: A significant association between relative simulated and observed mosquito abundance was found for 75% of the sampling sites, using site-specific beta regression models. An overall beta mixed-effects model across all sites was also significant (estimate = 2.17, standard error = 0.062, Z-value = 35.03, p-value < 0.0001, marginal R = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: This model offers a robust framework for the depiction of the mosquito population dynamics of Cx. pipiens s.s./Cx. torrentium under current and future climate scenarios, thereby supporting vector surveillance and control strategies across Europe.
Dietary effects on the development and population dynamics of the Thelazia callipaeda vector Phortica okadai revealed by age-stage, two-sex life table analysis.
Chen Z, Yan R, Wang L … +6 more , Zhou J, Luo B, Long D, Yue R, Liu H, Shen Y
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42104517 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Phortica okadai (Diptera: Steganinae) is the primary vector of the zoonotic eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida). However, standardized laboratory rearing protocols for this vector are still lack...
BACKGROUND: Phortica okadai (Diptera: Steganinae) is the primary vector of the zoonotic eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda (Nematoda: Spirurida). However, standardized laboratory rearing protocols for this vector are still lacking, which limits research on its biology and vector competence. METHODS: We evaluated the effects of five diets (fermented apple, pear, banana, and two artificial diets) on life history traits of P. okadai using age stage, two sex life table analysis under controlled conditions (28 ± 1 °C, 75 ± 5% RH, 14:10 h L:D). Life table parameters and population dynamics were analyzed with TWOSEX-MSChart and TIMING-MSChart (100,000 bootstrap replicates). RESULTS: All tested diets supported complete development. Fermented pear yielded the shortest pre adult duration (17.34 days), the highest fecundity (116.6 eggs per female), and the greatest intrinsic rate of increase (r = 0.0902/day). Population projection showed that 10 initial eggs on fermented pear produced more than 1,200 adults within 90 days, which was approximately 10 fold higher than on other diets. CONCLUSIONS: Fermented pear is the most suitable substrate for establishing laboratory colonies of P. okadai. These findings facilitate vector competence studies and indicate that pear orchards are potential high risk habitats for T. callipaeda transmission, supporting targeted One Health surveillance and control.
Whole transcriptome analysis reveals differential gene expression associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum invading HL-60 cells.
Shi K, Sun L, Qiu S … +8 more , Chang Y, Yan Z, Yan Y, Jian F, Li J, Wang R, Zhang L, Ning C
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42104495 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular, tick-borne bacterial pathogen capable of causing disease and even mortality in various mammals, including humans. Non-coding RNAs play important regulat...
BACKGROUND: Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular, tick-borne bacterial pathogen capable of causing disease and even mortality in various mammals, including humans. Non-coding RNAs play important regulatory roles in multicellular organisms, including innate and adaptive immune pathways, which control bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections. However, the global transcriptomic landscape encompassing both ncRNAs and mRNAs in HL-60 cells invaded by A. phagocytophilum remains unexplored. METHODS: Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry at multiple time points after HL-60 cell infection with A. phagocytophilum. Total RNA was extracted and analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to delineate expression alterations of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) at 24 h post-infection (hpi). Bioinformatics methods were employed for gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses to elucidate the potential functions of these differentially expressed genes. Furthermore, an integrated bioinformatics approach was applied to systematically construct a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network involving lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. RESULTS: A. phagocytophilum infection accelerated HL-60 cell apoptosis at multiple time points, with the most significant effect observed at 24 hpi. Transcriptome profiling at 24 hpi identified substantial differential expression, including 487 lncRNAs, 550 mRNAs, and 22 miRNAs with statistically significant changes in expression. Then, expression patterns of eight lncRNAs, eight mRNAs, and seven miRNAs were experimentally validated through reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), demonstrating strong correlation with RNA-seq results. Bioinformatics analyses revealed significant enrichment of differentially expressed mRNAs in three key pathways: the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, the actin cytoskeleton regulation pathway and the p53 signaling pathway. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were largely related to the phospholipase D signaling pathway and pathways related to cortisol and aldosterone synthesis/secretion. The altered miRNAs showed predominant enrichment in Rap1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Notably, computational reconstruction of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network identified hsa-miR-4518 and hsa-miR-3609 as central regulatory nodes. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive transcriptome study elucidates complex gene regulatory networks activated in HL-60 cells after A. phagocytophilum invasion, with particular emphasis on pathogen-modulated miRNA signatures that coordinate critical pathways governing host immune responses and microbial survival strategies. These findings elucidate previously uncharacterized molecular mechanisms underlying A. phagocytophilum pathogenesis and may provide actionable targets for novel therapeutics.
