J Atten Disord [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
ADHD and Identity Formation: Adolescents' Experiences From the Healthcare System and Peer Relationships.
Frick MA, Brandt A, Hellund S … +1 more , Grimell J
J Atten Disord · 2025 May · PMID 39963782 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: ADHD is often a lifelong condition, and has grown increasingly prevalent over the past few decades. Adolescence is a period characterized by the quest to develop a coherent identity, yet relatively little rese...
OBJECTIVE: ADHD is often a lifelong condition, and has grown increasingly prevalent over the past few decades. Adolescence is a period characterized by the quest to develop a coherent identity, yet relatively little research has examined the relationship between ADHD diagnosis and identity. The purpose of this study was to explore the importance of experiences of the healthcare system and of peer relationships in the identity formation of adolescents with ADHD. METHOD: This was investigated through semi-structured interviews with 10 adolescents ( = 8 females and 2 males) aged 15 to 18 years. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted within a narrative framework. RESULTS: The results revealed seven main themes indicating that ADHD played a central role in the adolescents' self-narratives: (1) limited effect of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (CAP) contact on identity formation, (2) the ADHD concept as meaning-making, (3) heterogeneity of the role of medication on identity formation, (4) negotiation of identity in relation to others, (5) varying degrees of acceptance in different relationships, (6) perceiving oneself as a troublemaker, and (7) relationship difficulties. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the diagnosis constituted an important narrative and of ADHD rather than the of ADHD tended to be stigmatizing. Furthermore, medication affected identity, and some felt pressured to medicate to adhere to social norms. A common pattern was that adolescents set aside their individual identity in favor of their relational identity.
Differentiating Functional Connectivity Patterns in ADHD and Autism Among the Young People: A Machine Learning Solution.
Sütçübaşı B, Ballı T, Roeyers H … +5 more , Wiersema JR, Çamkerten S, Öztürk OC, Metin B, Sonuga-Barke E
J Atten Disord · 2025 Apr · PMID 39927595 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: ADHD and autism are complex and frequently co-occurring neurodevelopmental conditions with shared etiological and pathophysiological elements. In this paper, we attempt to differentiate these conditions among...
OBJECTIVE: ADHD and autism are complex and frequently co-occurring neurodevelopmental conditions with shared etiological and pathophysiological elements. In this paper, we attempt to differentiate these conditions among the young people in terms of intrinsic patterns of brain connectivity revealed during resting state using machine learning approaches. We had two key objectives: (a) to determine the extent to which ADHD and autism could be effectively distinguished via machine learning from one another on this basis and (b) to identify the brain networks differentially implicated in the two conditions. METHOD: Data from two publicly available resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) resources-Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) and the ADHD-200 Consortium-were analyzed. A total of 330 participants (65 females and 265 males; mean age = 11.6 years), comprising equal subgroups of 110 participants each for ADHD, autism, and healthy controls (HC), were selected from the data sets ensuring data quality and the exclusion of comorbidities. We identified region-to-region connectivity values, which were subsequently employed as inputs to the linear discriminant analysis algorithm. RESULTS: Machine learning models provided strong differentiation between connectivity patterns in participants with ADHD and autism-with the highest accuracy of 85%. Predominantly frontoparietal network alterations in connectivity discriminate ADHD individuals from autism and neurotypical group. Networks contributing to discrimination of autistic individuals from neurotypical group were more heterogeneous. These included language, salience, and frontoparietal networks. CONCLUSION: These results contribute to our understanding of the distinct neural signatures underlying ADHD and autism in terms of intrinsic patterns of brain connectivity. The high level of discriminability between ADHD and autism, highlights the potential role of brain based metrics in supporting differential diagnostics.
Risk Factors for Adverse Cardiac Events in Individuals Prescribed Stimulants Across the Lifespan.
Groff D, Tuan WJ, Holt K … +2 more , Latronica JR, Bone C
J Atten Disord · 2025 Jun · PMID 39927572 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Prescription stimulants are an effective FDA approved treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) however their safety has come under scrutiny. Multiple studies demonstrate safe use in ped...
