Ophthalmic Res. [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Bisretinoids as a Source of Early Photoreceptor Pathology in Stargardt Disease.
Mata NL, Weng S, Michaelides M … +4 more , Charbel Issa P, Quinodoz M, Rivolta C, Scholl HPN
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 41208544 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Stargardt disease (STGD1) due to biallelic mutations in the ABCA4 gene is the most frequent single-gene retinal disease with a genetic prevalence of about 1 in 7,000. Pathology in STGD1 is due to dysfunction...
BACKGROUND: Stargardt disease (STGD1) due to biallelic mutations in the ABCA4 gene is the most frequent single-gene retinal disease with a genetic prevalence of about 1 in 7,000. Pathology in STGD1 is due to dysfunction of a retina-specific vitamin A transporter which causes accumulation of cytotoxic vitamin A byproducts known as bisretinoids. Bisretinoids produce a distinct autofluorescent emission within affected cells that is seen to precede atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptor cell death, and vision loss. This sequence of pathogenesis, and the fact that formation and accumulation of bisretinoids begin within photoreceptors, suggests early pathology may occur within photoreceptor cells. Here, relevant literature is reviewed to explore the relationship between bisretinoids, fundus autofluorescence, and photoreceptor function/integrity in STGD1 with a focus on early-stage disease and potential biomarkers for clinical investigation. SUMMARY: Currently accepted primary endpoints in STGD1 clinical trials include quantification of areas where the autofluorescence signal is lacking due to the death of RPE and photoreceptor cells. Importantly, many patients with early-stage STGD1 cannot be monitored in this way as they present clinically prior to RPE or photoreceptor loss at a pre-atrophic stage and without significant visual impairment. Imaging analyses of patients with early-stage disease have shown increased fundus autofluorescence and compromised photoreceptor integrity and/or visual function deficits in the absence of atrophic retinal lesions. These findings implicate early accumulation of bisretinoid toxins within the retina as an underlying causative factor and provide an impetus to determine the relevance of these measures as surrogate endpoints or biomarkers for disease progression in STGD1 clinical trials. KEY MESSAGES: Early recognition and treatment of patients with STGD1 who have relatively healthy retinal tissue will likely yield a more favorable visual prognosis. Accordingly, there is a need to identify early disease initiators and progression patterns. The reviewed data support the hypothesis that bisretinoid accumulation within photoreceptors may be responsible for the observed early retinal pathology and vision loss. Clinical evaluation of therapeutics intended to reduce bisretinoid accumulation in early-stage STGD1 patients will likely provide a greater understanding of the role of bisretinoids in disease progression and potential for vision preservation.
Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements of Retina and Choroid in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Hosseinzadeh N, Mahalleh M, KamaliZonouzi S … +3 more , Alikarami S, Gouravani M, Arevalo JF
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 41194571 · Full text
UNLABELLED: <p>Introduction: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal measurements between patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the neu...
UNLABELLED: <p>Introduction: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal measurements between patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the neurotypical controls, exploring the potential of OCT as a noninvasive biomarker for ASD-related neurodevelopmental alterations. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were explored to determine eligible articles reporting OCT measurements of the retina and choroid in patients with ASD compared to healthy controls. Statistical analysis of OCT metrics was performed if reported in at least three discrete studies. In the process, fixed- and random-effects models were utilized, depending on the heterogeneity level between studies. Subgroup analysis based on the age group of cases, the method of eye selection, age and sex matching of cases and controls, and the OCT device used was also conducted. RESULTS: Ten studies with 373 ASD cases (with a total of 640 eyes) and 443 controls (with a total of 760 eyes) were included in this study. No significant alteration was observed in the average total macular layer, macular inner nuclear layer (INL), macular inner plexiform layer (IPL), macular ganglion cell layer (GCL), and macular retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. There was also no significant difference in the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness of the eyes of cases with ASD compared to healthy controls, except for the inferonasal portion of the pRNFL, which was significantly thicker in ASD subjects when compared to controls (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The findings of the present meta-analysis indicate a localized thickening of the inferonasal pRNFL with no alteration of other portions of pRNFL and macular layers (IPL, INL, GCL, RNFL). Although OCT may reflect subtle neurodevelopmental differences in ASD, current evidence is limited by small sample sizes, methodological heterogeneity, and potential confounders. </p>.
Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the United States: A Medicare-Based Analysis from 2014 to 2021.
Singh RB, Stettler I, Romano F … +7 more , Parmar UPS, Surico PL, Ding X, Kim J, Rai KK, Miller JW, Miller JB
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 41194565 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss among older adults in the USA. Understanding its prevalence and demographic distribution is critical for developing targeted public h...