What are the vectors in European livestock farms? Case studies in Hungary and Spain.
Girault C, Paul REL, Narpon Q … +9 more , Del Alamo C, Sipos R, Lhaosudto S, Passet B, Krupa E, Duvallet G, Perez Diaz JL, Bonnet SI, Manguin S
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42104493 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Ongoing global changes are strongly impacting the distribution and incidence of vector-borne diseases (VBD) affecting both humans and animals. Livestock production is a cornerstone of the economy and food sec...
BACKGROUND: Ongoing global changes are strongly impacting the distribution and incidence of vector-borne diseases (VBD) affecting both humans and animals. Livestock production is a cornerstone of the economy and food security of many countries, notably in Europe, and VBD represent a major constraint on its development. Furthermore, domestic animals can serve as reservoirs for zoonotic agents, highlighting the need for a One Health approach to anticipate and control VBD. However, research on livestock-associated vectors in Europe, particularly mosquitoes and stable flies at farm level, remains limited. Although ticks are recognized as the most important vectors in Europe, comparative studies between countries and host animal species are still scarce. On the basis of vector presence, this study assesses the entomological risk for livestock on seven farms located in two European countries, Spain and Hungary, characterized by contrasting climates and husbandry practices. METHODS: During spring 2023 and 2024, as well as autumn 2023, three groups of arthropods, mosquitoes, ticks, and stable flies were collected from seven cattle, sheep, and pig farms in Spain and Hungary. Environmental, climatic, and meteorological data, together with information on management practices and animal characteristics, were collected on-site and obtained from local databases. RESULTS: A total of 1432 mosquitoes, 345 ticks, and 1266 stable flies were collected and identified to species level, representing 37 species in total: 30 mosquito species, 6 tick species, and 1 stable fly species. Among these, 16 species are recognized vectors of pathogens. Hungary consistently exhibited higher arthropod abundance across all groups. Mosquito diversity was also greater in Hungary, with 21 species dominated by Aedes vexans and Culex pipiens pipiens, whereas in Spain, 13 species were recorded, mainly Culex theileri and Anopheles atroparvus. Four tick species were identified in Hungary (Ixodes ricinus, Haemaphysalis concinna, Dermacentor marginatus, Dermacentor reticulatus) while two species were collected in Spain (Hyalomma lusitanicum and Rhipicephalus bursa). The stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans was the only species present in Europe and accounted for all specimens collected, 99% of which were found in Hungary. Seasonal patterns showed spring peaks for mosquitoes and stable flies, and summer/autumn peaks for ticks in Hungary. CONCLUSIONS: The originality of this study lies in its multi-vector description of three arthropod communities associated with three livestock species (cattle, sheep, pigs) on farms located in two European countries with contrasting environments and climates. The study demonstrated the coexistence of 16 arthropod species of veterinary and public health relevance in the surveyed farms. Their diversity and abundance were influenced by geographical contrasts between Mediterranean and Central European climates, as well as environmental characteristics, livestock species, and management practices. These findings provide updated information on the diversity of arthropod vectors present on livestock farms, regardless of production type, and highlighted the need for enhanced vector surveillance in livestock systems, which accounts for environmental, farming, and anthropogenic factors. Such efforts are essential to anticipate VBD emergence driven by invasive vectors and circulating pathogens, mitigate impacts on animal health and productivity, and address interconnected risks to both human and animal populations.
Entomological survey of Dirofilaria spp. in Sardinia (Italy): molecular detection and mosquito species distribution.
Cavallo L, Perugini E, Nonnis F … +9 more , Pasini C, Tosciri G, Zeinoun P, Cavallero S, Tamponi C, Scala A, Varcasia A, Gabrielli S, Pombi M
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42104410 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Dirofilariosis, caused by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, is expanding across Europe because of climate change, raising veterinary and zoonotic concerns. Among over 70 mosquito species considered...