INTRODUCTION: Prescription stimulants are an effective FDA approved treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) however their safety has come under scrutiny. Multiple studies demonstrate safe use in pediatric populations, but prescriptions are increasing to adults and it is not evident which comorbidities might place people at risk of adverse outcomes. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors of adverse cardiovascular events for individuals exposed to stimulants across the lifespan. METHODS: We conducted a case control study utilizing the TriNetX research network database. Individuals were included for study if they were younger than 90 years old and prescribed stimulants between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2020. We utilized summary statistics, chi2, and multivariate logistic regression to identify risk factors for cardiovascular events. RESULTS: Of the 987,762 individuals prescribed stimulants, 49,902 experienced an adverse cardiovascular event. Individuals with atherosclerotic heart disease had the highest odds of adverse events (aOR = 36.7, < .001). Hypertension (aOR = 2.78 < .001), cocaine use (aOR = 1.64 < .001), and anxiety (aOR = 1.46 < .001) were also strongly predictive of adverse outcomes, but risk varied by age. CONCLUSIONS: Atherosclerotic heart disease and its antecedents pose the greatest risk for cardiovascular events for people prescribed stimulants. Mental health diagnoses are also independent predictors and age may be an effect modifier of these relationships. ADHD was not an independent risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events when controlling for other biopsychosocial variables in adult populations. Additional research focused on predictive models and prospective studies may be warranted to better inform clinical decisions regarding stimulant prescriptions for the broad demographic of patients that may benefit from these medications.
Associations Between Child and Parent Characteristics and Parenting Stress in Japanese Mothers of Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Haneda R, Shimabukuro S, Daley D … +1 more , Tripp G
J Atten Disord · 2025 May · PMID 39902745 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience elevated levels of stress in their parenting role. Understanding what contributes to such stress is important for its managem...
OBJECTIVE: Parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience elevated levels of stress in their parenting role. Understanding what contributes to such stress is important for its management. METHODS: We assessed associations between child and parent characteristics and parenting stress in Japanese mothers of 6-12-year-old children with ADHD recruited through the community ( = 51) and hospital child psychiatry/pediatric clinics ( = 124). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses assessed the extent to which child symptom severity (ADHD and ODD), parenting efficacy, depression, and maternal ADHD symptoms explained variance in both child-domain and parent-domain parenting stress. RESULTS: Child symptom severity and maternal depression accounted for significant variance in child-domain parenting stress. Child ODD, parenting efficacy, depression, and maternal ADHD (clinic sample) explained significant variance in parent-domain parenting stress. Exploratory cross-sectional mediational analyses highlight the inter-relatedness of the associations between parenting-efficacy, maternal depression and parent-domain parenting stress. The association between maternal ADHD and parent-domain parenting stress is statistically fully mediated by maternal depression. CONCLUSION: The pattern of associations between child and parent characteristics and parenting stress in Japanese mothers of children with ADHD are consistent with Abidin's model of parenting stress with implications for clinical management.
Investigating the Association Between Heavy Metals and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: An Exploratory Study.
Kaur S, Canals-Sans J, Morales-Hidalgo P … +2 more , Alda JA, Arija V
J Atten Disord · 2025 Apr · PMID 39886771 · Publisher ↗
Exposure to heavy metals has been associated with affecting children's neurodevelopment, particularly increasing the risk of developing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current exploratory study aims...
Exposure to heavy metals has been associated with affecting children's neurodevelopment, particularly increasing the risk of developing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current exploratory study aims to investigate potential associations between presence of 15 different heavy metals in urine and ADHD. A total of 190 urine samples of participants from clinical and non-clinical population (non-ADHD = 66; ADHD = 124) aged between 6 and 15 years from Barcelona and Tarragona (Spain) were analysed. Logistic regressions adjusted by sex, age, SES, BMI and diet quality were performed. Highest quartiles (3rd and 4th) of Pb (lead) (aOR 5.33; CI [1.89, 14.98]), Cd (cadmium) (aOR 3.69, CI [1.38, 9.83]), Cu (copper) (aOR 16.46, CI [4.66, 58.14]) and Sb (antimony) (aOR 3.04, CI [1.12, 8.23]) were significantly associated with increased odds of ADHD DSM-5 diagnosis. Additionally, Cu and Cd were associated with higher scores of inattention symptoms. Whereas, Cu and Sb were associated with hyperactivity-impulsivity severity. This exploratory study provides preliminary valuable evidence, suggesting potential associations between environmental factors, such as metal exposure, with ADHD in school-aged children. These findings highlight the importance of further research to support these associations and, if confirmed, explore strategies to mitigate the potential impacts of these toxicants on children's health.