INTRODUCTION: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss among older adults in the USA. Understanding its prevalence and demographic distribution is critical for developing targeted public health strategies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of AMD and its clinical stages among US Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS) database of Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with AMD between 2014 and 2021. Crude prevalence rates for overall AMD, early AMD, intermediate AMD, wet AMD, and geographic atrophy (GA) were calculated at national and state levels. Prevalence was stratified by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney U test for age and sex comparisons, the Brown-Forsythe one-way ANOVA for racial/ethnic comparisons, and the Dunnett T3 test for post hoc analyses. RESULTS: In 2021, the VEHSS-Medicare dataset included 24,129,807 individuals aged 65 and older, among whom the national prevalence of AMD was 10.40%. Prevalence rates for early AMD, intermediate AMD, wet AMD, and GA were 2.87%, 6.91%, 2.14%, and 0.73%, respectively. The number of AMD cases increased from 2.33 million in 2014 to 2.51 million in 2021. Prevalence was significantly higher in individuals aged ≥85 years compared to those aged 65-84 years, and in females compared to males. Post hoc analyses demonstrated that White individuals had a significantly higher prevalence of AMD compared with all other racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AMD among US adults aged 65 years and older was 10.4%, with higher rates observed in the oldest age groups, females, and White individuals. These findings highlight the importance of addressing disparities in AMD prevention and care, particularly in populations at greatest risk.
Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: From Clinicopathological and Molecular Perspectives.
Zhang C, Zhang W, Wang T … +2 more , Wen L, Zhang J
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 41063677 · Full text
<p>Background: Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) causes severe visual impairment in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Currently, PCV is classified as a subtype or variant of type 1...
<p>Background: Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) causes severe visual impairment in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Currently, PCV is classified as a subtype or variant of type 1 macular neovascularization. Effective treatments for PCV remain limited, despite the variable efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs in regressing polypoidal lesion(s) (PLs). A key contributing factor is the incomplete understanding of the disease mechanisms, which highlights the necessity for reliable animal models and a comprehensive understanding from multiple perspectives. Summary: This review elucidates the complexities of PCV through an integrated analysis of its clinical characteristics, pathological features, and molecular mechanisms. Both PLs and the branching neovascular network (BNN) are neovascular lesions located beneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as evidenced by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and clinicopathological studies. Key distinctions between PLs and BNN include lesion location, cellular component, and vascular maturity. Three-dimensional OCTA reconstruction demonstrated an anteroposterior separation between PLs and BNN, and revealed an internal microvascular architecture within PLs. Clinicopathological analysis demonstrated markedly incomplete coverage of mural cells - specifically, a lack of pericytes in PLs and relatively reduced coverage of vascular smooth muscle cells in BNN. This incomplete coverage might be attributed to increased expression of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), leading to mural cell loss via the integrin-mediated signaling pathway. Key Messages: Regressing PLs and promoting BNN maturity through various approaches might provide an optimal treatment strategy for PCV management. However, a comprehensive understanding of the complex mechanisms of PCV merits further investigation for better management of this refractory disease. </p>.
Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements Alteration in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease after Hemodialysis.
Fekrazad S, Hassanzadeh G, Mousavi A … +5 more , Shojaei S, Salehi MA, Najimi K, Chhablani J, Arevalo JF
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 41047831 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of hemodialysis (HD) on ocular parameters in patients with the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) using optical coherence tomography (OCT)....
INTRODUCTION: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of hemodialysis (HD) on ocular parameters in patients with the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases up to June 26, 2023. Eligible studies included original research investigating retinal and choroidal OCT measurements before and after HD in human subjects. Meta-analyses were conducted using Stata 16, calculating weighted mean differences and standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence. Meta-regression and subgroup meta-analysis were carried out for suitable parameters. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies on 1,430 participants were included. Meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in subfoveal choroidal thickness post-HD in diabetic and mixed patient groups (SMD = -0.24, p < 0.0001) but not in nondiabetic patients. No significant changes were observed in average choroidal thickness, foveal retinal thickness, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, or macular volume across all groups. Subgroup analyses based on OCT models, eye selection, etc., largely mirrored overall findings, with some variations. Sensitivity analyses were generally consistent, and quality assessment indicated satisfactory to excellent study quality. CONCLUSION: HD generally exerts minimal effects on various ocular parameters. However, a notable reduction in subfoveal choroidal thickness was observed in diabetic and mixed ESRD populations, suggesting increased vulnerability of choroidal tissues in these groups. These findings underscore the importance of regular ophthalmologic monitoring for ESRD patients undergoing HD, particularly those with diabetes. Future research should address existing heterogeneities and explore the long-term ocular implications of repeated HD sessions.
Efficacy of Initial Intravitreal Faricimab Injection after Switching from Aflibercept to Faricimab in Treatment-Resistant Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Du Y, Sahraie Y, Das M … +1 more , Katsimpris A
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 41047829 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of Faricimab where the intervention in treatment-resistant neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) had been switched from Aflibercept to Faricimab. Thi...