BACKGROUND: Dirofilariosis, caused by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, is expanding across Europe because of climate change, raising veterinary and zoonotic concerns. Among over 70 mosquito species considered to be implicated in their transmission, Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus are recognized as major vectors. In Sardinia, where canine dirofilariosis is endemic, entomological information on Dirofilaria circulation was previously lacking. This study investigated mosquito species composition and assessed the presence of D. immitis and D. repens across five sites on the island. METHODS: Mosquitoes were collected monthly from August 2022 to October 2023 using BG-Sentinel and CDC light traps. Specimens were morphologically and molecularly identified and screened for Dirofilaria DNA. RESULTS: A total of 1219 mosquitoes were collected, including 945 females belonging to 13 species. The most abundant were Aedes caspius (31.4%), Aedes detritus (28.7%), Culex pipiens (19.5%), and Aedes albopictus (16.6%). Notably, among minor species, the presence of Culex perexiguus in Italy was confirmed for the first time by molecular analysis. Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis DNA were detected in 1.8% and 1.0% of mosquitoes, respectively, with C. pipiens and Ae. albopictus as the main vectors. Other species, including Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus, C. tarsalis, and C. perexiguus, also tested positive, suggesting a potential role in transmission. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first entomological report of Dirofilaria circulation in Sardinia, revealing a complex vector community and underscoring the need for continuous surveillance of dirofilariosis risk in the Mediterranean region.
The ecoepidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ayana GM, Daba DB, Ejigu BA … +19 more , Wendimu DE, Belina M, Molla E, Hailemeskel E, Asefa A, Shumie G, Nigusse T, Barhoumi M, Guerbouj S, Ben-Salah SF, Tafesse T, Keto HB, Woldemeskel M, Cherkose T, Jira SC, Aissa-Haj JB, Sicuri E, Guizani I, Gadisa E
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42104399 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical skin disease. In Ethiopia, CL is a public health concern; about 29 million people are at risk, with an estimated incidence of up to 50,000 new cases annual...
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical skin disease. In Ethiopia, CL is a public health concern; about 29 million people are at risk, with an estimated incidence of up to 50,000 new cases annually. In endemic communities, access to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention is crucial but often limited. Understanding the prevalence and access to care, as well as exploring its relationship to agroecological factors, is crucial to inform control strategies. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work is to estimate the pooled prevalence, access to care service facilities, and spatial distribution and relationship to agroecological factors. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) framework. The metafor and metadata packages from R Studio were used to obtain pooled prevalence and odds ratio using a random-effects model with a double arcsine transformation. The CL endemicity at the woreda level was overlaid with the locations of CL treatment centers and agroecological zones using ArcGIS. RESULTS: The pooled prevalence of CL was 6.75% (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.37-11.17). Sociodemographic factors (male gender, rural living) and environmental factors (muddy walls, outdoor sleeping, proximity to rocky habitats, and hyrax populations) were significantly associated with CL. CL cases were reported from 85 woredas with a broad spatial distribution; a higher proportion of them were from the Weyna Dega, Dega, and Upper Kola agroecological zones. Access to care is generally poor, with service centers for CL often centralized at the zone level. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated pooled prevalence likely underrepresents the true burden of CL. The identified risk factors are more related to rural livelihoods and living conditions, and most of the endemic woredas are in the most productive agrarian agroecological zones, which underlines the health and socioeconomic significance of CL in Ethiopia. Thus, decentralizing healthcare services and improving surveillance for CL are crucial steps in breaking the vicious cycle of poverty.
Comparative performance of the novel, point-of-care Pluslife Mini Dock Dirofilaria immitis/Dirofilaria repens detection test with the modified Knott's test in dogs.
Sanders TL, Starnes A, Kelly MA … +2 more , Weerarathne P, Verocai GG
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42104384 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The current American Heartworm Society guidelines recommend the concomitant use of an antigen detection test and a microfilariae detection test (MFDT) for diagnosing heartworm infection in dogs. The modified...