Telomere Length and Symptoms of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children at 6-12 Years.
Campos-Sánchez I, Navarrete-Muñoz EM, Martens DS … +20 more , Riaño-Galán I, Lertxundi A, Llop S, Guxens M, Rodríguez-Dehli C, Lertxundi N, Soler-Blasco R, Vrijheid M, Nawrot TS, Wright J, Yang TC, McEachan R, Gützkow KB, Chatzi VL, Vafeiadi M, Kampouri M, Grazuleviciene R, Andrusaityte S, Lepeule J, Valera-Gran D
J Atten Disord · 2025 Apr · PMID 39878307 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between telomere length (TL) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children at 6-12 years. METHOD: Data from 1,759 children belonging to the HELIX project c...
OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between telomere length (TL) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children at 6-12 years. METHOD: Data from 1,759 children belonging to the HELIX project cohorts and the Asturias, Gipuzkoa and Valencia cohorts of INMA project were included. TL was determined by blood sample using a PCR protocol. ADHD symptoms were described by parents using the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form. Multiple negative binomial regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate associations. RESULTS: Overall estimates showed no associations between TL and ADHD symptoms. However, we observed that a longer TL was significantly associated with a lower risk of presenting hyperactivity symptoms in children belonging to the HELIX project (IRR = 0.93, 95% CI [0.87, 0.99]; = .022). CONCLUSION: While our study did not find a consistent association between TL and ADHD symptoms across all cohorts, the significant association found within the HELIX cohort suggests that longer TL may be linked to a lower risk of hyperactivity symptoms. Further research is needed to explore this association in more detail.
Avoidant Automatic Thoughts Are Associated With Task Avoidance and Inattention in the Moment: Replication in a Community Sample.
Knouse LE, Fan Y, Narayanan A … +1 more , Ellison WD
J Atten Disord · 2025 May · PMID 39878297 · Full text
PURPOSE: Avoidant automatic thoughts (AAT) are thoughts that precede or accompany a delay in the starting or ending of a task. In a prior study of college students using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), AATs were f...
PURPOSE: Avoidant automatic thoughts (AAT) are thoughts that precede or accompany a delay in the starting or ending of a task. In a prior study of college students using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), AATs were frequent daily occurrences and participants with more severe ADHD symptoms at baseline reported more frequent AAT. Importantly, momentary presence of AAT was associated with greater task avoidance and inattentive symptoms. In the current study, we replicated and extended this study in a community sample of adults. METHOD: We measured AAT in the daily lives of 106 adults using EMA. Data were collected at baseline and up to five times per day for 6 days. RESULTS: Using multilevel modeling, we found that baseline ADHD symptoms predicted more frequent AAT and more severe task avoidance and negative emotion in daily life. Recent presence of AAT was associated with inattention, task avoidance, and slightly elevated negative emotion in the moment. More severe baseline ADHD strengthened the relationship between AAT and both inattention and task avoidance. In exploratory analyses, we found that work tasks and household chores were the most avoided activities and that, instead, people were most likely to be doing other work tasks or engaging in screen time or self-care, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study replicates and extends our prior findings regarding AAT in daily life and their relationship to ADHD and supports continued research on this construct, which may have clinical utility for intervening in problematic avoidance behaviors.
A Review of Sex and Gender Factors in Stimulant Treatment for ADHD: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions.
Rapoport IL, Groenman AP
J Atten Disord · 2025 Jun · PMID 39878255 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: Stimulant medications are the primary pharmacological intervention for ADHD, yet our understanding of how sex and gender impact stimulant treatment outcomes remains limited. Clinical guidelines do not differ f...
OBJECTIVE: Stimulant medications are the primary pharmacological intervention for ADHD, yet our understanding of how sex and gender impact stimulant treatment outcomes remains limited. Clinical guidelines do not differ for female and male individuals despite possible sex and gender-related differences in effectiveness, adverse events, and pharmacokinetics. This theoretical framework identifies five key knowledge gaps relating to sex and gender effects in stimulant treatment. METHOD: We investigate the stimulant treatment trajectories of girls and women with ADHD from diagnosis and prescription to daily use and outcomes. We examine the impact of reproductive life transitions and hormonal fluctuations and their interactions with gender socialization and gendered expectations on treatment effectiveness, stigma, and adherence. RESULTS: By synthesizing existing literature, proposing testable predictions, and suggesting future research directions, we highlight the urgent need for studies that systematically investigate these factors. CONCLUSION: Addressing these gaps could significantly improve treatment outcomes for girls and women with ADHD, particularly during biological and gender role transitions.