PURPOSE: Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of Faricimab where the intervention in treatment-resistant neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) had been switched from Aflibercept to Faricimab. This exploratory study aimed to assess the clinical anatomical and functional outcomes of a single intravitreal Faricimab (IVF) injection in those with treatment-resistant nAMD who switched from Aflibercept, in a single tertiary ophthalmology centre. METHODS: This retrospective, observational real-world study assessed 20 patients (21 eyes) with treatment-resistant nAMD who were switched from intravitreal Aflibercept (IVA) to Faricimab due to persistent subretinal fluid (SRF) despite frequent Aflibercept injections. Patients were switched to a regimen of Faricimab consisting of three loading doses administered at 4-weekly injections. Anatomical and functional measures were assessed at two time points: immediately before the initial Faricimab injection and approximately 4 weeks later, before the second Faricimab injection. The outcome measures were: visual acuity, central macular thickness (CMT), macular volume, and the presence of SRF were evaluated pre- and post-switch. RESULTS: Twenty-one eyes from 20 patients were analyzed. Statistically significant reductions in CMT (from 570.2 to 482.7 μm; p < 0.01) and macular volume (from 8.57 to 7.87 mm³; p = 0.02) were observed post-switch, while the change in visual acuity did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.051). The number of eyes with SRF decreased from 21 pre-switch to 9 post-switch. CONCLUSION: The findings from this exploratory study suggests that switching from Aflibercept to Faricimab demonstrated significant physiological improvements among patients with treatment-resistant nAMD. Faricimab may serve as an effective and safe option in this patient population. The exploratory study also identifies changes in CMT and macular volume as outcome measure candidates for future large-scale investigations.
Indications and outcomes of posterior scleral contraction and pars plana vitrectomy in myopic traction maculopathy: a retrospective study.
Zhou H, Zhang Z, Wang S … +7 more , Pan A, Wei S, Mei J, Zhu S, Huang F, Wu R, Lin Z
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 Oct · PMID 41047828 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study aimed to characterize the differential indications and compare anatomical and visual outcomes between pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and posterior scleral contraction (PSC) in eyes with myopic traction m...
PURPOSE: This study aimed to characterize the differential indications and compare anatomical and visual outcomes between pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and posterior scleral contraction (PSC) in eyes with myopic traction maculopathy (MTM). METHODS: One hundred seventy-five eyes with MTM from 157 patients who were treated with PSC or PPV and had at least 6 months of follow-up were retrospectively analysed. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was used to assess visual outcomes. Anatomical outcomes were assessed using optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The PPV and PSC groups included 87 and 88 eyes, respectively. Eyes in the PPV group presented with higher presence of epiretinal membrane (93.1% vs. 69.3%, P<0.001), larger macular hole (MH) diameter (128.0 μm vs. 0 μm, P=0.01), and more severe pattern of MH (e.g., full thickness MH 18.4% vs. 10.2%, P<0.001), whereas achieved better anatomical outcomes (MH recovery rate: 89.9% vs. 50.0%, P <0.001; incidence of complete or essential recovery: 82.8% vs. 61.4%, P <0.001; the median time to recovery: 90 days vs. 307 days. P<0.001). Additionally, better recovery of retinal profile in PPV group tended to be more significant in eyes with axial length (AL) ≤30 mm. Conversely, eyes in the PSC group presented with more advanced MTM Staging System (e.g., stage 4 13.6% vs. 4.6%, P=0.003) and larger highest cavity of maculoschisis or macular detachment (389.3 ± 229.8 μm vs. 322.2 ± 216.4 μm, P=0.048), resulting in significant reduction in AL postoperatively (29.9 ± 1.6 mm before surgery vs. 28.2 ± 1.6 mm at last follow-up, P <0.001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, type of operation did not have a significant impact on BCVA at last follow-up or on change in BCVA after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: PPV was typically performed for eyes with severer vitreoretinal interface abnormalities and achieved better outcomes, particularly in eyes with AL ≤ 30mm. PSC was performed for eyes with advanced MTM Staging System, providing better axial stabilization despite slower anatomical improvement. Both approaches improved visual acuity to a similar extent, irrespective of the surgical technique employed.
Visual outcomes and cost-utility analyses of toric intraocular lens implantation in cataract patients over 80 with corneal astigmatism: a retrospective cohort study.
Sun J, Li B, Zhu B … +7 more , Miao Y, Sun Q, Jin H, Zheng Y, Lin S, Zou H, Ma Y
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 Aug · PMID 40931503 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess visual and refractive outcomes and cost utility of toric intraocular lens (IOLs) implantation in cataract patients over 80 with corneal astigmatism. METHODS: Patients >= 80 years...
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess visual and refractive outcomes and cost utility of toric intraocular lens (IOLs) implantation in cataract patients over 80 with corneal astigmatism. METHODS: Patients >= 80 years with corneal astigmatism >= 1.50 diopters (D) who underwent cataract surgery with toric or monofocal IOLs were enrolled. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and residual refractive astigmatism at the 3-month postoperative follow-up were compared between the toric and non-toric groups. Cost data were gathered, long-term quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was determined. RESULTS: The study included 50 eyes from 50 patients, with 25 eyes receiving toric IOLs and the remaining 25 receiving non-toric IOLs. Three months after surgery, both the mean UDVA (P < 0.0001) and the mean residual refractive astigmatism (P < 0.0001) in the toric group significantly outperformed those in the non-toric group. An average of 4.04 ± 0.25 QALYs were obtained in the toric group through cataract surgery, while 3.78 ± 0.26 QALYs were obtained in the non-toric group. The median ICER stood at 11,222 CNY (1,753 USD) per QALY [95% CI: 5,840 ~ 25,295 CNY (913 ~ 3,952 USD) per QALY], which is lower than the threshold of cost-effectiveness in China (80,976 CNY (12,653 USD) per QALY). CONCLUSION: In cataract patients aged over 80 with corneal astigmatism and no complicating vision-threatening conditions, toric IOL implantation not only improved UDVA and reduced residual astigmatism but also emerged as a cost-effective intervention compared with non-toric IOL implantation.