BACKGROUND: The current American Heartworm Society guidelines recommend the concomitant use of an antigen detection test and a microfilariae detection test (MFDT) for diagnosing heartworm infection in dogs. The modified Knott's (MK) test is the preferred MFDT for determining the morphological characteristics of Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae, but it requires extensive microscopy training and can be time-consuming in a clinical setting. The Pluslife Mini Dock is a point-of-care diagnostic platform that uses RNase HII-assisted amplification (RHAM) to eliminate the need for DNA extraction, with results available within 30 min. This study aimed to assess the performance of the Pluslife Mini Dock duplex Dirofilaria immitis/Dirofilaria repens assay in dog blood compared with the MK. METHODS: Archival, frozen whole-blood samples collected from 250 dogs at shelters in central Texas, USA, were used. Samples were subjected to the MK on the day of collection and stored at 2°C until further processing. The samples were then thawed and subjected to the Pluslife Mini Dock D. immitis/D. repens duplex assay. The results were analyzed using Cohen's kappa coefficient and McNemar's Chi-squared test. RESULTS: Overall, 93.6% of results matched between the two tests; however, the Pluslife assay detected a higher proportion of D. immitis-positive samples (32.4%; 81/250) than the MK (30.0%; 75/250). There was no statistical significance between tests (p = 0.2113). Cohen's kappa statistic indicated almost perfect agreement between the two tests (0.85). Additionally, Acanthocheilonema reconditum was detected in 11 samples in the MK test, without generating false-positive results with the Pluslife assay, indicating its specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the Pluslife Mini Dock D. immitis/D. repens duplex assay provides a novel diagnostic platform and is a suitable option for point-of-care MFDT.
Genetic diversity and population structure of the Dermacentor nuttalli in Northern China inferred from microsatellite markers.
Li C, Liu M, Afzal S … +18 more , Mukhtar MU, Sulaimon N, Shanawany EEE, Bold B, Bayasgalan C, Ma R, Wang S, Zhao J, Hu Z, Zhang B, Sheng Z, Liu L, Hu Z, Zhao Z, Li J, Luo F, Hu W, Feng X
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42098846 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Dermacentor nuttalli is a dominant tick species in northern China and adjacent regions, where it poses significant threats to public health and the livestock industry through the transmission of diverse zoono...
BACKGROUND: Dermacentor nuttalli is a dominant tick species in northern China and adjacent regions, where it poses significant threats to public health and the livestock industry through the transmission of diverse zoonotic pathogens. Understanding its population genetic structure is crucial for elucidating dispersal patterns and informing control strategies. However, the lack of high-resolution molecular markers has hindered such investigations. This study aimed to develop microsatellite markers and use them to assess the genetic diversity and structure of D. nuttalli populations across northern China. METHODS: Genome-wide microsatellite mining was conducted using the D. nuttalli reference genome. A total of 192 adult ticks were collected from five geographic locations in northern China. Genotyping was performed using 15 novel, highly polymorphic markers selected through a multi-step filtering process. Genetic diversity, population structure, molecular variance, gene flow and isolation by distance were investigated in population genetic analyses. RESULTS: The 15 selected markers exhibited high polymorphism, with a mean polymorphic information content of 0.66. Genetic diversity varied among populations, with the Hulunbuir population showing the highest diversity levels. Population structure analyses consistently revealed two primary genetic clusters: one comprising populations from Yan'an, Bayannur, Ulanqab and Hulunbuir, and another consisting solely of the Hohhot population. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that 36.9% of the total genetic variation occurred among populations, reflecting substantial genetic differentiation (F [fixation index] = 0.37). While gene flow was evident among some populations, it was limited between the two identified clusters. Notably, no significant isolation-by-distance pattern was detected (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first set of microsatellite markers for D. nuttalli and reveals a complex population structure in northern China. Host movement and anthropogenic factors appear to shape this structure more strongly than geographic distance. Notably, the isolated Hohhot population parasitizing wild hedgehogs suggests host-associated genetic differentiation and relatively localized transmission dynamics. These findings highlight the need for differentiated control strategies, including wildlife-focused surveillance in peri-urban areas and targeted livestock management in pastoral systems.
Effects of expressing a maleness gene in Anopheles gambiae cells using baculovirus as a gene delivery tool.
