Ophthalmic Res. [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Postoperative Outcomes of 1-Month Silicone Oil Tamponade in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: A Multicenter Study.
Li J, Wu W, Huang C … +10 more , Ma Y, Gu P, Lin Q, Liu J, Kea P, Yuan Y, Lin L, Shen P, Li J, Feng S
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40388895 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The aim of study was to investigate postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study involving 263 patien...
INTRODUCTION: The aim of study was to investigate postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study involving 263 patients who underwent silicone oil (SiO) tamponade for RRD. Patients were divided into three groups based on the SiO tamponade: 1 month (group 1, n = 55), 3 months (group 2, n = 176), and 6 months (group 3, n = 32). The main outcomes were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and retinal structure 1 month after silicone oil removal (SOR). RESULTS: In the analysis of retinal structure in post-SOR, the median central macular thickness (CMT) in groups 1, 2, and 3 was 182.5 μm (IQR: 156.0-214.0), 170.0 μm (IQR: 140.3-211.5), and 152.0 μm (IQR: 92.3-195.3), and the median ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) in groups 1, 2, and 3 was 80.5 μm (IQR: 70.0-92.3), 73.0 μm (IQR: 65.0-81.3), and 65.0 μm (IQR: 56.3-79.0), respectively. Both CMT and GCL-IPL differed significantly with the group 1 exhibiting the thickest retinal structure (p = 0.03 and p = 0.006). IOP differed significantly across groups, with group 3 showing the highest IOP in post-SOR (p = 0.015). However, there were no significant differences in BCVA, inner retinal layer thickness, outer retinal layer thickness, or submacular fluid among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged SiO tamponade is correlated with increased IOP and the thinning of the CMT and GCL-IPL over time, with favorable postoperative outcomes for 1-month SiO tamponade. Given the potential risks of extended tamponade, it is advisable to remove SiO as soon as anatomically feasible.
Evaluation of the Iris Vessel Density for Primary Glaucoma Diagnosis Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography.
Li Q, Wu W, Man X … +1 more , Dai C
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40349702 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the iris vessel density within a 15 mm × 12 mm area in primary glaucoma using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and anterior segment optical coherence tomog...
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the iris vessel density within a 15 mm × 12 mm area in primary glaucoma using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography (AS-OCTA). METHODS: The study involved 30 normal eyes and 31 eyes with primary glaucoma, comprising 15 with primary open-angle glaucoma and 16 with primary angle-closure glaucoma. OCT/OCTA images of the iris obtained were evaluated and a univariate logistic regression model was used to assess the correlation between the iris vessel density and primary glaucoma, area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC), and clinically relevant performance metrics of different regions (superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal regions) were compared. Additionally, the trabecular iris angle (TIA) in both the nasal and temporal regions to elaborate the mechanism of using iris vessel density for primary glaucoma detection. RESULTS: Across all regions, the vessel density in the glaucoma group was significantly lower than in the normal eyes. The nasal 6-12 mm annular region of the iris demonstrated the highest diagnostic ability (AUROC = 0.870, p < 0.001), followed by the temporal 3-6 mm annular region (AUROC = 0.837, p < 0.001). All AUROC exceeded 0.8, with p values below 0.01, indicating strong diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, TIA in primary glaucoma was smaller than normal individuals. Compared with the nasal region, the temporal region exhibited higher correlation with TIA, where TIA500 demonstrated the largest diagnostic value in the temporal region (AUROC = 0.995, p < 0.001). Moreover, a strong correlation was observed between iris vessel density and TIA in the 6-12 mm region. Based on the clinical parameter metrics, the detection ability of iris vessel density in the nasal region and TIA in the temporal region are more significant. CONCLUSION: Iris vessel density is significantly reduced in primary glaucoma. The wide-field AS-OCTA of iris provides a comprehensive perspective of microvascular structures, facilitating precise comparison and evaluation of vessel changes in different regions associated with glaucoma. Specifically, the vessel density in the larger annular region on the nasal region has significant diagnostic value, enhancing understanding of disease mechanisms and progression.
Efficacy of Penetrating Canaloplasty versus Trabeculectomy in Patients with Bilateral Primary Glaucoma: A Self-Control Study.
Ye W, Xu X, Lin H … +5 more , Li J, Zhu S, Xie Y, Zhang S, Liang Y
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40319881 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Schlemm's canal-based minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGSs) are gaining increasing recognition and acceptance, but majority of these MIGSs are recommended in eyes with open angle. Bleb-independent p...