Rotational Stability of Three Toric Intraocular Lens Platforms in Patients Undergoing Repositioning Surgery.
Li H, Liu D, Sun J … +4 more , Zhang J, Teng Y, Gao J, Wu X
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 Aug · PMID 40784350 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the rotational stability of three toric intraocular lens (TIOL) platforms in patients undergoing repositioning surgery. METHODS: This comparative retrospective study enrolled eyes that underwent cata...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the rotational stability of three toric intraocular lens (TIOL) platforms in patients undergoing repositioning surgery. METHODS: This comparative retrospective study enrolled eyes that underwent cataract surgery and implanted with a AcrySof, AT TORBI/LISA, or TECNIS TIOL. Patients who experienced TIOL misalignment ≥10° postoperatively and underwent repositioning surgery were included. The incidence of repositioning surgery after cataract surgery and the misalignment degree before and after repositioning surgery of the three TIOL platforms were mainly compared. RESULTS: Of the 2598 eyes implanted TIOLs, 56 eyes (2.156%) undergoing repositioning. The repositioning rates for the AcrySof, AT TORBI/LISA, and TECNIS platforms were 0.848% (10/1179), 2.935% (28/954), and 3.871% (18/465), respectively, showing significant differences (P<0.001). Misalignment degrees before repositioning surgery for the AcrySof, AT TORBI/LISA, and TECNIS TIOLs were 27.90±15.74°, 60.79±18.79°, and 31.61±20.84°, respectively (P<0.001). AT TORBI/LISA platform had a significantly greater misalignment degree compared to AcrySof (Difference:32.89°, P<0.001) and TECNIS platforms (Difference:29.18°, P<0.001). There was no significant difference between AcrySof and TECNIS (Difference:3.71°, P=0.629). After repositioning, the AT TORBI/LISA platform showed significantly higher misalignment degrees compared to AcrySof and TECNIS (Difference:6.63°;5.49°, P=0.009). CONCLUSION: AcrySof TIOLs had a lower incidence of repositioning surgery comparing with AT TORBI/LISA and TECNIS, while AT TORBI/LISA TIOLs exhibited a higher degree of axis misalignment both before and after repositioning.
Schlemm's Canal Surgery in Juvenile-Onset Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Narrative Review.
Wang Z, Zhang H, Feng Y … +5 more , Pan X, Ge Q, Song Y, Lin F, Zhang X
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 Jul · PMID 40738090 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) is a rare and refractory form of glaucoma, primarily characterized by structural abnormalities in the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. These abnormalities dis...
BACKGROUND: Juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) is a rare and refractory form of glaucoma, primarily characterized by structural abnormalities in the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. These abnormalities disrupt aqueous humor outflow, resulting in elevated intraocular pressure and progressive glaucomatous damage. Pharmacological and laser therapies are generally ineffective in managing JOAG. Surgical intervention, particularly Schlemm's canal surgery, is considered an optional component of its treatment. SUMMARY: This review comprehensively analyzes the advancement of Schlemm's canal surgery for JOAG, including ab externo and ab interno Schlemm's canal surgery. KEY MESSAGES: Schlemm's canal surgery is a procedure designed to enhance aqueous humor outflow by reducing resistance within the outflow pathway, offering a safe and effective option for treating JOAG. Recent advances in our understanding of JOAG pathogenesis, coupled with continuous improvements in surgical techniques, have ushered in a new era of "ab interno" and minimally invasive procedures. These procedures targeting the extensive trabecular meshwork may enhance therapeutic efficacy. However, prospective and comparative studies with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods are needed to validate the long-term safety and efficacy of these surgical methods in managing JOAG.
Exploring the causal relationship between vitamin D levels and deficiency with the risk of cataract: A Mendelian Randomisation study.
Hashimi M, Amin HA, Day AC … +1 more , Drenos F
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 Jul · PMID 40695255 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Previous observational studies have suggested an association between vitamin D levels and the risk of cataracts. Whilst this correlation has been well reported, there is a lack of causal evidence. METHODS: We...