Fritz García JHG, Kalita AI, Fox AM … +4 more , Mullner R, Butter F, Basilicata MF, Keller Valsecchi CI
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42098839 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Rising global temperatures are expected to increase the spread of infectious diseases as warming allows disease-carrying mosquitoes such as Anopheles to survive and reproduce in new regions. To interrogate mo...
BACKGROUND: Rising global temperatures are expected to increase the spread of infectious diseases as warming allows disease-carrying mosquitoes such as Anopheles to survive and reproduce in new regions. To interrogate mosquito gene function rapidly and at scale, we here establish baculovirus as a gene delivery tool in Anopheles cells. We then use this system to express and study the dominant male sex-determining factor Yob, whose molecular function is unknown. METHODS: We engineered plasmids with mosquito promoters spanning different strengths, driving genes-of-interest and selection markers, and used them to generate baculoviruses. An. gambiae Ag55 cells were infected over a range of virus doses and exposure durations. Infection efficiency, cell viability, and proliferation were characterized by flow cytometry. We profiled host and viral transcriptional responses by RNA-seq; assessed Yob chromatin association and localization by CUT&Tag and microscopy; and mapped protein-level changes and interactors by proteomics and immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: We found that baculovirus infection blocks cell cycle progression and induces pronounced transcriptome changes, while Yob expression adds an additional male-biased signature. Yob localized to the nucleus but did not directly associate with chromatin by CUT&Tag, suggesting that it does not act as a transcription factor. Yob expression increased the abundance of nuclear RNA-metabolism factors, including DDX5-like helicases and CCR4-NOT-complex subunits, and Yob-HA co-immunoprecipitated with RNA-metabolism proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results demonstrate that the baculovirus system provides a versatile platform for studying mosquito gene biology in vitro. Our results imply that Yob's mode of action is not classical DNA binding; rather, Yob is a small nuclear factor that modulates RNA-metabolism machinery, inducing a male transcriptional state.
Seroprevalence and associated factors of Leishmania infantum in small ruminants in Portugal.
Quintas H, Lebrero ME, Jacob-Ferreira J … +9 more , Quilez P, Guallar D, Coelho AC, Lacasta D, Marteles-Aragüés D, Ruíz H, Ruiz de Arcaute M, Cardoso L, Villanueva-Saz S
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42093031 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Leishmaniosis is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania parasites transmitted by infected phlebotomine sand flies. In the epidemiological study reported here, we investigated exposure to Leishmania infan...
BACKGROUND: Leishmaniosis is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania parasites transmitted by infected phlebotomine sand flies. In the epidemiological study reported here, we investigated exposure to Leishmania infantum in sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus) in mainland Portugal. METHODS: A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted in three geographical regions of Portugal (Trás-os-Montes, Centre and South), with sampling in 19 municipalities and 87 localities. RESULTS: A total of 2124 small ruminants were tested (1820 sheep and 304 goats). Overall seroprevalence was 21.3% (453/2124; 95% confidence interval [CI] 19.6-23.1), with higher seropositivity in sheep than goats (22.4% vs 15.1%). Univariable analysis showed that ruminant species and reported contact between goats and sheep were statistically associated with seropositivity, but these associations were not detected in the subset of 1851 animals used for multivariable modelling. Rather, multivariable logistic regression analysis (n = 1851) showed that several management and biosecurity factors were linked to an increased risk of infection. Increased odds of infection were observed in non-autochthonous breeds (odds ratio [OR] 2.163), holdings without goat-sheep contact (OR 1.920), high aeration/ventilation (OR 1.964), suboptimal drinking fountain hygiene (OR up to 6.221), biannual versus annual disinfection (OR 2.459) and not using equipment from other farms (OR 2.189). Permanent confinement was protective (OR 0.415). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate widespread exposure of Portuguese flocks to L. infantum, highlighting the relevance of husbandry practices. Further research is needed to determine whether sheep and goats develop clinical disease and to clarify the implications for animal and public health.
Selection of the optimal long-acting injectable formulation of ivermectin for use in humans to target malaria vectors in Western Africa: evaluation of pharmacokinetics and mosquitocidal efficacy in cattle under laboratory conditions.