INTRODUCTION: Schlemm's canal-based minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGSs) are gaining increasing recognition and acceptance, but majority of these MIGSs are recommended in eyes with open angle. Bleb-independent penetrating canaloplasty (PCP) restores physiological aqueous outflow in eyes with both open and closed angles. We aimed to compare the efficacy, safety, and postoperative management of PCP versus trabeculectomy (TRAB) in patients with bilateral primary glaucoma. METHODS: This study is prospective self-control case series in a tertiary hospital in China. A total of 54 eyes from 27 patients with bilateral primary open angle glaucoma (n = 18) or primary angle-closure glaucoma (n = 9) were included. TRAB with mitomycin C was performed in one eye, while PCP was performed in the contralateral fellow eye. Intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, surgery-related complications, and postoperative interventions were compared between groups. Complete (without medication) and qualified success (with/without medication) were defined as IOP ≤21 mm Hg and ≥20% IOP reduction. RESULTS: Mean IOP decreased from 32.5 ± 8.87 mm Hg on 2.3 ± 1.43 medications at baseline to 15.5 ± 5.02 mm Hg on 0.12 ± 0.33 medications at 24 months in TRAB group (both p < 0.0001) and from 30.0 ± 9.61 mm Hg on 2.7 ± 1.10 medications to 15.5 ± 4.36 mm Hg on 0.40 ± 0.82 medications in PCP group (both p < 0.0001). Equal complete success (12 months: 84.0%, p > 0.999; 24 months: 72.0%, p > 0.999) was achieved at both 12 and 24 months in two groups. Although not statistically significant, higher qualified success was observed in PCP (88.0%) than in TRAB group (80.0%, p = 0.702) at 24 months. However, 63.0% eyes (n = 17) in TRAB group needed bleb managements to maintain a lower IOP. Transient IOP spike (>25 mm Hg, 22.2%) and microhyphema (22.2%) were the most common complications for PCP, while hypotony (14.8%) and wound leakage (11.1%) were frequently seen after TRAB. CONCLUSION: PCP demonstrates comparable IOP-lowering effect with TRAB in eyes with primary glaucoma, but with less postoperative complications and interventions.
Non-High-Density Lipoprotein-to-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio as a Predictive Biomarker for Diabetic Retinopathy Risk: A Population-Based Analysis of US Adults.
Zhang Z, Liu C, Zhao L … +4 more , Tan X, Yu X, Wang J, Yao J
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40228483 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe complication of diabetes, and lipid imbalances play a key role in its progression. The non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol...
INTRODUCTION: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe complication of diabetes, and lipid imbalances play a key role in its progression. The non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) has been identified as a predictor of cardiovascular diseases, but its link to DR remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the association between NHHR and DR risk in diabetic patients. METHODS: Data from the 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between NHHR and DR. Nonlinear associations were assessed using restricted cubic spline analysis. RESULTS: Of the 4,935 participants, 1,193 had DR. Higher NHHR was strongly associated with increased DR risk. Each unit rise in NHHR increased the risk by 19% (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.07-1.31, p < 0.05). In quartile analysis, participants in the highest NHHR quartile had nearly double the risk of DR compared to those in the lowest quartile (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.62-2.06, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed this association was consistent across different demographic groups, including age, gender, BMI, and smoking status. CONCLUSION: NHHR is significantly linked to DR risk in diabetic patients and may be a valuable biomarker for early detection and prevention strategies in clinical settings.
Accuracy of Intraocular Lens Power Calculation in Microspherophakia Patients: Comparison of 7 Formulas.
Sun Y, Chen T, Chen Z … +3 more , Jia W, Zhao Z, Jiang Y
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40162612 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of seven formulas for intraocular lens power calculation in patients with microspherophakia (MSP). METHODS: A retrospective case series included 44 eyes...
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of seven formulas for intraocular lens power calculation in patients with microspherophakia (MSP). METHODS: A retrospective case series included 44 eyes from 28 patients with MSP. The mean prediction error (PE) was calculated, and the accuracy was determined by formula performance index (FPI), median absolute error (MedAE), and percentage of eyes with a PE within ±0.25 diopters (D), ±0.50 D, ±0.75 D, and ±1.00 D. Depending on whether the patients had Marfan syndrome (MFS), MSP patients 36 were sub-divided into MFS and non-MFS group. RESULTS: In the non-MFS subgroup, the performance of formulas ranked by FPI from highest to lowest was BUII, Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO), Kane, Haigis, Sanders-Retzlaff-Kraff/Theoretical (SRK/T), Holladay 1, and Hoffer Q. In the MFS subgroup, Kane achieved the best accuracy regarding the lowest MedAE and the largest percentage of PE in the range of ±0.50 D. Similar results were obtained in eyes with shallow anterior chamber depth (ACD). In the regular ACD subgroup, the EVO provided the highest prediction accuracy and SRK/T took the second place. In the deep ACD subgroup, Holladay 1 performed superiorly presenting the lowest standard deviation values, mean absolute error and MedAE. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, new generation formulas showed a better trend of refractive outcomes in MSP patients. The Holladay 1 formula was suggested for eyes with deep ACD, while Haigis was not recommended.
Postoperative Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of High Myopia-Epiretinal Membrane Associated with Retinoschisis after Vitrectomy.
Feng X, Yang X, Qi B … +4 more , Wang X, Wu X, Jia Q, Liu W
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40139176 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The outcomes and prognosis of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for high myopia-epiretinal membrane (HM-ERM) patients with retinoschisis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of retinos...