BACKGROUND: Previous observational studies have suggested an association between vitamin D levels and the risk of cataracts. Whilst this correlation has been well reported, there is a lack of causal evidence. METHODS: We first conducted an observational study using UK Biobank (UKBB) data to explore the correlation between vitamin D levels and deficiency with incident cataract. To assess causality, we then performed both one-sample and two-sample Mendelian Randomisation (MR) analyses. The one-sample MR used genetic risk scores (GRS) reflecting a genetic predisposition to higher vitamin D levels and vitamin D deficiency, examining its association with incident cataract. The two-sample MR, publicly available summary statistics for vitamin D levels and deficiency were used to investigate their relationship with cataract. Sensitivity analyses using a UKBB meta-analysis for vitamin D in a two-sample MR and a gene-focused analysis using variants in genes with a known role in vitamin D metabolism. RESULTS: The observational analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between both vitamin D levels (OR = 0.998, ln(OR)SE = 3.23x10-4, p = 6.72x10-14) and deficiency (OR = 1.237, ln(OR)SE = 0.022, p = 9.05x10-23) with incident cataract risk. However, there was insufficient evidence to suggest an association between vitamin D supplementation and cataract risk (OR = 0.971, ln(OR)SE = 0.016, p = 0.057). Furthermore, no evidence was found in our one-sample MR analysis to suggest a causal relationship between vitamin D levels (OR = 1.001, ln(OR)SE = 0.002, p = 0.541) or vitamin D deficiency (OR = 1.095, ln(OR)SE = 0.145, p = 0.534) and incident cataract. The inverse variance weighted two-sample MR analysis also showed no evidence to suggest a causal association between vitamin D levels (IVW: OR = 1.122, 95% CI: 0.968-1.301, p = 0.125) or deficiency (IVW: OR= 0.987, 95% CI: 0.959-1.015, p = 0.344) and cataract risk, with consistent results observed using a multi-ethnic cataract cohort. Some evidence was observed between vitamin D levels and increasing cataract risk (Weighted median OR = 1.076, 95% CI: 1.002-1.156, p = 0.045), however, due to sample overlap between the exposure and outcome, datasets should be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSION: Whilst we identified a correlative association between vitamin D levels and cataract, we found no robust evidence to support a causal relationship between vitamin D levels and deficiency with cataract risk.
Effect of Correlated Color Temperature of OLED Lighting on Near Work-induced Transient Myopia and Accommodation Lag during Reading.
Bai W, Wei S, Gan J … +6 more , An W, Liang X, Cai Z, Sun Y, Li SM, Wang N
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 Jul · PMID 40669454 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of different correlated color temperatures (CCT) of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) lighting on accommodative lag (LAG) and near work-induced transient myopia (NITM). METHODS: The refr...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of different correlated color temperatures (CCT) of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) lighting on accommodative lag (LAG) and near work-induced transient myopia (NITM). METHODS: The refractions of 31 young adults (11 male) were measured with an open-field autorefractor at 33 cm after 30 and 60 minutes of reading under 4274 K and 1877 K. The initial NITM and LAG were assessed objectively at baseline and every 30 minutes. The use of two CCTs was determined in the order of the random number table. RESULTS: After reading under for 30 minutes, the mean LAG for low-CCT lighting was slightly lower than the high-CCT lighting (-0.97 ± 0.53 D vs -1.21 ± 0.50 D, P = 0.10); after reading for 60 minutes, the difference was significant (-1.09 ± 0.55 D vs -1.36 ± 0.51 D, P = 0.048). When grouped according to the degree of myopia, both mild myopes (-1.11 ± 0.43 vs -1.38 ± 0.60 after 30-minute reading, P = 0.38; -1.34 ± 0.27 vs -1.5 ± 0.54 after 60-minute reading, P = 0.53) and moderate myopes (-0.90 ± 0.57 vs -1.12 ± 0.42 after 30-minute reading, P = 0.16; -0.96 ± 0.61 vs -1.28 ± 0.50 after 60-minute reading, P = 0.05) presented lower LAG magnitude under low-CCT lighting than high-CCT lighting, while the difference was not significant. As for NITM, no significant difference has been found between two CCTs in any group. CONCLUSION: Reading under low-CCT lighting (1877 K) had a lower LAG magnitude than reading under high-CCT lighting (4274 K), suggesting the potential usefulness of low-CCT lighting for reducing LAG magnitude during near work.
Association of Localized Retinal Sensitivities with Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography-Derived Morphologic Data in Macular Subfields in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Marques IP, Almeida AC, Futterknecht S … +10 more , Hatz K, Cunha-Vaz J, Scholl HPN, Lobo C, Silva R, Murta JN, Anders P, Anders LM, Santos AR, Pfau M
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40669451 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: This study investigated microperimetry-derived retinal sensitivity and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based macular morphologic data in eyes with early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration...