Zela L, Pooda SH, Porciani A … +12 more , Beneteau S, Sagna AB, Le Lamer-Déchamps S, Moiroux N, Ouédraogo COW, Somé AF, Pennetier C, Roberge C, Belem AMG, Dabiré KR, Dayo GK, Mouline K
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42093003 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Ivermectin, a semisynthetic endectocide, is widely used against parasitic nematodes in humans and animals. Its lethality to Anopheles mosquitoes that have fed on treated hosts represents a promising malaria c...
BACKGROUND: Ivermectin, a semisynthetic endectocide, is widely used against parasitic nematodes in humans and animals. Its lethality to Anopheles mosquitoes that have fed on treated hosts represents a promising malaria control strategy, particularly against outdoor transmission. However, standard oral formulations for use in humans produce short-lived mosquitocidal blood concentrations, limiting epidemiological impact. To meet WHO Preferred Product Characteristics (PPC) for endectocides against malaria vectors (hazard ratio [HR] > 4 for at least 1 month), we developed three long-acting injectable ivermectin formulations (LAIFs) based on BEPO® depot technology (MedinCell, Jacou, France) and compared these in cattle to identify the most suitable candidate for future use in humans. METHODS: A cattle-Anopheles model was used under laboratory conditions in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Three LAIF candidates (mdc-STM-001, mdc-STM-002, mdc-STM-003) were injected into calves (n = 5 per formulation) at 0.6 mg/kg body weight, with untreated calves as controls (n = 5). Plasma ivermectin concentrations were measured over 130 days post-injection and analyzed using non-compartmental pharmacokinetics. Direct skin feeding assays were conducted at 15 time points (days 2-126 post-injection) using insecticide-susceptible Anopheles gambiae Kisumu (KIS) and wild-derived resistant (VK5) Anopheles colonies. Efficacy was assessed based on 10-day cumulative mortalities, HRs, 50% lethal concentrations (LC50) and duration of exposure above the 10-day LC50, also accounting for the extrinsic incubation period of Plasmodium falciparum. RESULTS: All formulations were well tolerated. The mdc-STM-001 formulation showed the most favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, with a controlled peak concentration (Cmax) of 34.5 ± 12.7 ng/ml and the lowest inter-individual variability (12%). Ten-day HRs exceeded 4 and cumulative mortalities were > 50% for at least 60 days in both strains. Median mosquito lifespan remained below 10 days for at least 90 days post-injection. The 10-day LC50 for resistant mosquitoes (3.66, 95% confidence interval 2.69-4.97 ng/ml) was maintained for ≥ 126 days. CONCLUSIONS: The mdc-STM-001 formulation was identified as the optimal candidate for future use in humans. A single injection induced sustained mosquitocidal efficacy for at least 2 months, achieving HR > 4 against both susceptible and resistant Anopheles populations and meeting WHO PPC for malaria endectocides. Although extrapolation from cattle to humans requires caution, the favorable PK profile and robust entomological outcomes support progression to phase 1 clinical trials. Ivermectin's established safety record further strengthens the rationale for clinical development.
Unlocking new frontiers in vector control strategies using Aedes aegypti microbiota.
Dokpomiwa H, Bilgo E, Failloux AB
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42087236 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Controlling Aedes aegypti, the key vector involved in the transmission of numerous arboviruses, is a major concern, particularly in Africa, where transmission is increasing overall punctuated by annual fluctu...
BACKGROUND: Controlling Aedes aegypti, the key vector involved in the transmission of numerous arboviruses, is a major concern, particularly in Africa, where transmission is increasing overall punctuated by annual fluctuations. Traditionally focused on reducing their populations or eliminating their suitable habitats, innovative strategies such as those exploiting microbiota to reinforce existing tools are needed. The microbiota of Ae. aegypti, which is composed of diverse symbiotic microorganisms, is involved in their physiology, reproduction, and ability to transmit pathogens, indicating considerable potential for vector control. METHODS: Here, we seek to review the current knowledge on the microbiota of Ae. aegypti and its relevance in vector control, with a particular focus on African populations of Ae. aegypti. RESULTS: First, we provide an overview of two major Aedes vectors and Aedes-borne virus distribution in Africa, their microbiota structure, and some factors likely to influence it, showing that ambient environment is one of the determining factors. Second, we have outlined studies that have explored microbial components involved in the enhancement and attenuation of the vectorial competence of Ae. aegypti worldwide, followed by an overview on African Aedes mosquito populations. We then examined the impact of global changes on the vector‒microbiota complex, and by extension, on the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in Africa. Finally, we analyzed the added value of strategies exploiting the mosquito microbiota and the obstacles limiting their large-scale implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this review highlights the promising use of microbiota for the control of Ae. aegypti while identifying future research directions for its large-scale deployment in Africa.