INTRODUCTION: The outcomes and prognosis of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for high myopia-epiretinal membrane (HM-ERM) patients with retinoschisis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of retinoschisis on the recovery of macular configuration and visual acuity following ERM removal in eyes with HM and to explore the prognostic factors. METHODS: A retrospective study of 73 consecutive patients with HM-ERM who underwent PPV with ERM peeling. According to the optical coherence tomography images, eyes were classified into 4 groups: group A without retinoschisis, group B with outer retinoschisis, group C with inner retinoschisis, and group D with both inner and outer retinoschisis. RESULTS: In groups A, B, C, and D, there were 17, 21, 22, and 16 eyes, respectively. Retinoschisis of 44 eyes (74.6%) disappeared postoperatively, including 11 eyes in group B, 20 in group C, and 8 in group D. No correlation was found between retinoschisis resolution and baseline factors. The mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) significantly improved at the final follow-up (p < 0.001). The final BCVA was associated with baseline BCVA (p = 0.001), the presence of epiretinal proliferation preoperatively (p = 0.014), and the postoperative integrity of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) (p = 0.001) and interdigitation zone (IZ) (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: After surgery, the inner retinoschisis usually resolved completely. Retinoschisis was not the main factor influencing final BCVA. Preoperative BCVA and disruption of EZ and IZ were associated with good visual recovery in long-term follow-up.
Continuous versus Interrupted Sutures for Closure of Scleral Pocket and Conjunctiva after Evisceration and Placement of Acrylic Ocular Implant.
Amer AA, Naveed H, Amer I … +7 more , Osman HOA, Mohamed MAA, GadElkareem AM, Elbarawy AA, Gatzioufas Z, Elalfy M, ElShafie MA
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40127636 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Various methods of conjunctival closure have been described, with no consensus of preference. We designed this study to compare continuous versus interrupted sutures for closure of scleral pocket and conjun...
INTRODUCTION: Various methods of conjunctival closure have been described, with no consensus of preference. We designed this study to compare continuous versus interrupted sutures for closure of scleral pocket and conjunctiva after evisceration and acrylic ocular implant installation. METHODS: This study was a retrospective comparative observational study conducted at South Valley University Hospital on all ocular evisceration cases with acrylic implants from 1 March 2019 to 31 March 2024. For each patient, clinical data were perused, including demographics, indications, clinical history, operative details, and postoperative follow-up data. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were included in this study. Twenty-seven were allocated to group A (continuous sutures) and 20 patients to group B (interrupted sutures). The mean age of patients was 38.52 ± 12.8 and 39.35 ± 14.5 in groups A and B, respectively (p value = 0.839). Males represented 51.9% (14/27) and 50% (10/20) of groups A and B, respectively (p value = 0.901). Absolute glaucoma was the indication in 5 (18.5%) and 3 (15%) patients in groups A and B, respectively; anterior staphyloma was the indication in 7 (25.9%) and 5 (25%) patients, respectively; and atrophia/phthisis was the indication in 6 (22.2%) and 5 (25%) patients, respectively, while old trauma was the indication in 9 (33.3%) and 7 (35%) patients, respectively, with p value = 0.769. The median size of the acrylic implant used was 20 mm in both groups. Patients were followed up on average in group A for 20.19 ± 3.2 months and in group B for 19.95 ± 3.4 months (p value = 0.812). No cases of infection or implant extrusion were observed in both groups. But in group B, there were 3 cases (15%) of wound dehiscence and implant exposure, while no reported cases in group A (0%) with clinically significant p value (0.029). CONCLUSION: Continuous suturing for closure, as opposed to interrupted sutures, produces better wound outcomes when closing the scleral pocket and conjunctiva post evisceration and acrylic ocular implant installation.
One-Month Silicone Oil Tamponade Can Decrease Intraocular Complications via Reducing the Recruitment and Activation of Leukocytes in Patients with Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment.
Jiang L, Wu Y, Liu B … +9 more , Lai K, Ma Y, Chen Z, Qin Z, Xu Z, Lin Z, Chen Z, Tsai CL, Li T
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40127632 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of 1-month versus routine-duration silicone oil (SO) tamponade on intraocular inflammatory cytokine levels and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing vitrec...
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of 1-month versus routine-duration silicone oil (SO) tamponade on intraocular inflammatory cytokine levels and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. METHODS: A prospective study from May 2019 to March 2022 divided patients undergoing vitrectomy into routine and early groups. Aqueous humor was sampled before SO removal to measure cytokine levels, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1α. Clinical outcomes such as SO emulsification, cataract formation, recurrent retinal detachment, corneal endothelial cell (CEC) density, and intraocular pressure were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate differences and correlations between cytokine levels and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: The study analyzed 48 eyes, with 28 in the routine group and 20 in the early group. The early group had significantly lower IL-8 and TNF-α levels (p = 0.006 and p = 0.013) and reduced SO emulsification (p = 0.01). A significant trend toward fewer cataract cases and higher CEC density was observed in the early group (p = 0.019 and p = 0.015). IL-8 and TNF-α levels showed positive correlations with IL-10, MIP-1α. CONCLUSION: One-month SO tamponade significantly reduces intraocular inflammatory cytokine levels and associated complications by decreasing the recruitment and activation of leukocytes. These findings suggest that shorter SO placement durations can effectively minimize inflammation-related complications while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. Future research should focus on optimizing SO tamponade protocols and exploring the underlying mechanisms of inflammation and emulsification to enhance the safety and efficacy of vitreoretinal surgeries.