INTRODUCTION: This study investigated microperimetry-derived retinal sensitivity and optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based macular morphologic data in eyes with early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The respective metrics were compared between macular subfields and their associations were determined. Detailed knowledge of functional associations with morphology is an asset to future therapeutic trial design. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis of microperimetry and spectral-domain OCT baseline data. OCT data were segmented automatically within the HEYEX software (Heidelberg Engineering). Data were assessed for Gaussian normal distribution by the D'Agostino and Pearson tests, and appropriate comparison tests were performed for parametric and nonparametric data. The association of retinal sensitivity metrics with OCT morphologic data was tested with mixed-effects models. RESULTS: In total, 19 eyes of 19 participants (75 ± 6.4 years) with early and intermediate AMD were included in the analysis. Both in mesopic (p < 0.05) and in scotopic red (p < 0.001) microperimetry, retinal sensitivities differed significantly between macular subfields in ANOVA. Nasal and temporal subfields showed the highest retinal sensitivities, also compared to the central subfield. Generally, subfields within the 1 mm-2 mm diameter ring showed higher retinal sensitivities than subfields within the 2 mm-3 mm diameter ring. Superior subfields demonstrated higher retinal sensitivity than inferior subfields in mesopic microperimetry. RPE thickness was mostly negatively associated with retinal sensitivity, which was pronounced in the ETDRS inner ring inferior subfield and for mesopic retinal sensitivity (t value, p value: -3.7, <0.01). In the center position, inner retinal thickness was negatively associated with mesopic retinal sensitivity (t value, p value: -2.2, <0.05). CONCLUSION: Retinal layer thicknesses and their associations with retinal sensitivity show localized differences between macular subfields in early and intermediated AMD. An analysis including more subjects is necessary to confirm these trends. This knowledge is of importance since therapeutic trial design requires detailed morphologic but also functional conception in order to detect therapeutic effects and pass regulatory hurdles.
Management of Anisometropic Amblyopia Associated with Unilateral High Myopia in Children with Modified Posterior Scleral Reinforcement.
Wang M, Dong X, Liu J … +1 more , Bu J
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40587964 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of modified posterior scleral reinforcement (PSR) surgery integrated with comprehensive amblyopia rehabilitation in children with high myopia-related anisomet...
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of modified posterior scleral reinforcement (PSR) surgery integrated with comprehensive amblyopia rehabilitation in children with high myopia-related anisometropic amblyopia. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted, including 24 eyes treated with the modified PSR intervention and 20 nonsurgical controls. Baseline and 3-year postoperative assessments included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), and axial length (AL). RESULTS: At the 3-year follow-up, the PSR cohort exhibited significant BCVA enhancement (p < 0.001) alongside suppressed myopic progression, as evidenced by reduced SE deterioration (p < 0.001) and AL elongation (p < 0.001), compared to controls. Amblyopia treatment success rates were markedly higher in the surgical group (p < 0.001). Stratified analyses revealed greater BCVA gains in the PSR group across all amblyopia severities, with pronounced improvements in severe amblyopia cases. Age-specific outcomes demonstrated attenuated AL growth in both preschoolers (<6 years, p < 0.01) and school-aged children (≥6 years, p < 0.05). Notably, younger preschoolers in the PSR group achieved superior BCVA gains (p < 0.05), whereas older controls showed limited responsiveness. CONCLUSION: The combination of modified PSR surgery and multidisciplinary amblyopia rehabilitation represents a promising therapeutic approach for mitigating refractive error progression and enhancing visual outcomes in children with high myopia-associated anisometropic amblyopia.
Aqueous Humor Cytokine Levels as Prognostic Factors for Ultrasound Cycloplasty Outcomes in Primary Glaucoma Patients.
Shi H, Liu Y, Li Y … +14 more , Li Y, Jin L, Liu Y, Guo N, Huang W, Huang Z, Lin H, Dong Y, Luo N, Tan Y, Ma X, Ge J, Lin M, Zuo C
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 Jun · PMID 40550216 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the levels of 40 cytokines in the aqueous humor (AH) and their correlation with ultrasound cycloplasty (UCP) outcomes in patients with primary glaucoma. METHODS: Aqueous humor samples were collected...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the levels of 40 cytokines in the aqueous humor (AH) and their correlation with ultrasound cycloplasty (UCP) outcomes in patients with primary glaucoma. METHODS: Aqueous humor samples were collected from 38 primary glaucoma patients after UCP procedure. The cytokines were measured via antibody arrays and evaluated via Cox proportional hazards regression to determine the UCP outcomes. Follow-up visits were performed at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 and 3 months postoperatively. The study subjects were allocated into success and failure groups based on surgical results. RESULTS: Significantly high MCP-1 (P=0.034) and TGF-β1 levels (P=0.041) were observed in the failure group. Both univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that high MCP-1 (P=0.040, P=0.018) and TGF-β1 (P=0.049, P=0.041) levels were significant risk factors for UCP failure. The levels of MCP-1 were positively correlated with intraocular pressure (IOP) at 1 day (r=0.416, P=0.010) and 3 months (r=0.329, P=0.044) postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: In primary glaucoma patients, high postoperative levels of MCP-1 and TGF-β1 were significant risk factors for UCP failure. MCP-1 levels in the AH could be a potential indicator for predicting postoperative IOP.
The Specificity Rates of Clarus 500™ Ultra-Wide-Field Retinal Imaging for Detecting Peripheral Retinal Lesions in Medium-to-High Myopia Eyes.