Centrosomal protein 72 deficiency exacerbates liver fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum infection.
Fang Q, Mei G, Zhao X … +15 more , Xu W, Li S, Wang Y, Mao Z, Zhang J, Liu K, Feng J, Yang W, Qiu X, Kuang N, Jiang H, Li X, Zhou R, Dong H, Ming Z
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42087233 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Hepatic fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection is a major global public health concern. Centrosomal protein 72 (CEP72), a key regulator involved in maintaining cellular architectur...
BACKGROUND: Hepatic fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection is a major global public health concern. Centrosomal protein 72 (CEP72), a key regulator involved in maintaining cellular architecture and integrity, is significantly upregulated during the progression of hepatic fibrosis; however, its specific biological function in this pathological process remains largely elusive. This study was designed to elucidate the novel biological role of CEP72 in liver fibrosis, with a particular focus on the pathogenesis of S. japonicum-induced hepatic fibrosis. METHODS: Publicly available transcriptomic datasets of human hepatic fibrosis were analyzed, and the key findings were validated in two murine models of liver fibrosis (S. japonicum infection and carbon tetrachloride (CCl) injection). To investigate the functional role of CEP72 in hepatic fibrogenesis, Cep72 knockout (Cep72) mice were employed. Histological staining was performed to evaluate liver pathological changes, fibrotic area, and granuloma size. Transcriptomic profiling, quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and western blot analyses were performed to assess the fibrogenic and inflammatory responses in liver tissues. RESULTS: CEP72 expression was significantly elevated in both human fibrotic liver samples and murine models of hepatic fibrosis. Notably, CEP72 deficiency markedly exacerbated liver fibrosis, as evidenced by significantly increased granuloma size and enhanced collagen deposition in both S. japonicum-infected and CCl-treated mice. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a global upregulation of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory genes in the livers of Cep72 mice compared with wild-type controls. These findings were further confirmed by qRT-PCR, IHC, and western blot analyses, which showed increased expression of fibrogenic markers, including α-smooth muscle actin and Collagen I. Mechanistically, loss of CEP72 promoted hepatic fibrogenesis by enhancing the expression of the transcription factor early growth response 1 (EGR1), which in turn upregulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) transcription. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our findings demonstrate that CEP72 functions as a key negative regulator of inflammation-driven hepatic fibrosis. CEP72 deficiency accelerates the progression of liver fibrosis through the EGR1-TNF-α signaling pathway. This study identifies a previously unrecognized protective role of CEP72 in hepatic fibrosis and highlights its potential as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of S. japonicum-induced and other types of inflammation-associated liver fibrosis.
Efficacy and safety of a sustained-release formulation of ivermectin (FILAPREV®) in preventing heartworm infection (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs in two endemic areas of Italy.
Genchi M, Venco L, Fozzer M … +4 more , Crippa A, Rossi CN, Kramer L, Vismarra A
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42087229 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Macrocyclic lactones are the only drug class currently licensed for heartworm disease prophylaxis. Macrocyclic lactones kill third- and fourth-stage larvae of the parasitic nematode Dirofilaria immitis, thus...