Correlation between Systemic Inflammation and Morphological Changes of Retinal Neurovascular Unit in Patients with Early Signs of Diabetic Retinopathy: An OCT and OCT-Angiography Study.
Guo H, Wu W, Huang Y … +4 more , Huang Y, Jin N, Ma H, Li Q
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40096829 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between systemic inflammation biomarkers and morphological changes of retinal neurovascular unit (RNVU) under optical coherence tomography (OCT) and O...
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between systemic inflammation biomarkers and morphological changes of retinal neurovascular unit (RNVU) under optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) in type 2 diabetic patients with early signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 93 type 2 diabetic patients with early signs of DR (170 eyes), ranging from level 10 to level 35 based on ETDRS DR severity scale score. Age-, sex-, and axial length-matched normal subjects were enrolled as controls. Systemic inflammation biomarkers including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII) were calculated based on peripheral blood results. Retinal neuronal changes of RNVU were identified by accessing the thickness of macular retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) using OCT. Retinal microvascular alterations of RNVU were evaluated by measuring macular vessel density (VD) and size of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) using OCTA. RESULTS: GCL thickness was significantly correlated with NLR (r = -0.183, p = 0.017) and MLR (r = -0.235, p = 0.002), RNFL thickness was significantly associated with MLR (r = -0.210, p = 0.008), FAZp was positively correlated with NLR (r = 0.153, p = 0.046) and MLR (r = 0.187, p = 0.014), FAZa was positively correlated with MLR (r = 0.189, p = 0.014), and VD was significantly correlated with NLR (r = -0.188, p = 0.014) on spearman correlation analysis. Additionally, VD was independently associated with SII in both univariable and multivariable GLM analysis (p < 0.05). This difference still remained statistically significant during subgroup analysis after controlling DM duration. CONCLUSION: Systemic inflammation biomarkers including NLR, MLR, and SII are significantly associated with not only retinal microvascular alterations but also retinal neuronal changes, providing evidence that systemic inflammation may play a crucial role on the early morphological changes of RNVU and early DR pathogenesis. SII is independently associated with VD, which supports SII may serve as a potential biomarker for monitoring early microvascular changes of DR.
A Combined Index of Steady-State Pattern Electroretinogram and Optical Coherence Tomography Improved the Detection of Early Glaucoma.
Kim H, Moon S, Kim E … +2 more , Kim J, Lee J
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40064160 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The aims of the study were to evaluate the structure-function relationship between steady-state pattern electroretinogram (ssPERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and visual field (VF) tests and to inv...
INTRODUCTION: The aims of the study were to evaluate the structure-function relationship between steady-state pattern electroretinogram (ssPERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and visual field (VF) tests and to investigate indicators that enhance the detection of preperimetric and early-stage primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, patients with POAG and normal subjects who underwent ssPERG, OCT, and VF tests were included. We defined the ratio of the amplitudes from 0.8° checks to 16° checks as the pattern electroretinogram ratio (PERGratio). The thickness of the macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer and the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) were measured using spectral-domain OCT. We compared the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) for ssPERG, OCT, and VF test parameters. A combined index using structural and functional measures was generated using logistic regression models to improve diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: Four parameters had AUCs higher than 0.8; PERGratio (AUC = 0.890), average cpRNFL thickness (AUC = 0.827), 7 o'clock cpRNFL thickness (AUC = 0.844), and inferior quadrant cpRNFL thickness (AUC = 0.830). The new index, which combines the PERGratio and 7 o'clock cpRNFL thickness, significantly improved diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.951), outperforming the best four parameters (all p ≤ 0.004). Furthermore, the combined index of PERGratio and 7 o'clock cpRNFL thickness showed significantly higher diagnostic accuracy compared to those combining the 7 o'clock cpRNFL thickness with VF mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, and VF index. CONCLUSION: The combined index of ssPERG, indicative of retinal ganglion cell dysfunction, and the OCT test, indicative of focal structural damage, improved the detection of patients with POAG in its early stage.
Relationship of Retinal Zone and Plus Severity with the Requirement of Re-Treatment in Bevacizumab-Treated Eyes for Retinopathy of Prematurity.
Bayramoglu SE, Sayin N, Kocak I
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40037310 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the location of retinal vascularization and plus severity with re-treatment rates in intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB)-treated eyes. METHODS: F...