The Impact of Motivation on Sustained Attention in Very Preterm and Term-born Children: An ERP Study.
Retzler J, Groom MJ, Johnson S … +1 more , Cragg L
J Atten Disord · 2025 May · PMID 39876562 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of motivational features on sustained attention in children born very preterm and at term. METHOD: EEG was recorded while 34 8-to-11-year-old children born very preterm and 34 term-born p...
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of motivational features on sustained attention in children born very preterm and at term. METHOD: EEG was recorded while 34 8-to-11-year-old children born very preterm and 34 term-born peers completed two variants of a cued continuous performance task (CPT-AX); a standard CPT-AX with basic shape stimuli, and structurally similar variant, with a storyline, familiar characters, and feedback. RESULTS: Higher hit rates, quicker response times and larger event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes were observed during the motivating, compared with the standard, task. Although groups did not differ in task performance, between-task differences in ERPs associated with orienting were larger in term-born than very preterm children. CONCLUSION: The findings add to previous evidence of disruption to the brain networks that support salience detection and selective attention in children born preterm. Manipulations that increase intrinsic motivation can promote sustained attention in both term-born and very preterm children.
Standardization of the Arabic Version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5 (ASRS-5) Among Adults in Saudi Arabia: Variability of ADHD Screening According to Sociodemographic Variables.
Alqahtani MMJ, Al Saud NM, Alsharef NM … +16 more , AlHadi AN, Alsalhi SM, Al-Hifthy EH, Ad-Dab'bagh Y, Alrahili N, Alenazi FA, Alotaibi BM, Alsaeed SM, Arnout BA, ALQasem L, Alhossein A, Alqahtani YJ, AlGhamdi SA, Varnham J, Asiri SA, Buraik MW
J Atten Disord · 2025 Apr · PMID 39851051 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Adult Self-Report Scale-5 (the ASRS-5-AR) within a large sample of adults residing in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This cross-sectiona...
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Adult Self-Report Scale-5 (the ASRS-5-AR) within a large sample of adults residing in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study applied the ASRS-5-AR to a random sample of 4,299 Saudi and non-Saudi adults, aged 19 to 66 years (31.16 ± 9.26 years), living in the regions of Riyadh, Makkah, and the Eastern Province in Saudi Arabia. Collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26, JASP 0.18.3.0 software, and MedCalc 22.030 statistical software. RESULTS: The ASRS-5-AR demonstrated strong internal consistency, with all six items showing significant positive correlation with the total score (.675-.735). Results of confirmatory factor analysis revealed a goodness-of-fit coefficient of 0.983 for the one-factor model and McDonald's omega, Cronbach's α, and Spearman-Brown coefficients of 0.786, 0.788, and 0.724, respectively. In addition, the findings revealed statistically significant differences in self-reported ADHD symptoms based on age ( = 18.68; < .001), level of education ( = 2.61; < .05), and marital status ( = 22.30; < .001). However, there were no significant differences in self-reported ADHD symptoms between males and females ( = 0.625; > .05) or Saudi and non-Saudi participants ( = 0.409; > .05) or based on region of residence ( = 2.19; > .05). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides valuable insights into the psychometric properties of the ASRS-5-AR within a large sample of adults in Saudi Arabia. The findings demonstrate acceptable reliability of the ASRS-5-AR within this population. While these findings suggest the ASRS-5-AR may be a useful tool for initial assessment, further research is crucial. Future studies should focus on establishing accurate cutoff scores by comparing a general population sample with a clinically diagnosed sample of adults with ADHD in Saudi Arabia. This will allow for a more accurate evaluation of the scale's utility in identifying individuals who may require further clinical assessment.
How Do Personality Dysfunction and Maladaptive Personality Traits Predict Time to Premature Discontinuation of Pharmacological Treatment of ADHD?
Jacobsson P, Granqvist T, Hopwood CJ … +3 more , Krueger RF, Söderpalm B, Nilsson T
J Atten Disord · 2025 Mar · PMID 39846354 · Full text
OBJECTIVES: Non-adherence to medication is common in the adult ADHD clinical group. The goal of this pre-registered study was to examine whether the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorder (AMPD), generality pers...