BACKGROUND: Macrocyclic lactones are the only drug class currently licensed for heartworm disease prophylaxis. Macrocyclic lactones kill third- and fourth-stage larvae of the parasitic nematode Dirofilaria immitis, thus preventing the development of adult worms in dogs, which are responsible for heartworm disease, a potentially life-threatening condition. The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of a subcutaneous implant formulation containing ivermectin (FILAPREV®; Ceva Santé Animale, Libourne, France) compared to extended-release moxidectin (Guardian™ SR; Elanco, Indianapolis, IN, USA) to protect dogs against D. immitis infection during the entire transmission-risk season in Italy, starting in April and ending in November. METHODS: A total of 114 healthy client-owned dogs were enrolled at two investigation sites located in two different regions of Italy known to be endemic for D. immitis (Lombardy and Veneto). In the spring of 2017, approximately half of the dogs from each site randomly received a single dose of FILAPREV® (ivermectin, 0.13 mg/kg as minimum standard dose); the remaining dogs were treated with a single dose of Guardian™ SR (moxidectin, 0.17 mg/kg). Antigen and Knott's tests were performed before treatment, and subsequently at 1 week and 6, 8 and 12 months post-treatment. Clinical examination, thoracic radiography and echocardiography were conducted at the same time points. RESULTS: Of the 114 dogs enrolled in the study, 112 completed the entire study period. No adverse reactions were observed, and all dogs enrolled in the study remained heartworm-negative throughout the entire study period. CONCLUSIONS: A single subcutaneous administration of FILAPREV®, an implant containing ivermectin at the recommended dosage, prevents heartworm disease caused by D. immitis in dogs for at least 8 months, covering the full seasonal period of heartworm transmission in hyperendemic regions.
Comparative efficacy of six monthly doses of Simparica Trio (sarolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel chewable tablets) versus NexGard Plus (afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel chewable tablets) against a macrocyclic lactone-resistant Dirofilaria immitis isolate in dogs.
Rodriguez J, Jones S, Mahabir S … +5 more , DiCosty U, Mansour A, Fricks C, McCall JW, Geurden T
Parasit Vectors · 2026 May · PMID 42087216 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The emergence of macrocyclic lactone (ML)-resistant Dirofilaria immitis highlights the need for informed and considered use of currently available heartworm preventives. Moxidectin provides robust protection...
BACKGROUND: The emergence of macrocyclic lactone (ML)-resistant Dirofilaria immitis highlights the need for informed and considered use of currently available heartworm preventives. Moxidectin provides robust protection against multiple ML-resistant D. immitis isolates, with efficacy dependent upon both the dosage and the number of monthly treatments administered. In this study the efficacy of six monthly treatments of Simparica Trio (24 µg/kg moxidectin, 1.2 mg/kg sarolaner, and 5 mg/kg pyrantel pamoate) was compared with NexGard Plus (12 µg/kg moxidectin, 2.5 mg/kg afoxolaner, and 5 mg/kg pyrantel pamoate), both administered at the recommended label dose. METHODS: A total of 24 dogs were randomly allocated to negative control, NexGard Plus, or Simparica Trio groups. Each dog was inoculated with 50 ML-resistant D. immitis L3 larvae (ZoeLA isolate) on day -30. All dogs were dosed orally on days 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150. Upon study completion (day 237), all adult worms were recovered and counted. RESULTS: Mean moxidectin dosages administered to each group were 17.6 ± 1.6 µg/kg for NexGard Plus and 37.9 ± 8.4 µg/kg for Simparica Trio. Geometric mean (GM) adult worm counts in both NexGard Plus (0.7) and Simparica Trio (0.2) groups were significantly lower than negative control (P < 0.0001), with NexGard Plus and Simparica Trio providing 98.1% and 99.5% efficacy, respectively. However, D. immitis adult worms were recovered in 6/8 (75%) NexGard Plus-treated dogs compared with 2/8 (25%) Simparica-Trio-treated dogs, and the GM worm counts were significantly lower (P = 0.0316) in Simparica-Trio-treated dogs. Additionally, four (50%) dogs treated with NexGard Plus were positive for D. immitis antigen, and one of these four was microfilaremic. In contrast, in the Simparica-Trio-treated group, a single dog was positive for D. immitis antigen, and all eight dogs were amicrofilaremic. CONCLUSIONS: Six consecutive administrations of the higher label dosage of moxidectin delivered by Simparica Trio (24-48 µg/kg) protected more dogs from infection with the ML-resistant D. immitis isolate ZoeLA than the lower label dosage of moxidectin provided by NexGard Plus (12 - 24 µg/kg).
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