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the location of retinal vascularization and plus severity with re-treatment rates in intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB)-treated eyes. METHODS: For this retrospective, observational study, 200 eyes treated with IVB for type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and aggressive-ROP were included. The pretreatment retinal vascularization was evaluated by analyzing quantitative measurements of optic disc-to-fovea distance (DFD), disc diameter, and shortest and longest distance between the optic disc and ridge of wide-field fundus photographs (WFPs). Plus severity was qualified in five grades such as normal, pre-plus, mild plus, moderate plus, and severe plus by evaluating WFPs. Re-treatments up to 60 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA) were evaluated. Re-treated eyes up to first month after initial treatment were labeled as early re-treatment group and re-treated eyes after the first month of initial treatment up to 60 weeks of PMA were labeled as middle-term re-treated group. RESULTS: Thirty-six percentage of eyes had zone I, 64% of eyes had zone II disease, and 42% eyes had mild plus disease. Forty-three (21.5%) eyes of 23 infants underwent re-treatment prior to 60 weeks of PMA. Thirteen eyes and 30 eyes were in the early- and middle-term re-treated groups, respectively. In middle-term re-treated group, 27 (13.5%) eyes re-treated for progressive reactivated disease, and 3 (1.5%) eyes re-treated for prophylactic purposes. Advanced pretreatment retinal vascularization and high birth weight were negatively associated with the re-treatment rate (p = 0.016, odds ratio = 0.774; p = 0.041, odds ratio = 0.999, respectively). There was a positive association between the re-treatment rate and pretreatment plus severity (p = 0.044, odds ratio = 1.449). The lower ratio of shortest distance between the optic disc and ridge to DFD was considered as an independent predictive variable for higher rate of re-treatment (p = 0.002; odds ratio: 0.450). CONCLUSION: The location of retinal vascularization and plus disease showed a wide distribution in bevacizumab-treated eyes. Graded evaluation of retinal vascularization and plus severity may help predict the need for additional treatment. Unresponsiveness to the initial treatment, increased fibrotic activity, progressive reactivated stage 2-3 ROP, extraretinal new vessels, and prophylactic purposes were the main re-treatment indications.
Anterior Segment Anatomic Parameters Based on the Scleral Spur and Cornea for Risk Profiling of Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma.
Fu Y, Jiang B, Liu Y … +5 more , Li L, Li Y, Chang Z, Zeng W, Ke M
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 40010306 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate the anterior segment anatomical parameters associated with the scleral spur and cornea for risk profiling of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). METHODS: A retrosp...
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate the anterior segment anatomical parameters associated with the scleral spur and cornea for risk profiling of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted, collecting parametric measurements obtained using CASIA 2 and IOLMaster 700. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to compare ocular parameters between the narrow angle (NA) group and PACG group, as well as identify risk factors for PACG. The predictive performance of each parameter was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. RESULTS: A total of 84 patients with PACG (48 with PACG and 36 with chronic PACG) and 84 patients with NA were included in this study. In the multivariable model, it was demonstrated that individuals with a smaller trabecular scleral-spur angle (TSA: OR = 0.810, per 1° increase, p < 0.001, AUROC = 0.738) and larger relative lens vault (rLV: OR = 1.112, per 1 percent increase, p < 0.001, AUROC = 0.720) had an increased risk of developing PACG. Furthermore, combining TSA with rLV yielded an improved AUROC value of 0.807 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: AS-OCT is a valuable tool for early assessment of progression risk in NA patients at risk for developing PACG. Our findings suggest that both TSA and rLV are significant risk factors for PACG. Moreover, the novel parameter TSA demonstrates promising potential as a predictive tool for early PACG screening.
Electrodiagnostic Tests as Potential Efficacy Endpoints in Clinical Trials of Novel Pharmacological Therapies for Acquired Retinal Disorders.
Neveu MM, Chong V, Empeslidis T … +2 more , Scholl HPN, Robson AG
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 39980175 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Electrodiagnostic tests (EDTs) provide non-invasive, objective, and measurable indications of retinal and visual pathway function. These hold the promise of evaluating drug efficacy and disease progression ov...
BACKGROUND: Electrodiagnostic tests (EDTs) provide non-invasive, objective, and measurable indications of retinal and visual pathway function. These hold the promise of evaluating drug efficacy and disease progression over shorter periods than traditional "end-stage" outcome measures (e.g., best-corrected visual acuity) in various ophthalmological pathologies. The International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision has defined rigorous standards for EDTs, intended to optimize diagnostic power, enabling meaningful inter-laboratory comparisons and facilitating application as outcome measures in increasing numbers of multicentre clinical trials. SUMMARY: This review outlines the main EDTs, including full-field, pattern, and multifocal electroretinography; the electro-oculogram; and the cortical visual-evoked potential, and highlights the possible role for monitoring disease progression and assessing treatment safety and efficacy. The utility and potential of EDTs are highlighted in studies that have assessed function and tested or monitored treatment safety or efficacy for a range of acquired retinal and optic nerve disorders, including central retinal vein occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, posterior uveitis, and autoimmune-related retinopathies. KEY MESSAGES: EDTs are fundamental to the diagnosis and phenotyping of many acquired retinal and visual pathway disorders. They also provide methods for the objective assessment of the efficacy and safety of potential novel treatments across short periods. Conventional psychophysical tests, such as visual acuity, are of limited value in localizing and characterizing dysfunction and are not always suitable for monitoring purposes. This review highlights where EDTs may address the need for better outcome measures to evaluate novel treatments within clinical trials, helping to select early treatment candidates and for the assessment of safety and efficacy.