OBJECTIVES: Non-adherence to medication is common in the adult ADHD clinical group. The goal of this pre-registered study was to examine whether the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorder (AMPD), generality personality dysfunction (LPFS-BF 2.0) or maladaptive personality traits (PID-5), can predict time to premature discontinuation of pharmacological treatment beyond other known factors. METHODS: A sample of 284 adult patients with ADHD (60.6% female; = 32.31 years) were investigated for medication adherence from 2018 to 2023, using time-to-event analytic methods. RESULTS: Of the sample, 54 were found to have discontinued treatment prematurely without consulting their physician. Interestingly this group was prescribed considerably lower doses before discontinuation than adhering patients. General personality dysfunction and maladaptive antagonistic personality traits are implicated in varying degrees, with the specific maladaptive personality facets and (PID-5) significantly predicting time to premature discontinuation of ADHD medication beyond other known reasons for non-adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The broader implication is that the emerging personality pathology models hold promise to predict non-adherence in the adult ADHD population.
Assessing the Construct Validity of the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale for DSM-5 and Prevalence of ADHD in a Danish Population Sample.
Sparle Christensen K, Storebø OJ, Bach B
J Atten Disord · 2025 Apr · PMID 39846307 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: This study examines the validity of the ASRS-5 as a new screening tool for ADHD and evaluates its proposed screening cut-off in a general population context. METHOD: A nationally representative sample of 2,002...
OBJECTIVE: This study examines the validity of the ASRS-5 as a new screening tool for ADHD and evaluates its proposed screening cut-off in a general population context. METHOD: A nationally representative sample of 2,002 individuals aged 18 to 80 years was surveyed using the ASRS-5, with complete data obtained from 714 participants. Psychometric analysis evaluated fit to the Rasch model, response categories, dimensionality, differential item functioning, local dependency, and reliability. A cut-off score of 14, based on a simple additive scale, was applied. RESULTS: The ASRS-5 generally conformed to the expectations of the Rasch model. However, disordered response categories were observed for item 6, and gender-related differential item functioning was noted in items 3, 4, and 6. The ASRS-5 demonstrated a unidimensional construct, and a cut-off score of 14 identified 6.0% of the sample as potential ADHD cases. CONCLUSION: Although the ASRS-5 aligns well with the Rasch model, certain measurement challenges exist. The recommended cut-off score effectively identifies an ADHD prevalence consistent with the 6.5% reported in the original ASRS-5 study.
Symptoms of ADHD and Other Common Mental Disorders Influence Academic Success in South African Undergraduates.
Mohamad N, Rousseau KL, Dowlut F … +2 more , Gering M, Thomas KGF
J Atten Disord · 2025 Mar · PMID 39819162 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: ADHD symptoms are highly prevalent among university students. These symptoms, particularly the inattentive cluster, predispose students to poorer academic performance and worse academic adjustment. Moreover, A...
OBJECTIVE: ADHD symptoms are highly prevalent among university students. These symptoms, particularly the inattentive cluster, predispose students to poorer academic performance and worse academic adjustment. Moreover, ADHD symptoms are often comorbid with other common mental disorders; this comorbidity also leads to poor outcomes. South African students often have fewer resources to successfully transition to university. Hence, our longitudinal study used data from a sample of South African first-year undergraduate students to investigate (a) associations between ADHD symptoms and academic performance/adjustment, (b) separate influences of the inattentive and hyperactivity-impulsivity clusters on academic performance/adjustment, and (c) the influence of the combination of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidities on academic performance/adjustment. METHOD: We collected data three times through the first semester of 2023. Predictors within our regression models included sociodemographic variables, psychological variables (self-reported symptoms of ADHD, depression, anxiety, and risky alcohol use), and high school academic performance. Outcomes were first-semester GPA and self-reported academic adjustment (magnitude of change across the semester and overall adjustment at the end of the semester). RESULTS: Analyses showed that, unlike academic performance ( = 506), magnitude of change in academic adjustment ( = 180) was significantly predicted by ADHD symptoms and the combination of ADHD ( = .02), depression ( < .001), and anxiety symptoms ( = .01). Inattentive ADHD symptoms predicted both academic performance and magnitude of change in academic adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the presence of ADHD symptoms (both with and without other common mental disorders) is associated with a smaller magnitude of academic adjustment, and that the presence of inattentive symptoms of ADHD is associated with both poorer academic performance and smaller magnitude of academic adjustment. These findings are significant in informing future interventions targeting the academic outcomes of first-year university students.