Xu F, Hu X, Wang Y … +5 more , Wei R, Yu Y, Peng Y, Li M, Wu H
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40460823 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate the specificity of Clarus 500™, an ultra-wide-field (UWF) fundus camera, for detecting peripheral retinal lesions in myopic eyes. METHODS: This diagnostic test includ...
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate the specificity of Clarus 500™, an ultra-wide-field (UWF) fundus camera, for detecting peripheral retinal lesions in myopic eyes. METHODS: This diagnostic test included 436 eyes from 221 patients with myopia before refractive surgery. The mean age was 28.9 ± 6.0 years (18 to 49 years), with the average spherical equivalent refraction being -8.33 ± 2.81 diopters (D) (-20.63 D to -0.50 D). Images were captured using Clarus 500™ from the posterior pole and four UWF directions, including the superior temporal, superior nasal, inferior temporal, and inferior nasal gaze. A slit-lamp non-contact +120 D lens was used as the control. Sensitivity and specificity in detecting fundus lesions were compared between the images obtained by Clarus 500™ and slit-lamp examination. Statistical analysis was performed using version 4.3.0 of R software, and significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Of the 436 eyes, 13 (2.98%) underwent slit-lamp examination, and 5 (1.15%) underwent Clarus 500™ examination, revealing retinal lesions. The sensitivity of Clarus 500™ for detecting peripheral retinal holes/tears was 50% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.26%, 98.74%). The specificity for peripheral lattice degeneration was 99.77% (95% CI: 98.70%, 99.99%). The agreement between the two methods for detecting peripheral reticular degeneration and retinal holes was moderate (kappa value: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.10-0.75, p < 0.01) and substantial (kappa value: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.05-1, p < 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSION: Clarus 500™ showed high specificity for detecting peripheral retinal holes and substantial agreement with the slit-lamp in identifying peripheral retinal degeneration and retinal holes.
B7-H3 Exacerbates Laser-induced Choroidal Neovascularization by Promoting Macrophage Recruitment and Polarization via S100A8/A9.
Yuan X, Wu H, Ren H … +6 more , Jiang B, Liu W, Yao Q, Wu J, Liu G, Lu P
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 Jun · PMID 40456216 · Publisher ↗
Background This study investigates the role of the immune costimulatory factor B7-H3 in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods A CNV model was established in C57...
Background This study investigates the role of the immune costimulatory factor B7-H3 in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods A CNV model was established in C57BL/6J mice to examine the temporal expression dynamics of B7-H3 in choroidal tissues. B7-H3 knockout (B7-H3-KO) mice were used to assess CNV lesion size compared to wild-type (WT) controls after laser induction. RNA sequencing and xCELL analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed genes and immune cell infiltration patterns. Additionally, in vitro experiments using culture supernatants from murine B7-H3+/- peritoneal macrophages were conducted to evaluate B7-H3's role in angiogenesis using bEnd.3 endothelial cells. Results B7-H3 expression in the CNV model exhibited an initial upregulation followed by a decline. CNV lesions were significantly smaller in B7-H3-KO mice (1.47 × 106 ± 0.21 × 106 µm2, P < 0.001) and in mice receiving intravitreal injections of B7-H3 monoclonal antibody (2.29 × 106 ± 0.21 × 106 µm2, P < 0.05) compared to WT controls (3.46 × 106 ± 0.41 × 106 µm2). Transcriptomic and xCELL analyses revealed reduced M2 macrophage infiltration and downregulation of the S100A8/A9 heterodimer in B7-H3-KO mice. In vitro, B7-H3-KO peritoneal macrophages and RAW264.7 cells treated with S100A8/A9-siRNA exhibited diminished proliferation, migration, and tube formation of bEnd.3 cells. These effects were reversed upon supplementation with exogenous S100A8/A9 heterodimer to B7-H3-KO peritoneal macrophages. Further mechanistic investigation demonstrated that B7-H3 modulates bEnd.3 proliferation and CNV progression via S100A8/A9-mediated activation of the TLR4-NF-κB-VEGFA signaling pathway. Conclusions The immune costimulatory molecule B7-H3 promotes CNV by modulating macrophage-mediated S100A8/A9 signaling, which activates the TLR4-NF-κB-VEGFA axis. These findings highlight B7-H3 as a potential therapeutic target in CNV-associated diseases.
Early versus Late Switch to an Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant after Failed Anti-VEGF Therapy for Diabetic Macular Edema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Cao C, Yu G, Deng Z
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40451142 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Monthly anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are the primary line of management of diabetic macular edema (DME). However, a large number of patients do not respond to anti-VEGF and require dexam...