Early High Postoperative Intraocular Pressure Improved the Predictability of Trabeculectomy in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Liu Y, Shi H, Gao X … +6 more , Huang W, Lin H, Tam WI, Wu Z, Zuo C, Lin M
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 39965546 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of early intraocular pressure (IOP) on long-term outcomes of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) who were treated with pr...
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of early intraocular pressure (IOP) on long-term outcomes of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) who were treated with primary trabeculectomy. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study, with a total of 74 patients (90 eyes) with POAG who were treated with trabeculectomy surgery at a single center from 2021 to 2022. Based on IOP at 1 day after surgery, they were divided into the high IOP group (≥15 mm Hg) and the low IOP group (<15 mm Hg). The Student's t test and a chi-square test were used to compare the differences between the two groups. The generalized estimating equation model compared the included binocular data to adjust for internal correlations between the two eyes of the same subject. The Kaplan-Meier method compared the surgical success rates of the two groups. Besides, to identify the relationship between IOP at different postoperative time points and IOP at 1-year follow-up, the Spearman correlation analysis was established. RESULTS: A total of 90 eyes (74 patients) with POAG were included in this investigation. After a 1-year follow-up, both the qualified surgical success rates in the high IOP group and the low IOP group were 92.3% and 92.2%, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference between them (p = 0.890). The rate of bleb massage in the high IOP group was 82.1% (32 eyes) which was significantly higher than in the low IOP group (19.6%, 10 eyes) (p < 0.001). In the Spearman correlation analysis, it was observed that in the high IOP group, the significant correlation with IOP at 1 year emerged at 1 week after surgery (r = 0.496, p = 0.002) and a higher correlation at 1 month after surgery (r = 0.515, p = 0.002). In the low IOP group, the significant correlation with IOP at 1 year emerged at 3 month after surgery (r = 0.314, p = 0.038) and a higher correlation at 6 month after surgery (r = 0.592, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In the POAG patients with primary trabeculectomy, we demonstrated that compared with the low IOP group, the high IOP group could provide a similar surgical success rate while requiring a higher frequency of bleb massage. In addition, in the high IOP group, IOP at 1 month after surgery predicted long-term IOP control outcomes.
Cataract Surgery in Eyes with Microphthalmos and/or Uveal Coloboma.
Wang L, Wang B, Wang Y … +4 more , Wang X, Yang H, Wu R, Cui Y
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 39933502 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Cataract may cause severe visual impairment in eyes with microphthalmos (MO) and uveal coloboma (UC). Despite their similarities, distinguishing between these conditions is crucial for cataract surgery. We...
INTRODUCTION: Cataract may cause severe visual impairment in eyes with microphthalmos (MO) and uveal coloboma (UC). Despite their similarities, distinguishing between these conditions is crucial for cataract surgery. We aimed to compare complications, nucleus hardness, surgical strategies, and outcomes of cataract surgery between MO and UC. METHODS: This retrospective comparative study included 19 eyes with MO and 20 with UC. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data of eyes that underwent cataract surgery were analysed. RESULTS: MO eyes had lower high-hardness nucleus rates (p = 0.002) than UC. The most common preoperative complications in the MO and UC groups were glaucoma (37.5%) and retinal detachment (15.4%), respectively. No significant differences in the phacoemulsification (p = 0.45) or intraocular lens implantation (p > 0.99) rates between the two groups. Extracapsular cataract extraction was performed in five eyes (25%), and posterior capsular rupture was the most common surgical complication (15%) in the UC group. Combined surgery was mainly used to deal with high or unstable intraocular pressure (IOP; 77%) in the MO group versus posterior pars plana vitrectomy (85.71%) in the UC group to treat vitreoretinal pathologies. Corrected distance visual acuity was significantly improved in both MO (p = 0.0005) and UC (p < 0.001) groups, while IOP was decreased (p = 0.03) in the MO group. CONCLUSION: Eyes with MO and UC exhibited distinct cataract grades and complications, necessitating varied surgical strategies; while cataract surgery has proven to be effective in improving the visual acuity in both groups. Our findings hold significant value for guiding clinical treatment decision-making.
Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses for Correcting Ametropia in Stable Keratoconus.
Berger O, Garikapati N, Naveed H … +5 more , Hajjar-Sese A, Matsou A, Gatzioufas Z, Hamada S, Elalfy M
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 39907998 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The use of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (PCPIOLs) is a reasonable option in the armamentarium to treat refractive error in patients with keratoconus. We present our experience with the use of...