Could Maladaptive Daydreaming Delay ADHD Diagnosis Until Adulthood? Clinical Characteristics of Adults With ADHD Based on Diagnosis Age.
Kandeğer A, Güler HA, Özaltın MS … +4 more , Bayırlı Ö, Söylemez H, Yıldız E, Semerci B
J Atten Disord · 2025 Mar · PMID 39758016 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Our study aimed to compare the sociodemographic, diagnostic, clinical, and self-report scale data of adults diagnosed with ADHD in childhood/adolescence versus adulthood and to identify risk factors associa...
INTRODUCTION: Our study aimed to compare the sociodemographic, diagnostic, clinical, and self-report scale data of adults diagnosed with ADHD in childhood/adolescence versus adulthood and to identify risk factors associated with delayed/missed diagnosis for ADHD. METHOD: Sociodemographic, clinical, and diagnostic data of 214 adults with ADHD, followed at the Adult Neurodevelopmental Disorders Clinic, Selçuk University, between January 2022 and January 2024, were analyzed. The diagnostic evaluations were made using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Clinician Version. Clinical data included age, gender, years of education, alcohol/substance use, diagnosis age, and current medication use for ADHD. Data collected from self-report scales included both ADHD-related measurements and comorbidity-related measurements. RESULTS: The findings revealed that only 34.4% ( = 74) of sample received a formal ADHD diagnosis during childhood/adolescence. Adults diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood were older and had higher education levels, more severe ADHD symptoms, and increased maladaptive daydreaming (MD) scores, compared to those diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the severity of MD was associated with being in the group diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood while controlling for other significant parameters from bivariate analyses, such as age, years of education, and current medication use for ADHD. Finally, analyses conducted separately in both groups showed that: (1) increased MD severity was a predictor of higher ADHD symptoms in those diagnosed in adulthood, but not in those diagnosed in childhood/adolescence, and (2) MD severity had a stronger correlation with ADHD symptoms, the number of comorbid psychiatric disorders, and symptoms of excessive mind wandering, depression, and anxiety in those diagnosed in adulthood compared to those diagnosed in childhood/adolescence. CONCLUSION: MD may delay ADHD diagnosis until adulthood by masking and compensating ADHD symptoms and delay in referral to mental health professionals, and it might also be a predictive symptom for recognizing ADHD in adults who have never been diagnosed; however, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this.
Parents' Experiences of Raising 7- to 11-Year-Old Children With ADHD and Perception of a Proposed Parenting Program: A Qualitative Study.
Brown LE, Tallon M, Kendall G … +2 more , Boyes M, Myers B
J Atten Disord · 2025 Mar · PMID 39757842 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: To examine the experiences of Australian parents raising primary school-aged children with ADHD and gather feedback on a proposed ADHD parenting program. METHODS: Reflexive thematic analysis of semi-structured...
OBJECTIVE: To examine the experiences of Australian parents raising primary school-aged children with ADHD and gather feedback on a proposed ADHD parenting program. METHODS: Reflexive thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews undertaken with 11 Australian parents of 7- to 11-year-old children with ADHD. Interviews were conducted over Webex, audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed in NVivo Ltd. software. RESULTS: We identified four themes: (1) "I love my child but their ADHD traits are challenging," (2) "Compliance, control, and completion," (3) "It's hard, burdensome, and exhausting and I can feel like I'm alone," and (4) "What a welcome relief." CONCLUSION: Parents report that although raising neurotypical children is difficult, the presence of childhood ADHD increases the emotional and support burden placed on them. Parents were also very interested in and supportive of the proposed ADHD parenting program. The program aims to enhance parents' understanding of the neurocognitive implications of ADHD and to foster secure parent-child attachment, attuned parental responsiveness, and age-appropriate development of traits that promote well-being, adaption and recovery in people with ADHD.).
Operationalizing In-session Treatment Engagement Strategies and Behaviors for Adolescents With ADHD and Their Parents.