INTRODUCTION: Monthly anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are the primary line of management of diabetic macular edema (DME). However, a large number of patients do not respond to anti-VEGF and require dexamethasone implants (DEXIs) as a second line of therapy. There remains a clinical conundrum on the optimal timing of the switch to DEXI. We systematically reviewed the literature to assess outcomes after an early versus late switch to DEXI after failed anti-VEGF therapy in DME. METHODS: Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase till 25th December 2024. We assessed changes in central retinal thickness (CRT), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and risk of ocular hypertension between early versus late switch groups. RESULTS: Six studies were included. Pooled analysis of all six studies showed that there was a tendency of improved CRT (MD: 19.01; 95% CI: -27.29, 65.31; I2 = 85%) and BCVA (MD: 0.05; 95% CI: -0.04, 0.14; I2 = 72%) with early switch as compared to late switch group but without statistical significance. Removing one outlier study showed statistically significant improvement in CRT (MD: 36.84; 95% CI: 7.54, 66.14; I2 = 48%) and BCVA with early switch (MD: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.11; I2 = 0%). Subgroup analysis based on the definition of late switch indicated better outcomes with an early switch when the late switch was defined as after >6 anti-VEGF injections. No difference was noted in the risk of ocular hypertension between the two groups (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.38, 1.73; I2 = 30%). CONCLUSIONS: An early switch to DEXI may tend toward better outcomes as compared to a late switch in treatment-resistant DME patients. High heterogeneity of the meta-analysis and outlier studies are important limitations of present evidence, which can only be resolved with high-quality randomized controlled trials.
Bruch's Membrane Opening-Based Peripapillary Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Analysis.
Fassihi Dehkordi S, Schottenhamml J, Müller M … +5 more , Hosari S, Lämmer R, Maier A, Hohberger B, Mardin C
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40436000 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Peripapillary optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) scans are a challenge for vessel density (VD) analysis, being dependent on demarcation of the optic disc. Longitudinal VD analysis requires tha...
INTRODUCTION: Peripapillary optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) scans are a challenge for vessel density (VD) analysis, being dependent on demarcation of the optic disc. Longitudinal VD analysis requires that each pixel of the OCT-A scan must be at the exact same location during follow-up scans in order to see inter-visit differences. The aim of the present study was to investigate reliability of Bruch's membrane opening (BMO)-based peripapillary OCT-A analysis with and without the implementation of the anatomical positioning system (APS) compared to manual analysis. METHODS: Thirty-seven eyes were measured twice by OCT-A (Heidelberg OCT II Spectralis) and analyzed by the Erlangen-Angio-Tool (EA-Tool) with an APS- and BMO-based analysis of the macula and peripapillary region. APS allows alignment of OCT-A scans according to each individual FoBMOC (fovea-to-Bruch's membrane opening center). Peripapillary OCT-A scans were analyzed: (1) manually (by the shortest distance of the vertical or horizontal diameter of the optic disc), (2) BMO-based, and (3) BMO-based with APS information. Coefficients of variation (CVs) were calculated. RESULTS: Peripapillary mean VD was 42.52 ± 4 and 41.69 ± 4 (manually), 50.29 ± 4 and 48.8 ± 4 (BMO-based), and 44.73 ± 3 and 44.39 ± 4 (BMO-based and APSified) for 1st and 2nd scan, respectively. Peripapillary mean VD yielded a significant difference between the 1st and 2nd scan for manual (p = 0.04), but not for BMO-based (p > 0.05) and BMO-based and APSified analysis (p > 0.05). CVs were 10.0% (manually), 8.0% (BMO-based), and 8.0% (BMO-based and APSified). CONCLUSION: The integration of BMO and APS information into the EA-Tool allows a BMO-based peripapillary VD analysis for long-term OCT-A analysis.
Longitudinal Changes in Macular Vessel Density in High Myopia on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.
Wu Y, Shan Y, Bu J … +4 more , Li Z, He M, Huang W, Wang W
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40388900 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to quantitatively characterize the longitudinal changes in macular vessel density (VD) in eyes with high myopia using swept source-optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA)...
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to quantitatively characterize the longitudinal changes in macular vessel density (VD) in eyes with high myopia using swept source-optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). METHODS: A total of 108 high myopic subjects (axial length [AL] ≥26.0 mm) and 180 age-matched normal subjects were recruited and followed up for at least 1 year. Here, 6 × 6 mm SS-OCTA scans centered at the fovea were used to obtain measurements of macular VD in both the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP). Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the independent factors associated with the change rates of parafoveal VD over time. RESULTS: High myopia group presented a great loss of VD in both SCP and DCP, whereas control group only showed a significant reduction of VD in the SCP (all p < 0.05). The decrease of VD in the parafoveal region of high myopia group was faster than that of control group (SCP, -2.81%/year vs. -1.05%/year, p = 0.002; DCP, -1.06%/year vs. -0.01%/year, p = 0.004), as well as in the inner and outer ring (all p < 0.05). Longer baseline AL was demonstrated to be significantly associated with faster reduction of parafoveal VD in both SCP (estimate, -0.49; 95% CI: -0.79 to -0.18; p = 0.002) and DCP (estimate, -0.22; 95% CI: -0.42 to -0.03; p = 0.025) in high myopia group. CONCLUSIONS: High myopes exhibited a faster reduction of VD in parafoveal region and in the inner and outer ring in comparison with healthy controls. Longer baseline AL was associated with greater loss of parafoveal VD in patients with high myopia.
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