INTRODUCTION: The use of posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses (PCPIOLs) is a reasonable option in the armamentarium to treat refractive error in patients with keratoconus. We present our experience with the use of PCPIOL for the management of ametropia in patients with keratoconus. METHODS: Patients included those with stable keratoconus treated in the Corneoplastic Unit, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, UK, with PCPIOL (ICL Staar Surgical and IPCL Care Group) to improve their visual acuity. Data were obtained from preoperative visit and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Clinical characteristics, pre- and postoperative uncorrected (UDVA) and best corrected (CDVA) logMAR visual acuities, and perioperative complications were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 23 eyes of 21 patients were included. UDVA changed from 0.75 preoperatively to 0.18 post-surgery (p = <0.001) and CDVA from 0.07 to 0.12 (p = 0.12). Seventy percent of the cases increased 3 or more lines of UDVA while none of the eyes lost more than 2 lines of CDVA. No significant difference in final UDVA was found between patients with and without previous keratoplasty (0.27 and 0.18, p = 0.38), previous corneal collagen crosslinking (0.16 and 0.3, p = 0.24), intracorneal ring segments (0.2 and 0.2, p = 0.94), or type of lens implanted (0.2 implantable collamer lens and implantable phakic contact lens. p = 0.94). One intraoperative complication reported was an inverted PCPIOL insertion and postoperatively 4 axis rotations and 1 cataract were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of PCPIOL in patients with stable keratoconus is effective in improving their UDVA, even in cases with previous corneal procedures such as keratoplasty, crosslinking, and intracorneal rings. Rotation is the most common postoperative complication.
Characterization of Macular Fundus Autofluorescence Changes in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa.
Khan MJ, Rustam Z, Aamir FB … +7 more , Miranda MC, Shaikh I, Akhlaq A, Liu J, Singh M, Kong X, Campochiaro PA
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 39894015 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to characterized fundus autofluorescence (AF) changes that occur in the macula of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS: We conducted a case series on 99 patients with R...
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to characterized fundus autofluorescence (AF) changes that occur in the macula of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS: We conducted a case series on 99 patients with RP. Features seen on fundus AF images were evaluated, organized into a grading scheme, and correlated with ellipsoid zone (EZ) width. Patterns of AF changes occurring in the macula and correlation with EZ width. RESULTS: Four primary fundus AF phenotypes were identified: (1) hyperAF arc, (2) hyperAF ring, (3) hyperAF ring with abnormal hyperAF within the ring, and (4) central hyperAF. The second phenotype was most common and had 3 subgroups, hyperAF rings within the macula, those extending outside the macula, and incomplete rings. HyperAF rings were also characterized as narrow or wide with wide rings having a greater amount of hyperAF. Linear Mixed-Effects Model showed mean measured EZ width was significantly greater for phenotype 1 versus each of the other 3 phenotypes (p < 0.01) and for phenotype 2 versus phenotypes 3 and 4 (p < 0.05), and also differed among phenotype 2 subgroups (p < 0.05). Other AF characteristics identified were focal posterior distinct or indistinct hypoAF which sometimes formed complete or incomplete hypoAF rings surrounding a hyperAF ring, diffuse or focal hyperAF outside hyperAF rings, and the amount of encroachment of peripheral hypoAF. CONCLUSIONS: A grading scheme for macular AF features in patients with RP identified phenotypes that correlate with stage of disease based upon EZ width. Longitudinal studies are needed to test whether presumed early AF phenotypes evolve into later phenotypes. Use of the grading scheme for patient populations in interventional trials could help determine if any of the defined AF features provide predictive value for therapeutic responses.
Exploring Factors behind Patient Nonadherence to Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Injections in Macular Diseases.
Naaman E, Yanir-Prat N, Shair-Nakhleh D … +4 more , Bar N, Miller B, Fishman A, Zayit-Soudry S
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 39870070 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: In recent years, intravitreal injections (IVTs) of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors have become the standard of care for several macular disorders. Frequently, the therapeutic course req...
INTRODUCTION: In recent years, intravitreal injections (IVTs) of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors have become the standard of care for several macular disorders. Frequently, the therapeutic course requires numerous injections, posing a burden on patients. Nonadherence to treatment may result in reduced visual outcomes, therefore understanding and addressing the underlying causes is imperative. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of patients who missed their scheduled appointment for anti-VEGF IVT as part of the routine management of their macular disease at a single tertiary center between November 2020 and February 2021. A telephone survey was conducted and patient medical charts were reviewed for ophthalmological data. RESULTS: A total of 100/556 (18%) patients who failed to attend their scheduled anti-VEGF IVT appointments were documented. Among these subjects, the average age was 66 (SD ± 14) years with a nearly equal gender distribution of 49:51 F:M ratio. Reported no-show reasons included concurrent illness (39%), administrative issues such as missing financial coverage forms or scheduling problems (28%), and lack of motivation (11%). Additionally, 73% of patients who missed appointments expressed a need for accompaniment, and 74% resided outside the hospital city. CONCLUSIONS: Study results highlight modifiable factors contributing to no-shows to anti-VEGF IVT, such as poor transportation access, complicated administrative processes, and difficulty rescheduling missed appointments. Understanding potential obstacles to anti-VEGF IVT therapy, particularly those that are preventable, can enhance adherence and potentially improve the clinical outcome.