Sibley MH, Rodriguez LM, Lopez M … +4 more , Brochu EM, Bracho FV, Ortiz M, Hashimoto J
J Atten Disord · 2025 Mar · PMID 39757439 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Many treatment engagement challenges are documented for adolescents with ADHD. Across contexts, helping professionals (i.e., therapists, prescribers, educators, coaches) might benefit from an engagement strate...
OBJECTIVE: Many treatment engagement challenges are documented for adolescents with ADHD. Across contexts, helping professionals (i.e., therapists, prescribers, educators, coaches) might benefit from an engagement strategy toolbox to facilitate work with adolescents with ADHD and their families. METHOD: The current study describes the development and psychometric testing of the ADHD Engagement Process Code (AEPC), a measure that operationalizes engagement strategies in the context of a blended behavioral/motivational interviewing treatment for adolescent ADHD (Supporting Teens' Autonomy Daily; STAND). The AEPC also operationalizes in-session parent and adolescent engagement-related behaviors. Behavior counts and global codes were coded for 840 audio-recorded STAND sessions delivered by 21 therapists to 121 adolescents. Subsets of tapes were double coded using the AEPC's parent, adolescent, and therapist coding systems to assess kappa for line-by-line verbalizations and intraclass correlations for session-level behavior counts and global scores. Construct validity was assessed. We explored low frequency and low variability codes and examined correlations between codes. RESULTS: AEPC codes possessed good to excellent inter-rater reliability and strong discriminant validity. Three low frequency codes and one low variability global were identified indicating opportunities for AEPC refinement. CONCLUSIONS: The AEPC is publicly available (https://osf.io/kshfy/) and offers a library of adolescent-specific codes for those interested in measuring provider, parent, or adolescent engagement behaviors in relevant populations or contexts.
Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Effect of Long-Term Methylphenidate Use on Cardiovascular Functions.
Tunca Ç, Güllü İH, Demirtaş İnci S … +9 more , Kalkan K, Demirkol Tunca R, Efe A, Özkaya Ibiş AN, Taş A, Taha Özkan M, Tanik VO, Ortaköylü O, Özbeyaz NB
J Atten Disord · 2025 Mar · PMID 39754497 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, seen in children and adolescents, and is often treated with various pharmacological agents, especially methylphenidate. There are differing opinions...
OBJECTIVE: ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, seen in children and adolescents, and is often treated with various pharmacological agents, especially methylphenidate. There are differing opinions in the literature regarding the cardiovascular safety of long-term methylphenidate use. Studies suggest that the drug may increase the risk of hypertension, myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmia, sudden cardiac death, cardiomyopathy, heart failure (HF), pulmonary hypertension, and stroke. This study aimed to compare the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with ADHD who have been using long-acting methylphenidate for an extended period with age-gender matched healthy volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 70 patients diagnosed with ADHD, who had been using long-acting methylphenidate for 2 years or more, and 51 healthy volunteers, who were referred to our clinic, were included in our study. Patients were evaluated with basic and advanced techniques such as Motion Mode (M-mode), two-dimensional (2D), Doppler, and 2D-Speckle Tracking (STE) using transthoracic echocardiography. All other data were evaluated instantly after the processing with the strain images analysis program. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were observed between the case and control groups in terms of body mass index (BMI) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), with BMI negatively correlated and SBP positively correlated with methylphenidate use duration. There was no significant difference between the groups in apical four-chamber, three-chamber, two-chamber, and global longitudinal strain (GLS) values obtained by 2D-STE technique indicating early deterioration. The Left Ventricular (LV) lateral E' value, which indicates diastolic dysfunction, was lower in the drug group, but still within normal limits. The lateral LV E', Right Ventricular (RV) E', and RV A' values showed a significant negative correlation with the duration of drug use and remained within normal limits. Other parameters evaluating systolic/diastolic function such as E/E', left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), myocardial performance index (MPI), and tricuspid/mitral annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE/MAPSE) did not differ significantly between the groups and were within normal limits. Valve structures and regurgitations were also not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Considering all parameters, we conclude that long-term use of long-acting methylphenidate does not cause cardiovascular dysfunction in late adolescent and early adult individuals. The observed differences in the E' lateral value between the case and control groups, as well as the slight correlation of lateral LV E', RV E', and RV A' values with the duration of use, do not directly indicate cardiac dysfunction.
Orienting and Alerting Attention in Very Low and Normal Birth Weight Children at 42 Months: A Follow-up Study.