The Change of Ciliary Muscle-Trabecular Meshwork-Schlemm Canal Complex after Phacoemulsification using Swept-Source-Optical Coherence Tomography.
Li Z, Wu X, Ji X … +3 more , Zhu Z, Zhe N, Zhao YE
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 39837299 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Cataract surgery has been reported to have a reducing effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous eyes. This effect seems to be more noticeable in eyes with narrow angles (NAs)...
INTRODUCTION: Cataract surgery has been reported to have a reducing effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous eyes. This effect seems to be more noticeable in eyes with narrow angles (NAs) than in eyes with open angles (OAs). Decrease in IOP may be a result of the increase in anterior chamber angle and Schlemm canal (SC) after cataract surgery. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the relationship between Schlemm canal-cross-sectional area (SC-CSA) changes and trabecular meshwork, ciliary muscle changes after cataract surgery and the difference in non-glaucomatous eyes with NAs and OAs. METHODS: IOP, SC-CSA, Schlemm canal diameter (SCD), trabecular meshwork width (TMW) and thickness (TMT), trabecular-iris angle at 500 µm from the scleral spur (TIA500), and the distance between the inner apex of the ciliary muscle and scleral spur (IA-SS) were measured by swept-source-optical coherence tomography preoperatively and 1-week post-surgery. Patients were divided into NA and OA groups according to the degree of TIA500, and SC-CSA-related parameters were compared. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients (89 eyes) were included. IOP significantly decreased, SC-CSA, SCD, TMW, TMT, and TIA500 significantly increased post-surgery (p < 0.001). Changes in nasal SC-CSA were associated with TMW (p = 0.003) and TIA500 (p < 0.001) changes; changes in temporal SC-CSA were associated with TMW (p = 0.001) and TMT (p < 0.001) changes. SC-CSA expansion was correlated with changes in TMW (β3.726 ± 1.085, p = 0.001 nasally; β3.405 ± 0.945, p = 0.001 temporally), TMT (β5.224 ± 2.033, p = 0.012 nasally; β11.853 ± 3.059, p < 0.001 temporally), and TIA500 (β40.330 ± 15.100, p = 0.009 nasally; β35.453 ± 17.527, p = 0.047 temporally). There was no association between SC-CSA expansion and IA-SS changes. SC-CSA expansion was greater in the NAs than in the OAs group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Cataract surgery results in IOP reduction and SC-CSA expansion. Increased SC-CSA correlates with increases in TMW, TMT, and TIA500. SC-CSA increased more in NAs than in OAs group post-surgery, which may explain the greater decrease in IOP in eyes with NAs.
Prevalence and Causes of Blindness and Vision Impairment in the State of Qatar: Results of a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.
AlThani M, Abdulmalik M, AlAbdulla S … +5 more , AlMotawaa K, Algadi H, Rabiu M, McCormick I, AlAshwal S
Ophthalmic Res · 2025 · PMID 39837282 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: This study is a population-based investigation into the prevalence and causes of blindness and vision impairment (VI) among people aged 50 years and older living in the State of Qatar. METHODS: A Rapid Asse...
INTRODUCTION: This study is a population-based investigation into the prevalence and causes of blindness and vision impairment (VI) among people aged 50 years and older living in the State of Qatar. METHODS: A Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) methodology, applied from May 2022 to June 2023, utilized stratified two-stage cluster random sampling to select 5,060 persons aged 50 years and older resident in Qatar from 145 communities chosen by probability proportional to size. Communities were stratified by Qatari and non-Qatari nationality. Participants were examined by ophthalmologists in primary health centers. Data collection was through the RAAB7 Android application and supervised by a trainer using secure, encrypted cloud storage. RESULTS: Of the 3,206 participants examined, 14 (0.4%) had blindness and 10 (0.3%) had severe VI. Compared to a previous RAAB study in 2009, the prevalence of blindness (presenting visual acuity [VA] <3/60) decreased from 1.28% to 0.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2-0.7%). The age-sex-adjusted prevalence of all VI (presenting VA <6/12-NPL) was 9.7% (95% CI: 8.3-11.1), higher among females 12.6% (95% CI: 10.5-14.6), and Qataris 16.7% (95% CI: 14.4-19.1), compared to males 7.6% (95% CI: 6.3-9.0), and non-Qataris 6.3% (95% CI: 5.1-7.5). The principal causes of blindness included diabetic retinopathy (DR) (33.3%), cataract (20%), glaucoma (13%), and other posterior segment diseases (13%). All VI was mainly attributed to uncorrected refractive errors at 58% and cataract at 17%, with the former being more common among non-Qataris and cataract more prevalent among Qataris. CONCLUSION: Our findings show a low prevalence of VI compared with many countries that have published VI data. VI was mainly caused by DR, cataract, and uncorrected refractive error. Further reduction in vision loss can be achieved with early detection and improved access using innovation and technology.
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