Nakagawa A, Sukigara M, Nomura K … +2 more , Nagai Y, Miyachi T
J Atten Disord · 2025 Feb · PMID 39727241 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: In preterm and very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, attention-related problems have been found to be more pronounced and emerge later as academic difficulties that may persist into school age. In response, ba...
OBJECTIVE: In preterm and very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, attention-related problems have been found to be more pronounced and emerge later as academic difficulties that may persist into school age. In response, based on three attention networks: alerting, orienting, and executive attention, we examined the development of attention functions at 42 months (not corrected for prematurity) as a follow-up study of VLBW ( = 23) and normal birth weight (NBW: = 48) infants. METHOD: The alerting and orienting attention networks were examined through an overlap task with or without warning signal. The orienting network was also examined through the distribution of gaze points when exposed to videos of human faces talking and silently looking straight ahead. Executive attention was examined using a parental report measure for temperamental self-regulation, effortful control. RESULTS: In the overlap task, the difference between VLBWs and NBWs was not the latency of attentional disengagement but the fact that VLBWs were less focused on the fixation stimulus ((1,60) = 10.80, < .01, η = .071) and seemed to profit more from auditory warning signals than NBWs ((1,60) = 7.13, = .01, η = .106). Moreover, there was no intergroup difference regarding lateral (right or left) or feature (eye or mouth) attention bias toward the face videos. Further, longer latencies in overlap condition were significantly positively associated with high effortful control scores only in the NBW group ( = .36, = .018). CONCLUSION: Results indicate that poor underlying alertness and orienting relating to atypical lateralization may affect cognitive and behavioral abnormalities in VLBWs.
Associations Between Childhood ADHD and Lifestyle Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases From Adolescence to Early Adulthood.
Li Y, Xian H, Arnold LD … +1 more , Jen Chang J
J Atten Disord · 2025 Feb · PMID 39722482 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between childhood ADHD and lifestyle risk factors (physical inactivity and high fast-food consumption) from adolescence to early adulthood. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study u...
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between childhood ADHD and lifestyle risk factors (physical inactivity and high fast-food consumption) from adolescence to early adulthood. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used secondary data from Wave I to III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) in a national representative sample of adolescents ( = 6,814). Multivariable Poisson regression and Generalized Estimating Equation were used to estimate adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), controlling for confounders. RESULTS: Childhood ADHD was associated with an increased risk of high fast-food consumption (aRR = 1.49, 95% CI [1.23, 1.80]) in early adulthood, but not in adolescence (aRR = 1.11, 95% CI [0.90, 1.37]), after adjusting for confounders. The associations between childhood ADHD and physical inactivity were not statistically significant from adolescence to early adulthood. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study extend the current understanding of the impact of childhood ADHD on greater risk of fast-food consumption, which underscores the importance to develop interventions for promoting healthy diet in children with ADHD.
Establishing the Research Priorities of ADHD Professionals: An International Delphi Study.
Stephens K, Sciberras E, Bisset M … +13 more , Summerton A, Coghill D, Middeldorp CM, Payne L, Bellgrove MA, Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Newcorn JH, Espinet SD, Manor I, Alqahtani MMJ, Varnham J, Silk TJ
J Atten Disord · 2025 Mar · PMID 39720846 · Full text
OBJECTIVES: To determine ADHD research priorities from the perspective of ADHD professionals internationally. METHOD: A two-stage modified Delphi design was used. In Stage 1 (qualitative), participants listed research qu...
OBJECTIVES: To determine ADHD research priorities from the perspective of ADHD professionals internationally. METHOD: A two-stage modified Delphi design was used. In Stage 1 (qualitative), participants listed research questions relating to ADHD that they perceived to be most important ( = 132). In Stage 2 (quantitative), participants were then asked to rate each research question that was deemed appropriate (able to be researched and not already addressed by research) in terms of perceived importance ( = 180). RESULTS: Stage 1 generated 382 research questions with 10 broad areas identified for example, co-occurring conditions and treatment, etc. The top 20 most important questions related to ADHD in women/girls, long-term medication use, non-pharmacological interventions, ADHD measurement/rating scales, and efficacy of emotional regulation interventions. CONCLUSION: These results can inform an ADHD research agenda which represents the views of the individuals from major ADHD professional groups internationally. Parallel work is needed focusing on research priorities from the perspective of ADHD consumers.
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